
GIass_ : 

Book _^ 



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/ 

A. 



G A Z E T T E E R 

OF THE 

STATE OF NEW-YORK: 



COMPRISING 






rS TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, MINERALOGICAL RESOURCES, CIVIL DIVL 
SIONS, CANALS, RAILROADS AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS; 

TOGETHER WITH GENERAL STATISTICS : 

THE WHOLE ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. 
ALSO, 

STATISTICAL TABLES, 
INCLUDING TjftE CENSUS OF 1840? 

AND 

TABLES OF DISTANCES. 



COMPILED BY J. DISTURNELL. 



SECOND EDITION, 

WITH ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 



ALBANY : 
PRINTED BY C. VAN BENTHUYSEN & CO. 

1843, 




Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year 1842, by John Distcrnell, in 
the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New- York. 



By 
5 JelW* 



PREFACE. 



In collecting information for a new Gazetteer of the State of 
New-York, it has been the leading aim, as well as the earnest 
desire of the publisher, to make it as accurate and useful as pos- 
sible. For this purpose, he has not only resorted to the most au- 
thentic sources, including similar works heretofore published, but 
he has also availed himself of the assistance of several competent 
persons, on whose accuracy and judgment he could fully rely ; and 
he has spared no pains or expense to render this publication in 
every respect deserving of general patronage. 

The United States Census, taken in 1840, although not publish- 
ed entire until January, 1S42, has furnished a greater mass of sta- 
tistical information than usual. It exhibits a very remarkable in- 
crease of population in this state, and a vast amount of agricultu- 
ral and manufactured productions, as the fruits of the skill, enter- 
prise and capital of its inhabitants. 

The State Geologists, appointed pursuant to an act of the Le- 
gislature of 1836, have also greatly aided in disclosing the mineral 
wealth, and other natural resources of the state. They have made 
extensive researches, discovered many new localities of these re- 
sources, given names to Mountains, Lakes and Rivers, heretofore 
unnamed, and almost unknown ; and have thus, altogether, fur- 
nished a very large amount of most valuable, interesting and cor- 
rect information, much of which is embodied in this Gazetteer. 

Though her admirable system of Internal Improvements has 
doubtless been the chief means of the remarkably rapid growth 
of New-York, now, for many years, the most populous, wealthy 
and enterprising state in the Union ; yet, after all, her geographical 
position, features and relations, must be regarded both as the origi- 
nal groundwork of her permanent greatness, and as the true expla- 
nation of the extraordinary productiveness of her public works. 



Having on her seaboard one of the finest harbors of the globe, 
accessible not only by a short and direct approach from the ocean, 
but also by an arm of the sea stretching eastward more than a hun- 
dred miles, and protected by a grand island barrier, constituting 
an exceedingly important portion of her territory, — with the noble 
Hudson reaching northward through a fertile, populous and inte- 
resting district, more than one hundred and fifty miles, as if con- 
sciously seeking to become connected, by means of the Erie and 
Champlain canals, with the great northern and western lakes, and 
through them, with the vast and fertile regions beyond — well 
may her people congratulate themselves on their natural and arti- 
ficial advantages, and look forward to a long and splendid career, 
distinguished alike by that prosperity which springs from the suc- 
cessful prosecution of agriculture, commerce, manufactures, and 
the mechanic arts, and by that still higher prosperity which is de- 
noted by the general diffusion of useful knowledge, an improving 
legislation, and the consequent progress of society and of true 
civilization. 

The leading features and more important statistical details which 
belong to such a community ; a description of the towns, villages 
and cities, in which its population is distributed ; the occupations 
in which they are engaged ; their various public institutions, and 
their actual social and political condition, as indicated by such 
facts, — with brief descriptions ot the mountains, lakes, rivers, ca- 
nals, rail-roads and other works, in which the state abounds, all 
alphabetically arranged, — constitute the subject matter of this 
Gazetteer, and it is accompanied by a Map exhibiting the civil 
divisions of the state, which it is believed will be found accurate, 
interesting and useful. 

With many thanks for the ready and efficient assistance confer- 
red by numerous individuals in various parts of the state, this 
work is respectfully submitted to the public. 

Albany, March, 1842. 



GAZETTEER OF NEW-YORK. 

TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES 

OF THE 

STATE OF NEW-YORK. 



BOUNDARIES AND EXTENT. 

The State of New- York lies between 40° 30' and 45° north lati- 
tude, and between 5° 05' east, and 2° 55' west longitude from the 
City of Washington. Its extreme length, east and west, including 
Long Island, is 408 miles. Leaving Long Island out of view, it is only 
340 miles. Its greatest breadth north and south, is 310 miles. The 
area of the whole surface, excepting the waters of the great lakes, is 
estimated at 29,220,936 acres, or 45,658 square miles ; the entire area 
being 46,200 square miles. The State is bounded south-east by the 
Atlantic Ocean, south by New Jersey and Pennsylvania ; west by 
Pennsylvania, Lake Erie and Niagara river ; north-west by Lake Onta- 
rio and St. Lawrence river ; north by the British possessions in Cana- 
da, and east by Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut. 

NATURAL DIVISIONS AND TOPOGRAPHY. 

The State of New-York is divided into three unequal parts, by two 
o-reat valleys. The first, and the one which is of the greatest length, is 
the valley of the Hudson, which may with propriety be considered as 
extending the whole length of the state, from north to south : it there- 
fore includes the depression in which Lake Champlain is situated ; it 
is properly, then, the valley of the Hudson and Champlain united. 
The second is the valley of the Mohawk, which terminates on the east, 
rather to the north of the central portion of the valley of the Hudson 
river : it may be considered as extending west to the valley of the great 
lakes, by the depression which contains Oneida lake and Oswego river. 
The state, then, according to these natural divisions, may be consid- 
ered topographically, under three great divisions, as has been stated 
above, — the Eastern, Northern, and Southern Divisions. 

The Eastern Division, is a long narrow belt extending from the 
Highlands in the county of Putnam to the head of Lake Champlain. 
Its eastern limits are the borders of Connecticut, Massachusetts and 
Vermont. It slopes from those borders towards the Hudson, with a 
good degree of regularity, but is traversed longitudinally by rather 
long, narrow valleys, whose ridges or boundaries have uniformly a di- 
rection to the north — a direction parallel to the main chain of the Green 



6 NATURAL DIVISIONS 

mountains of Vermont. This division of the state comprehends the 
western slope of the Taghkanic mountains. This range forms the 
water shed, which separates the waters flowing west into the Hudson, 
from those which flow south into Long Island Sound. 

The Northern Division, or that division of the state north of the 
Mohawk valley, presents a combination of features, which contrast re- 
markably with the preceding, or that of the western slope of the Tagh- 
kanic mountains. In giving the details of the topography of this por- 
tion of the state, it will simplify the subject to consider it as traversed 
by one great range of mountains and highlands. This range begins at 
Little Falls, in the valley of the Mohawk, and pursues a north-east 
course across the country to Trembleau point, on Lake Champlain : it 
may be regarded as a great uplift, a portion of which has acquired the 
greatest altitude in the neighborhood of Mount Marcy, and from which 
the uplift declines to the great valleys which border this part of the 
state. This view is not, however, strictly correct in point of fact ; for 
we may distinguish several parallel ranges, by leaving out of view nu- 
merous intermediate spurs. These ranges will now be described, com- 
mencing with the most easterly. 

The first range may be considered as rising in the north part of Sara- 
toga county, in°the vicinity of Wilton ; it pursues a north-east course 
through that tongue of land which separates Lake George from Lake 
Champlain, and terminates on the lake shore south of Ticonderoga. 
It does not become rugged and steep, till after it is broken through by 
the Hudson, in the vicinity of Moreau. As it becomes confined be- 
tween the two lakes, it is then precipitous on both sides, and the whole 
country appears rough and broken. It is called the Palmertown range, 
though the portion between the lakes is sometimes called Black moun- 
tains, or the Tongue mountains. 

The second range rises in the north-east part of Montgomery county, 
and pursues a course parallel with the former, running through Lu- 
zerne, and along the western side of Lake George, and terminates at 
Ticonderoga. Its width is about six miles, and its length not far from 
sixty. The French mountain, which is not enumerated here, lies be- 
tween the two preceding ranges ; it is only about six miles in length. 
The second range is usually called the Kayaderosseras, and sometimes 
the Luzerne mountains. It is broken through by the Hudson, on the 
line of Warren and Saratoga counties ; it also compels the Sacandaga 
river to take a north-east course around its base to form a junction with 
the Hudson at Hadley. 

The third range rises in Mayfield, or in that section of country north 
of Johnstown ; it passes through the eastern part of Hope, Athol, 
Chester and Schroon, and terminates on Lake Champlain near Crown 
Point and Port Henry. Crane's mountain in Athol, and Pharaoh's in 
Schroon, are remarkable eminences in this range. 

The fourth range rises from the Mohawk valley near or at Palatine, 
and pursues a direction parallel with the preceding, passing through the 
west part of Hope, or between Hope and Lake Pleasant, thence on- 
ward through the west parts of Schroon and Moriah, and finally termi- 
nates on the lake at Willsborough. It is a lofty and imposing range. 
Its most elevated portion is to the west of Pondsville in the town of 
Moriah. Dix's peak is a little farther north, and is best seen from 
Johnson's, at Clear pond ; it is the highest point in this range. 



AND TOPOGRAPHY. 7 

The fifth and most considerable of the mountain ranges north of the 
Mohawk, may be called the Clinton range, and has already been spo- 
ken of as rising at Little Tails, and terminating at Trembleau Point. 
Where it attains its greatest elevation, there are numerous lofty peaks, 
which form a remarkable group of mountains. They have been called 
the Adirondack group. Mounts Marty, Mclntyre, McMartin and 
Santanoni, are the highest in this group. The Clinton range is the true 
water shed of this division of the state. It divides the waters of the 
Hudson, or those that flow to the south into the Atlantic, from those 
that flow into the Gulf of the St. Lawrence. 

To the west of the Clinton chain, there is still another, but it is less 
distinct, less regular in its course, and less perfectly defined. It ranges 
along the western or the St. Lawrence slope, especially the southern 
and middle portions. The northern is distinguished by insulated peaks, 
or groups of mountains. Its termination is a few miles north of the 
Provincial line, and occupies the northern slope, comprehending the 
hills of Ellenburgh and Chateaugay. The levels of Lower Canada 
succeed on the north. From this northern slope, this level and per- 
fectly flat country is in full view, on that portion lying between the So- 
rel and St. Lawrence. The principal mountains of the northern portion 
of this range are Mt. Seward, White face, and Lyon Mountain. The 
former is the highest portion of a distinct cluster, which forms the most 
remarkable object in sailing down Long lake. The southern portion 
of this important range is remarkable for its transverse valley in which 
are situated the Fulton chain of lakes, and which opens a convenient 
route for a road from the valley of the Black river, to the table land 
of Racket and Long lakes, and thence to Lake Champlain. 

We may now pass to the consideration of the Southern Division of 
the state, situated between Lake Ontario and Pennsylvania. Leaving 
out of view minor irregularities, and the undulations and swells of the 
surface, the whole of the territory between the lake and the line of the 
state, may be considered as rising with a gradual ascent till it reaches 
its maximum height in the southern tier of counties. We can speak of 
no range or chain of highlands traversing this section of the state. 
The depressions of the surface are entirely caused by abrasion in the 
soft and decomposable shales and sandstones ; or in .other words, the 
valleys which hold these numerous lakes, and through which the rivers 
flow, are valleys of excavation, the majority of which open to the 
north. The east and west roads, or those transverse to the valleys, are 
therefore hilly, and often steep, imparting to the country a mountainous 
aspect. Turning our attention to the south-eastern part of this division 
of the state, we find the character of the topography very different from 
Western New- York. Here we may clearly distinguish three mountain 
ranges, — the highlands of Orange and Putnam counties, with a devia- 
tion to the north-east ; the Shawangunk, with a regular ridge, pursuing 
also a north-east course, and skirting the valley of the Rondout ; and 
the Catskills, whose direction is to the north-west or towards the Mo- 
hawk valley, passing in their course through the counties of Albany 
and Schoharie, and forming in this prolongation the Helderberg moun- 
tains, which, as a whole, forms one of the most interesting topograph- 
ical features in the state. 

• It will be perceived from this account, though it is brief and imper 
feet in its details, that there are three distinct mountain systems travers 



8 GEOLOGY . 

ing the state, — 1st, the north-east system of both southern and northern 
New-York ; 2d, the north system of the eastern ; and 3d, the north- 
west system, that of the Catskill mountains. The mountain system 1 / 
have not as yet, however, received that attention which they deserW 
and we cannot speak confidently on this, interesting- subject. Of th 
north and north-east systems, there is but little doubt ; and taking - ; 
general view of the direction of the Catskill, the north-west system, 
we can see very little reason for doubting- the fact we have stated. 
The subject requires farther investigation ; it is a field rich in phenom- 
ena of the most interesting kind, and in which few have labored in this 
country. For the height of the principal mountain peaks, see Alti- 
tudes and Elevations. r 
GEOLOGY. 

PRIMARY ROCKS. 

In giving a sketch of the Geology of the state of New-York, nothing 
more will be attempted than a general outline of the main facts. This 
will comprise a description of the Primitive and Transition rocks, the^.r 
extent and general features, and the natural groups into which th y 
may be separated. The members of each group will require only brief 
descriptions. 

There are two Primary regions in the state, separated from each 
other by the intervention of a narrow belt of sedimentary rocks, one in 
the northern, the other in the southern part ol the state. The southern 
termination of the primary of the northern section is at Little Falls. 
From this place the boundary extends east to Johnstown, then it pur- 
sues a north-easterly couse to Northville, thence north to Wells ; pass- 
ing from Wells to the Fish House, it encloses a narrow tongue of,' .the 
lower transition rocks. From the Fish House the line extends north- 
east, until it reaches the Hudson River a little above Sandy Hill, passing 
east as far as Granville, thence northerly to Whitehall. From White- 
hall the eastern boundary is formed by Lake Champlain as far north as 
Ticonderoga ; from this place the primitive recedes from the shore, 
sending out spurs only, which reach the lake at Port Henry, Westport, 
Willsborough, and lastly at Trembleau Point, leaving basins, extend- 
ing in some instances several miles from the lake, which are occupied 
by the transition and tertiary rocks. From Trembleau Point, the line 
of the Primary takes a west course to Clintonville, thence north through 
the western part of Peru and Saranac, into the south-western corner 
of Ellenburgh ; thence it passes south-west through the southern part of 
Chateaugay, Malone, Brandon, Dickinson, the southern part of Hopkin- 
ton, Parishville, Potsdam and Canton ; thence passing down the eastern 
shore of Black lake, from the southern termination of which it passes 
through Rossie, the north-eastern corner of Antwerp, to the Natural 
Bridge, then turns south to Carthage ; from Carthage the course of the 
boundary line is generally south-east, passing through Watson, Greig, 
the north-east corner of Boonville, the northern part of Russia and 
Ohio, to Little Falls. This general boundary includes the primitive 
district of the north, exhibiting nearly a circular form. The rocks 
comprising it are hypersthene rock, granite, serpentine, primitive 
limestone, gneiss and sienite. It is enclosed on all sides by transition 
rocks. The southern primitive region of the state of New-York, is 
comparatively of small extent. It embraces the south-eastern part of 



GEOLOGY. 9 

Orange county, including the towns as far north as Windsor, where the 
boundary crosses the Hudson river, and extends east as far as Beek- 
,/an, thence it passes north in a line parallel to the Hudson river, 
through Stamford, Pine Plains, Hillsdale, Austerlitz, Berlin and Pe- 
Vrsburgh. The rocks comprising it are the same as those mentioned 
eg occurring in the northern section, with the addition of mica and 
talcose slates. 

HYPERSTHENE ROCK. 

The lofty group of mountains described in the Geological reports as 
the Adirondack group, and which are the highest in the state, are 
formed of a peculiar kind of granite. It is a dark colored and coarsely 
crystaline rock, exhibiting no marks of stratification, but is traversed 
by natural joints similar to the common granite. This rock has been 
called Hypersthene rock, from the fact that this mineral constitutes one 
of its elements ; some varieties are of a light color being sometimes 
nearly white, others are smoke gray and quite dark. The hypersthene 
rock is not widely extended, being mostly confined to the county of 
Fssex. Its northern termination is at Trembleau Point, on Lake 
C^amplain. From this point the eastern boundary line extends a little 
west of south, through the western part of Essex, and about half way 
between Westport and Elizabeth through Moriah, embracing the north- 
west corner of Schroon, passing through Minerva, the north-east corner 
of Hamilton, and the south-east corner of Franklin county, passing 
north-east through Wilmington, and east to Trembleau point. It is 
only the mountains within this boundary that belong to the Adirondack 
group, for it has been thought proper to include only those which are 
coi lposed of this rock. This region is mostly in a state of nature, and 
is i ot so interesting to the geologist as the transition, but the sublime 
orocping of its mountains and rugged precipices whose summits are 
Tost in clouds, its placid lakes reflecting the dark, unbroken forest with 
all the strength of a polished mirror, produce a combination of grand 
and beautiful scenery which cannot but be admired by every lover of 
nature. 

GRANITE. 

Granite occurs in this region of the ordinary form, and of various 
colors ; it constitutes, however, a very unimportant part of the primary 
district, occurring only in limited areas, and scarcely ever of a quality 
suitable for building! It is found at Gouverneur, Rossie, Edwards, 
and at numerous different points throughout the whole region. ^ It is 
usually associated with primitive limestone, and is often mechanically 
mixed with it. The granite of the southern district presents all varie- 
ties of texture, from a coarse grained to a perfectly compact rock ; 
its common mode of occurrence is in beds interstratified with gneiss ; 
it is found abundant in New -York, Putnam, Westchester and Orange 
counties. Numerous qusrries have been opened in these counties, 
which are found to furnish a material equal to the Massachusetts or 
Maine granite, and to possess an advantage over them in the greater 
facilities for transportation to market. 

SERPENTINE. 

Serpentine occurs at numerous places in both the primary regions of 
the state. At Port Henry, on Lake Charaplain, it is incorporated with 



10 GEOLOGY. 

the primitive limestone; in Edwards, in St. Lawrence county, and Ant- 
werp, in Jefferson county, it is found associated with iron ore. Beau- 
tiful varieties also occur at Pitcairn and near Butterfield lake. Several 
localities in New-York, Westchester, and Putnam counties, furnish it, 
though it has never been observed to occupy an area exceeding 100 
acres. It occurs at New Rochelle, associated with Hornblende rock 
and limestone ; at Phillipstown in Putnam county, and Pine pond. 

PRIMITIVE LIMESTONE. 

The Primitive limestone is considered by some geologists as a meta- 
morphic rock, but a careful examination of the different phenomena 
it exhibits, affords conclusive evidence of its Plutonic origin. It is 
coarsely chrystalline, and shows no mark of stratification. It is gene- 
rally white, but sometimes inclines to a reddish tinge, and even a deep 
red. It crumbles and disintegrates rapidly on exposure to the atmo- 
sphere ; it never exhibits the compact or close structure so common in 
the sedimentary limestones, and is often so loosely aggregated as to be 
unfit for even the ordinary purposes of" marble. The primitive lime- 
stone is invariably found in connection with gneiss or granite, more 
commonly however with the latter. Gneiss and granite frequently rest 
upon the limestone, and veins of limestone are sometimes injected into 
them. A great variety of minerals are found incorporated with the 
limestone, among which are brown tourmaline, spinelle, serpentine, 
augite, phosphate of lime, brucite, &c. It occurs at Port Henry, hav- 
ing dis eminated through its mass, green serpentine, furnishing a ma- 
terial susceptible of a high polish, producing a beautiful variegated 
marble. The limestone continues south from Port Henry some dis- 
tance, losing however its serpentine. It may be considered as a wide 
vein running north and south. It occurs in Minerva and in Schroon, 
and at several different places along the western shore of Lake Cham- 
plain. But its most extensive development is in St. Lawrence county, 
occurin? in the towns of Edwards, Fowler, Antwerp, Rossie, Gouver- 
neur, Hermon, De Kalb, Canton and De Peyster. One fact goes far to 
prove the igneous origin of this limestone, the remarkable incorporation 
of various minerals with it ; thus, plumbago is very commonly dis- 
seminated in thin scales through the mass ; serpentine, as at Port Hen- 
ry ; quartz and mica, also, sometimes form a constituent portion, as at 
Paradox lake in Schroon ; augite, in Keene, at Long pond and at 
Ticonderoga. 

GNEISS, OR THE GNEISS SYSTEM. 

Gneiss is the predominant rock in both the northern and southern 
primary districts of the state ; it varies greatly in external appearance 
and composition, in different localities. Much of the gneiss in the 
Highlands of the southern primitive counties, is a hornblendic gneiss, 
or more properly called sienite, in which the mica is wholly or in part 
replac -d by hornblende. In other respects it possesses the usual char- 
acteristic: of gneiss, and therefore needs no description. As a system 
of rocks, it embraces gneiss, sienite, mica slate, hornblende, talcose 
slate, and other rocks which may occur in it, in stratified beds. All 
these locks are interlaminated with each other, or rather in alternating 
strata, in a manner which entirely prevents us from determining then* 
relative ages. Of the rocks of this system, mica and talcose slates are 
entirely wanting in the northern primary district. 



GEOLOGY. 11 

Upon the eastern border of New-York, adjacent to Vermont, Mas- 
sachusetts and Connecticut, is the prolongation of the Appalachian 
chain of mountains. This portion of the chain is known as the 7'aghka- 
nic range ; it rises to an elevation of from 1200 to 2000 feet, and pre- 
sents a tolerably regular outline throughout its whole extent. Its eco- 
logical relations are interesting - , particularly so, as many of the phe- 
nomina, in connexion with these rocks bear upon the doctrine of Me- 
tamorphism, and probably there is no better field for proving - or dispro- 
ving - the doctrine, than the one under consideration. The rocks of 
course, are situated between the gneiss of Hoosick mountain on the 
east, and the slates of the transition on the west. They occupy, there- 
fore, geographically as well as geologically, an intermediate position ; 
the rocks on the one hand bearing a very close resemblance to the pri- 
mary on the east, and on the other, a great similarity to the transition 
slates on the west. Still, as a whole, the rocks of the Taghkanic rano-e 
may generally be distinguished from those on either side, their general 
character being derived from the presence of a large proportion of 
magnesia, which imparts to the rocks a softer feeland a peculiar 
greenish color. It is not proposed in this plan to separate these rocks 
from the primary, but to consider them as belonging to the upper por- 
tion, and to speak of them as the Taghkanic rocks, or perhaps as the 
Taghkanic system. There may be many objections to this proposition; 
this is not, however, the place to consider them, but we may inquire 
whether it may not, upon the whole, be expedient to consider them under 
a distincthead ; and is it not true, that so long as they are merged in the 
great mass of the primary, or as a portion of the gneiss system, less will 
be known of them, and less interest he entertained for them. Considerino - 
them for the present as belonging to the upper portion of the primary^ 
the Taghkanic rocks will be composed first, of a peculiar talcose slate, 
or a magnesian slate in part ; in other parts it is plumbaginous, which 
strongly soils the fingers. Its associated minerals are milk-white 
quartz, in which we frequently find the carbonate, oxide and sulphuret 
of iron, in a decomposing state, and chlorite in masses of various 
sizes, sometimes distinct, at other times diffused and coloring the slate 
of a peculiar green. Second, of white, gray and clouded limestone, 
varying in texture from fine to coarse granular, often interlaminated 
with slate, the latter often merely coloring the limestone, so as to im- 
part that clouded appearance. Serperitine is never connected with this 
variety of limestone. Third, of granular quartz, or a sandstone gene- 
rally silicious and of a brown color. Some limited beds of beautiful 
white quartz, in a disintegrating state, occur occasionally. The agran- 
ular quartz is the lowest of the masses. Silicious slates form beds in the 
rock, which may be considered as passage beds into the slate, and we 
often meet with masses of limestone, so silicious that it is difficult to 
say whether they are to he regarded as rocks of sandstone or limestone. 
There are two or three facts connected with the subject which require 
to be stated in this place, inasmuch as they bear on the question of the 
propriety of separating the Taghkanic rocks, from the gneiss system. 
The granular quartz, and one of the varieties of the slate, and also the 
limestone, contain minerals, in a few instances, belonging to primary 
rocks: thus, feldspar occurs in the first, needle-form schorl in the sec- 
ond, and brown tourmalin in the third. Again, there are masses of the 
granular quartz, which appear like conglomerates, and the whole Tagh- 



12 GEOLOGY. 

kanic system is clearly stratified, and is wholly unconnected with 
gneiss, serpentine, granite, sienite, steatite or hornblende. Mica slate, 
with garnets, however, do occur in masses among the rocks of the 
Taghkanic system, and this may be considered as a strong argument 
against the separation of the rocks, as proposed. Thetalcose rocks are, 
however, clearly different from those of the gneiss system, or those east 
of the Hoosick mountain, and the mica slate may come up among the 
Tao-hkanic rocks, and yet on a careful observation be found to be dis- 
tinct from them. We believe this will be found to be the fact. On the 
whole, in regard to those rocks we have denominated " Taghkanic," 
we believe they ought to be separated from those on the east, being, as 
a whole, clearly distinct from them. 

NEW-YORK TRANSITION SYSTEM. 

Having given very briefly the character, extent and position of the 
primary masses, we are prepared to enter upon the consideration of a 
class of rocks quite different in their origin, presenting phenomena 
which contrast remarkably with those described in the preceding 
pao-es. The name for these rocks which we have preferred and still 
prefer, is Transition ; but for reasons unnecessary to state here, we 
shall propose the name New- York Transition System, including in this 
designation all the rocks below the old red sandstone. It is perhaps 
proper to remark that the division of the strata composing the surface 
of the earth into primary, transition, secondary and tertiary, has been 
very o-enerally adopted both in this country and in Europe. The sec- 
ondary rocks are entirely wanting in this state. But the transition have 
a more perfect development than in any other section of country of 
which we have an account. No correct knowledge of the geology of 
the state, had been acquired, upon which to found a correct classifica- 
tion of the New-York rocks, until the geological survey was under 
taken. After a toUr of five years, and a thorough examination of the 
rocks by the State Geologists, they have been able to determine the 
relations and position of the masses which compose the transition sys- 
tem, and to ascertain with some degree of exactness, the subordinate 
o-roups into which this system may be divided. It has however been a 
matter attended with some difficulty to establish clearly and satisfacto- 
rily a mode of grouping which should be in all instances conformable 
to nature. The difficulty arises in part from certain changes which 
occur in the rocks themselves ; thus it is ascertained that a mass which 
is thick and important in the eastern part of the state, becomes thin and 
unimportant at the west, or perhaps disappears entirely. By this 
change, rocks which are separated by thick masses at the east, come 
in contact at the west. Our limits will not permit us to enter into de- 
tails of this nature in this place. We need only refer the reader to the 
Geological reports and the various essays which have appeared in the 
scientific journals during the last five years. With these preliminary 
remarks we shall present a tabular view of the rocks composing the 
New-York Transition System. 



GEOLOGY. 



13 



/ 



SEW YORK TRANSITION SYSTEM. 

Sandstone and shales of Chemung and 



Erie Group,. 



Helderbergh Series, 



\Ontario Group, 



Champlain Group, 



S 



Ithaca. 
Moscow and Ludlowville shales. 



1. Onondaga Limestone. 

2. Schoharie Grit. 

3. Brown Shales Sandstone. 

4. Encrinal Limestone. 

5. Oriskany Sandstone. 

6. Greenish shaly Limestone. 

7. Pentamerus Limestone. 

1. Onondaga Salt and Plaster rocks. 

2. Rochester Shales and Limestone. 

3. Argillaceous Iron ore. 

4. Medina Sandstone. 

1. Gray Sandstone and Conglomerate 

2. Lorrain Shales. 
\3. Utica Slate. 

J4. Trenton Limestone. 
\5. Birdseye. 
i6. Chazy Limestone. 
'7. Calciferous. 

8. Potsdam Sandstone. 



It is proper to remark in relation to the above grouping, that it ap- 
pears to be sufficiently exact for all the purposes of the geologist 
Where rocks are perfectly conformable as those of New-York, it will 
never be possible to draw clear lines of distinction between the under- 
lyino- or overlying masses. So also it is difficult to determine whether 
certain beds/even those of considerable thickness ought to be placed 
in a -iven group, as they often partake of the characters of two or 
more -roups, and for this reason geologists may very honestly differ. 
For this reason geographical names are admissible, and perhaps have 
the preference overlhose which are descriptive, inasmuch as the latter 
are rarelv applicable to the same mass at different localities, while the 
former lead the inquirer to those localities where the masses are best 
developed and the best characterized. The general characters and 
boundaries of the groups and series of rocks which constitute the New 
York Transition System, will now be given. 

CHAMPLAIN GROUP. 

We commence with the lowest, which is composed of sandstone in the 
lowest portion : the lowest layers are generally a conglomerate, pass- 
ing into a fine-grained sandstone, of which there : are two varieties; 
he' sharp angular, a sub-crystalline sandstone, as at Whitehall Keese- 
ville and numerous other places, in the north-eastern part of the state, 
and the granular variety, which is more or less porous, as at Potsdam; 
Malone, Gouverneur, &c. ; the color varies from brown to white. The 
limestones of this -roup are the calciferous, Chazy, birdseye, and Tren- 
ton Shales and thin bedded sandstones, terminating in a thick mass of 
the latter, next succeed the limestones. A bed of conglomerate occurs in 
this mass as at Utica. The limestones, all of them in different por- 



14 GEOLOGY. 

tions, furnish marble and lime of an excellent quality. The sandstone 
is always a durable building stone, and in many parts of St. Lawrence 
and Franklin counties, furnishes a fine material for building-, for the 
manufacture of glass, sand paper, and for polishing hard bodies. The 
gray, thick bedded sandstone, forming the highest portion of this 
group, furnishes a fine, even-grained and sharp-gritted stone, suitable 
for grindstones. This, on the eastern border, is a more refractory 
rock, less even-grained, and more indurated. In Quebec, however, it 
is the principal material for the construction of walls and buildings. 
This group surrounds the primary north of the Mohawk valley, being 
well developed on the sides, as along Lake Champlain and in the Mo- 
hawk valley, and extending up as far as Rutland, in Jefferson county. 
Along the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario, below French creek and 
the north Provincial line, we find only the lowest part of this group, as 
the Potsdam sandstone and calciferous sand rock. This group also 
extends south along both sides of the Hudson to the Highlands. Its 
south-western border extends to Coeymahs, onwards, and through 
the Mohawk valley to Lake Ontario. On the eastern border of the 
state it rests upon the Taghkanic system already described. It pre- 
serves the same relation through Vermont and Lower Canada. The dip 
of the upper portion of this group in the eastern counties, is to the 
east, which appears to have been produced by uplifts extending from 
the southern Highlands through the eastern counties of New-York into 
Vermont and Lower Canada. Another uplift accompanied with a frac- 
ture, runs north-west one and a half miles west of Cocymans Landing, 
parallel to the Helderberg, into the Mohawk valley. The north-west- 
ern portion is but little disturbed ; the shales, limestones and sand- 
stone having only a slight inclination to the south or south-west. Our 
limits will not permit us to notice the fossils of this or the succeeding 
groups. I may remark however, that those of the lower portion of the 
Champlain group are mostly undescribed. 

ONTARIO GROUP. 

This group consists of three distinct portions : First, a marly sand- 
stone, which is red, brown, green and variegated, or spotted. A large 
proportion is soft, and disintegrates rapidly, by exposure to the weather. 
The upper mass is called the gray band, but is only four feet thick, 
and is hard. Second, a series of soft green shales, with a single layer 
of argillaceous oxide of iron, succeeding to which are numerous beds 
of argillaceous and silicious limestones in thin beds, and which alter- 
nate with each other, the whole terminating in a limestone remarkably 
geodiferous, at Rochester and Lockport, and hence called the geodife- 
rous lime rock, but from its development on the Niagara river, has 
been changed to Niagara limestone. Third, the gypsum and salt 
rocks, consisting of 1st, a red shale ; 2d, gypsum more or less shaly; 
3d, a porous rock, denominated vermicular lime rock ; 4th, limestone, 
with needleform cavities, or rather columns, with the impression of 
needleform crystals. The third mass has been called the Onondaga 
salt group. The Ontario group is bounded on the north by Lake On- 
tario. It extends east to Oswego county, where it meets the Cham- 
plain group. It is found a little south of Manlius and Onondaga, in 
which direction it continues till it reaches Niagara river, by which the 
lower mass is cut through and exposed. It occupies, therefore, a very 



GEOLOGY. 15 

distinct belt, nearly equal in length to Lake Ontario, and about twenty 
miles wide. This group dips to the south about one foot in eighty- 
seven ; its development is the most perfect in the central part of the 
state. The whole thickness of the group cannot exceed one thousand 
feet. The upper part is most important, as it contains the plaster and 
salt, and beds of water limestone. 

HELDGRBERG SERIES. 

In enumerating the rocks composing this series, we commence with 
the pentamerus lime rock, resting, at the foot of the Helderberg, upon 
the Manlius water lime. The pentamerus rock is a rough, gray and 
rather irregular thick bedded limestone. Above this is a dingy green 
shaly limestone, with tough layers of a dark green color, some portion 
entirely shaly and decomposable. The next mass is the Oriskany 
sandstone, but only one foot thick ; in some places it is a perfect horn- 
stone, in others it contains lime. Succeeding to this is a thin mass of 
encrinal limestone, above which is the remarkable brown shaly sand 
stone, with feathery appearances in the upper part, considered by some 
as fucoidal impressions. The rock has been denominated cocktail 
grit. The middle portion is a dark shaly sandstone, breaking into 
short pieces. A calcareous sandstone, about four feet thick, appears 
above the latter, and is remarkable for the abundance of fossils. The 
Helderberg limestone completes the series. It is a gray, rather thick 
bedded rock, and contains many cyathophilli syringapores, &c. The 
upper, is cherty, and is often black, or much darker and more irreg- 
ular than the lower mass. This series of rocks are more perfectly de- 
veloped in Albany and Schoharie counties, than in other parts of the 
state. The pentamerus, shaly limestone, and the shaly sandstone, 
thin out in their progress westward. The fossils of this series are At- 
rypa, affinis and concentrica, delthyris, pachyoptera, pentamerus, ga- 
leatus, and several genera belonging to the Crustacea, as Calymene, 
Asaphus, Crypheris, Selemenus, and Cyathophylli. Encrinites also 
abound in the series. 

ERIE GROUP. 

This group is divisible into two portions ; the lower consists of 
shales upon thin beds of limestone, most of them quite decomposable, 
and abounding in septaria ; the upper, of thin even beds of gray sand- 
stone, with intervening shales, though much less than in the preceding. 
The first have received the name of Ludlowville shales, the latter Che- 
mung group. The northern boundary of the shales may be considered 
as extending to York, on the Genesee river ; an east and west line 
through the northern part of Seneca and Cayuga lakes, and directly 
west to Lake Erie, eight or nine miles south of Buffalo, would mark the 
boundary in question. They occupy a belt nearly twenty miles wide, 
through the middle of the state. The upper part of the group, con- 
sisting in part of a black shale and thin beds of limestone, but mostly 
of gray, thin-bedded sandstones, occupy the whole of the southern tier 
of counties. They form beds of passage into the old red sandstone. 

The regular succession of these groups constitute a remarkable fea- 
ture in the geology of New-York. They have a slight dip to the south 
and south-west ; they are scarcely disturbed by uplifts, and succeed 
each other towards the south until they are lost beneath the old red 
sandstone. The fossils of this group are very numerous and beautiful; 



16 GEOLOGY. 

they belong to the genera, Orthis, Delthyris, Leptaena, Avicula, Pteri- 
nea, Pecten, &c. 

OLD RED SANDSTONE, OR OLD RED SYSTEM. 

As a system, it consists of gritty, micaceous shales, and thick and 
thin bedded micaceous sandstones, mostly of a deep red color. In addi- 
tion to these, are conglomerates, brown slaty grits, soft red and green 
shales. The area'occupied by the old red sandstone is confined mostly 
to the Catskill mountains ; which, being traced downwards in the di- 
rection of Schoharie and Albany counties, terminates in the flagging 
stones of the Chemung rocks. All the upper portion of the Catskills 
are occupied by the red sandstone, which, around the base, are beds of 
passage from the transition to the old red system. This system is finely 
developed in part in ascending from Catskill creek to the Mountain 
House, in a series of terraces which expose the out cropping edges, as 
they rise one above the other. Their lithological characters have been 
already given, and very few fossils, if any, have been found in the 
rocks of the Catskill mountains. The same rock, however, contains 
the scales and bones of sauroid fish, one of which is the holoptychus 
nobilissimu9. To the west the old red sandstone disappears, extending 
in this slate no farther than the county of Allegany, unless it should be 
proved, and that is very probable, that the conglomerate which occu- 
pies some of the highest parts of Cattaraugus and Chautauque counties, 
is a portion of that rock. 

GREENSTONE, TRAP AND PORPHYRY. 

In the preceding account of the New-York rocks, we have omitted 
an interesting class which occur with far less regularity than those 
which have formed the subjects of remark. We refer to the class de- 
nominated trap, or greenstone trap, and porphyry. This class occurs 
in New-York under two forms. The first, which is the most imposing, 
and perhaps also the most important, is in the form of columnar masses, 
as the Palisades on the west side of the Hudson, a few miles above 
New- York city, on the boundary line between New-York and New- 
Jersey : second, in narrow veins with parallel sides, and frequently 
projecting above the rock they traverse; hence they were denominated 
dykes or walls in Scotland. The forms and varieties we have men- 
tioned differ very little in mineral character ; thus they are usually of a 
dark green, or grayish, or reddish perhaps upon the outside, in conse- 
quence of the weather, and generally extremely tough and difficult to 
break. In the mass they usually present a columnar structure ; in the 
first variety the columns are perpendicular, standing upon and parallel 
to each other ; in the latter, the columns are disposed horizontally, or 
from one side of the vein to the other. Trap rocks, whether in colum- 
nar form, as the Palisades, or in veins, or stony dikes, are now consid- 
ered by all geologists as of igneous origin; that is, as having been in a 
melted state, and injected while fluid into fissures, or as having been 
poured out upon the bottom of a sea, or upon the surface of other 
rocks, and there cooled under great pressure, which gives the compact 
structure, and in which respect they differ from lavas. Trap dykes are 
extremely abundant in the northern section of the state ; scarcely a 
mine of iron exists without being traversed by a dyke, which some- 
times deranges the direction of the vein. One remarkable dyke, eighty 



GEOLOGY. 17 

feet wide, cuts through almost entirely Mount McMartin, at Avalanche 
lake, a mountain more than 4000 feet high. This dyke possesses more 
the character of sienite than the ordinary greenstone. Trap and green- 
stone are placed among the unstralified rocks. A careful inspection 
of this stratum will generally convince the most sceptical that it has 
been a molten mass ; and further, that it is impossible that it should 
have been deposited from a fluid in a mode similar to the sandstones 
and limestones. One remark seems worthy of particular attention, 
viz : that greenstone is rarely a rock which bears the valuable metals, 
though that form called trap dykes are the most constant associates of 
the iron veins of the north and south. The earthy minerals, some of 
which are of great beauty, are very frequently associated with it, as 
prehnite, stilbite, chabasie, laumonite, &c. ; some of the varieties of 
quartz, as amethyst, chalcedony, and silicious sinter. Porphyry is a 
rock which consists of a compact feldspar, in which crystals or small 
masses of the same substance, occur imbedded. Any massive mineral 
or rock, however, in which crystals are disseminated, is frequently 
called porphyry. This rock is of the smallest extent, probably, of any 
in the state ; the only distinct locality is between the village of Essex 
and Split Rock on Lake Champlain. It is a compact mass in the slate, 
of a reddish color, and columnar structure, in which small white crys- 
tals of feldspar are imbedded. A beautiful dendritic variety occurs 
here, which make fine cabinet specimens. The porphyry at this local- 
ity extends over thirty or forty acres ; it appears also to extend up the 
lake about four miles, where it occurs, forming a bold, interesting 
bluff. 

POST TERTIARY. CLAYS, SANDS, GRAVELS AND BOULDERS. 

Our Geological sketches, thus far, of the New-York system of 
rocks, have been confined to the indurated or solid masses ; it would, 
however, be left incomplete if we stopped here, for the most superficial 
observer cannot fail to observe something remarkable in the softer ma- 
terials, which are spread without order in many instances, over all 
other formations, without regard to age. These softer materials are 
composed of clay, sand, gravel, and large loose rounded stones or 
rocks. They may be divided into three classes, — 1st, clays and sands 
belonging to a formation called Post Tertiary; 2d, the gravels and 
stones of the Boulder formation ; 3d, clays and sands of the Alluvial. 
The first, or Post Tertiary, comprehend the clays and sands which 
skirt the shores of the River St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain and the 
Hudson. This formation is divided into three parts, the stiff blue clay- 
beneath, the yellowish brown clay in the middle, and the sands of the 
upper part of the formation. It differs essentially from the beds of 
clay of the alluvial, as it is strictly an ancient marine deposit. This 
becomes evident from the presence of marine shells along the shores of 
the St. Lawrence and Champlain. The following species may be enu- 
merated : Mya arenaria, Mya truncata, Tellina calcarea, Balanus 
miser. These and several other species are the present inhabitants of 
the Atlantic. Compared with the Tertiary of Europe, this formation 
is recent, as the coloring matter of the shells remains. Second, the 
Boulder formation or Diluvial ; it may be described as a coating of 
sand, gravel and boulders, large and small, and rounded by attrition, 
which have been spread unevenly over the surface, and which in many 
2 



18 GEOLOGY. 

places have been heaped up into conical or round hills \ the materials 
composing them mixed without order or regularity. It was originally 
formed by powerful currents of water, which swept over the surface in 
a northerly and southerly direction, carrying along the loose materials, 
and spreading them far and wide. No fossils are found in this stratum ; 
sometimes we may observe stratification, but it appears to be due to a 
subsequent operation. The third class of loose materials termed dilu- 
vial, are the gravel, sand, &c. now collecting by the various agencies 
of nature. The beds accumulating at the mouths of rivers, or in low 
grounds, and the matters washed up by the sea, all belong to this class. 
Of course the most extensive and important are found along the sea 
coast ; islands, in fact, are often formed by these agencies , but it is 
important to know also that the same agents which form the alluvial, 
are also destroying many parts of the same coasts. To illustrate some- 
what in detail, the agents now at work in the formation of the alluvial, 
we present the following brief account of the geology of Long Island, 
reserved for this place, as it may be considered as composed mostly of 
materials collected by diluvial and alluvial agencies. This sea-girt 
portion of the state, although not presenting as much interest and va- 
riety to the geologist as some other parts, yet there is probably enough 
known to warrant the belief of its gradual formation by natural cau- 
ses, and that a greater part of the island, if not the whole, has been 
reclaimed from the ocean. It is abundantly demonstrated that very 
extensive alterations have taken place and are still in progress upon 
the shores, and within the bays and harbors, by the inroads which the 
sea is incessantly making in some places, and the large accretions to 
the land in other localities ; frequently new inlets are formed on the 
south side of the island, by the action of the waters during storms, 
communicating with the bays and marshes, and as often fills up other 
channels. 

There is a range of hills running from east to west, nearly through 
the centre of the Island, extending from New Utrecht to Montauk 
Point, varying from 100 to 300 feet in height ; the highest point is 
Harbor Hill, in the town of North Hempstead. To the north of this 
range, erratic rocks and boulders are observed on the surface, and im- 
bedded in a series of strata forming the hills ; on the south they are 
rarely if ever found, the soil being mostly composed of fine pebbles, 
gravel and sand. " It would seem," remarks a late scientific traveller, 
" a natural conclusion that the great body of this island, or perhaps 
more properly the materials of which it is composed, were at some 
former period covered by the ocean ; and that by some cause which 
cannot now be discovered, were thrown up into their present form. 
That Long Island was once united with the main land, towards its west- 
ern end, has been believed by a great multitude of persons, from a 
bare inspection of the scenery. The narrowness and winding of the 
straits in many places, the multitude of intervening rocks and islands, 
the projection and course of the points between this island and the 
counties of New-York and Westchester, and the general aspect of both 
shores, have produced this opinion in minds which have been formed 
to very different modes of thinking." For a further and full descrip- 
tion of this part of the state, see " History of Long Island," by 
B. F. Thompson, Esq. 



MINERAL RESOURCES. 19 

MINERAL RESOURCES. 

In speaking of the economical geology of the state, our plan will 
be to consider the valuable productions of each formation separately, 
beginning - with those of the primitive rocks. 

IRON ORE. 

The most important, and at the same time the most abundant of the 
valuable minerals found in the primary rocks, is iron ore. Of this 
there are (wo varieties or species, the Magnetic and Specular Oxides. 

The Magnetic Oxide occurs generally in beds or veins, in granite or 
gneiss. The specular oxide, which is distinguished from the magnetic 
oxide, by its red powder, and feeble action upon the needle, is 
found in the primary, and also sometimes in connection with the Pots- 
dam sandstone above, and gneiss below, as at the Kearney and Parrish 
ore beds in St. Lawrence county. The magnetic oxide is the species 
so abundant in the counties of Essex, Clinton, Warren and Franklin. 
Extensive deposits of it are also found in St. Lawrence county, but the 
specular oxide is the most abundant in this county, so far as observa- 
tion extends. It also occurs in enormous quantities in the gneiss of 
the Highlands, in Orange county. A full description of the different 
veins and beds would occupy more space than we have at our disposal; 
we give merely a notice of the localities of the principal deposits, and 
when we have sufficient data, the amount of iron made from them. 
The development of the magnetic oxide of iron in Essex county, and 
the south-western part of Clinton county, surpasses that of any other 
counties in the state, or perhaps of any other district in the world of 
the same area. There are three mining districts in these counties ; 
one in Moriah and Schroon, another in Adirondack, and another in the 
valley of the Au Sable, besides numerous minor deposites. 
Mines in the Valley of the Jlu Sable. 

The best ore, or that which has acquired the highest reputation, both 
from the bloomers and in market, is that known as the Arnold ore. 
There are three veins furnishing this ore, separated from each other by 
only a few feet of rock running parallel to each north and south. 
One known as the black ore, is from four to eleven feet wide ; another, 
of a light blue color, is about S feet wide ; the other, called the gray 
ore, is about the same width, but not so rich, owing to an admixture 
of rock in the ore. Although some slight difference exists in appear- 
ance, between these veins, yet they each produce iron of the same 
quality, which is remarkable for toughness and softness. About three 
miles west from the Arnold veins is a large and important vein, known 
as the Palmer ore bed. It is about thirty-five feet wide, but is not so 
rich in the vein as the Arnold ore. It furnishes a valuable, though 
somewhat harder iron, than the Arnold ore, and is consequently prefer- 
able, for some purposes, to that ore. Another vein about three miles 
north-west from Clintonville, known as the Cook ore bed, is a rich ore, 
though not so pure as to admit of smelting without washing ; it reduces 
to a very valuable iron. The main vein is about thirteen feet 
wide, besides which there are two or three smaller ones running paral- 
lel to it. The Battie vein is considered as a continuation of the Cook 
vein, and is about the same width, more or less mixed with white 
quartz and Hornblende ; it produces an iron similar to the Cook vein. 



20 MINERAL RESOURCES. 

Besides those mentioned, there are two or three other veins, of inferior 
importance however. An aggregate of all the workable veins of the 
Au Sable district, furnishes a width of 136 feet ; they all occur within 
eight miles of Clintonville. Some idea may be formed of the en- 
terprise and success with which mining operations are carried on in 
this district, when we state that 6,000 tons of malleable iron are annu 
ally manufactured in the valley of the Au Sable. 

Ores of the Adirondack District. 
The veins of iron in this region are produced as the mountains, upon 
a grand scale; there are several enormous veins. The Sandford mine 
is full 500 feet wide, and has been traced 1,600 feet in length, that is, 
of exposed ore. It is the purest ore of any yet discovered, with the 
exception of the Arnold ore, and produces an iron equal in quality to 
any of the Clintonville district. Another vein occurs on the site o&the 
village of Adirondack : it is coarser grained than the Sandford ore, 
and produces an iron only second to the Russia. This vein is 700 
feet wide, and has been traced three quarters of a mile in length. An- 
other vein, about eighty rods east from the last mentioned, having a 
width of 150 feet, has been traced in the direction of its length over a 
mile. Several other veins have been discovered in this vicinity, which 
would be considered of great importance in other localities; but occur- 
ring by the side, as they do, of the enormous, inexhaustible deposites 
which have just been noticed, these have not received the attention 
which they would demand in other places. These veins have not been 
worked to any considerable extent, owing to adverse circumstances, 
which the proprietors have had to encounter. But when the increasing 
demand shall require an increase of the supply in market, the beds of 
this region will furnish a resource, which will be inexhaustible for 
a°"es. There are ten or twelve separate veins of iron ore in Moriah. 
The Sandford mine, situated six miles west from Port Henry, is an im- 
portant mine, and has been worked quite extensively. The Cheever, 
Hall, and Everest mines, are each of considerable extent, besides 
some others which are of minor importance ; these are better for cast- 
ing than for bar iron. The veins of Moriah, as a whole, are wider, 
and are capable of furnishing more ore than (hose of Clintonville. 
The amount of iron manufactured is considerable, though it is not def- 
initely known. The Penfield vein occurs at Crownpoint ; it is about 
forty feet wide, and produces an excellent quality of iron. Some 
veins of minor importance occur in Schroon. The magnetic oxide 
is found in Warren county, though not of any great extent. In Frank- 
lin county there are extensive deposites of this ore. A vein in the vi- 
cinity of Malone, has been worked to a considerable extent, and fur- 
nishes a very excellent iron. In the vicinity of Duane there are seve- 
ral veins, which have been also worked, though for a few years past 
the business has not been prosecuted. It is probable that when the 
southern part of this county comes to be settled, it will prove to be 
rich in iron ore. The south-eastern part of St. Lawrence county, fur- 
nishes some very extensive beds of the magnetic oxide, but they occur 
in the unsettled portions of the county, and their value and extent is 
not well determined. Several important deposites of the magnetic ox- 
ide occur in Putnam county. One known as the Philips vein varies 
from three to thirty feet in width, and has been traced for the distance 



MINERAL RESOURCES. 21 

of eio-ht miles. There is also (he Denny mine, about three-fourths of a 
mile south-west from the preceding, which furnishes annually, accord- 
ing to Mather, 600 tons of ore. Several other veins have been worked 
to°a greater or less extent in this county. Orange county possesses an 
abundant supply of magnetic oxide, especially in the towns of Mon- 
roe, Warwick and Cornwall. A notice of all the separate veins 
would require too much space : suffice it to say that there are sixteen 
mines, all of them important, and some of them remarkably extensive. 
The Specular Oxide of Iron, is the most predominant ore of iron in 
St. Lawrence county. There are several veins, the most valuable of 
which are the Kearney and Parrish ore beds. They each furnish a large 
amount of ore for the works at Rossie. It is principally used for cast- 
ings, which have obtained a high repute in market. 

ORES OF LEAD, ZINC AND COPPER. 

No deposites of these ores have as yet been discovered in this state, 
which have proved of any great value, or that have become profitable 
to the proprietors, with the exception of the mines of Rossie ; though 
in almost every county in the state, veins of these minerals have been 
discovered, but only in quantities sufficient to raise expectation, and 
lead to a useless expense ; and it is doubtful whether the proprietors of 
the Rossie lead mine have experienced much profit from their mining 
operations, although the vein averaged a foot in width, and the quantity 
raised has been large. In consequence of the enormous cost of the 
lease for only a limited period, the original capital invested has been 
expended. Sulphuret of zinc has not been found in quantities suffi- 
cient to be of any importance. The same may be said in relation to 
the sulphuret of copper, though from indications in Canton, St. Law- 
rence county, where several hundred weight has been obtained in de- 
tached masses in the rock, we are led to believe that this ore may yet 
be found in sufficient quantities to render it of some importance among 
the useful minerals of the state. 

USEFUL MINERALS OF THE TRANSITION ROCKS. 

SALT. 

In the transition rocks, Salt ranks highest in importance. Springs 
having in solution chloride of sodium, or common salt, exist in abun- 
dance°in the western part of the state. In Wayne and Cayuga coun- 
ties the manufacture of salt has been carried on to some considerable 
extent ; but the most celebrated salt works are those of Onondaga. 
Salt was made in Salina at a very early period, in a small way, the 
amount manufactured having increased with the demand, until it is 
stated that there are employed in the town of Salina not less than 6,000 
kettles, of a capacity of nearly half a million of gallons. In 1797, 
there were manufactured 7,540 bushels ; in the year 1839, 2,864,718 
bushels, yielding to the state a clear revenue of $134,348.54. The 
greater part of the state of New-York, Vermont, Canada, and a por- 
tion of the western states, receive their supply from this great man- 
ufactory. The salt manufactured here is as good and pure, generally, 
as that obtained from any other source ; and it appears from recent 
discoveries that the manufacture and profits may be indefinitely in- 
creased, and that there is a probability that the salt revenue will become 
still more important. The base of the Ontario group is the lowest po- 



22 MINERAL RESOURCES. 

sition in which brine springs have been obtained. The red shale which 
forms the base of the Onondaga salt rock, is the lowest mass in which, 
along the Erie canal, salt springs have been found. Some of the most 
important salt wells are entirely disconnected with the rocks beneath 
and adjacent to them, the reservoir being formed of the thick gravelly 
alluvion. Examples of those wells exist at Salina. 

In addition to salt, the Ontario group furnishes all the plaster beds 
which occur in the state. They appear to be co-extensive with this 
formation, and there is ground for belief that this important material 
may be obtained to any extent which may be desired. The water lime 
is also a part of the same group, in fact forming a large proportion of 
the formation. The waterlime may in fact be considered as extend- 
ing from the Hudson to Lake Erie. 

In the lower part of the Ontario group there occurs that remarkable 
layer of argillaceous oxide of iron. The thickness of this layer varies 
from one to three feet. It is supposed that there are two distinct strata 
running parallel with each other, and about twenty-five feet apart ; if 
so, they are not equally persistent as they would appear at the falls 
of the Genesee. This iron is used for castings, and contains sufficient 
lime and argillaceous matter to form a flux without addition. It yields 
thirty per cent, of iron. It may also be employed for the manufacture 
of Spanish brown. It is a valuable deposite to the part of the state in 
which it occurs, and can be wrought to an indefinite extent. 

USEFUL PRODUCTS OF THE TAGHKAKIC SYSTEM. 

They consist first of a durable sandstone, but rarely to be obtained 
except in angular blocks and sharp cornered pieces, a state which is 
evidently determined by crystalization. The white sand produced by 
disintegration of this rock, is employed for making glass, polishing 
marble, &c. It is in this system that the beautiful white, gray and 
clouded marbles occur. These are more durable, and less liable to de- 
composition than the unstratified limestone in connection with granite. 
It is scarcely necessary to add that the best of lime is made from this 
rock. There are in Westchester about 210,000 cubic feet of marble 
annually quarried, which vary in price from one to four dollars per cu- 
bic foot. But an equally important mineral with the limestone appears 
to belong to this system, viz. the hemutitic iron ore, or limonite. It 
occurs, it is true, in a diluvion, or rather in the debris of various rocks; 
still, from observations which we have made, it appears that the ori- 
ginal or parent bed is a talcose limestone belonging to this system. 
The mode of its occurrence establishes the general fact, that the form- 
ation in which it is usually obtained, is not the original place of de- 
posit or occurrence. Observation proves that the present deposite of 
this ore is along the borders of the Taghkanic system, and the lower 
primary, or else in the midst of this system, and hence the great prob- 
ability that it is furnished by disintegration and decomposition of the 
magnesian rocks of this system. It is quite possible to confound the 
limestone of this system with the unstratified beds in the gneiss system, 
or those even associated with granite. 

VALUABLE MINERALS OF THE CHAMPLAIN GROUP. 

The base of this group being a siliceous sandstone, it forms of itself 
a durable rock for building. At Potsdam the mass is remarkable for 
the evenness and beauty in its stratification ; it therefore furnishes a 



MINERAL RESOURCES. 23 

material better adapted for the construction of edifices than any other 
rock in the state ; it is usually of a light yellowish brown or red, and 
may be wrought into any form, or obtained of most any size. The same 
rock furnishes a material for glass making, either in the form of sand 
or rock, which by burning may be converted into sand ; for this pur- 
pose it is used at Redford, Clinton county. It forms, too, good hearth 
furnaces. The sharp, gritty varieties will make good sand paper, and 
a material for polishing hard bodies. The middle of this group fur- 
nishes the black marble so much esteemed for mantel pieces ; it is 
wrought at Glen's Falls. The stratum lies between the birdseye and 
Trenton. The rock denominated calciferous sand rock embraces from 
G to 12 feet of a drab-colored limestone, which has been employed as 
a water lime. In the upper part of this group, we have the roofing 
slates; it is the only mass which furnishes slate sufficiently strong to 
be employed in this* wav, and it is only on the eastern section of the 
state, adjacent to the primary, that we find the slate sufficiently indu- 
rated to stand the weather. All the slate in market is furnished by the 
Hoosic quarries. The Birdseye, and some portions of the calciferous 
and Trenton limestones furnish a good lime for architecture, husbandry 
and glass making. The Bald mountain lime is made from a grayish 
limestone in the upper part of this group, but it is developed only along 
the eastern border of the state. The fossils of the Champlain group 
are Lingula, Atrypas, Leptama, Orthis, Isotelus, Calymene, Orthoce- 
ra, Bellerophon, Pterinea, &c. 

MINERALS OF THE ERIE GROUP. 

The shales of this group are subject to decomposition, or disintegra- 
tion ; in the arts, therefore, or in building, they cannot be employed. 
The upper part of this group — the Chemung rocks — furnish excellent 
flag stones, which are readily wrought and cut out of the quarries, of 
any desirable size. Some of the layers are suitable for grindstones and 
whetstones of a good quality. Neither the upper nor lower portion 
contains imbedded minerals. They lie between the Helderberg se- 
ries and the old red system, in which it terminates. 

OLD RED SANDSTONE. 

This rock, in some parts of the earth, furnishes copper ; in this 
state, it is extensively quarried as a flagging stone. 

It will be perceived from the foregoing account of the useful mine- 
ral productions of New-York, that they are by no means sparingly dif- 
fused. AH the great formations which have been noticed as groups or 
series of rocks, furnish some of the most indispensable materials for 
the use of man in a state of civilization. In the primary unstratified 
rocks, what an abundance of iron ores of the first quality, in beds and 
veins, varying from 2 to 600 feet in width. In the gneiss system, the 
ore is mostly in veins of moderate width, yet sufficiently thick to be 
wrought to advantage. The north and the south is supplied with the 
ore of those rocks. In the county of St. Lawrence, again, the specu- 
lar ore occurs in a great abundance ; this furnishes the supply for this 
portion of the state. The counties bordering upon Connecticut and 
Massachusetts, are supplied with ore, as has been suggested, from the 
Taghkanic system, in that variety which is called the hematitic ore ; 
and it is one' of an excellent quality, and is extensively employed for 



24 MINERAL RESOURCES. 

some of the most important purposes. Again, the counties on the 
south shore of Lake Ontario, are provided with the argillaceous iron 
ore, an ore, though not adapted for the manufacture of bar iron, yet it 
is easily converted into cast iron, and therefore becomes a very useful 
product to all the counties from Oneida to Niagara. The bog ores 
which have not been paiticularly noticed, also occur at numerous pla- 
ces in the state, and are wrought to good advantage. Salt and plaster 
are confined to the more central portions of the state ; we do not at- 
tempt to estimate their importance and value. Most of the great 
groups furnish many varieties of marble ; but the Taghkanic system, 
and Champlain group of the Transition, furnish by far a greater pro- 
portion of this article than others at the present time. Still the Helder- 
berg limestone is susceptible of a fine polish, and may be employed 
for furnishing marbles of a good quality. 

Of the quarries of marble in New-York, there are few, if any, so 
valuable as those at Glen's Falls. They are situated on both sides of 
the river, which at this place presents several precipices of from 60 to 
70 feet. The beds are disposed nearly horizontally in those precipices, 
by which arrangement it is comparatively easy to reach the most valu- 
able layers of the marble. At these quarries there are several varie- 
ties ; that which is the most esteemed, is the jet black, without white 
spots. The varieties which are mottled, and in which those spots oc- 
cur, are, notwithstanding, beautiful and ornamental for mantel pieces. 
The quarries are owned and wrought principally by two companies, 
who have shown much enterprize in the prosecution of this business. 
In 1838 the Glen's Falls company prepared and sent to market 352,500 
pounds of marble. This company run 16 gang of saws, and are able 
to supply to order almost any amount of stone. In addition to the 
marble business, lime making is carried on extensively, which, from 
its excellent qualities, meets with a ready sale. In the marble quar- 
ries, in the water power, and in the manufacture of lime, the enterpri- 
zing people of this place have great and important facilities for busi- 
ness, which they have turned to good account, and which is shown by 
the bustle in the streets and along the canal, and the beautiful and sub- 
stantial dwellings which have been erected within a few years. Few 
country villages show more prosperity than Glen's Falls. The Geolo- 
gical position of the limestone forming the black marble, is immedi- 
ately below the Trenton rock : it is a mass which is quite persistent in 
the Champlain group, though not always present. It is the same as 
that at Isle La Mott, which is also celebrated as a black marble, and 
the same as that called at Watertown the seven foot tier. 

In addition to the preceding list of useful materials, each of which 
is restricted to certain regions, we find others more generally dissemi- 
nated, as peat and marl, each of which are abundant in all sections of 
the state. To agriculture they are especially to be considered as im- 
portant gifts, by which the soil that has long been cultivated, may be 
renewed and made to yield anew its early products. The localities are 
too numerous to be mentioned in this place, but reference may be made 
to the annual reports of the State Geologists for information relating 
to them . 

All the groups abound in stones and flags for building, and the vari- 
ous purposes which the wants of civilized life have created. The flags 
of the old red sandstone, of the Chemung rocks, of the Ontario and 



MINERAL RESOURCES. 25 

Cham plain groups, abound in those which can be adapted to all the 
purposes of life. x\ judicious examination before selection is often re- 
quired, in order to select those which will remain unchanged by the 
nction of the weather, in a changeable climate like ours. Observation 
of the same character may be made as it regards lime. All the groups 
except the last, abound in this material. It is not intended, however, 
to go into a computation of the value to the inhabitants of this state, 
of all these products ; it is sufficient to say that the value of the pro- 
ducts beneath the surface, are probably equal to those which can be 
produced by culture upon it. To a state like New-York, whose public 
works extend from North to South, and from East to West, these con- 
siderations are really important ; her products and her means of trans- 
portation will ever preserve to her the title of Empire State if only 
her means are put in requisition. 

Tabular View of the Rocks of New-York. 

Arranged in Systems and Groups. 
I Alluvia], 

I. Post Tertiary, < Diluvial, 

t Clays and Sands of the Post Tertiary. 

II. Old red System.— Old red Sandstone. 

Erie Group. \ Chemung Sandstones and Flags, 
I Ludlowvule Shales. 
Helderberg Limestone, 
i Schoharie Grit. 
Helderberg J Brown argillaceous Sandstone, 
Series. "\Encrinal Limestone, 
| Oriskany Sandstone, 
Green Shaly Limestone, 
Pentamerus Limestone. 
Onondaga Salt and Gypseous rocks, 
m. N. Y. Trans- / Ontario ) Limestone and Green Shales, 
ition System. N ^ < Argillaceous Iron ore, 

\ k Soft red, green and variegated Sandstone, or 

' Medina Sandstone. 

!Gray Sandstone and bed of Conglomerate, 
Lorraine Shales and Roofing Slates, 
Utica Slate, 
Trenton Lmestone, 
Birdseye, 
Chazy Limestone, 
Calciferous Sandrock, 
Potsdam Sandstone. 

( Light green Slates, sometimes dark and plumbaginous, 
rV. Taghkanic System. ] Gray and clouded Limestone, 
( Brown Sandstone. 

,._,.„. ( Gneiss, Hornblende and Mica Slate, 

V. Gneiss System. J Ta i cose Slate and Steatite. 

VI. Superincumbent Rock. \ g™^ e « Trap ' 

r Granite, 

V Hypersthene Rock, 

VII. Unstratified Rocks. < Primary Limestone, 

f Serpentine, Rensselaerite, 
v Magnetic iron ore. 



26 CIVIL DIVISIONS. 

CIVIL DIVISIONS OF THE STATE. 

The State is divided into 59 counties, which are subdivided into 
835 towns, 145 incorporated villages, and 9 cities containing 64 wards. 
These are the municipal divisions, and they are civil corporations, with 
powers more or less extensive according to their charters, as granted 
and modified from time to time by the Legislature. 

There are other divisions more properly termed political. These are 
the S Senate Districts ; the counties, considered in relation to their rep- 
resentation in the 2nd branch of the Legislature ; and the Congression 
al Districts. 

The Senate Districts are arranged, every ten years, by the Legisla- 
ture, acting under a provision for that purpose in the State Constitution, 
on the basis of a census taken under the same authority ; and at the 
same time and under the same authority, the Members of Assembly 
are apportioned among the counties. The necessity of these decennial 
readjustments, arises from the Constitutional limitation of the whole 
number of the State Senate to 32 members, and of the Assembly, to 
128 members. 

The counties respectively comprised in the several Senate Districts 
are as follow, in the numerical order of the Districts. 

1st S. D. — New-York, Kings and Richmond. 

2nd S. D. — Queens, Sutfolk, Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Rock- 
land, Orange, Sullivan and Ulster. 

3rd S. D. — Columbia, Rensselaer, Greene, Albany, Schenectady, 
Schoharie and Delaware. 

4th S. D. — Saratoga, Washington, Warren, Essex, Clinton, Frank 
lin, St. Lawrence, Herkimer, Montgomery, Fulton and Hamilton. 

5th S. J). — Jefferson, Lewis, Oswego, Oneida, Madison and Otsego. 

6th S. D. — Chenango, Broome, Tioga, Tompkins, Chemung, Steu- 
ben, Livingston, Allegany and Cattaraugus. 

1th S. D. — Onondaga, Cortland, Cayuga, Seneca, Wayne, Ontario 
and Yates. 

8lh S. D. — Monroe, Orleans, Genesee, Wyoming, Niagara, Erie 
and Chautauque. 

These Senate Districts, each represented by four Senators, one of 
whom is elected every year, are intended by the Constitution to be as 
nearly equal in the number of souls as may be, without dividing coun- 
ties, in order that the people may be represented as equally as possible 
in the State Senate; and for the same reason the apportionment of 
Members of Assemby among the counties, is made on a uniform ratio 
of the number of souls to each Member. The number of Members of 
Assembly to which each county is entitled under the existing appor- 
tionment, is as follows : 

Albany, 3 Delaware, 2 Lewis, 1 

Allegany, 2 Dutchess, 3 Livingston, 2 

Broome, 1 Erie, 3 Madison, 3 

Cattaraugus, 2 Essex, 1 Monroe, 3 

Cayuga, 3 Franklin, 1 Montgomery, 2 

Chautauque, 3 Fulton and Hamilton,.. 1 New-York, 13 

Chemung, 1 Genesee, 2 Niagara, 2 

Chenango, 3 Greene, 2 Oneida, 4 

Clinton, 1 Herkimer, 2 Onondaga, 4 

Columbia, 3 Jefferson, 3 Ontario, 3 

Cortland, 2 Kings, 2 Orange, 3 



POPULATION. 27 

Orleans, 1 Saratoga, 2 Ulster, 2 

Oswego, 2 Schenectady, 1 Warren, 1 

Otsego, 3 Schoharie, 2 Washington, 2 

Putnam, 1 Seneca, 1 Wayne, 2 

Queens, > 1 Sleuben, 3 Westchester, 2 

Rensselaer, 3 Suffolk, 2 Wyoming, 2 

Richmond, 1 Sullivan, 1 Yates, J 

Rockland, 1 Tioga, 1 — 

St. Lawrence, 2 Tompkins, 2 Total, 128 

The Senate Districts, moreover, respectively constitute the regular 
bounds of the several jurisdictions of the Circuit Judges, as do the 
counties the jurisdictions of the Courts of Common Pleas and General 
Sessions of the Peace. 

The Congressional Districts, by which the representatives of the 
State in the Congress of the United States are elected every two years, 
are arranged every ten years, according to the apportionments of the 
national representatives among the states, made by Congress on the ba- 
sis of the national census. The arrangements of these districts have 
thus far been made by the State Legislature, under a clause of the 
U. S. Constitution, which, while it permits this to be so done, contains 
also an express provision giving this power to Congress, whenever that 
body shall see fit (o exercise it. [See Congressional Districts in the 
Jflphabetical arrangement.] 

POPULATION. 

The increase of the population of this state, especially of the west- 
ern portion, has been so rapid as to attract the attention of intelligent 
men throughout Christendom. Sixty years ago, the whole section of 
the state from Utica to Buffalo was all a wilderness, occupied only by 
tribes of roving Indians. It now embraces twenty-eight counties and 
more than a million of inhabitants, enjoying all the comforts and many 
of the elegancies of civilized life, distinguished for general intelli- 
gence and enterprize, and rapidly advancing in numbers, wealth, and 
all the elements of social prosperity and power. 

On comparing the results of the several enumerations which have 
been made during the fifty years from 1790 to 1840 inclusive, it is 
found that the population of this state has nearly doubled in every six- 
teen years, while that of the whole Union has doubled only in periods 
of about twenty-four years. The ratio of increase in both cases, how- 
ever, is gradually diminishing, as the successive masses from which the 
ratio is drawn become larger, while, at the same time, the positive 
increase for any given period may not decline. 

By the U. S. census of 1840, it will be seen, moreover, that the 
white population of New-York exceeds one-sixth of the total white 
population, and is about one-seventh of the aggregate mixed population, 
of the whole Union. Or, in other words, making the comparison with 
the other states in groups as usually arranged, New-York may be sta- 
ted, in round numbers, as about equal in population, to the six New- 
England states — or to the other four middle states — or to the four south- 
ern Atlantic states — or to the six south-western states — and is exceeded 
only by the five western slates. 

The territory of the state is nearly as large as that of all England ; 
it is about half as larsre as that of Great Britain and Ireland ; about 
one-third as large as France, and larger than Holland, Belgium, Han- 



28 EDUCATION. 

over and Saxony united. All these countries comprise a population of 
about sixty-six millions, on a territory in the aggregate about six 
times as large. When this State shall be as densely peopled as those 
countries, the same ratio of population to surface will give eleven mill- 
ions of inhabitants to the state, instead of the two and a half millions 
at present included within its borders. 

[For interesting details connected with the population, occupations, 
and productions of the state, see the tables in the latter part of this 
work.] 

EDUCATION. 

The principal institutions of this state, as recognized by the laws, 
for educational purposes, are 2 Universities, 4 Colleges, 3 Medical 
schools, 140 Academies, 1 school for the Deaf and Dumb, 1 for the 
Blind, and the Common Schools. 

1. The Slate University. — This institution has no direct connection 
with the business of instruction. Its functions are chiefly directive, 
supervisory and visitorial. It was created by an act of the Legis- 
lature, passed May 1, 17S4, under the corporate style of " The Re- 
gents of the University of the State of New-York." The Regents 
are twenty-one in number, nineteen of whom are appointed by the Le- 
gislature, the other two being the Governor and Lt. Governor, who are 
Regents by virtue of their offices. The officers of the Board are a 
Chancellor, a Vice-Chancellor, a Secretary and a Treasurer, who are 
all elected by their associates, by ballot and a plurality of votes. The 
regular meetings of the Board are held in the chamber of the Senate, 
the 2d Thursday in January being the day of the stated annual meet- 
ing ; but special meetings may be held elsewhere, on notice. Eight 
members form a quorum for business. In the exercise of their visito- 
rial power, the Regents are bound annually to ascertain and report to 
the Legislature the methods of education and discipline in the several 
colleges and academies within their jurisdiction, including the numbers 
of their pupils, their courses of study, and the text-books used, 
their libraries and apparatus of every kind, the names and pay of the 
instructors, their funds, revenues and debts, the amount and application 
of the public moneys they receive, and in short, the entire condition 
and management of the respective institutions subject to their care and 
oversight. They are also authorized to make ordinances for all pur- 
poses within their jurisdiction ; to confer degrees above that of Master 
of Arts ; to fill vacancies in the offices of Presidents of Colleges, and 
Principals of Academies, when left vacant by the Trustees for one year 
without good cause shown ; to apportion the annual income of the Lit- 
erature Fund among the eight Senate Districts, and in each District 
among the seminaries therein, according to the number of their pupils 
respectively, who have, for four months in the preceding year, pursued 
classical studies, or the higher branches of English education, or both; 
the Literature Fund being designed to foster those studies which do not 
fall within the range of instruction in the Common schools, with which 
the Regents have no legal connection. The Regents, moreover, have 
power to incorporate academies. Their annual Reports embody a 
great many valuable facts and a large amount of useful information of 
the most practical kind, relative to the actual condition and progress of 
the higher seminaries. 



EDUCATION. 



2d 



2. The University of the City of New- Fork. — This institution was 
incorporated by an act of the Legislature passed April 18, 1831. It 
is authorized to hold property, the annual income of which shall not 
exceed §20,000, and it is subject to the visitation of the Regent9. Its 
general affairs are managed by a Council of thirty-two members, who 
are elected by the corporators from their own body, and one-fourth of 
whom are renewed annually. The Mayor and four members of the 
Common Council of the City of New-York, are ex officio members of 
the Council ; and no one religious sect is ever to have a majority there- 
in. The Council fills its own vacancies occurring between the annual 
elections ; appoints its own officers, and the members of the Faculty of 
the institution, and possesses all the usual powers to make by-laws, 
and to confer degrees. Eleven Councillors form a quorum for ordinary 
business, but the votes of seventeen are necessary to convey real estate 
and to appoint officers. The course of study embraces not only all the 
branches of learning usually cultivated at colleges, but also the whole 
circle of the sciences, and the liberal and useful arts. The institution 
was opened for pupils in 1832. Its edifice is superb. 

3. The Colleges in the state are as follow :— Columbia College, in 
the City of New-York ; Union College, in Schenectady ; Hamilton 
College, in Clinton, Oneida county; and Geneva College, in Geneva, 
Ontario county ; all of which are" on the usual model of such institu- 
tions, and are severally noticed under the head of the city or village 
in which each is located. 

4. The three Medical Schools are the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, in the city of New-York ; the Albany Medical College, in the 
city of Albany ; and the Medical Department of Geneva College, in 
the village of Geneva : each is noticed separately under the head of the 
place where it is located. 

5. The Academies are noticed in like manner. The subjoined list, 
taken from the last annual report of the Regents, dated March 1, 1841, 
shows the names and places of the Academies then existing, as distri- 
buted through the eight Senate Districts. 



Names of Academies. 



First District. 
Erasmus Hall, 

Grammar School of Columbia 
College, 

Grammar School of the Univer- 
siiy of the city of New- York, 

N. Y. Institution for the Deaf 
and Dumb, 

Rutger's Female Institute,. • 



Second District. 
Amenia Seminary, 

Clinton, 

Dutchess County, 

Farmer's Hall, 

Hempstead Seminary, . 

Kingston, 

Montgomery, 

Mour.t Pleasant, 



Towns. 



Flatbush, 

New- York city, 

do. 

do. 
do. 



Amenia, 

Easthampton, 
Poughkeepsie, 

Goshen, 

Hempstead, • . 
Kingston, 
Montgomery,. 
Mt. Pleasant,. 



Counties. 



Kings, 

New- York, . 

do. 

do. 
do. 



Dutchess,. •• 

Suffolk, 

Dutchess,... 

Orange, 

Queens, 

Ulster, 

Orange, 
Westchester, 



Stu- 
dents. 



85 

272 

155 

152 
467 



1,131 



243 
25 
78 
65 
89 
65 
60 
80 



Amount 
Lit. Fund. 



$437 10 

1,266 04 

1,124 66 

976 85 
1,195 35 



$ 5,000 00 



$776 09 
35 84 
512 93 
240 85 
454 95 
245 31 
334 52 
223 01 



30 



EDUCATION. 



Names of Academies. 



Newburgh, 

New-Paltz, 

North Salem, 

Peekskill, 

Poughkeepsie Collegiate School, 

Redhook, 

Rhinebeck, 

Ridgebury, 

Union Hall, 

West Town, 

Third District.. 

Albany, 

Albany Female Academy, 

Albany Female Seminary, 

Claverack, 

Coxsackie, 

Delaware, • 

Delaware Literary Institute,. • . 
Greenbush and Schodack, 

Hudson, 

Jefferson, 

Kinderhook, 

Lansingburgh, 

Schenectady Lyceum and Aca- 
demy, 

Schoharie, 

Troy, 

Troy Female Seminary,. • • • • • 



Fourth District. 

Ames, • • 

Amsterdam Female Seminary, 

Cambridge Washington, 

Canajoharie, 

Canton, 

Essex County, 

Fairfield 

Fort Covington, 

Franklin, 

Galway, 

Gouverneur Wesleyan Sem'ry 

Granville, 

Herkimer, 

Johnstown, 

Keeseville, 

Kingsborough, 

Moriah, 

Ogdensburgh, 

Pittsburgh, 

St. Lawrence, 

Schuylerville, 

Stillwater, 

Union Village, 

Washington, 

Waterford, 



Newburgh, 

New-Paltz, 

North Salem,. .. 
Peekskill, ...... 

Poughkeepsie, ■ . 
Upper Redhook 
Rhinebeck, 

Ridgebury 

Jamaica, 

West Town, . . , 



Albany city, 

do 

do 

Claverack, 

Coxsackie, 

Delhi, 

Franklin, 

Greenbush, 

Hudson city, . . . 

Jefferson, 

Kinderhook,.. . . 

Lansingburgh, . . 



Towns. 



Orange, 

Ulster, 

Westchester 

do. 
Dutchess,. 

do. . 

do. . 
Orange, • • 
Queens, . . 
Orange, . . 



Schenectady city 

Schoharie, 

Troy city, 

do 



Ames, 

Amsterdam,. . .. 

Cambridge, 

Canajoharie,.... 

Canton, 

Westport, 

Fairfield, 

Fort Covington,. 

Malone, 

Galway, 

Gouverneur, 

North Granville, 

Herkimer, 

Johnstown, 

Keeseville, 

Kingsborough,.. 

Moriah, 

Ogdensburgh, - . 

Plattsburgh, 

Potsdam, 

Schuylerville,. . . 

Stillwater 

Union Village, • . 

Salem, 

Waterford, 



Counties. 



Stu- 
dents. 



Albany, • • 
do. ... 
do. .. 
Columbia, 
Greene, • • 
Delaware, 

do. 
Rensselaer. 
Columbia, 
Schoharie, 
Columbia, 
Rensselaer, 

Schenectady 

Schoharie, • • 

Rensselaer,. 

do. 



Montgomery, 

do. 
Washington,. 
Montgomery, 
St. Lawrence 

Essex, 

Herkimer, . . . 

Franklin, 

Franklin, 

Sara f oga, 
St. Lawrence 
Washington,. 
Herkimer, . . . 

Fulton, 

Clinton, 

Fulton, 

Essex, 

St. Lawrence 

Clinton, 

St. Lawrence 
Saratoga, 

do 

Washington,. 

do. 
Saratoga, 



53 

47 
36 
33 

110 
26 
61 
42 

137 
60 



1,310 



185 
264 
40 
51 
39 
122 
115 
35 
64 
74 
115 
107 

136 
50 
41 

199 



1.637 



28 
115 
72 
62 
94 
5' 

150 
25 
40 
55 
77 
67 
85 
25 
43 
59 
30 
92 
71 
150 
45 
63 
65 
55 
3D 



Amount 
Lit. Fund. 



$280 99 
240 85 
240 85 
151 64 
365 74 
75 82 
138 20 
165 02 
330 06 
187 33 



$5,000 00 

§505 68 

847 27 

120 56 

170 79 

80 37 

592 75 

525 77 

90 42 

93 84 

73 75 

318 14 

207 63 

381 76 
66 98 
66 98 

857 31 



$5,000 00 

$187 49 
239 57 
170 12 
215 27 
170 12 
142 35 
3G4 53 
45 33 
145 8-2 
347 22 
281 21 
249 99 
118 04 
83 32 
52 28 
62 56 
107 63 
114 57 
253 46 
611 00 
104 10 
291 65 
222 21 
319 43 
100 68 



1,655 $5,000 00 



EDUCATION. 



31 



Names of Academies. 



Fifth District. 
Black River Literary and Reli 

gious Institute, ■ 

Cherry Valley, 

Clinton Grammar School, 

Clinton Liberal Institute, 

De Ruyter Institute, 

Fulton Female Seminary, .... 

Hamilton, 

Hobart Hall Institute, 

Lowville, 

Oneida Conference Seminary, 

Oneida Institute, 

Rensselaer Oswego, 

Utica, 

Utica Female Academy, 

Vernon, 

Whitesboro, 

Sixth District. 

Avon, 

Elmira, 

Franklin, 

Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, 

Groton, 

Ithaca, 

Livingston co. High School,.. 

Oxford, 7 

Owego, 

Sherburne Union, 

Seventh District. 

Auburn, 

Auburn Female Seminary, ... 

Canandaigua, 

Cayuga, 

Cortland, , 

East Bloomfield, , 

Fayetteville, 

Manlius, 

Moravia Institute, 

Munro, , 

Onondaga, 

Ontario Female Seminary, 

Ovid, 

Pompey, 

Seneca Falls, 

Syracuse, . 

Eighth District. 

Albion, 

Alexander Classical School, . . 

Aurora, 

Batavia Female Academy, 
Buffalo Literary and Scientific 

Academy , 

Clarkson, 

Fredonia, 



Towns. 



Watertown, 
Cherry Valley,. . 

Clinton, 

do 

De Ruyter, 

Fulton, 

Hamilton, 

Holland Patent,. 

Lowville, 

Cazenovia, 

Whitesboro,. . • . 

Mexico, 

Utica city, 

do 

Vernon, 

Whitesboro, 



Avon, 

Elmira, 

Prattsburgh, 

Lima, 

Groton, 

Ithaca, 

Geneseo, 

Oxford, 

Owego, 

Sherburne, 

Auburn, 

do. , 

Canandaigua, . . 

Aurora, 

Homer, 

East Bloomfield 

Fayetteville, 

Manlius, 

Moravia, 

Elbridge, 

Onond'a Hollow 
Canandaigua, . . 

Ovid 

Pompey, 

Seneca Falls, . . . 
Syracuse, 

Albion, 

Alexander, 

Aurora, 

Batavia, 

Buffalo city,.... 

Clarkson, 

Fredonia, 



Counties. 



Jefferson, 
Otsego,.. 
Oneida, . 
do. . 
Madison, 
Oswego,. 
Madison, 
Oneida, . 
Lewis, .. 
Madison, 
Oneida, . 
Oswego,. 
Oneida,.. 

do. .. 

do. .. 

do. .. 



Livingston, 
Chemung, . 
Steuben,... 
Livingston, 
Tompkins,, 
do. . 
Livingston, 
Chenango,. 

Tioga, 

Chenango,. 



Cayuga, . . 

do. 
Ontario, . . 
Cayuga, . . 
Cortland, . 
Ontario, . . 
Onondaga. 

do. 

Cayuga, . . 

Onondaga, 

do. 
Ontario, . . 
Seneca,. .. 
Onondaga, 
Seneca,... 
Onondaga, 



Orleans, . . . 
Genesee,... 

Erie, 

Genesee,... 

Erie, 

Monroe,... 
Chautauque : 



Stu- 
dents. 



225 
55 
28 
84 
74 
76 
117 
74 
88 
136 
92 
100 
115 
165 
87 
77 



1,593 



28 

58 
103 
200 

35 
150 
101 
104 
156 

60 



995 



85 
108 
135 
52 
143 
95 
138 
105 
75 
82 
75 
113 
71 
49 
84 
108 



1,518 



75 
70 
72 
40 

60 
55 
123 



Amount 
Lit. Fund. 



$557 02 
17 97 
101 87 
371 54 
170 79 
233 71 
329 40 
248 69 
236 70 
590 08 
170 79 
437 46 
458 44 
644 08 
182 77 
248 69 



$5,000 00 



$129 25 
148 32 
339 70 

1,464 11 
468 89 
622 01 
301 43 
799 04 
368 41 
358 84 



$5,000 00 



$308 32 
196 00 
629 15 
174 99 
579 14 
266 65 
183 39 
316 65 
258 32 
512 48 
258 32 
358 31 
237 49 
220 82 
212 49 
289 48 



$5,000 00 



$104 26 
149 29 
312 49 
163 18 

156 24 
104 26 
670 12 



32 



EDUCATION. 



Names of Academies. 



Gaines, 

Jamestown, 

Le Roy Female Seminary, 

Lewiston, 

Mayville, 

Mendon, 

Middlebury, 

Millville 

Monroe, 

Rochester Collegiate Institute,- . 
Rochester Female Academy, . . 

Seward Female Seminary, 

Sprinsville, 

Westfield, 



Towns. 



Counties. 



Gaines, Orleans, 

Jamestown, Chautauque, 

Le Roy, Genesee, 

Lewiston, Niagara,.... 

Mayville, Chautauque, 

Mendon, Monroe,. . . . 

Middlebury,. . . .Genesee,.. . . 

Millville, Orleans 

Henrietta, . . Monroe,. . . . 

Rochester city,., do 

do. .. do 

do. .. do 

Springville, Erie, 



Westfield, Chautauque, 



Stu- 
dents. 



75 

38 

160 

40 

36 

115 

130 

106 

40 

230 

65 

45 

23 

40 



Amount 
Lit. Fund. 



$399 30 
177 08 
434 02 
177 08 
83 32 
124 99 
361 10 
163 18 
166 66 
552 07 
166 66 
204 85 
156 24 
173 61 



1,638 $5,000 00 



6. Common Schools. — The general organization of the Common 
School System may be compendiously described as follows : 

The head and centre of the system is the Secretary of State, who is, 
by virtue of his office, Superintendent of Common Schools. 

The other permanent agents directly connected with the legal admin- 
istration of the system, are the Clerks and Treasurers of counties ; the 
School Commissioners, Inspectors, Supervisors, District Trustees, Col- 
lectors, and Clerks of Towns ; all of whom are elected by the people, 
except the County Treasurers, who are appointed by the Boards of Su- 
pervisors. The Comptroller and Treasurer of the State are also inci- 
dentally associated with the financial action of the system. 

In the year next following each census of the state, whether taken 
under the authority of the State, or of the United States, that is, once 
in every five years, it is the duty of the Superintendent to apportion 
the moneys arising from the Common School Fund, among the coun- 
ties, and the quota of each county among the towns and cities therein, 
according to the ratio of the population in each, compared with that of 
the whole state. He then certifies such apportionment to the Comp- 
troller, and sends notice thereof to each County Clerk, stating the day 
on which the moneys will be payable. That day is the 1st of February 
in eech year, and the moneys are paid by the State Treasurer, on the 
warrants of the Comptroller, to the several County Treasurers, who 
pay over the town quotas to the School Commissioners of the respective 
towns, to be distributed among the school districts. 

Each county Clerk, on receiving from the superintendent, notice of 
the apportionment, must give notice thereof to the clerk of the Super- 
visors, to be laid before their Board at their next meeting, and they 
must thereupon assess an equal amount upon the toAvns, to be collected 
by the town collector, with his legal fees, as he collects other town 
taxes. The levy of this sum is the statutory condition on which the 
School Fund money is distributed to the districts. 

These School Commissioners are three in number, elected an- 
nually in each town, and they are constituted by statute a corporation 
so far as to enable them to hold property for the use of the schools in 
the town, and to sue and be sued in their official capacity. They also 
set off, arrange, and modify the school districts ; and it is their duty 



EDUCATION. 33 

annually, in July, lo report in writing to the County Clerk, the number 
of districts in their town ; the time during which the schools have been 
kept therein by qualified teachers ; the amount of School Fund money 
received, as well as the amount received from the Town Collector ; 
the whole number of pupils actually attending school, distinguishing 
the number over five and under sixteen years of age ; and in short 
every thing relating to'their duties, and the general legal condition of 
the schools. 

The two Inspectors in each town, together with the Commissioners, 
constitute a Board for ascertaining, by examination, the qualifications 
of teachers. Any two of the Board make a quorum, and their certifi- 
cate of qualification i6 necessary to entitle a district to the actual re- 
ceipt of its quota of the School Fund money. It is their duty also to 
visit the schools. 

The Trustees of the Districts are also a corporation ?o far as to ena- 
ble them to hold property for the use of the District. They take charge 
of the school houses, their erection, and repair ; they make the con- 
tracts with the teachers ; provide fuel for the school ; call meetings of 
the taxable inhabitants of the district, for levying whatever assessment 
may be necessary for district purposes, and apportion such assess- 
ments ; direct the manner in which the rate bills for teachers' wages 
shall be made up, with authority to say who shall be exempted, for 
poverty ; in short, they have charge of all the pecuniary concerns of 
the district, and they must make report annually to the school Commis- 
sioners, who, as already stated, report to the County Clerk, and he to 
the Superintendent, thus making the chain of accountability complete. 
Such is an outline of the general organization of the Common School 
system of this state, as it has existed for many years, and as applied to 
the towns. The cities, and many of the incorporated villages, are 
accommodated with various modifications, adapted to their peculiar 
circumstances. Some additions and improvements have been recently 
engrafted on the system, but without making any essential changes in 
its machinery. Among these additions is the appointment of a Gene- 
ral Deputy Superintendent, who may perform all the duties of the Su- 
perintendent, in case of his absence or of a vacancy in his office. By 
a law of 1841, also, the Board of Supervisors, in each county, is di- 
rected to appoint one, and if the number of school districts exceeds 
200, two, Deputy Superintendents for the county, who hold their office 
for two years, and whose duty it is to visit the schools in their several 
jurisdictions, and examine into all matters relating to the government, 
instruction, course of study, text-books, discipline, and the entire 
economy and management of the schools, school-houses, and districts; 
to examine the teachers employed, and give, or annul, certificates of 
qualification ; and by every means in their power to promote sound 
education and elevate the character of the schools. They are, also, to 
make annual reports to the Superintendent on all the above named 
topics. These Deputy Superintendents are paid two dollars per day, 
for each day of actual service, with the proviso that their entire pay for 
any one year shall not exceed $500 to each. 

But by far the most important improvement of the system, is the 

establishment of District School Libraries, by acts passed in 1838 and 

1839. Those acts authorize each school district to raise by tax, twenty 

dollars, in the first instance, and in each subsequent year, ten dollars, 

3 



34 EDUCATION. 

to be exclusively applied to the purchase and augmentation of a library 
for the use of the school. The district Clerk, or other person to be 
appointed at the annual meeting- of the District, is to be the Librarian, 
and accountable for the safe keeping of the books, the property in 
which is vested in the District Trustees. To aid these libraries, the 
sum of $55,000, being part of the proceeds of the U. S. Deposit 
Fund, is to be annually distributed, in like manner as the other school 
moneys, with the proviso that at the end of three years this sum may 
be applied in support of the library, or to the payment of teachers' wa- 
ges, at the option of the District. The regulations for the manage- 
ment of the libraries, are to be furnished by the Superintendent of 
Common Schools, who is also authorized to select the library books, 
when so requested by the Trustees of a district, in pursuance of a vote 
of a District meeting. 

By the last Annual Report of the Superintendent, dated January 5th, 
1842, it appears that the number of School Districts in ihe State, taking 
Districts and parts of Districts, was, on the 1st of July, 1841, equal to 
10,886 full Districts ; and the number of these from which, on the 1st 
January, 18(11, reports had been received, was 10,58S , in which, 
schools had* -been kept open for an average of eight months, in the pre- 
ceding year. The whole number of pupils instructed, including the 
city of New-York, was 603,5S3. The whole number, excluding New- 
York, residing in the districts, and between the ages of rive and six- 
teen years, was, on the 31st of December, 1840, 583,347 ; and of these 
the whole number under instruction was 562,198, giving an average of 
about fifty-five to each district. 

COMMON SCHOOL FUND. 

The total productive capital of this Fund is $2,036,625.68 

The total revenue of this Fund for the year ending on 
the 30th Sept. 1841, was .... 96,073.85 

The appropriation from the income of the U. S. De- 
posit Fund, for benefit of schools, for same year, 165,000.00 

7. New- York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. — This institution 
is pleasantly situated on Manhattan Island, s/unewhat aloof from the 
more compact and bustling parts of the city of New-York. Its first 
annual report to the Legislature, as required by law, was made in 1819. 
Its corporate Board consists of a President, two Vice-Presidents, a 
Treasurer, a Secretary and twenty Directors. The officers charged 
with the instruction and discipline of the school, are the Principal, six 
Professors and two Monitors. There are, besides, a Physician, a Mat- 
ron and a Steward. Manual labor and handicraft employments are 
also associated with the other pursuits of the pupils. The occupations 
of this class, at present pursued, are cabinet-making, book-binding, 
shoemaking, tailoring and gardening, each under the direction of a 
competent master workman. The large majority of the pupils are 
placed and supported there by the State ; but pupils are also received 
at the charge of private friends, and different local authorities, while 
some are the immediate beneficiaries of the institution. The State 
beneficiaries are designated in just proportion from the several coun- 
ties, by the Superintendent of Common Schools, who visits the institu- 
tion and holds an annual examination in July. The whole number of 
pupils for the year ending on the 31st December, 1841, was 162, being 



EDUCATION. 35 

an increase often beyond (hat of the preceding year, nnd, with but one 
exception, a greater number than in any previous year. Of the 162 
pupils for 1841, 123, (62 males and 61 females,) were supported by the 
State; 9, (3 males and 6 females.) by the Institution ; 12, (6 of each 
sex,) by the N. Y. city corporation ; 6, (5 males and 1 female,) by 
the State of New-Jersey : 11, (7 males and 4 females,) by private 
friends; and 1 (female,) by the Supervisors of Dutchess co. — making 
in all S3 males and 79 females. The annual charge for a pupil is $130, 
which includes board, and every thing except clothing and travelling 
expenses. Clothing is furnished, if desired, for $30 per year. No 
applicants under 12 or over 25 years of age are received, unless in spe- 
cial cases, and at the discretion of the Board. 

The last annual report of the institution presents a very interesting 
and important view of the number of deaf and dumb in the several 
great sections of the United States, as well as in this State, and the 
ratio they bear to the whole population, as drawn from different enum&- 
rattons of the people, and other sources. It appears that in this state 
the whole number of Deaf Mutes is at least 1,308, or a ratio of 1 to 
1,820 souls, which is stated to be a lower ratio than in any of the °reat 
sections of the Union, except the north-western, where the ratio is 
stated to be 1 to every 2,197. 

8. Institution for the Blind. — This institution was incorporated, 
May 21, 1831, under the name of " The New-York Institution for the 
Blind," with power to hold property, the annual income of which shall 
not exceed $10,000. Its general affairs are managed by a Board, con- 
sisting of a President, a Vice-President, Treasurer, Cor respond i no- 
Secretary, Recording Secretary, and twenty Managers. The Faculty , 
having charge of the internal concerns, and the education of the pu- 
pils, consists of a Superintendent, a principal teacher of the several 
branches of a good English education, and of the elements of Latin, a 
teacher of instrumental music, a teacher of vocal music, a matron, a 
teacher of basket making, and another of band-box making. These 
two handicraft employments are the only ones at present introduced. 
There is, also, a female visiting committee. At the close of 1840, the 
whole number of pupils was 72, being 46 males and 26 females. The 
branches of learning taught were spelling, reading, writing, arithme- 
tic, English grammar, geography, Latin Grammar, logic, algebra, and 
geometry. Moral philosophy was also taught during 1840, but chem- 
istry has been substituted for it. The alphabet, spelling and reading, 
are taught by means of embossed or raised letters, the knowledge of 
which is obtained by the touch. All kinds of instrumental music, as 
well as singing, are taught ; and it is a general fact, derived from ex 
perience, that the blind are peculiarly fond of music, and make re- 
markably rapid proficiency in its acquisition. 

The expenses of this institution, for all ordinary purposes, in the 
year 1840, amounted to $13,111.52 ; and the receipts for the same 
year, to $11,739.59. The cost of the edifice was $28,647.00. The 
institution is well managed, and has been eminently successful. 

9. State Lunatic Asylum. — This is the legal name of an institution 
which originated in an act of the State Legislature, passed on the 3Gth 
of March, 1836. Under that act, Commissioners, to be appointed by 
the Governor and Senate, were directed to select the site and purchase 






36 • EDUCATION. 

the land for the necessary edifices, determine their plan and dimen- 
sions, and take charge of their erection. The site is within the corpo- 
rate limits of Utica, a little westward from the more compact parts of 
the city, on a fine swell of ground overlooking that city, the village of 
Whitesbcrough, the manufacturing village of York Mills, the Erie 
canal, and the Syracuse and Utica railroad, and commanding a very 
extensive view of Mohawk valley and of the hill-country beyond, 
while, at the same time, it is smooth and easy of access, and permits 
the establishment to be enlarged, with the utmost convenience, to any 
extent which the wants of the institution can ever require. The quan- 
tity of land appertaining to the institution is about 200 acres, present- 
ing a variety of soil, with a gently undulating surface, most of it 
cleared and cultivated, but bordered on the western skirt with a fine 
piece of woodland. In the district thus overlooked, the branches of 
husbandry pursued being chiefly grazing and the dairy, the landscape 
is principally made up of meadows, pastures, orchards, woodlands, 
and sloping hill-sides, enlivened by flocks and herds, and the pleasant 
aspect of comfortable farm houses and their various appendages. The 
whole expression of the scenery is, therefore, eminently cheerful and 
congenial with the purposes and discipline of the institution. 

The architectural plan of the Asylum presents a quadrangle of four 
edifices, each 52S feet long, with three stories above the basement, and 
having their ends, at the inner angles, connected by latticed verandahs, 
thus forming an octagon of the enclosed area. The exterior of each 
edifice consists of five sections ; the centre, or principal section, 120 
feet in front by 46 deep, with a curtain, or middle wing on each side, 
160 feet in front by 46 feet deep, but falling a little back of the front 
line of the centre section, with a wing at each end 44 feet in front, by 
55 feet deep, and brought forward to the front line of the centre sec- 
tion, which, in the principal edifice has a 4th story, in which is a Cha- 
pel 93 by 36 feet, and the front is embellished by a Doric portico, with 
six columns, supporting a pediment of the same base and elevation as 
the roof. 

The front, or principal edifice, is finished and ready for occupation 
as soon as the internal economy of the institution can be organized for 
the reception of patients. A Board of Trustees, appointed under an 
act of 1841, has reported to the Legislature a plan with a system of 
regulations for the superintendence and management of the Asylum, 
which is intended first and chiefly for the insane poor and the criminal 
lunatics of the different counties. This report has been drawn up from 
materials obtained during the year, both by much personal examina- 
nation and inquiry, and by a very extensive correspondence with the 
managers of such institutions in other states, as well as a very thorough 
investigation of the history and condition of similar asylums in Europe; 
and it is a well digested and deeply interesting document, from which 
it appears, among other things, that the whole number of lunatics in 
this state must be considerably over 1,000, probably nearer 1,250, be- 
sides idiots to the number of about 1,500 ; and of the number of luna- 
tics mentioned, not more than one quarter can be properly accommo 
ted in the edifice already erected. The urgent need for the completion 
of the other three edifices, and the suitable arrangement of the grounds, 
is, therefore, very apparent. 



PRISONS. 37 

STATE PRISONS. 

Of (hese there are two ; one at Auburn, Cayuga county, and the 
other at Sing- Sing, in Westchester county. 

1. uiubum State Prison. — This prison originated in an act of the 
Legislature, in 1816 ; and after several experiments and modifications, 
it was organized on its present plan of discipline and management, in 
1823. The general affairs of the establishment are in the charge of a 
Board of Inspectors ; and the Internal economy of the Prison, and the 
management of the prisoners, are committed to an officer styled the 
Jlgent, with subordinates. The convicts are each lodged in a separate 
cell, at night ; and in the day time they work in company, in the work- 
shops, but in silence, not a word being allowed to be spoken. Many 
handicraft and mechanical employments are plied in the prison ; and 
those who are without any trade, when committed, are taught some 
useful occupation. The avails of the labor of the convicts, accruing 
for the most part on contracts made by the Agent with different citizens, 
for the articles made in the prison, are applied to defray the expenses 
of the establishment. In the last annual report of the Inspectors to the 
Legislature, dated January 8, 1842, the total earnings of convict labor, 
for the fiscal year ending on the 30th September, 1841, are stated at 
$64,886.45, and the total expenditure for the ordinary purposes of the 
prison, at $(47,809.69; showing $17,076.76 of earnings beyond ex- 
penses. 

The number of convicts in this prison on the 31st December, 1840, 
was 695 ; the number received during the year 1841, was 234 ; the 
number discharged during same year, by expiration of sentence, was 
168 ; by habeas corpus, 1 ; by pardon, 35 ; by removal to House of 
Refuge in the city of New-York, (youths) 4 ; to Lunatic Asylum, in 
same city, 2 ; to Sing Sing State Prison, (females) 3 ; died, 9; ma- 
king 222 discharged ; and leaving in prison, on the 31st December, 
1841, 707. 

The trades plied in the Prison are coopering, cotton weaving, shoe- 
making, machine making, tailoring, tool making, carpet weaving, 
stone cutting, spinning, comb making, cabinet making, hame making, 
carpentry, and silk making. 

The manufacture of silk in this piison, was commenced in May, 
1841 ; and the experiment, so far, has proved very successful. The 
Prison is now a market for cocoons and reeled silk, and the supply 
comes from various and distant points, both in and out of this state 
The article at present made for sale is sewing silk, and it is said to be 
of excellent quality. With the progress of time, the manufacture of 
other fabrics will be introduced ; and the business promises to become 
extensive and very important. 

2. Mount Pleasant State Prison. — This Prison is in Sing Sing vil- 
lage, in Westchester county, ^n the eastern shore of the Hudson River, 
and thirty-five miles from the city of New-York. It was opened for the 
reception of convicts in 1827. It is modelled on the plan of the Au- 
burn Prison, having a Board of five Inspectors for the care of its gen- 
eral affairs, and an Agent, with his assistants, to whom are entrusted 
the internal economy of the prison, and the management of the con 
victs. The principal practical difference between the two establish- 
ments is in the great amount of labor bestowed by the Mount Pleasant 



58 FUNDS OF THE STATE. 

convicts on the marble quarries at the site of the Prison and its imme- 
diate vicinity, which are very extensive. The avails of convict labor, 
here as at Auburn, are applied to defray the expenses of the institution, 
to which they are more than equal. The annual report of the Inspect- 
ors of this Prison, for the year 1841, had not appeared when this article 
was prepared, but from the annual Report of 1840, it appears that the 
total value of convict labor, for that year, was $83,504.14 ; and the 
expenditures, $77,460.00; showing a balance in favor of the Prison, 
of #6,044 14. 

During the year 1840, also, as appears by the same report, there were 
received" into this prison 218 males, and 36 females, making, with the 
805 in, at the beginning of the year, the number of 1,059, of both 
sexes. During the same year there were discharged, by expiration of 
sentence, 178 males and 14 females ; by pardon, 18 males and 4 fe- 
males ; by death, 16 males and 1 female ; and 1 male was removed to 
the Lunatic Asylum in New-York ; making the whole number of 232 
discharged during the year 1840, and leaving in Prison, at the end of 
that year, 827, of whom 767 were males, and 60 were females.. 

Connected with the Mount Pleasant Prison, is an admirably arranged 
department for female convicts, in which all the convicts of that sex 
are to be placed ; but the annual Report of the Inspectors for the year 
1841, not having been made when this article was prepared, no accu 
rate details can be furnished. 

In both of these Prisons, Chaplains are regularly employed, and by 
their personal labors, and the distribution of good books, great efforts 
are made to improve the moral condition of the convicts ; and the re 
suits are highly gratifying. 

FUNDS OF THE STATE. 

1. General Fund. — This fund consists of the following principal 
items, viz-: Auction duties, deducting $33,000 annually paid to cer- 
tain charities in the city of New-York ; salt duties ; fees received in 
the various offices of the clerks and registers connected with the courts 
of law and equity, from other state offices, and from licenses to hawk- 
ers and pedlars, &c. and a permanent appropriation of $200,000 from 
the surplus revenue of the Erie and Champlain Canal Fund. The reve- 
nue from the above sources is applicable to the ordinary expenses of 
the state government, and the amount, for the fiscal year ending on the 
30th Sept. 1841, was as follows : 

Auction duties, $206,702.11 

Salt do 130,439.34 

Fees from legal proceedings, &c 54,311 .05 

Miscellaneous, 19,754. 16 

From Erie and Champlain Canal Fund, 200,000.00 

Total amount from the above sources, $611,206 .66 

The ordinary annual expenses of the state government amount to 
about $500,000, leaving for contingent expenses and special appropri- 
ations, about $100,000. 

2. Common School Fund. — This fund consists of bonds for lands ; 
bonds for moneys of the fund loaned to counties, towns, &c. ; State 
stocks issued for moneys of the fund so invested ; stocks in banks ; 



FUNDS OF THE STATE 39 

moneys of the fund in the Treasury not invested ; and $165,000 set 
over to it from the income of the United Slates Deposit Fund. The 
revenue from the above sources, for the last fiscal year, ending on the 
30th September, 1841, was as follows : 

Balance on hand, Sept. 30, 1840, $114,104.28 

Interest on bonds for lands, 57,697.90 

Interest on loans and dividends on stocks, 38,375.11 

From income of U. S. Deposit Fund 165,000.00 

Total revenue for year ending Sept. 30, 1841, $375,177.29 

To this fund also belong - nearly all the unsold wild lands of the State, 
amounting to more than 300,000 acres, worth, taken tog-ether, proba- 
bly not far from 30 cents an acre ; and as they are sold, from time to 
time, the moneys paid, and the bonds given for them, will contribute 
to the augmentation of the fund. 

3. Literature Fund. — This fund is set apart chiefly for the benefit 
of the academies in the State. Its capital consists of State stocks, in- 
surance and bank stocks, and a small quantity of public lands. The 
whole amount of productive capital is $268,092.87, exclusive of 
$879.70 in cash not invested, and unsold lands valued at $4,845.80. 
The income from this fund, for the year ending Sept. 30, 1841, was 
$66,919.50. 

4. Bank Fund. — This Fund, commonly called the Safety Fund, 
was established, by law, in 1829, to be made up by contributions from 
such banks as then had their charters renewed, and such as should 
thereafter be incorporated. The policy of the law and the object of 
the fund, were to make provision for the payment of the debts, inclu- 
ding the circulating notes, of the contributing, or Safety Fund Banks, 
in case of failure of any of them ; the Fund not to be drawn upon, 
however, till the assets of a failing bank should have been all applied 
ami found insufficient for the purpose. The contributions, as they ac- 
cumulate, are, by law, invested, by the Comptroller, in public stocks, 
and in bond'; and mortgages, the interest on which accrues to the ben- 
efit of the Fund. The capital of this Fund, on the 30th Sept. 1840, 
amounted to $556,486.76, and the increase, from contributions and 
from interest, amounted, on the 30th Sept. 1841, to $113,068.23; ma- 
king together the sum of $669,554.99. But during the same year the 
drafts upon the Fund amounted to $184,067.00. leaving, on the 30th 
Sept. 1S41, the sum of $485,487.99. 

5. United States Deposit Fund. — This fund consists of moneys de- 
posited with this State by the United States. The entire quota origin- 
ally apportioned to the State was $5,352,694.28, to be paid in four in- 
stalments. Onlv three of the instalments were actually paid, amount- 
ing to $4,014,520.71. The apportionment of these moneys among the 
several counties of the State, was made, however, on the basis of the 
entire quola ; and to make up the deficit, the sum of $1,159,836.18 
was advanced from the Canal Fund, and from the Treasury the further 
sum of $168,718.49, in the expectation that the fourth instalment 
would be paid to the State ; and the entire amount of the original ap- 
portionment was remitted to the Loan Commissioners and loaned in 
the several counties. But as the abovementioned deficit is not to be 
made up by the United States, the moneys advanced from the Canal 
Fund, and the Treasury, are to be reimbursed, under laws passed for 



40 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT. 

the purpose. Large sums hare already been repaid, on account of 
these advances, and when they shall have been fully replaced, this De- 
posit Fund will stand permanently at the amount actually received 
from the United States, and such augmentations as may arise from its 
proceeds. 

6. Mariner's Fund. — This fund is derived from the surplus avails, 
after paying hospital expenses, of the moneys collected from masters 
of vessels, seamen and passengers, arriving at the port of New-York. 
It consists of $22,000 in State stocks ; a mortgage from the Trustees 
of the American Seamen's Fund Society, for $10,000 ; and cash not 
invested $24,347.89. 

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 

The public works of the State, complete and incomplete, for the pro- 
motion of trade and intercourse, consist solely of canals and their navi- 
gable appendages, and are as follows, with their length in miles. 

Miles. 

Erie canal, 363 m. Feeders, 8 m. Albany Basin, 1 m 372 

Champlain do. 64 m. Glen's Falls Feeder, 12 m. Pond above 

Troy dam, 3 m 79 

Chenango do 97 

Oswego do 38 

Cayuga and Seneca do 23 

Chemung do. 23 m. Feeder 16 m 39 

Crooked Lake do 8 

Genesee Valley do. (41 m. complete, 1841, and Branch to Dans- 

ville, 11m.) 121 i 

Oneida Lake do. and Feeder, 6 

Black River do. (no part complete,) including slack water of 

river, 85 

Total length, complete and incomplete, in 1841 , 8685 

Deduct miles not complete, in 1841, of Black River Canal,. 85 
do. do. Genesee Valley Canal, not complete in 1841,. 69^-154* 

Leaves, of completed and navigated miles, 714 

REVENUE FROM CANALS. 

The whole amount ot revenue, consisting almost wholly of tolls, but 
including a small sum from penalties, and fees for certified copies of 
boat clearances, collected from all the canals during the season of 
navigation in 1841 , was as follows : 

Erie Canal, $1,813,650.58 

Champlaindo 117,841.14 

Chenango do 18,815 . 48 

Oswego do . t 38,344.22 

Cayuga and Seneca do 23,583 . 37 

Chemungdo 9,396.42 

Crooked Lake do 2,017.32 

Genesee Valley do 9,927. 69 

Oneida Lake do 462.02 

Seneca River Towing path, 844.58 

Total Canal Revenue of 1841, $2,034,882.82 



STATE DEBT. 41 

The Erie Canal was begun on the 4th day of July, 1817, and it was 
opened for navigation through its whole extent in October, 1825. The 
very next year the tolls exceeded the annual expenses upon it. At the 
close of 1S26, the whole Erie and Champlain Canal debt, excluding 
the interest of that year, was stated at $10,272,316.75 ; and in 1838, 
the revenue, after having paid all expenses, had regularly paid the in- 
terest, and reduced the principal of the debt to $8,459,069.17. 

For details connected with the above named works, see each work 
under its own head in the alphabetical arrangement ; and for a table of 
distances on the canals, as also the rates of tolls, see appendix. 

STATE DEBT. 
The entire debt of this state, as set forth in the Comptroller's annual 
Report, dated January 7th, 1842, and as it stood at the end of the fiscal 
year, Sept. 30th, 1841, was as follows : 
Canal stocks on long loans for all the State canals,. . . $16,306,374.48 

General Fund Debt, 1,255,193.43 

Temporary loans for canals, 1,855,000.00 

$19,416,567.91 
Deduct for original Erie and Champlain debt, due in 

1845, for which funds have been set apart, 2,021,037.25 

Amount of actual debt, Sept. 30, 1841, $17,395,530.66 

Add for stocks loaned to railroads, on which interest 

was not paid, as follows, viz : 
Whole stock loaned to Champlain and Catskill R. R. $200,000.00 
do. do. Ithaca and Owego Railroad,. 315,700.00 

Making total to be added to debt, $515,700.00 

Making the whole debt, in this form, $17,911,230.66 

The gross amount of annual interest on this debt, in- 
cluding long stocks and temporary loans, $919,704.36 

The foregoing statement shows the total amount of what may be 
termed the positive debt of the State. The other liabilities of the 
State are contingent merely, and consist of stocks loaned by the State 
to various railroad companies, to aid them in executing their works. 
The total amount of these contingent liabilities, at the close of the last 

fiscal year, viz : on the 30th Sept. 1841, was $4,235,700.00 

Deduct amount of Stocks loaned to Canajo- 
harie and Catskill railroad co. because in- 
cluded in positive state debt, $200,000.00 

Deduct, for same reason, the amount loaned 

to Ithaca and Owego railroad Company,.. 315,700.00—515,700.00 

Leaves total actual contingent ilebt, $3,720,000.00 

The total amount of reverwe for the last fiscal year, 

ending Sept. 30, 1841, was $2,128,960.35 

Deduct payment of interest for same year, on all State 
stocks, both positive and contingent, and all ordinary 
expenses of government, and all extraordinary spe- 
cial payments for same year, 1,323,209.29 



42 MILITIA— GOVERNORS, &c. 

Leaves nett proceeds of revenues for same year, $805,751.06 

From this nett balance deduct the further sum paid over 

to the Treasury for expenses of State government, . . 200,000, 00 

Leaves clear nett balance, beyond all claims of the year, $605,751 .06 
This last named clear nett balance would, in private affairs, be con- 
sidered as profits ; and it is applicable either directly to the further 
prosecution of the public works, or to the payment of interest on new 
loans for the more rapid execution of those works, or to any other pur- 
pose to which the Legislature may see fit to apply it. Or, if the whole 
of its contingent liabilities were at once to be assumed by the State, 
this nett balance, with the other portions of revenue included in the 
foregoing exhibit, would pay the entire interest on the whole aggre- 
gate debt, both positive and contingent, and still leave more than 
$400,000 of clear income. 

MILITIA. 
The military force of this state consists of the subjoined number of 

men in each arm of the Militia, as at present organized, and as stated 

in the last annual report of the Adjutant General. 

Cavalry, 5,885 

Artillery, . 8,978 

Infantry, including light companies and Riflemen, 164,862 

Companies of Cavalry and Artillery permanently attached 

to Infantry Brigades. 2,433 

Total force, 182,158 



LIST OF GOVERNORS AND 

OF THE STATE 

governors. Elected. 

George Clinton, 1777 

1780 — 1783— 1786,— 1789,— 1792 

John Jay 1795 

" " 1798 

George Clinton, 1801 

Morgan Lewis, 1804 

Daniel D. Tompkins,* 1807 

1810 

1813 

«' " 1816 

De Witt Clinton, 1817 

'• 1820 

Joseph C Yates,t 1822 

De Witt Clinton,* 1824 

1826 

Marrin Van Buren,$ 1828 

Enos T. Throop 1830 

William L. Marcy, 1832 

" 1834 

« « 1836 

William H. Seward, 1838 

1840 



LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS 
OF NEW- YORK. 

LIEUT. GOVERNORS. Elected. 

Pierre Van Cortlandt, 1777 

1780,-1 783— 1786,— 1789— 1792 

Stephen Van Rensselaer, 1795 

1798 

Jeremiah Van Rensselaer, 1801 

John Broome, 1804 

1807 

1810 

De Witt Clinton, (special election,) 1811 

John Taylor, 1813 

1816 

1820 

Erastus Root, • 1822 

James Tnllmadge, 1824 

Nathaniel Pitcher, 1826 

Enos T. Throop, 1828 

Edward P. Livingston, 1830 

John Tracy, 1832 

" 1834 

f 1836 

rBradish, 1838 

1840 



Luther Dradish,. 



*Resipned in 1S17, being chosen Vice President of the United States. 
fElected under the amended Constitution, which went into operation 1st Jan. 1823. 
IDied, while in office, Feb. II, 1S28. ; 

^Resigned in March, 1829, being appointed Secretary of State of the United States. 



REAL AND PERSONAL ESTATE AND TAXES. 



43 



STATEMENT 

Of the aggregate valuations of Real and Personal Estate in the several counties in this 
state : also the amount of Town and County taxes, and the corrected aggregate 
valuations for the year 1S41. 



COUNTIES. 



Ass'd val- 
ue of real 
estate. 



Ass'd va 
ue of per- 
sonal est 



Corrected 
aggregate 
valuation. 



Amount of 

county 
taxes. 



Amount oj. 
town tax- 
es. 



Total 
taxation. 



Allegany, 

Albany, 

Broome, 

Cattaraugus,- 

Cayuga, 

Chautauque,- 
Chemung,--- • 
Chenango, ••■ 

Clinton, 

Columbia, ••• 

Cortland, 

Delaware, ••• 

Dutchess, 

Erie, 

Essex, 

Franklin, •■•• 

Fulton, 

Genesee, 

Greene, 

Hamilton, 

Herkimer, ••• • 

Jefferson, 

Kings, 

Lewis, 

Livingston, •• 

Madison, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery, ■ 
New York, • • ■ 

Niagara, 

Oneida, 

Onondaga, •■• 

Ontario, 

Orange, 

Orleans, 

Oswego, 

Otsego, 

Putnam, 

Queens, 

Rensselaer, •• 
Richmond, •■• 

Rockland, 

St. Lawrence, 

Saratoga, 

Schenectady,- 
Schoharie, ••• 

Seneca, 

Suffolk, 

Steuben, •••• ■ 

Sullivan, 

Tioga, 

Tompkins, ••• 

!'lster, . 

'. ( .*arren, 

Washington, • 

Wayne, 

H r estchester, .. 

Wyomin?, 

Yates, 



$5,275,614 
11,0H7, 141 
1,979,196 
6,463,083 
11,372,670 
4,211,771 
2, 599, 795 
4, 035, 678 
1 , 570, 000 
6, 484, 202 
3,165,800 
2,112,085 
15,218.937 
12,481,996 
2,001,000 
1,480,966 
1,166,361 
7,410,620 
2,672,903 
609, 500 
6,190,385 
7,178,295 
27,943,434 
1,591,046 
9,635,696 
6,437,246 
15,661,769 
3,428.967 
1S7, 350,948 
5,146,133 
9,872,618 
15,015,827 
12,053,419 
9, 462, 784 
5,530, 
5, 977, 085 
4, 904, 642 
2, 601 , 27o 
7,789,050 
8,286,143 
1,(86,411 
1,839,792 
3,120,760 
6,024,606 
2,181,933 
2,004,900 
5, 644, 256 
4,615,165 
6, 153, 800 
2^61 1,956 
1,614,209 
3,394,000 
4, 457, 240 
1,035.476 
5, 234, 730 
7,5S7,47l 
7,770,979 
4,866,769 
6,332.486 



$234, 636 

4,858,290 
250,021 
174, 597 

1,617,358 
354,017 
379,984 
568,318 
299, 629 

2,526,118 
258, 635 
367, 252 

4,950,547 
775,048 
5S,943 
174,239 
240, 2S7 
461,253 
548, 205 
2,216 
923,704 
094,71b 

3,660,794 
211,454 
751,007 
902 , 797 

1,481,675 

438,092 

64,843,972 

159,974 

2, 351,- ',67 

2, 067, 359 

2,043,298 

2,057,033 
320.969 
617,917 
971,142 
485,797 

3,323,650 

3,970,315 

1S5, 914 

448,368 

S6, 173 

1,112,628 
611,952 
167,731 
632, 462 

1,139,270 
315,352 
77, 144 
326,362 
854, 687 
881,636 
40,4176 

1.004j837 
474, 592 

2,963,115 
247, life 
324,812 



$5,510,400 

15,945,431 

2,229,217 

6,627,660 

12,990,028 

4, 565 

2,979,779 

4, 603, 996 

1,869,629 

9,010,320 

2, 370, 720 

3, 533, 052 

20,169,484 

13,257,044 

2, 069, 943 

1,655,204 

1,406,648 

7,871,879 

3. 121, 106 

611,716 

6, 114,0S9 

7,873,013 

31,610,228 

1,802,500 

10,3S6,703 

7,340,043 

17,143,444 

3,867,059 

252,194,920 

5,306,107 

12,224,083 

17,083, 1S6 

14,090,717 

11,519,817 

5,851,861 

6,595,002 

6,875,7S4 

3, 087, 07i 

11,112,700 

12,256,458 

1,272,326 

2,268,160 

3,215,933 

7,137,234 

2, 823, SS5 

2,172,63! 

6,276,718 

5,754,435 

6,474,152 

2, 689, 100 

1,940,571 

4,248,687 

5,33S,876 

1,075,552 

6, 289, 067 

8,062,053 

10,739,094 

5,113,925 

6,687,296 



$10,634 91 
49, 154 43 
7,717 34 
11,074 68 
29,279 23 
14,007 33 
8, 100 00 
8,676 36 
12,432 27 
21,391 67 
7,112 84] 
8,395 27 
32,644 68 
29,915 34 
6, 179 86 
7,000 00 
5, 762 

14.997 38 

16.998 86 
2,349 00 

17,950 63 
18,702 41 
30,000 00 

4,616 25 
11,036 36 

8,007 6S 
32, 195 94 
20,297 00 



21,261 40 

39,049 34 

26,055 21 

15,500 00 

27,000 00 

9,722 79 

16,000 00 

17,695 67 

5,000 00 

6,762 67 

26,368 82 

6,661 68 

3,199 58 

17,516 70 

16,470 55 

12,955 74 

6,363 66 

10,768 16 

7,704 21 

13,816 00 

4,510 53 

8,147 46 

8,467 99 

19, 130 40 

4,837 03 

16,524 95 

13,500 00 

24,293 23 

6,726 46 

6,862 93 



$15,952 41 
79,900 01 

5,678 73 
15,651 95 
12,353 47 
16,008 81 

6,468 13 
11,731 8. 
12,000 69 
17, 130 94 

5,945 09 

9,305 75 
27,960 76 

6,490 22 

S,S09 45 
11,393 07 

7,552 11 
10, 554 09 

8,800 45 

4,926 38 

12,043 02 

20,946 53 

116,375 45 

8,920 7S 
12,595 77 
11,296 17 
20,423 33 
11,235 68 
394,136 65 

9,734 84 
24,340 S3 
27, 897 27 
14,844 27 
17,251 94 

8,429 62 
20,793 00 
14,693 14 

4,728 43 
12,025 4S 
18,022 06 

1,606 64 

5,557 07 
23,393 66 
14,992 45 
10, 168 40 
10,721 63 

7,631 66 
13,573 49 
15,5S7 69 

7,882 60 

6,407 63 
11,197 60 
21,847 33 
6, 106 59 
15,816 30 
11,233 35 
25.097 01 
10,533 54 
0,136 74 



'531, 987. 8861 '.-??. 311 ,644 'fio 5, 299, 5.30 374 , 513 31 2,293,642 66 3,173,355 97 



$26,587 32 
129,064 44 
13,396 07 
26,626 63 
41,632 70 
30,016 14 
14,568 13 
2C30S 18 
24,432 96 
38,522 61 
13,057 93 
17,701 02 
60,605 44 
45,405 56 
14,989 30 

18,593 07 
13,334 86 
25,551 47 
25.799 30 

7,275 38 
29,993 55 
39, 648 94 
146,375 45 
13,537 03 
23,632 13 
19,303 65 
52,619 27 
31,632 68 
1,394,136 65 
30,996 24 
63,390 17 
53,952 48 
30,344 27 
44,251 94 
18,152 61 
36,793 00 
32.3S8 71 

9, 728 43 
18,788 05 
44, 390 88 

7,268 62 

8,756 65 
40,910 35 
31,463 00 
23,124 14 
17,065 29 
18,400 02 
21,277 70 
29,403 89 
12,393 13 
14,655 09 
19,665 49 
40,977 73 
10,945 62 
?'?,341 25 
24,733 35 
49,390 24 
17,260 00 
11,989 67 



Note. — The average rate of county and town tax on $1 of valuation is 4-9-10 mills. 



44 



COUNTIES, COUNTY SEATS &c. 



COUNTIES AND COUNTY SEATS, 
In the State of New- York, together with the population of each in 1840. 



COUNTIES. 



Pop. 



County Seats. 



Pop. 



Albany, 

Allegany, ■ 

Broome, 

Cattaraugus, 

Cayuga, 

Chautauquc, 

Chemung, 

Chenango, 

Clinton, 

Columbia, 

Cortland, 

Delaware, •' 

Dutchess, 

Erie, 

Essex, 

Franklin, 

Fulton, 

Genesee, (estimated,) •'•• 

Greene, 

Hamilton, 

Herkimer, 

Jefferson, 

Kings, 

Lewis, 

Livingston, 

Madison, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery, 

New- York, 

Niagara, 

OnPida, 

Onondaga, 

Ontario, 

Orange, ■ 

Orleans, 

Oswego, 

Otsego, 

Putnam, 

Queens, 

Rensselaer, 

Richmond, 

Rockland, 

St. Lawrence, 

Saratoga, 

Schenectady, •• 

Schoharie, 

Seneca, 

Steuben, 

Suffolk, 

Sullivan, 

Tioga, 

Tompkins, 

Ulster, 

Warren, 

Washington, 

Wayne, 

Westchester, 

Wyoming, (estimated,)- 
Yates, 



10 
30 
11 
26 
22 
24 
10 
19 
10 
19 
11 
IS 
18 
21 
15 
14 

9 
12 
11 

7 
19 
20 

6 
12 
10 
14 
19 
10 

12 

26 

18 
15 

14 

9 

21 

22 
6 
6 

14 
4 
4 

26 

20 
6 

12 



63, 593 
40, 975 
22, 338 
28, 372 
50, 338 
47,975 
20,732 
40,785 
28, 157 
43,252 
24, 607 
3.i, 396 
52, 395 
62, 466 
23, 634 
16,518 
18,049 
29, 964 
30,446 
1,907 
37,477 
60,984 
47,613 
17,830 
35,140 
40, 008 
64, 902 
35,818 
312,710 
31,132 

85,310 

67,911 

43,501 

50, 739 



Total Towns, • 



43,619 

49, 628 
12,825 
80, 324 
60, 259 
10,965 
11,965 
56,706 
40, 553 
17,387 
32, 35S 

24,874 

46, 138 
32, 469 
15,629 
20, 527 
37,948 
45, 822 
13,422 

41,160 

42,057 

48, 687 

29, 663 
20,437 

2, 428, 921 1 



Albany, 

Angelica, 

Binghamton, ••• 
Ellicottville, ••• 

Auburn, 

Mayville, 

Elmira, 

Norwich, 

Pittsburgh, ••• 

Hudson, 

Cortland, 

Delhi, 

Poughkeepsie, •• 

Buffalo, 

Elizabeth, 

Malone, 

Johnstown, • •■• 

Batavia, 

Catskill, 

Lake Pleasant,- 

Herkimer, 

Watertown, •••• 

Brooklyn, 

Martinsburgh,-- 

Geneseo, 

Morrisville, •••• 

Rochester, 

Fonda, 

New-York, 

Lockport, 

Rome, ) ■ 

Whitesboro', S ■ 

Syracuse, 

Canandaigua, •• 
Goshen, > ••• 
Newburgh, ] ••■ 

Albion, 

Oswego, ) 

"i, S 



Pulaski 
Cooperstown, 

Carmel, 

Hempstead C. H. ■ 

Troy, 

Richmond, ■ 

New-City, 

Canton, 

Ballston Spa, — 
Schenectady,- ••• ■ 

Schoharie, ■ 

Ovid, ) 

Waterloo, } 

Bath, 

River Head, 

Monticello, 

Owego, 

Ithaca, ' 

Kingston, 

Caldwell, 

Sandy Hill, ) •••• 
Salem, J •••• 

Lyons, 

Bedford, )•■ 

White Plains, ]•■ 

Warsaw, 

renn-Yan 



CHARTERED CITIES AND INCORPORATED VILLAGES. 45 



CHARTERED CITIES. 
With the date of Charter, or Incorporation ; number of ivards, coun- 
ties and towns in which they are heated, and the population in 1840. 



NAMES. 



Albany, , 

Brooklyn,'. . 

Buffalo, 

Hudson, . . . 
New- York.. . 
Rochester, . 
Schenectady, 

Troy, 

Utica, 



Char. Ward: 



1686 
1834 
1832 
1785 
1680 
1S34 
1798 
1816 
1832 



Counties. 



Albany,. . . 

Kings, 

Erie, 

Columbia,. . 
New- York,. 
Monroe. . . . 
Schenectady 
Rensselaer, 
Oneida, 



Pop. 1840 



33, 721 

36, 233 

18,213 

5,672 

312,710 

20, 191 

6,784 

19, 334 

12,782 



INCORPORATED VILLAGES, 

Are the whole or parts of Towns, having Charters granted by the 
Legislature, similar in some respects to Cities. There were in 1841 
145 incorporated Villages in the State, besides numerous other Un- 
incorporated Villages. 



Names. 



Inc. 



Albion, 

Alexander, 

Amsterdam, 

Angelica, 

Arcadia, 

Argyle, 

Astoria, 

Athens, 

Attica, 

Auburn, 

Aurora, 

Auroraviile, 

Bainbridge, 

Ballston Spa, 

Batavia, 

Bath, 

Binghamton, 

Black Rock 

Bloomingburgh, . . . . 

Bridgewater, 

Brockport, 

Brownville, 

Camden, 

Canajoharie, 

Canandaigua, 

Canastota. 

Carthage, 

Castleton, 

Catskill, 

Cazenovia 

Cherry Valley, 

Clarkville, 

Clintonville, 



1828 
1834 
1830 
1835 
1839 
1838 
1839 
1805 
1837 
1815 
1837 
1836 
1829 
1807 
1823 
1816 
1813 
1837 
1833 
1825 
1829 
1828 
1834 
1829 
1815 
1835 
1841 
1827 
1806 
1810 
1812 
1834 
1825 



Barre, Orleans 

Alexander, Genesee, 

Amsterdam, Montgomery,. 

Angelica, Allegany, 

Arcadia, . . Wayne, 

Argyle, Washington, . 

Newtown, Queens 

Athens, Greene, 

Attica, Wyoming,. . . . 

Auburn Cayuga, 

Ledyard Cayuga, 

Aurora, Erie, 

Bainbridge, Chenango,... 

Milton, Saratoga, 

Baiavia, Genesee, 

Bath, Steuben, 

Chenango, Broome, 

Black Rock, Erie. 

Mamakating, Sullivan,. 

Bridgewater Oneida, 

Sweden, Monroe, 

Brownville, Jefferson, 

Camden, Oneida, 

Canajoharie, Montgomery.. 

Canandaigua, Ontario, 

Lenox, .»...' IMadison, .... 

Wilna, | Jefferson. . . ,. 

Schodack, Rensselaer, .. 

Catskill, Greene, 

Cazenovia, Madison, .... 

Cherry Valley, Otsego, 

Brookfield, Madison, 

Au Sable, Jciinton, 



Counties. 



Pop. 

1400 

500 

1700 

900 

500 

500 

600 

1300 

800 

5626 

500 

800 

500 

1500 

2000 

1400 

2800 

1800 

500 

400 

2000 

1000 

700 

1300 

2700 

750 

600 

350 

2800 

1600 

1100 

450 

750 



46 



INCORPORATED VILLAGES. 



Names. 



Clyde, 

Columbiaville,. . 

Constantia, 

Cooperstown, . . 

Delhi, 

De Ruyter, 

Dunkirk, 

Ellicottville, 

Elmira, 

Esperance, 

Fairport, 

Flushing, 

Fort Ann 

Fort Plain, 

Fredonia, 

Fulton, 

Gaines, 

Galway, 

Geddes, 

Geneseo, 

Geneva, 

Glen's Falls, ... 

Goshen, 

Greenbush, 
Greenport, 

Hamilton, 

Havana, 

Herkimer, 

Homer, 

Hoosick Falls,. . 
Honeoye Falls,. 

Ithaca, 

Jamaica, 

Jamestown, 

Johnstown, 

Jordan, 

Kinderhook,. . . 

Kingston, 

Knowlesville,. . 
Lansingburgh,. 

Laurens, 

Le Roy, 

Lewiston, 

Little Falls, 

Liverpool, 

Lockport, 

Lyons, 

Madison, 

Manlius, 

Mayville, 

Medina, 

Mendon, 

Monticello, 

Montgomery,. . 

Moravia, 

Morrisville, . . . 



Inc. 



1835 
1812 
1836 
1812 
182] 
1833 
1837 
1837 
1815 
1818 
1837 
1837 
1820 
1832 
1829 
1835 
1832 
1838 
1832 
1832 
1812 
1839 
1809 



Towns. 



Galen, 

Stockport, 

Constantia, . . . 

Otsego, 

Delhi, 

De Ruyter. 

Pomfret, 

Ellicottville,... 

Elmira, 

Schoharie, 

Elmira, 

Flushing, 

Fort Ann, 

Minden 

Pomfret, 

Volney, 

Gaines, 

Galway, 

Salina, , 

Geneseo, 

Seneca 

Queensbury, . 
Goshen, 



lSlS^Greenbush, 

1838 

1816 

1836 

1807 

1835 

1827 

1838 

1821 

1814 

1827 

1808 

1835 

1838 

1805 

1836 

1801 

1834 

1834 

1822 

1811 

1830 

1829 

1831 

1816 

1813 

1830 

1832 

1833 

1830 

1810 

1837 

1819 



Southold 

Hamilton, 

Catherine and Catlin 

Herkimer, 

Homer, 

Hoosick, 

Mendon, 

Ithaca, 

Jamaica, 

Ellicott,' 

Johnstown, 

Elbridge, 

Kinderhook, 

Kingston, 

Ridgeway, 

Lansingburgh. 

Laurens, 

Le Roy, 

Lewiston, 

Little Falls, 

Salina, 

Lockport, 

Lyons, 

Madison, 

Manlius, 

Chautauque, 

Ridgeway, 

Mendon, 

Thompson 

Montgomery, 

Moravia, 

Eaton, 



Counties. 



Pop 



Wayne 

Columbia, . . . 

Oswego, 

Otsego, 

Delaware, . . . 
Madison, 
Chautauque, . 
Cattaraugus, . 
Chemung,. .. . 
Schoharie, . . . 

Chemung, 

Queens 

Washington, . 
Montgomery,. 
Chautauque, . 

Oswego, 

Orleans, 

Saratoga, 
Onondaga, . . . 
Livingston, . . 

Ontario, 

Warren, 

Orange, , 

Rensselaer, . . 

Suffolk, 

Madison, 
Chemung,. ... 
Herkimer, . . , 
Cortland, 
Rensselaer, . 

Monroe. 

Tompkins, . . . 

Queens, . 

Chautauque, 

Fulton, 

Onondaga, . . 
Columbia, . . 

Ulster, 

Orleans, 

Rensselaer, . 
Otsego, 



Genesee, 1500 

Niagara 

Herkimer, 

Onondaga, 

Niagara. 

Wayne, 

Madison, 

Onondaga 

Chautauque, 

Orleans, 

Monroe, 

Sullivan, 

Orange, 

Cayuga, 

Madison 



INCORPORATED VILLAGES. 



47 



Names. 



Mount Morris,. ., 

Nassau, , 

New-Berlin, 

Newburgh. 

Norwich, , 

Ogdensburs;h, . . 
Oneida Castle,. . 

Oswego, , 

Ovid, 

Owego, 

Oxford, 

Palmyra, 

Peekskill. 

Penn-Yan, 

Perry 

Pittsford, 

Pittsburgh, 

Pleasant Valley,. 

Port Byron, 

Port Chester,.. .. 

Port Ontario, 

Potsdam, 

Poughkeepsie,. .. 
Pulaski, 



Inc. 



1835 
1819 

1816 
1800 
1816 
1817 
1841 
1797 
1816 
1827 
1808 
1819 
1827 
1833 
1830 
1827 
1815 
1814 
1837 
1823 
1837 
183 1 
1801 
1832 
Rhinebeck, 11834 



Rome, 

Sackett's Harbor,.. 

Salem, 

Salina, 

Sandy Hill, 

Saratoga Springs,. . 

Schuylerville, 

Seneca Falls, 

Sherburne, 

Sing-Sing, 

Skanealeles, 

Smyrna, 

Springville, 

Stillwater, 

Syracuse, 

Tompkinsville, 

Trenton, 

Ulster, 

Unadilla, 

Union Village, 

Vernon, 

Waddington, 

Waterford, 

Waterloo, 

Watertown, 

Weedsport, 

Westfield, 

West Troy, 

Whitehall, 

Whitesborough, ... 
Williamsburgh,. . .. 



1819 
1814 
1803 
1824 
1810 
1826 
1831 
1831 
1830 
1813 
1833 
1834 
1834 
1816 
1825 
1823 
1819 
1831 
1827 
1809 
1827 
1839 
1805 
1824 
1816 
1831 
1833 
1836 
1806 
1813 
1827 



Towns. 



Mount Morris, .... 

Nassau, 

New-Berlin, 

Newburgh, 

Norwich, 

Oswegatchie, 

Vernon, 

Oswego, 

Ovid 

Owego, 

Oxford, 

Palmyra, 

Cortland, 

Benton and Milo,.. 

Perry, 

Pittsford, 

Plattsburgh, 

Pleasant Valley,. . . 

Mentz, 

Rye, 

Richland 

Potsdam, 

Poughkeepsie, 

Richland, 

Rhinebeck, 

Rome, 

Houndsfield, 

Salem, 

Salina 

Kingsbury, 

Saratoga Springs,.., 

Saratoga, 

Seneca Falls, 

Sherburne, , 

Mount Pleasant,. . . 

Skaneateles, 

Smyrna, 

Concord, 

Stillwater, 

Salina, 

Castleton,. 

Trenton, 

Saugerties, 

Unadilla, , 

Easton & Greenwich 

Vernon, 

Madrid, , 

Waterford, , 

Waterloo, 

Watertown, , 

Brutus, 

Westfield, 

Watervliet, 

Whitehall, 

Whitestown, , 

Williamsburgh , 



Counties. 



Livingston, . . 
Rensselaer, . . 
Chenango, . . . 

Orange, 

Chenango. . . . 
St. Lawrence, 

Oneida, 

Oswego, 

Seneca 

Tioga, 

Chenango, . . . 

Wayne, 

Westchester, . 

Yates 

Wyoming 

Monroe, 

Clinton, 

Dutchess, .... 

Cayuga, 

Westchester, 

Oswego, 

St. Lawrence, 

Dutchess, . 

Oswego, 

Dutchess, .... 

Oneida, 

Jefferson, . 

Washington, . 
Onondaga, . . . 
Washington, . 
Saratoga, .... 
Saratoga, .... 

Seneca, 

Chenango, 
Westchester, . 
Onondaga, 
Chenango, 

Erie, 

Saratoga, . 

Onondaga, 
Richmond, 

Oneida, , 

Ulster, 

Otsego , 

Washington. . , 

Oneida 

St. Lawrence. . 

Saratoga, 

Seneca, 

Jefferson, 

Cayuga, 

Chautauque, . . 

Albany, 

Washington, . , 

Oneida, 

Kings, 



I Pop. 

1200 

400 

700 
6000 
1500 
2600 

400 
4500 

700 
1800 
1300 
2000 
2000 
1800 
1200 

700 
2600 

650 
1000 

800 

300 

800 
8000 

700 
1200 
2500 
2000 

700 
2600 
1000 
2500 

600 
3000 

600 
2500 
1400 

400 
1000 

450 
6500 
1400 

400 
2300 

500 
1300 

700 

600 
1500 
2600 
4000 

800 
1000 
5000 
2400 
1800 
5000 



48 



CANALS AND RAILROADS. 



CANALS IN THE STATE OF NEW-YORK, 

FINISHED OR IN PROGRESS — 1841. 



NAMES. 


From 


To 


Miles 


Black River Canal,* 

Feeder do 

Cayuga and Seneca, 


Rome, 

Boonville, 

Geneva. 

Junction, 

Hudson River, 

Jefferson, 

Fairport, 

Utica, 

Penn-Yan, 

Eddyville. 

Albany, 

Rochester, 
Shakers' Sett. 
Erie Canal, 
Syracuse, 


High Falls, 

Williamsville, 

Montezuma, 

Whitehall, 

Champlain Can<tl, 

Elmira, 

Corning, 

Binghamton, 

Dresden, 

Honesdale, Penn. 

Buffalo, 

Olean, 
Dansville, 
Oneida Lake, 
Oswego, 


35 

10 

23 

64 

12 

23 

16 

97 

8 

108 

363 

9 

107J 

11 
6 

38 


Glen's Falls Feeder 








Crooked Lake, 


Delaware and Hudson, t 

Erie 


Navigable Feeders, 


Genesee Valley,* 









Total miles,. 



.930J 



PRINCIPAL RAILROADS IN THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 

FINISHED OR IN PROGRESS 1841. 



NAMES. 



From 



Albany & West Stockbridge, 

Auburn and Rochester 

Auburn and Syracuse, 

Buffalo and Black Rock, .. . 
Buffalo and Niagara Falls, . 
Catskill and Canajoharie,* , 
Corning and Blossburg,f .. . 

Hudson and Berkshire, 

Ithaca and Owego, 

Lockport and Niagara Falls, 1 

Long Island, * I 

Mohawk and Hudson, ' 

New-York and Erie,* 

New-York and Harlem, j 

Rensselaer and Saratoga... M 

Rochester, i 

Saratoga and Schenectady 
Schenectady and Troy,*. . 

Skaneateles, 

Syracuse and Utica, 

Tonawanda.* 

Utica and Schenectady, . . . 



Greenbush, 

Auburn, 

Auburn, 

Buffalo, 

Buffalo, 

Catskill, 

Corning, 

Hudson, 

Ithaca. 

Lockport, 

Brooklyn, . 

Albany, 

Piermont, 

New- York, 

Troy, 

Rochester, 

Schenectady, 

Auburn & S. R 
Utica, 
Rochester, 
Schenectady, 



. R 



To 



Mass. State Line, 

Rochester, 

Syracuse, 

Black Rock, 

Niagara Falls, 

Canajoharie, 

Blossburg. Pa. 

Mass. State Line, 

Owego, 

Niagara Falls, 

Greenport, 

Schenectady, 

Dunkirk, 

White Plains, 

Ballston Spa, 

Carthage, 

Saratoga Springs, 

Schenectady, 

Skaneateles, 

Syracuse, 

Attica, 

Utica. 



Miles. 



38 
79 
26 

3 
23 
78 
40 
33 
29 
24 
93 
16 
446 
28 
23J 

3 
21J 
20 

5 
53 
42 
77 



Total miles, 1,181 



• For a particular account of the above unfinished Canals and Railroads, 
see description in the alphabetical arrangement. 
t A part of the above works extend into the State of Pennsylvania. 



GAZETTEER 



OF THE 



STATE OF NEW-YORK 



Abbreviations Jind Explanation. 

Co. ton County; t. for Town; v. for Village ; p. o. for Post-Office; 1. for Lake; 
r. for River; Mt. for Mountain. 

Every County, Town, Village, Post-Office, Canal, Rail-Road, Creek, River, Lake, 
Bay, Island, Mountain, &c. is arranged in strictly alphabetical order. The distance 
from County Seats is given centrally ; and the distance from Albany, by the usual 
mail route, except when otherwise mentioned. 



Accord, po^t-officc, town of 
Rochester, Ulster county, is situat- 
ed on the Rondout creek ; at this 
place is a settlement containing 1 
butch Reformed church, 1 tavern, 
2 stores, and 10 or 12 dwellings. 

Acra, p. o. Cairo, Greene co.; 
here are located 1 Baptist church, 
1 tavern, 1 store, 1 tannery, and 12 
or 15 dwelling houses. 

Adams, town, Jefferson co.; 
situated 12 miles south of Water- 
town, and distant 162 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2.,996 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating, and the soil sandy loam 
of excellent quality; it is watered 
by Sandy and Stony creeks. The 
names of the post offices in the 
town are Adams, Adams Centre, 
Appling, North Adams and Smithy 
vifle. 

Adams, village and post-office, 
Adams, Jefferson co. situated on 
both sides of Sandy creek, where 
there is a fall of about 15 feet, af- 
fording a good water power. It 



contains about 750 inhabitants, 120 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian and 
1 Methodist church; a seminary for 
young ladies; 2 taverns, 6 stores, 
1 llouring mill, 2 saw mills, 1 cloth- 
ier's works and a chair factory, 
besides many other mechanical es- 
tablishments. 

Adams Basin, p. o. Ogden, 
Monroe co. situated on the Erie ca- 
nal; here are located 1 church, 1 
tavern, 1 store, 2 saw mills and 25 
dwelling houses. 

Adams Centre, p. o. Adams, 
Jefferson co. here are located 1 
church, 1 tavern, 2 stores and 10 
or 12 dwelling houses. 

Adam sport, v. Jasper, Steu- 
ben co. situated on the Tuscarora 
creek; it contains about 125 inha- 
bitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 tav- 
ern, 2 stores, 2 saw mills, and 1 
tannery. 

Adamsville, p. o. Kingsbury, 
Washington county. 

Addison, t. Steuben co.; situ- 
ated 18 miles south of the village 



50 



ADDISON— ADIRONDACK. 



of Bath, and 225 miles from Alba- 
ny; contained in 1340, 1,920 in- 
habitants. The surface is uneven 
and most of the soil of indifferent 
quality, though well timbered; it 
is watered by the Canisteo river 
and Tuscarora creek. The names 
of the post-offices in the town are 
Addision, Rathbunville and West 
Addison. 

Addison, v. and p. o. Addison, 
Steuben co.; on the north side of 
the Canisteo river, on the line of 
the New-York and Erie rail-road, 
contains about 600 inhabitants, 80 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
church, 3 taverns, 10 stores and 1 
saw mill. 

Adirondack Mountains, 
is the name given by the State Ge- 
ologists, to the cluster of mountains 
in the neighborhood of the upper 
Hudson and Au Sable rivers. This 
group, taken as a whole, is more 
lofty than the White Hills of New- 
Hampshire, although the main, sum- 
mit, Mt. Washington, exceeds Mt. 
Marcy by 767 feet ; yet there re- 
main unmeasured, many peaks 
which will exceed or come up to 
5,000 feet. These mountains are 
strictly Alpine in their essential fea- 
tures ; but in fact, when absolute 
height is considered, only so in 
miniature. In an extended view, 
the eastern division of this range, 
commences within a few miles of 
Lake Champlain, and extends to 
near the valley of the St. Law- 
rence, in a southern direction from 
Clinton co. through Franklin and 
Essex, into Warren and Hamil- 
ton counties. In the co. of Essex, 
this chain attains its greatest eleva- 
tion, there being several peaks 
5,000 feet above tide waters ; Mt. 
Marcy is the highest as yet mea- 
sured, being elevated 5,467 feet 
above tide water of the Hud 
son. There are probably few pla- 
ces in North America, where na- 
ture is invested with more magni- 
ficence and solitude, than on these 



lofty mountains. The western divi- 
sion of this elevated tract presents 
a surface diversified with plains and 
hills, doited with numerous lakes 
and ponds. "In addition to the 
height and Alpine appearance of 
these mountain peaks, there are 
other circumstances worthy of at- 
tention, such as deep gorges and 
high precipices ; and this leads us 
to speak of a pass or notch five 
miles from the Iron Works in the 
town of Newcomb. It is just at 
the source of the north branch of 
the Hudson and Au Sable rivers. 
The precipice which we measured, 
and over which we looked, is from 
one station, 1,200 feet high; ta- 
king its height from another station 
it is 1,000 feet. This precipice ex- 
tends about a mile, though it does 
not preserve this great elevation 
the whole distance ; at the bottom 
it is passable for its whole distance. 
This is probably the greatest natural 
curiosity in the state if we except, 
the Falls of Niagara, and well wor- 
thy of a visit by the lovers of mag- 
nificent scenery. The fragments of 
rock lying in the notch are wonder- 
ful for size ; one, which was mea- 
sured is 43 feet long and 41 wide, 
and 35 high; it was of a quadrangu- 
lar form and weighed about 
10,000,000 pounds or 5,000 tons; 
this is only one among hundreds 
of about the same size. It is from 
facts like these, that we learn what 
mighty forces have operated in 
former times." It has been pro- 
posed to call the above notch the 
'," Great Adirondack Pass." The 
following are the reasons assigned 
for giving the above name to this 
range of mountains, of which un- 
til recently, but little was known as 
to their heighth and true character. 
" It appears from historical re- 
cords that the Adirondacks or Al- 
gonguins, in early times, held all 
the vast country over which this 
range extends, as their beaver 
hunting grounds ; but were fi- 



ADIRONDACK. 



ol 



nally expelled by the superior 
force of the Agoneseah, or Five 
Nations. Whether this is lite- 
rally true or not, it is well known 
that the Adirondack s resided in and 
occupied a part of this northern 
section of the stale, and hence the 
name may be considered just and 
very appropriate." 

Adirondack Rivur, is the 
name given to one of the head 
branches of the Hudson, rising in 
the x\dirondack Mountains of Es- 
sex co. It may be considered 
about 20 miles in length, flowing 
through Lakes Henderson and San- 
ford, winch are elevated 1900 feet 
above the Atlantic ocean, surround- 
ed by Alpine scenery and inex- 
haustible beds of iron ore. 

Adirondack, v. Newcomb, 
Essex co., is situated at the head 
of the valley on the middle (now 
named the Adirondack,) branch 
of the Hudson river, within five 
miles of its source, and is about 
1800 feet above the level of the 
ocean. This place has lately be- 
come much celebrated, from the 
discovery in its immediate vicini- 
ty, of a number of veins of extra- 
ordinary size and extent of the 
richest and purest magnetic oxide 
iron ores, as particularly described 
in the State Geological Reports. 
Such vast deposites of this valuable 
material, coming up to the surface 
of the ground, and only required 
to be wrought out as stone is from 
a quarry, bavins' water power to 
any desired extent, and dense fo- 
rests to furnish an ample supply of 
fuel for the reduction of the ores, 
induced the proprietors, (Archi- 
bald Mclntyre of Albany, David 
Henderson of Jersey City, and Ar- 
chibald Robertson of Philadel- 
phia,) to open up that wilderness, 
and to make a settlement here, 
with a view to prepare it for the 
establishment of extensive iron 
works. A clearing has been made 
of about 300 acres, where there is 



a forge with two fires and a trip 
hammer, a saw-mill, a store, five 
dwelling-houses and various other 
buildings. The iron made from 
these ores has been tested and pro- 
ved, and found to be of the very 
best description. The Geological 
Report for 1S40, says, ''probably 
no portion of the world can vie 
with Adirondack in its ores of 
iron; even the far-famed Iron 
Mountains of Missouri, are eclips- 
ed by the rich ores of this region 
of the state." As to the extent of 
the coarse grained black ore vein 
at the village, the Report says, 
"with our present knowledge, it 
is impossible to assign definite 
boundaries to this vein. On a line 
measured east and west, and com- 
mencing at the supposed eastern 
limit of the vein, and terminating 
at excavations near the western li 
mit of the cleared fields on the 
west, it gives a width of more than 
700 feet. By measurement, on a 
line running nearly north and south 
or in the, direction of its strike, it 
is found to extend 3,168 feet." 
And of another, the Lake Sanford 
vein, (about two links south of the 
village,) the following is a descrip- 
tion : — " This vein is situated upon 
a hill which rises G or 700 feet 
above the lake; the distance of the 
middle portion of the vein from the 
lake is about SO rods. The ore 
occupies the western face of the 
hill, down which the slope is so 
equal, that an inclined plane might 
be constructed from the mine to 
the lake. The color of the ore is 
black, and is moderately coarse 
grained. In regard to the dimen- 
sions of this vein, the width of the 
ore in the main line of excavation, 
is 514 feet, and the length, along a 
line nearly in the centre of the 
vein, is 1,667 feet; it then passes 
beneath tabular masses of rock. 
That it is not then discontinued, is 
proved by excavations at numerous 
places, at the northern and south- 



52 ADRIANCE— ALBANY. 

em extremities where the ore may Dutchess co. is situated in a settle 
be seen passing beneath masses of ment called Hopewell. 
hyperslhene rock." There arc ma- Akhox, v. arid p. o. Newstead, 
ny other veins in the neighborhood, Erie co. ; situated on Muddy cr. 
one of which, of great extent, runs contains about 300 inhabitants, 50 
along the face of the hill within 50 dwelling houses, 2 chuches, 1 tav- 
rods of the village, and contains a era, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
rich, small grained ore. The le- mill and 1 clothier's works, 
gislature granted a charter in Alabama, t. Genesee co.; si- 
1839, to a company called " The tuated 12 miles north-west from 
Adirondack Iron and Steel Compa- the village of Batavia, and 257 
ny," with a capital of .$1,000,000, miles from Albany; contained in 
but the proprietors have not yet 1840, 1,79S inhabitants. The soil 
acted upon it. There is also a is mostly clay and gravelly loam, 
charter obtained for a rail-road to well adapted to the growth of 
the Schroon state road, a distance wheat; it is watered by the To- 
ol' about 26 miles. The distance nawanda creek, from whence 
from Adirondack to lake Cham- there is in the north-west part of 
plain, is about 40 miles. A good ihis town a feeder of the Erie ca- 
route, it is said, can be had for a nal, near which, on the creek, 
rail-road, running to the above are falls of about 30 feet. The 
lake on the east. Adirondack em- Tonawanda Reservation is in part 
braces so many natural advantages situated in this town, where is an 
that it must sooner or later, possess Indian settlement containing about 
a large population, and its manu- 300 inhabitants. Alabama p. o. is 
factures become of great impor- situated in this town, where is a 
tance to the country. : settlement consisting of 12 or 15 

Adriaxce, p. o. Fiskhill, dwelling houses. 

ALBANY COUNTY, organized in 1683, centrally distant 150 
miles north from the city of New-York, is bounded on the east by the 
Hudson river, which divides it from Rensselaer county; on the north 
by Saratoga and Schenectady counties; on the west by the county of 
Schoharie, and on the south by the county of Greene. The surface is 
uneven, and in the southwestern pail hilly and mountainous. The soil 
in the vicinity of the Hudson river is good and much of it highly cul- 
tivated ; but sandy and rather unproductive in the interior. The most 
important mineral productions are bog iron ore, which is found in va- 
rious places ; marl and water limestone is found in the town of Beth- 
lehem, and in the city of Albany is a mineral spring which evolves 
carbonic acid, and contains ingredients similar to tl^se found in the 
celebrated springs of Ballston Spa and Saratoga. There are, also, se- 
veral sulphur springs in this county, but none of them have acquired 
much celebrity. In the limestone of the Helderberg hills are several 
extensive caverns, in which are found crystals and stalactites of vari- 
ous beauty. This county is tolerably well watered ; the most impor- 
tant streams which belong to it, in addition to the Mohawk, which 
bounds it in part on the north, and the Hudson, which bounds it on the 
east, may be named Normanskill, Vlamanskill, Haivnnkrauskill, and 
Coeymans creek, emptyinginto the Hudson river, and Fox creek, which 
empties into Schoharie creek on the west. The area of Albany co. 
is about 515 square miles, or 325,590 acres. The Erie and Champlain 
canals form a junctwn in the north-east part of this county; the uni 



ALBANY. 



53 



ted canals then run through the town of Watervliet, passing the village 
of West Troy, where are two side cuts communicating with the Hud 
son river, thence to the city of Albany ; where the above great works 
terminate in a capacious basin. The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, 
traverses this county in its route from Albany to Schenectady, where it 
unites with the Saratoga and I'tica line of railroads. A railroad is also 
constructing to extend from West Troy, opposite the city of Troy, to 
Schenectady, running through the towns of Watervliet and Niskayuna. 
The following are the names of the towns in the county of Albany, 
with the population in 1S40. 



Albany City, 33,721 

Berne, 3,740 

Bethlehem, 3,23S 

Coeymans, 3,107 

Guilderland, 2,790 

Knox, 2,143 

Albany City, the capital of 
the state,o .ieol theoldestcitiesinthe 
Union, is elegibly situated on the 
west side of the Hudson river, 145 
miles north of the city of New- 
York,and in 42° 39' 3" N. Lat. and 
3° 12' E. Loa. from Washington. 
It was originally called " Beaver 
Wyck" (i. e. Beaver town,) and 
afterward " Williamstadt." It re- 
ceived its present name in 1664, in 
honor of James, duke of York and 
Albany, afterwards James II., in 
whose reign the original city char- 
ter was granted by Governor Don- 
gan, July 22, 1686, and the gov- 
ernment vested in " The Mayor, 
Aldermen and Commonalty of the 
City of Albany," consisting of the 
Mayor, Recorder, ten Aldermen 
and ten Assistants. The charter 
has been materially altered by re- 
cent enactments of the Legisla- 
ture; the assistant aldermen are 
merged in ten aldermen, but the 
corporate name is still preserved. 
It is now divided into 10 wards; 
in 1840, its population was 33,721. 

It is indebted for its prosperity 
to the enterprise of its inhabitants, 
and the impulse given to its trade 
by the Erie and Champlain canals, 
which enter the Hudson river at 
the north end of the city. A basin 
has been formed in front of the 
city, protected from the river by a 



New-Scotland, 2,912 

Rensselaerville, 3,705 

Watervliet, 10,141 

Westerlo, 3,096 



Total inhabitants, 68,593 

pier one mile and a quarter in 
length, furnishing a safe harbor, 
for vessels of all descriptions, and 
securing them from injury by the 
ice, which in the spring freshets, 
comes down the river in immense 
quantities, sometimes causing great 
damage. The city is commanding 
in its situation, and appears to great 
advantage from the river. There are 
three ravines running from east to 
west, known as the Foxes Kill, the 
Rutten Kill, and the Beaver Kill, 
on cither side of which the land is 
high, being at an elevation of from 
140 to 160 feet above, and gradu- 
ally ascending, from the river. — 
The view from either of the heights 
is picturesque in the highest de- 
gree. To the north may be seen 
the city of Troy and the adjacent 
villages, and in the distance the 
hills of Vermont. To the east the 
beautiful extent of country lying 
beyond the Hudson river, and to the 
south the Helderbergs, and Catskill 
mountains, with the river gliding 
at their base. The public build- 
ings are of the most beautiful and 
tasteful character. The Capitol, 
occupied by the Legislature and 
the state courts ; the State Hall, just 
completed, for the accommodation 
of the public offices; the City Hall, 
occupied for city and county pur- 
poses, and by the United States 



54 



ALBANY. 



Courts; and also the Albany Aca- 
demy, having 400 pupils ; face 
the public squares at the head of 
State-street. This square is form- 
ed by the Capitol and Academy 
Parks, which are enclosed with 
substantial iron fences, erected on 
stone copings, and are laid out with 
walks lined with ornamental trees 
of the choicest species. A more de- 
lightful spot in summer, is not to 
be found in any inland city in the 
Union. A few rods south of the 
square, on Eagle-street, is the 
County Jail and the Medical Col- 
lege. This college was incorpo- 
rated in 1839, and occupies a build- 
ing granted to it by the corporation 
of the city, admirably adapted for 
the purposes of its design. The 
College already possesses one of 
the most valuable museums in the 
country, which has recently been 
greatly enlarged and enriched, by 
specimens imported direct from 
Germany and France. In addition 
to the Academy spoken of, there is 
a Female Academy, which has an- 
nually from 300 to 350 pupils. — 
This institution ranks high, and 
occupies a handsome and conve- 
nient edifice, in North Pearl-street. 
Connected with it is the Albany 
Library, numbering 9000 volumes. 
There is also the Female Semina- 
ry, an excellent institution, though 
not large, in Division-street. The 
Albany Exchange, situated at the 
foot of State-street, is a large and 
commodious building, constructed 
of granite. It is occupied for stores, 
and the post office. The Young 
Men's Association, established for 
" Mutual Improvement," also oc- 
occiipies rooms in this building ; it 
was the pioneer institution of its 
kind in the state, and embraces all 
ranks and professions, now number- 
ing 1500 members. It has an exten- 
sive reading room, supplied with 
the leading newspapers of this 
country and England ; also a 
room, furnished with the most 



popular and standard periodicals 
and reviews, native and foreign ; 
an excellent library of about 3200 
volumes, and a lecture room capa- 
ble of seating 500 persons, in which 
two lectures a week are delivered, 
from the first of December to the 
first of March. Strangers have free 
access to all except the lecture 
room and library. 

The Poor House is located one 
mile from the river on the south line 
of the city, and consists of four ex- 
tensive and convenient buildings, 
forming a square, and has connect- 
ed with it a farm of 150 acres cul- 
tivated by the inmates ; there is a 
hospital and insane department con- 
nected with this establishment. 
One mile west of the City Hall is 
the Albany Orphan Asylum, a pri- 
vate incorporated institution under 
the government of a board of ma- 
nagers, which contains generally 
between 80 and 90 male and fe- 
male children, who enjoy the be- 
nefits of education, and moral and 
religious instruction ; it is depend- 
ent on the benevolent for its sup- 
port. Connected with St. Mary's 
church, is St. Joseph's Orphan Asy- 
lum, a Catholic institution, for fe- 
males only, which contains about 
40 inmates, and is under the charge 
of Sisters of Charity. It is expect- 
ed that a similar institution for boys 
will soon be established. In addi- 
tion to the above, Albany contains 
11 public squares, 24 public build- 
ings owned by the city, viz. 3 Mar- 
kets, 10 District School Buildings 
with dwellings attached for teach- 
ers, 11 engine houses, all built of 
brick in a substantial manner and 
convenient in their arrangement. 
There are 4 Presbyterian, 1 Asso- 
ciate do. 3 Dutch Reformed, 4 
Methodist Episcopal, 1 African do. 

2 Baptist, 1 colored do. 2 Lutheran, 

3 Episcopalian, 1 Universalist, 2 
Roman Catholic, and 1 Independent 
church, 1 Mission House, 2 Jew- 
ish Synagogues, 1 Bethel and 1 



ALBANY. 



55 



Friend's Meeting' House. The old 
State Hall, recently occupied for 
state offices, is to be conveited into 
a museum for (he reception of the 
geological cabinet formed under 
the direction of the state geologi- 
cal surveyoi s : and when completed, 
will he an attractive and highly in- 
teresting and in tractive place of 
resort. Anion;;- the public institu- 
tions whose meetings are held at 
Albany, -are the New-York State 
Temperance Society, the State Ag- 
ricultural Society, and the State 
Medical Society. There are also, 
in addition to those mentioned, in 
the city various benevolent, reli- 
gious and scientific institutions; 
among them the Albany Institute, 
with a valuable library and exten- 
sive museum, occupying a room in 
the Albany Academy. In addition 
to the public buildings, are the Mu- 
seum, Stamvix Hall, Knickerback- 
erHall, the Atheneum, the Com- 
mercial Buildings, and the Douw 
Buildings, the latter recently erect- 
ed at the corner of State and Mar- 
ket-streets, chiefly occupied for 
stores and offices, which have con- 
nected with them spacious halls for 
the accommodation of public as- 
semblages. The ball room in Stan- 
wix Hall is one of the largest in 
America, and is lighted by a dome 
60 feet in hcighth, supported by 4 
columns and 8 antes. The ceiling 
and wall-! of Knickerbaeker Hall 
are tastefully ornamented in the 
Italian manner. 

That the trade, commerce and 
manufactures of Albany may be 
known, we subjoin the following 
statement, gathered from the most 
authentic sources, which may be 
relied on, viz.: There are 53 < om- 
mission houses; 137 wholesale hou- 
ses; 35 importers; 440 retail dry 
goods and other stores ; 612 groce- 
ries and provision stores, not includ- 
ed in the above; 30 lumber yards; 
40 hotels and taverns, several of the 
highest reputation; 8 banks, with 



a capital of $2,751,000; 4 insu- 
rance companies, with a capital of 
$700,000; 10 printing and publish- 
ing offices, from which issue 17 
dady and other newspapers and pe- 
riodicals; 20 hat, cap and fur ma- 
nufactories, producing annually 
over §'900,000 worth of manufac- 
tured articles; 4 extensive and se- 
veial minor tobacco factories; 2 
morocco factories; 5 ropewalks ; 
15 soap and candle factories; 1 
sperm and whale oil and sperm 
candle factory; 5 musical instru- 
ment manufactories; 15 carriage 
manufactories, one of which is as 
large as any in the Union; 9 brew- 
eries; 1 .bell foundery; 33 black- 
smith's shops; 2 comb manufacto- 
ries; 20 copper, tin and sheet iron 
manufactories ; 2 die cutters ; 3 
engraving establishments ; 2 type 
foundries, and 1 stereotype foun- 
dery ; 4 gun manufactories ; 1 
grate and fender factory; 5 jew- 
elry manufactories; 1 organ build- 
er; 2 oil cloth manufactories; 
S stove manufactories; 15 brass 
foundries; 2 brush manufactories; 
1 Burr mill stone do.; 4 carpet do.; 
3 dye wood mills; 10 furnaces; 2 
file cutters; 2 fire brick manufac- 
tories ; 2 glue do.; 3 steam sawing 
and planing machines; 2 lamp ma- 
nufactories; 4 plaster mills; 4 
plane manufactories; 6 steam en- 
gine do.; 1 philosophical instru- 
ment do.; 2 coach lace manufacto- 
ries ; 3 malting houses; 10 con- 
fectioners; 29 merchant tailors; 3 
locking glass manufactories, be- 
sides many other kinds of mechanic 
establishments. In addition to the 
manufactories enumerated in the 
city, the Troy and Albany Nail 
Factories, the most extensive 
works of the kind in America, are 
principally owned by citizens of 
Albany, and also an extensive sati- 
net factoiy, situate on the Patroon's 
creek. In the year 1840, 27 steam 
boats and 51 tow boats plied regu- 
larly between Albany and New- 



56 



ALBANY. 



York and the intermediate places 
on the Hudson river. In the same 
year, 166 schooners, 202 sloops, 
and 1 brig arrived at Albany, 
the total tonnage of which was 39,- 
016 tons. The Mohawk and Hud- 
son Rail Road, among the first 
roads built in the country, and con- 
nected with the Utica and Sche- 
nectady and Saratoga and Sche- 
nectady Rail Roads, terminates at 
Albany. An arrangement is about 
to be made by which the inclined 
planes, which form so great an ob- 
jection to this road, are to be dis- 
pensed with. The Albany and West 
Stockbridge Rail Road connects 
with the Western Rail Road at the 
state line between Massachusetts 
and N. York, forming a continuous 
line of rail roads from Albany to 
Boston. In addition to the rail road 
and steamboat lines, there are 18 
lines of stages running from Al- 
bany to different places. It is 
estimated that 1100 passengers ar- 
rive and depart daily. In 1840, 
1,355,603 barrels of "flour arrived 
at Albany by the canal, and 26,147 
by the rail road; 310,752 tons of 
freight were cleared at the collec- 
tor's office. The termination of the 
canals and railroads at Albany, ren- 
ders it the centre of trade and tran- 
shipment, and lias opened to the 
enterprise of her merchants and ar- 
tisans an extent of country unsur- 
passed in its wealth and resources. 

Distances from Albany to Bos- 
ton, by Railroad route. 
To West Stockbridge, 
State Line to Pittsfield, 
Springfield, Westemr.r. 
Worcester, do. 
Boston and Worcester r. r 

.Distances from Albany to the 
City of Washington, by steam- 
boat and rail-road route. Milet. 
New-York, by steam-boat, 145 
Philadelphia, by Rail-road, 86 231 
Baltimore, " 96 327 
Washington, " 38 365 




Distances from Albany to Buf- 
falo, by rail-road route; finished 
to Batavia. 

Miles. 
Mohawk and Hudson R. R. 16 
Utica and Schenectady, "77 93 
Syracuse and Utica, " 53 146 
Auburn and Syracuse, " 26 172 
Auburn and Rochester, " 79 251 
Tonawanda, (Batavia,) " 32 283 
Proposed route to Buffalo, 35 318 

Distances from Albany to Mon- 
treal, via. Saratoga Springs and 
Lake Champlain. 

Miles. 

To Troy, by stage, 6 

Ballston Spa, by rail-road, 24 30 

Saratoga Springs, " 7 37 

Whitehall, by stage, 39 76 

St. John's, Can. steamboat, 150 226 

La Prairie, by rail-road, 16 242 

Montreal, by steamboat, 9 251 

Distances from Albany, the Ca- 
pitol of the state, to the several 
county seats, by the usual mail 
route, except when otherwise men- 
tioned. 

Miles. Miles. 

Albion, 257[Malone, 212 

Angelica, 256 Mayville, 33G 

Auburn, by r. ».• 172JMartinsburgh, -• 142 



Ballston Spa, •• ■ 30 

Batavia, by r. r. 233 

Hath, 210 

Bedford, 130 

Binghamlon, ••• • 14.5 

frooklyn, 146 

Buffalo, by r. f 

route, 313 

Caldwell, 

Canandaigua, by 

rail-road, •••• 233 

Canton, 206 

Carmel, 106 

Oatskilf, 3 

Cooperstown, •• 66 

Cortland, 140 

Delhi, 

Elizabeth, •• 
Kllicottville 

Klmira, 198 

Fonda, by r. r. •• 42 

Geneseo, 23S 

Gosheqj 105 

Herkimer, r. r.- 80 

Hudson, 29 

Ithaca, 170 

Johnstown, 45 

Kingston, 58 

Lockport, 300 

Lyons, 181 



Moniicello, 

Morrisv^ille, 101 

Newburgh, 85 

New City, 122 

New- York, 145 

N'th Hempstead, 167 

Norwich, 110 

Oswego, 167 

Ovid, 197 

Owego, 167 

Penn-Yan, 212 

Piseco, 72 

Pittsburgh, 162 

Poughkeepsie, •• 73 

Pulaski, 153 

Richmond, 158 

Riverhead, Q34 

Rochester, r. r.- 251 
Salem, 46 



Sandy Hill, 

Schenectady, •• ■ 

Schoharie, 

Syracuse, r. r.> 

Troy, 

Utica, r. r. 

Warsaw, 

Waterloo, r. r.- 
Watertown, •••■ 
White Plains,- •• 
Whitesboro, r. r 



50 

15 

32 

146 

6 

93 

303 

191 

160 

131 

97 



ALBANY— ALEXANDER. 



57 



Albany and West Stock- 
bridge Rail Road, extends 
from Greenbush, opposite the city 
of Albany, to the state line in the 
town of Canaan, Columbia county, 
connecting with ihe " Western' ' 
and "Housatonic" railroads, which 
terminates at the state line in the 
town of West Stockbridge, Mass. 
It is 3S miles in length, running 
through the towns of Greenbush, 
Schodack, Kinderhook, Chatham 
and Canaan, and is graded for two 
tracks to Chatham, 23 miles, 
where it joins the Hudson and Berk- 
shire railroad ; from thence a fa- 
vorable route has been surveyed for 
its prolongation to the city of New- 
York. The remaining 15 miles 
from Chatham to the state line, is 
graded for one track, excepting 
the rock cuts and a tunnel 600 feet 
long, which are excavated for two 
tracks. The maximum grade is 
40 feet to the mile ; the grade with 
one exception ascends toward the 
east ; the point of crossing the state 
line, being 895 feet above high wa- 
ter in the Hudson river at Albany. 
The superstructure is of the most 
approved and permanent character. 
The estimated cost of the whole 
road is si, 412. 000, being about 
§37,000 per mile. This road, 
(which is just finished, January, 
1S42,) connects the city of Alba- 
ny with the city oi Bo -ton, by one 
continuous line of railroads. The 
following are the distances from 
place to place, on the above road : 
Albany to Schodack, ..miles, 7i 

Kinderhook, 7k 15 

Chatham, S" 23 

Canaan, 10 33 

State Line, 5 38 

Albion, t. Oswego co.. situated 
25 miles east of the village of 
Oswego, and distant 147 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,503 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating and the soil good, producing 
white pine, hemlock, maple and 
beech timber ; it is watered by 



Salmon river on the north, and 
Salmon creek on the south. Sal- 
mon river, Sand Bank and Spruce 
are names of post offices. 

Albion, v. and p. o. Barre, 
Orleans co., is handsomely situa- 
ted on the Erie canal 257 miles 
west of the city o f Albany ; it 
was incorporated in 1829, and now 
contains about 1,400 inhabitants 
200 dwelling; houses, a court-house 
jail and county clerk's office ; 2 
banking houses ; an incorporated 
academy and Phipp's female se- 
minary, both in a flourishing con- 
dition, lo each of which is attach- 
ed large brick edifices ; 1 Presby- 
terian, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church ; 3 taverns, 18 stores and 
groceries, 7 warehouses and 1 
flouring mill. Here is a collec- 
tor's office and a convenient land- 
ing for canal boats. 

Alden, t. Erie co. situated IS 
miles east of the city of Buffalo, 
and distant 272 miles from Alba- 
ny ; contained in 1840, 1,9S4 in- 
habitants ; the surface is undula- 
ting, and the soil adapted to grass, 
and with proper cultivation to dif- 
ferent kinds of grain. Through 
this town passes the proposed route 
of the Buffalo and Batavia rail- 
road ; it is watered by the Cayuga 
and Ellicott's creek. The names 
of the post offices in the town, are 
Alden and Reservation. 

Alden, v. and p. o. Alden, 
Erie co. contains about 200 inhab- 
itants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian church, 2 taverns, 2 
stores, 1 tannery, and 1 ashery. 

Alder Creek, p. o. Boon- 
ville, Oneida co. 

Alexander, t. Genesee co. 
situated 8 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Batavia, and distant 247 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,242 inhabitants; the surface is a 
little uneven and the soil mostly 
clay loam, producing large crops 
of grain and grass. The Tona- 
wanda creek flows through the cen- 



58 



ALEXANDER— ALLEGANY. 



tre of the town, nearly north and 
south ; the names of the post offi- 
ces are Alexander and Brook ville. 

Alexander, v. and p. o. Alex- 
ander, Genesee co. is situated on 
the Tonawanda creek; it was in- 
corporated in 1834, and now con- 
tains about 500 inhabitants, SO 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian and 
1 Universalist church, an incorpo- 
rated classical school in a flourish- 
ing- condition, 1 bank, 2 taverns, 4 
stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 clothier's 
works and 1 tannery. 

Alexandria, t. Jefferson co. 
situated on the St. Lawrence ri- 
ver, 20 miles north of the village of 
Watertown, and distant 190 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
3,475 inhabitants ; in 1S41 this town 
was divided by an act of the legis- 
lature, and a new town formed of 
the eastern portion, called Theresa. 
The surface is gently undulating, 
and the soil clay and marly loam; 
belonging to this town are several 
islands in the St. Lawrence, com- 
prising a part of the "Thousand 
Islands." Alexandria, Plesis and 
Redwood are names of post offices 
in this town, on the east boundary 
of which lies Clear, Crystal and 
Butterfield lakes. 

Alexandria, v. and p. o. A- 
lexandria, Jefferson co. is situated 
on the east side of the St. Lawrence 
river; it is a port of entry and a 
convenient steamboat landing, con- 
taining: about 150 inhabitants, 25 



dwelling houses, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
3 store-houses and 1 ashery. 

Alexandria, v. Ticondero- 
ga, Essex co. is situated on the 
outlet of Lake George, at the up- 
per falls, one mile below the steam- 
boat landing, and three miles above 
the landing on Lake Champlain; it 
contains about 350 inhabitants, 50 
dwelling houses, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
5 saw mills, and 1 trip hammer 
works. This place is chiefly own 
ed by Edward Ellis, Esq. of the 
city of London; it was formerly a 
flourishing place of business, but 
like most places owned by foreign 
ers, it has been suffered to go to de- 
cay and now presents a dilapidated 
appearance. Here is a water pow- 
er, mostly unoccupied, probably 
unsurpassed by any in the state, 
there being within the distance of 
a mile, a fall of upwards of 200 ft., 
affording a supply of water in the 
dryest seasons of 400 cubic feet per 
second. 

Alfred, t. Allegany co. situ- 
ated 12 miles south-east of Angeli- 
ca, and distant 244 miles from Al- 
bany; contained in 1S40, 1,630 in- 
habitants. The surface is uneven 
and hilly, and the soil well adapt- 
ed for grazing. Through this town 
runs the line of the New-York and 
Erie rail road ; it is watered by se- 
veral small streams, and contains 
Alfred and Vandermark post offi- 
ces. Baker's Bridge is the name 
of a settlement. 



ALLEGANY COUNTY, taken from Genesee in 1S06, is centrally 
distant 250 miles from the city of Albany; it is one of the southern tier 
of counties, being bounded on the south by the Pennsylvania state line; 
on the west by Cattaraugus county; on the north by the counties of Ge- 
nesee and Livingston, and on the ea t by the county of Steuben. This 
county embraces two distinct ranges of high table land, running north 
and south; one in the eastern, the other in the western part of the coun- 
ty; these ridges are elevated from 1,500 to 2,500 feet above the tide 
waters of the Hudson river; the valley of the Genesee, which lies be- 
tween these ridges, embraces much iine and cultivated land. The soil 
of the uplands is also of a good quality, well adapted to grazing. The 
principal streams that belong to this county, in addition to the Genesee 
liver, which flows nearly through the centre, may be named Black 



ALLEGANY— ALLEN'S CREEK. 



59 



creek, Dike creek, East and West Koy creeks, Cold creek, Caneadea 
creek, and Campen's creek, all of which run into the Genesee river. The 
mineral productions of this county of value, are but few ; it contains, 
however, several beds of bog- iron ore, and the Oil Spring-, on the west 
line of the county, belonging- to the Seneca tribe of Indians, yields 
large quantities of Seneca oil, and is an object of considerable interest. 
The area of Allegany co. is about 1,185 square miles, or 758, 3S0 acres. 
The Genesee river, which ri^es in Pennsylvania, flows through the cen- 
tre of this county from south to north. The Genesee Valley Canal also 
passes through it, terminating at Olean, Cattaraugus county, where it 
intersects the Allegany river; and when completed the New- Fork and 
Erie. Rail Road will extend across the county from east to west. 

The following are the names of the towns in Allegany county, with 
the population in 1840. 
Alfred, 1,630 Genesee, 5*i 



Allen, 867 

Almond, 1,434 

Amity, 1,354 

Andover, 848 

Axcelica, 1,257 

Belfast, 1,646 

Birdsall, 328 

Bolivar, 408 

Burns, 867 

Caneadea, 1,633 

Centreville, 1,513 

Clarksville, 326 

Cuba, 1,768 

Eagle, 1,187 

Friendship, 1,244 

Allegany City, v. Olean, 
Cattaraugus co. is situated on the 
north side of the Allegany river, 3 
miles below the village of Olean. 
This is a newly projected place, 
and derives its importance from its 
being on the line of the New-York 
and Erie rail road, where it first 
approaches the Allegany river; it 
now contains 1 tavern, 1 steam saw 
mill and a few dwellings. The site 
of this place is owned by capita- 
lists, who intend to makeextonsive 
improvements on the completion of 
the rail road. 

Allegany Rivrr, rises in 
Pennsylvania and enters the state 
of New-York near the south-east 
angle of the county of Cattaraugus 
through which it runs in a circuit- 



Granger, 1,064 

Grove, 623 

Hume, 2,303 

Independence, 1,440 

New Hudson, 1,502 

Nunda, 2,637 

Osian, 938 

Pike, 2,176 

Portage 4,721 

Rushford, 1,512 

Scio, 1,156 

West Almond, 808 

Wirt, 1,207 



Total inhabitants, 40,975 

tying its waters into the Ohio river, 
at Pittsburg. This stream is navi- 
gable for boat-; of small draft of wa- 
ter, from the village of Olean, the 
terminating point of the Genesee 
Valley Canal, to Pittsburg in Penn- 
sylvania, a distance of 230 miles, by 
water. The United States govern 
ment have recently made surveys, 
preparatory to improving its navi- 
gation for boats of a larger class, 
which, when finished, will afford 
uninterrupted navigation for steam- 
boat:; from Olean to New-Orleans, 
during high water. The whole 
length of the river is 300 miles, and 
by it i union with the Monongahela 
at Pittsburg forms the Ohio. 

Allen's creek, rises in Wy- 



oming co., and flows through the 
tons route about 45 miles, when it J eastern part of Genesee into Monro© 
again re-enters Pennsylvania, emp- [ county, where it empties into the 



60 



ALLEN— ALTITUDES. 



Genesee river; this is an important 
mill stream, on the banks of which 
are situated a great number of fac- 
tories and mills, and several flou- 
rishing villages. 

Allen's Hill, p. o., Rich- 
mond, Ontario co. Here are lo- 
cated 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
and 12 dwellings. 

Allen, t. Allegany co. situate 
7 miles north of Angelica, and dis- 
tant 2G1 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1S40, 867 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating" and the soil 
clay and sandy loam ; it is drained 
by several small streams. Allen 
and Allan Centre, are names of 
post offices ; at both of which there 
are small settlements. 

Alloway, v. and p. o. Lyons, 
Wayne co., is situated on the east 
side of the Canandaigua outlet, 3 
miles south of the village of Ly- 
ons; it contains about 300 inhabi- 
tants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 church, 
2 taverns, 2 stores, 2 flouring mills, 
2 saw mills, 2 distilleries, and 2 
cloth dressing works. 

Alluvial Way, or Ridge 
Road, is a work of nature, ex- 
tending from the Genesee river, 
near Rochester, to the Niagara 
river, near Lewisfon ; it presents 
the appearance of a ridge compos- 
ed of beach sand and gravel stones, 
apparently worn smooth by the ac- 
tion of water. Its general width 
is from 6 to 8 rods, and raised in 
the middle ; on the top of which is 
located an excellent road, called 
the "Ridge Road," extending a 
distance of upwards of 80 miles, 
being from 6 to 10 miles south of 
the present shore of Lake Ontario, 
whose boundary it once no doubt 
formed . 

Almond, t. Allegany co. sit- 
uated 14 miles east of Angelica, 
and distant 240 miles from Alba- 
ny; contained in 1840, 1434 inha- 
bitants ; the surface is somewhat 
hilly, being broken by several 
streams, which water this town, 



forming the head branches of the 
Canisteo river; the soil is mostly 
clay loam, of good quality. The 
names of the post offices in the 
town are Almond, Centre Almond, 
and North Almond. 

Almond, v. and p.o. Almond, 
Allegany co. is situated on the line 
of the New-York and Erie rail 
road ; it contains about 400 inhabi 
tanfs, 60 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian and one Baptist church, 2 
taverns, 6 stores of different kinds, 1 
grist mill, 2 sawmills, & 1 tannery. 

Alps, v. and p. o. Nassau, 
Rensselaer co., is situated on the 
Sandlake turnpike, 14 miles east 
of the city of Albany ; it contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
houses, 2 taverns and 1 store. 

Altitudes & Elevations, 
above the Atlantic Ocean and the 
tides of the Hudson river. 

Feet. 

Harbor Hill, Long Island, 319 

Richmond Hill, Staten Island, 307 

Fort Washington, N. York Island, 238 

Palisades, highest part of the range, 650 
Anthony's Nose, lower entrance of 

the "Highlands.". 1,128 

Fort Putnam, near West Point, 500 

Butter Hill, of the " Highlands," •• 1,520 
Breakneck Hill, or upper Anthony's 

Nose, "Highlands,". 1,1S7 

New Beacon, or Grand Sachem, do. 1,685 

Shawangunk Mountain, l,S0u 

Catskill Mountains, Round Top,- •• 3,804 

Ho. High Peak,- ••• 3,71S 

Do. Pine Orchard,- 3,000 

Capitol, at Albany,. 130 

Mount Defiance, near Ticonderoga, 720 

Mount Seward, 4,800 

Mount Marcy,. 6,467 

Mount M'lntyre, 5,183 

Dial Mountain, or Nipple Top, 4,900 

Whiteface, N. part of Essex co.- 4,855 

Adirondack Ironworks, 1,889 

Highest source of the Hudson and 

Au Sable rivers, on Mt. Marcy, •• 4,747 

Avalanche Lake, of Essex co. 2,900 

Lake Colden,. 2,850 

Ilacket Lake, of Hamilton co. 1,731 

Lake Champlain,. 93 

Lake George, orHoricon,. 243 

Otsego Lake,. 1,189 

Cayuga Lake, 407 

Seneca Lake,. 447 

Crooked Lake, 718 

Canandaigua Lake, 668 

Chautauqiie Lake, 1,291 

Lake Erie, 565 

Lake Ontario, 231 

Lakes Huron and Michigan, fiP5 

Lake Superior, 048 



ALTON— AMITY. 



(31 



Alton, v. & p.o. Sodus, Wayne 
co. is situated on the Ridge Road; 
it contains about 150 inhabitants, 
25 dwelling houses, 2 taverns, 1 
store, 3 saw mills and 1 tannery. 

Amber, v. andp. o. Otisco, On- 
ondaga co. is situated near Otisco 
lake; it contains about 100 inhabi- 
tants, 15 dwelling houses, 1 church, 
1 tavern and 2 stores. 

Amboy, t. Oswego co. situated 
30 miles east of the village of Os- 
wego, and distant 137 miles from 
Albany, contained in 1840, 1070 
inhabitants; the surface is level and 
the soil rich loam, producing grass 
and grain in abundance. It con- 
tains several small lakes, and is 
drained by Salmon and Scriba 
creeks. Jfmboy is the name of a 
post office, where is situated a small 
settlement. 

A.mboy,v. Camillus, Onondaga 
co. is situated on Nine Mile Creek ; 
it contains about 200 inhabitants, 
30 dwelling houses, 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 flouring mill, 3 saw mills, 
1 plaster mill, 1 lathe machine, 
and 2 tanneries. 

Amegansett, v. and p. o Ea?t 
Hampton, Suffolk co. This is the 
most eastern settlement on Long 
Island; it contains about 35 dwel- 
lings ; the inhabitants are mostly 
engaged in farming and fishing. 

Amenta, t. Dutchess co. situat- 
ed 20 miles north-east of Pouglv- 
keepsie, and distant 70 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2179 in- 
habitants. The surface of this town 
is very much diversified ; on the 
east extends the Taghknnic Moun- 
tains, and on the southwest it is 
pierced by the Fishkill range ; 
through the intervening valley flow 
the Wassaic and Ten Mile creeks, 
tributaries of the Housatonic river. 
On the north there are two ponds 
of considerable size, and in the 
town is found marble of good qua- 
lity, magnetic iron ore, and some 
mineral springs. Amenia, Ame- 
nia Union, City, Leeds ville, and 



South Amenia, are names of post 
offices. Ameniaville is the name 
of a village. 

Am en i a Union, p. o. Ame- 
nia, Dutchess co. Here is a settle- 
ment called Hitchcock's Corners, 
containing 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 cotton factory, 1 woollen 
factory, 1 saw mill, and about 35 
dwelling houses. 

Amema ville, v. Amenia, 
Dutchess co. is situated on the 
Poughkeepsie and Sharon turnpike, 
twenty-five miles from the former 
place; it contains about 200 inha- 
bitants, -10 dwelling houses, an in- 
corporated academy, 1 Presbyte- 
rian, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, and 1 plaster 
mill. One or two miles north of 
this place is situated the ponds 
which are the sources of Was aic 
creek; in the vicinity is also a bed 
of iron ore, and extensive iron 
works, giving employment to about 
100 workmen. 

Aiviesville, v. Cahajoharie, 
Montgomery co., contains about 
175 inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 
2 churches, an academy, 1 tavern, 
1 store, 1 grist mill, and the Ames 
post office. 

Amherst, t. Erie co. situated 
10 miles north-east from the city of 
Buffalo, and distant 283 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1S40, 2451 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating and the soil of rather indif- 
ferent quality. The Tonawanda 
\ creek flows on the north boundary 
of this town, and Ellicott's creek 
' runs nearly through the centre. — 
Williamsville village and post of- 
i fice is situated on the stage road 
from Buffalo to Batavia. 

Amity, t. Allegany co. situat- 
ed 6 miles south of Angelica, and 
distant 255 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 1354 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is high and 
rolling on the east and west boun- 
daries ; nearly through the centre 



62 



AMITY— ANCRAM IRON WORKS. 



flcAvs the Genesee river in a north- 
erly direction; the soil is various; 
the uplands are adapted to grazing, 
while on the river are tortile Hats, 
producing grass and grain in abun- 
dance. The names of the post of- 
fices in the town are Genesee val- 
ley, Hobbieville and Pliillipsvillc. 

Amity, v. and p. o. Warwick, 
Orange co. contains about 100 in- 
habitants, 15 dwelling houses, 
1 Presbyterian church, a select 
school, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 

Amsterdam, t. Montgomery 
co. situated on Mohawk river, 31 
miles west of the city of Albany, 
and 11 miles east of the village of 
Fonda ; it contained in 1840, 5,333 
inhabitants. The surface is une- 
ven, and the soil clay loam and 
rich mould ; the latter, mostly con- 
fined to the valley of the Mohawk, 
is very productive and easily tilled; 
besides being watered by the Mo- 
hawk on the south, several small 
streams flow through the town in a 
southerly direction, the principal 
of which is the Chuctanunda creek. 
In this vicinity are extensive stone 
quarries, where are quarried in 
large quantities a fine quality of 
building stone; it is also used 
in the construction of locks and 
culverts, on the enlarged Erie ca- 
nal, which passes on the opposite 
side of the river. The names of 
the post offices in this town, are 
Amsterdam, Cranes ville, Haga- 
man's Mills, and Tribes Hill. 

Amsterdam, v. and p. o. Am- 
sterdam, Montgomery co. is situ- 
ated on the north side of the Mo- 
hawk river, 31 miles west of Al- 
bany, where is a substantial toll 
bridge, connecting it with Port 
Jackson on the Erie Canal. It 
was incorporated in 1830, and now 
contains about 1700 inhabitants, 
250 dwelling houses, 1 banking 
house, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 
1 Methodist, and 1 Universalist 
church ; an incorporated academy 
in a flourishing condition, and a 



female seminary ; 5 hotels and ta 
verns, 14 stores and groceries, 2 
grist mills, 1 scythe factory, 1 car- 
pet factory, 2 furnaces, 2 plaster 
mills, 1 planing machine, I ma- 
chine shop and 1 printing office, 
besides many other mechanical 
establishments. The Utica and 
Schenectady railroad passes thro' 
this place, where is a conve 
venient depot ; stages also leave 
here, for the Fish House and other 
places in Fulton county. One or 
two miles west of the village, on 
the turnpike road, are situated two 
of the stone mansions of the John- 
son family, who figured in the ear- 
ly history of this part of the coun- 
try. Some rude paintings of hu- 
man figures upon the rocks in this 
vicinity, are said to have existed 
when first settled by the whites. 

Analysis of Mineral Wa- 
ters. See Avon, Ballston 
Spa, Saratoga Springs, Lebanon 
Springs, Chittcnango, Rosmdale 
and Sharon. 

Ancram, t. Columbia co. situ- 
ated in the extreme south east part 
of the county, 21 miles from the 
city of Hudson, and distant 51 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1770 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly, the soil gravelly 
loam and clay, underlaid by slate 
and limestone; it is watered by 
Ancram and Punch creeks, on the 
former of which are extensive iron 
works; galena, or ore of lead, is 
found in several places in this 
town. The names of the post of- 
fices are Ancram and Ancram 
Lead Mines. 

Ancram Iron Works, An- 
cram, Columbia co. is situated on 
Ancram creek ; here are located 1 
furnace and 2 forges, which manu- 
facture wrought iron of every de- 
scription, but principally iron for 
the manufacture of gun barrels ; a 
store and some 30 or 40 dwelling 
houses. The ore which is used in 
the above works is principally 



ANCRAM— ANNSVILLE. 



63 



brought from the Copake iron mine 
and some from Salisbury, Conn. 
which yields a superior quality of 
iron, highly esteemed for its 
strength and purity.. 

A arc ram Lead Mines, p. o. 
Ancram, Columbia co. is situated 
on Punch Creek ; here are located 
a public house, a store, and some 
few duelling houses. The lead ore 
found in this vicinity is of a rich 
quality, although the mine has not 
been worked for the last few 
years. 

Ancram, or Roelopf Jan- 
sen's Creek, rises in Hillsdale, 
Columbia co. and flows in a cir- 
cuitous direction into the Hudson 
river, S miles below the city of 
Hudson ; this is a good mill stream . 

Andes, t. Delaware co. situated 
10 miles south-east of the village of 
Delhi, and distant 87 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840,2,176 
inhabitants. The surface- is hilly, 
and the soil adapted to grazing; it 
is timbered with beech, maple and 
hemlock. Through this town flows 
the Papacton branch of the Dela- 
ware river and Temper's kill; the 
names of the post offices are An- 
des, Cabin Hill and Shavertown; 
at the former there is a small set- 
tlement, consisting of 2 churches, 

1 tavern, 1 store, and IS or 20 
dwellings. 

Ando ver, t. Allegany co. situ- 
ated 15 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Angelica, and distant 266 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 848 inhabitants. The surface 
is uneven, and the soil clay loam; 
Dyke creek, a tributary of the Ge- 
nesee river, passes through this 
town ; also the line of the New- 
York and Erie rail road. 

Andover, v. and p. o. Anuo- 
ver, Allegany co. is situated on the 
line of the New-York and Erie 
railroad ; it contains about 150 in- 
habitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Baptist church, 

2 taverns and 2 stores; near by 



there are several saw mills on Dyke 
creek. 

Angelica Creek, rises in 
West Almond, Allegany co. and 
flows west through the town of An- 
gelica, where it empties into the 
Genesee river. 

Angelica, t. Allegany co. 
contains the county buildings, situ- 
ated in the village of the same 
name, which is centrally located; 
it contained in 1S40, 1257 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is rolling, de- 
clining west towards the Genesee 
river, which crosses the south-west 
angle, into which flows Angelica 
creek; soil, clay loam, and sandy 
alluvion, mostly very productive. 

Angelica, v. and p. o. Ange- 
lica, Allegany co. is situated on 
Angelica creek, 250 miles west of 
the city of Albany. It was incor- 
porated in 1835, and now contains 
about 900 inhabitants, 120 dwel- 
ling houses, a court house, jail, and 
county clerk's office, 1 banking 
house, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
pal and 1 Methodist church, 3 ta- 
verns, 8 stores, 1 woollen factory, 
2 flouring mills, 1 saw mill, and 1 
tannery. 

Angola, p. o. Collins, Erieco. 

Annaquascook, p. o. Jack- 
son, Washington co. 

Annsville, t. Oneida co. situ- 
ated 25 miles north-west of the city 
of Utica, and distant 118 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1765 inhabitants ; the surface is 
undulating, the soil gravelly loam 
and sandy; it is well watered by 
Fish creek and. its tributaries, and 
contains post offices named Anns- 
ville and Taberg. 

Annsville, v. Cortlandtown, 
Westchester co. is situated on the 
east side of the Hudson river, at 
the mouth of the Peekskill, one 
mile north of the village of the same 
name. Here are situated an exten- 
sive snufF factory and a wire facto- 
ry, both propelled by water power, 
also about 20 dwellings. 



64 



ANTHONY'S NOSE— ARGYLE. 



Anthony's Nose, or the 
" Nose," as commonly called, on 
the north bank of the Mohawk ri- 
ver, in the west pail of Montgome- 
ry county, is on the extreme point 
of the hill or mountain called the 
" Klips;" sloping down toward the 
river; from an elevation of about 
500 feet, is a good imitation of a 
ri/ose, some 3 or 400 feet in length. 

Anthony's or St. Antho- 
ny's Nose, situated on the south 
side of Breakneck Hill in the town 
of Philipstown, on the east bank of 
the Hudson. Its name is derived 
from a resemblance to a huge hu- 
man face, as seen from the river, 
at the north entrance of the High- 
lands. There is also another, though 
less remarkable, promontory of the 
same name, opposite the site of old 
Fort Montgomery, below West 
Point, near the south entrance of 
the Highlands. 

Antwerp, t. Jefferson co. si- 
tuated 20 miles north-east of the 
village of Watertown, and distant 
164 miles from Albanv; contained 
in 1S40, 3,109 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly; soil, clay loam of 
good quality and well suited for 
grass; it is watered by Indian river 
on the south, and the Oswegatchie 
on the north, which here takes a 
turn called the "Oxbow." Ant- 
werp and Oxbow are names of 
post offices. 

Antwerp, v. and p. o. Ant- 
werp, Jefferson co. is situated on 
Indian river; it contains about 300 
inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 
1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
church, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, 1 clothier's works, 
1 scythe factory and 1 pocket fur- 
nace. 

Apalachin, p. o. Owego, Ti- 
oga co. 

Appling, p. o. Adams, Jeffer- 
son co. 

Apulia, p. o. Fabius, Ononda- 
ga co. 

AquEBOGUE, v. and p. o., Ri- 



verhead, Suffolk co. contains 1 
church, 1 tavern, 1 store and about 
15 dwellings. 

Arcade, v. and p. o. China, 
Wyoming co. is situated at the 
junction of Clear and Cattaraugus 
creeks, where is a valuable water 
power; it contains about 300 inha- 
bitants, 50 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
grist mill, 1 clothier's works and 
several saw mills. The post office 
is called China. 

Arcadia, t. Wayne co. situat- 
ed 5 miles west of the village of 
Lvons, and distant 190 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1S40, 4,980 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
soil, sandy and calcareous loam; 
gypsum is found in this town and 
extensively quarried, thro' which 
also parses Mud creek. The names 
of the post offices are Fairville and 
Newark. 

Arcadia, v. Arcadia, Wayne 
co. is situated on the Erie canal; 
it was incorporated in 1S39, and 
now contains about 500 inhabi- 
tants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 Bap- 
tist church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, be- 
sides several groceries, 1 flouring 
mill and 1 tannery. 

Argyle, t. Washington co. si- 
tuated equi-distant between Salem 
and Sandy Hill, and distant 46 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1S40, 3,111 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is uneven but generally ara- 
ble; soil, gravelly loam and san- 
dy, underlaid by lime and slate. 
In the south part are situated two 
ponds, the largest of which is call- 
ed Long Pond, and through the 
centre of the town Hows the Moses- 
kill. The names of the post offices 
are Argyle, North Argyle, and 
South Argyle. 

Argyle, v. and p. o. Argyle, 
Washington co. is situated on Mo- 
seskill; it was incorporated in 183S, 
and now contains about 500 inha- 
bitants, 80 dwelling houses, a coun- 
ty clerk's office, 1 Scotch Presby- 



ARIETTA— ATHENS 



65 



terian, 1 Cameronian and 1 Metho- 
dist church ; 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 
grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 fulling 
mill and carding machine. 

Arietta, t. Hamilton county, 
is situated 8 miles west of the 
village of Lake Pleasant, and dis- 
tant 72 miles trom Albany; the 
town contained in 1840, 209 inha- 
bitants. This is a large town in 
extent, as yet but partly settled on 
the south, while the north remains 
a wilderness; it contains several 
lakes, and is drained by numerous 
small streams. Piseco is the name 
of a lake and a post office. 

Arkport, v. and p. o. Hor- 
nellsville, Steuben co. is situated 
on the Canisteo river at the head 
of ark navigation; it contains about 
175 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hous- 
es, 1 tavern and 1 store. 

Arkville, p. o. Middletown, 
Delaware co. 

Arkwright, t. Chautauque 
co. situated 16 miles north-east of 
the village of Mayville, and dis- 
tant 346 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 1,418 inhabitants. 
The surface is high and hilly, ly- 
ing on a dividing ridge, sending its 
waters east, west, north and south; 
soil, gravelly loam, suitable for 
grass or grain. Arkwright is the 
name of a post office centrally si- 
tuated in the town. 

Arnold Hill Mine. See 
Clintonville. 

Arsenals and Canton- 
ments, U. States. See Buffalo, 
Fort Hamilton, Governor's Is- 
land, Pluttsburgh, Rome, Oswego, 
Sackett's Harbor, Watervliet or 
West Troy and West Point. 

Arsenals and Magazines, 
State. See Albany, Batavia, Ca- 
nandaigua, Flizabethtown, Port 
Richmond, Staten Is., 3 f alone, 
New- York, Russell and Water- 
town. 

Arthursbuhgh, p. o. La 
Grange, Dutchess co. 

Ashford, t. Cattaraugus co. 
5 



situated 10 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Ellicottville, and distant 
300 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,469 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating ; soil, clay 
loam ; it is drained by Cattaraugus 
creek and its tributaries. 

Ashford, v. and p. o. Ashford, 
Cattaraugus co. contains about 200 
inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 flour- 
ing mill and 1 saw mill. 

Ashville, v. Harmony, Chau- 
tauque co. is situated on Goose 
creek, near Chautauque lake; it 
contains about 200 inhabitants, 35 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
verns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill and 1 tannery. Here is a post 
office called Harmony. 

Astoria, v. and p. o. New- 
town, Queens co. is situated on the 
East river, near Hell Gate, 6 miles 
from the city of New-York; it 
was incorporated in 1839, and now 
contains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Reform- 
ed, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist and 1 
Roman Catholic church, a female 
seminary called the Astoria Fe- 
male Institute, which is in a flou- 
rishing condition; 2 taverns, 2 
stores, 1 large turpentine factory, 
1 carpet factory, 1 extensive hat 
factory, 1 oil factory, and the As- 
toria Botanic Garden, consisting 
of four acres, and a lange of green- 
houses 200 feet in length. Here 
are situated a number of delightful 
country residences, overlooking 
the river, and in full view of New- 
York island, with which it is con- 
nected by a steam ferry; a steam 
boat also runs from this place to 
the city of New- York several times 
daily, and stages run to and from 
the city hourly. 

Athens, borough, Bradford 
co. Penn. is situated at the junc- 
tion of the Chemung river with 
the Susquehannah, formerly called 
Tioga Point. It contains about 
400 inhabitants, 60 dwelling hous- 



66 



ATHENS— ATTICA 



es, 1 Presbyterian church, an in- 
corporated academy in a flourish- 
ing condition, 2 taverns and 11 
stores of different kinds. At this 
point terminates the North Branch 
canal of Pennsylvania, which ren- 
ders it, in connection with a branch 
railroad to be constructed to inter- 
sect the New-York and Erie rail- 
road, a distance of 4 miles, a place 
of considerable importance, and in 
its trade is closely allied with the 
interests of the state of New-York, 
as will be seen by a reference to 
the map. The mail stage from 
Owego to Elmira passes daily thro' 
this place; stages also leave here 
for the interior of the state of Penn- 
sylvania. 

Athens, t. Greene co. situated 
5 miles north of the village of Cats- 
kill, and distant 29 miles from Al- 
bany; contained in 1840, 2,387 in- 
habitants. The surface is hilly on 
the west, but more level as you ap- 
proach the Hudson river; soil, a 
mixture of clay, sand and loam, 
generally fertile when well culti- 
vated. In the interior of the town 
are some high ridges of gray wacke 
slate, from which large quantities 
of flagging stones are obtained and 
carried to market. 

Athens, v. and p. o. Athens, 
Greene co. is situated on the west 
bank of the Hudson river, directly 
opposite the city of Hudson, with 
which it is connected by a steam 
ferry; it was incorporated in 1805, 
and now contains about 1,300 in- 
habitants, 200 dwelling houses, 1 
Episcopal, 1 Dutch Reformed, 1 
Lutheran and 1 Baptist church, and 
a Friends' meeting house, 2 ta- 
verns, 18 stores of different kinds 
and 9 warehouses; 1 extensive stone 
and earthenware, portable furnace 
and fire brick manufactory; 1 glue 
factory, where is manufactured 25 
tons of glue annually; 10 large 
brick yards; 3 dry docks and ship 
yards for building and repairing 
vessels; 5 lime kilns, 4 hay press- 



es and scales and 1 tannery. There 
is owned and sails from this place 
from 20 to 25 sloops, which annu- 
ally carry to the New-York mar- 
ket a large amount of produce and 
manufactured products. 

Atiiol, t. Warren co. situated 
12 miles west of the village of 
Caldwell, and distant 71 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,210 
inhabitants. This is a large town, 
bi.it partially settled on the east on 
the border of the Hudson river, 
while on the west extends a sterile 
tract of country, mostly valuable 
for its timber. It is watered by 
the Hudson and some of its tribu- 
taries, jlthol is the name of a post 
office. 

Atlantic Basin. See City 
of Brooklyn. 

Atlantic Ocean; this im- 
mense body of water extends along 
the coast of Long Island on the 
south, running into Long Island 
Sound, thence into the East river or 
arm of the above ocean, communi- 
cating with its own waters again 
through the "Narrows" and the 
lower bay of New-York, thus form- 
ing Long Island, which may be 
considered a breakwater for the 
noble harbor of New- York. 

Attica, t. Wyoming co. situat- 
ed 8 miles north-west of the village 
of Warsaw, distant 250 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,710 
inhabitants. The surface is roll- 
ing; soil, clay loam, producing 
grain and grass in great quantities. 
It is watered by Tonawanda creek 
and its tributaries. The names of 
the post offices are Attica, Attica 
Centre and Vernal. 

Attica, v. and p. o. Attica, 
Wyoming eo* is situated on the To- 
nawanda creek; it was incorporat- 
ed in 1837, and now contains about 
800 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hous- 
es, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
church, a female seminary, 1 bank, 
2 taverns, 8 stores and groceries, 2 
grist mills, 1 tannery and 1 clo- 



ATTLEBBURY— AUBURN. 



67 



thier's works. It is contemplated 
to extend the railroad from Bata- 
via to this place, thence to Buffalo. 

Attlebuey, p. o. Stanford, 
Dutchess co. 

Attwater's Falls. See 
Norfolk village. 

Aubukx, t. Cayuga co. con- 
tains the county buildings, situated 
in the village of the same name, 
distant 172 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1S40, 5,626 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is somewhat 
uneven; soil, clay loam and very 
fertile, underlaid with limestone, 
much of which is quarried and af- 
fords a valuable building material. 
The whole town is included in the 
chartered limits of the village, 
through which flows the outlet of 
Owasco lake, affording a great 
amount of hydraulic power. 

Auburn, v. and p. o. Auburn, 
Cayuga co. is situated on the out- 
let of Owasco lake, 172 miles west 
of the city of Albany, and S miles 
south of the line of the Erie canal. 
It was incorporated in 1815, and 
contained in 1840, 5626 inhabitants, 
800 dwelling houses, a court house, 
jail, and county clerk's office. — 
The Auburn State Prison, located 
on the north side of the Owasco 
outlet, is a splendid edifice of the 
kind; it was founded in 1816, and 
cost over half a million of dollars; 
here is inclo-ed 10 acres of land, 
surrounded by a solid stone wall, 
from 16 to 40 feet in height and 3 
feet thick. The main building, 
facing the east, is 3 stories in 
height, besides the basement, sur- 
mounted by a turrelted cupola, in 
which is an alarm bell; the wings 
are two stories, the whole front be- 
ing 276 feet long, and the wings 
242 deep by 45 feet wide, enclosing 
on three sides a court in the rear, 
of about 190 feet square. The 
cells in the interior are built with- 
in the exterior front and are 5 sto- 
ries in height, surrounded by gal- 
leries ; in all they amount to 770 



separate cells, each cell being 7 
feet long by 3j feet wide, and 1\ 
feet high, calculated to accommo- 
date one prisoner during his relax- 
ation from labor. In addition to 
the cells, the main building con- 
tains a chapel, a hospital, dining- 
room for the prisoners, cooking 
apartments, and store rooms; be- 
sides apartments which are in the 
main front building, used for offi- 
ces for the clerk and agent, and 
the residence of the principal 
keeper. Here are now confined 
about 700 convicts, mostly engag- 
ed in different kinds of mechanical 
pursuits, which is carried on in 
workshops and under large sheds 
within the outside prison walls. 
Of these convicts, 570 are natives 
of the U. States, and 130 foreigners. 
The Auburn Theological Se- 
minary, is a large stone edifice, 
4 stories in height, above the 
basement, and will be 200 feet 
front, when fully completed as de- 
signed; there is now, 1841, a front 
of 160 feet finished and occupied, 
under the charge of four professors; 
here arc now about 80 students. 
It was chartered in 1820, and first 
went into operation in 1821. In 
addition to the above, the Auburn 
Academy and the Auburn Female 
Seminary are incorporated institu- 
tions; here also is a town hall, and 
market, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
pal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 1 Ro- 
man Catholic, and 1 Universalist 
church; a museum, 2 banking 
houses, 7 hotels and taverns, 80 
stores and groceries, 1 large cot- 
ton factory 4 flouring mills, 3 saw 
mills, 1 French burr mill stone 
factory, 1 card factory, 1 tobacco 
factory, 1 sash factory, 1 planing 
machine, 1 distillery, 1 brewery, 
1 plaster mill, 3 iron foundries, 1 
machine shop, 2 large tanneries, 1 
morocco factory, 3 carriage manu- 
factories, 2 extensive cabinet ware 
factories, and 4 printing offices, 
besides most every other kind of 



68 



AUBURN— AUGUST A. 



mechanical pursuit, many of which 
employ water power. The outlet 
of Owasco lake is a large and du- 
rable stream; within the limits of 
the village, there is a fall of about 
100 feet, affording hydraulic power 
of great magnitude, much of which 
is as yet unoccupied. The Jin- 
burn and Syracuse railroad, ter- 
minates at this place, and extends 
to the village of Syracuse, a dis- 
tance of 26 miles; the s/uburn 
and Rochester railroad commen- 
ces at the termination of the above 
road and nans to the city of Roch- 
ester, in rather a circuitous line, a 
distance of 79 miles. Stages also 
leave Auburn for the villages of 
Ithaca and Cortland on the south 
and Oswego on the north, all of 
which connect with other lines of 
travel, running to different places. 
Auburn justly stands pre-eminent, 
as one of the finest inland villages 
in the state ; its public and private 
buildings are generally constructed 
in the most finished style of archi- 
tecture, combining elegance and 
durability, and is altogether a very 
desirable place of residence. 

Auburn and Rochester 
Railroad, extends from the vil- 
lage of Auburn, west, to the city 
of Rochester ; passing through the 
towns of Aurelius, Seneca Falte, 
Waterloo, Seneca, Phelps, Man- 
chester, Hopewell, Canandaigua, 
Farmington, Victor, Pittsfbrd, and 
Brighton, thence crosses the Gene- 
see river, and enters Rochester. 
It also crosses the foot of Cayuga 
lake, by a new and substantial 
bridge, upwards of one mile in 
length. This road was incorpo- 
rated in 1836, with a capital of 
$2,000,000, and completed in 
1841, at a cost of about $-1,250,000. 
The following are the distances 
from Auburn : 

Miles. 

Cayuga Bridge, 10 

Seneca Falls, 5 15 

Waterloo, 4 19 



Geneva, 8 27 

Oak's Corners, 5 32 

East Vienna, 3 35 

West Vienna, 1 36 

Clifton Springs, 3 39 

Shores Mills, 5 44 

Chapinsville, 3 47 

Canandaigua, 3 50 

Victor, 9 59 

Pittsford, 12 71 

Brighton, 4 75 

Rochester, 4 79 

Auburn and Syracuse 
Railroad, extends from the vil- 
lage of Syracuse, west, to the vil- 
lage of Auburn ; passing through 
the towns of Salina, Camillus, El- 
bridge and Sennet, thence into Au- 
burn. This road was incorporated 
in 1834, with a capital of #400,- 
000, about which sum it cost to con- 
struct it. A branch railroad ex- 
tends from this road, a distance of 
5 miles south to the village of Ska- 
neateles. The following are the 
distances from Syracuse : 

Miles. 

Camillus, 8 

Nine Mile Creek, 3 11 

Elbridge, 5 16 

Skaneateles Junction,. . . 1 17 

Sennet, 4 21 

Auburn, 5 26 

Augusta, t. Oneida co. situat- 
ed 18 miles south-west of the city 
of Utica, and distant 110 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2175 inhabitants. The surface is 
rolling; soil, medium quality; it 
is drained by Oneida creek and its 
tributaries on the west, and the 
Oriskany creek flows through the 
south-east angle, where is a fall of 
about 30 feet, affording a fine wa- 
ter power; the Chenango canal al- 
so runs parallel to the creek, thro' 
the village of Oriskany Falls. — 
The names of the post offices are 
Augusta and Oriskany Falls, both 
of which are villages. 

Augusta, v. and p. o. Oneida 
co. is situated on Skanandoa 
creek; it contains about 350 inha- 



AURELIUS— AU SABLE RIVER 



69 



bitants, 50 dwelling- houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
dist church, an academy, 1 tavern, 
2 stores and 1 grist mill. 

Aurelius, t. Cayuga co. situ- 
ated 5 miles west of the village of 
Auburn, and distant 178 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,645 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating; soil, clay loam of a good 
quality; the Owasco outlet flows 
through the north-west angle of 
the town, and several streams run 
west into Cayuga lake and its out- 
let, which bounds it on the west. 
The names of the post offices are 
jfurelius, Cayuga, and Fostervilh; 
also a village called Clarksville. 
At the former there is a small set- 
tlement. 

Auriesville, p. o. Glen, 
Montgomery co. 

Aurora, t. Erie co. situated 
15 miles south-east of the city of 
Buffalo, and distant 276 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840 > 2,908 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating ; soil, clay and gravelly 
loam ; it is drained by Seneca and 
Cazenove creeks. Griffin's Mills 
and Willink are names of post 
offices. 

Aurora, v. and p. o. Ledyard, 
Cayuga co. is delightfully situated 
on the east bank of Cayuga lake; it 
was incorporated in 1837, and now 
contains about 500 inhabitants, SO 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Episcopal, and 1 Methodist church, 
the Cayuga Academy, a chartered 
flourishing institution, 2 public 
houses, 4 stores and 2 large ware- 
houses, for the transhipment of 
grain and other produce ; a boat 
yard where are built lake craft and 
canal boats; 1 carriage manufacto- 
ry, 1 tannery and an extensive 
nursery, abounding in fruit and 
shade trees. No place probably 
in western New-York, exceeds this 
village in beauty of location; the 
ground rises gradually from the 
water, and is seen to great advan- 



tage from the lake. Steamboats 
stop several times daily, at the 
landing at this place, on their 
route between Ithaca and Cayuga 
Bridge. 

Aurouaville, y. Aurora, 
Erie co. is situated on a branch of 
the Seneca or Buffalo creek ; it 
was incorporated in 1836, and now 
contains about 800 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses, 2 churches, an 
incorporated academy, in a flou- 
rishing condition, 4 taverns, 6 
stores, 2 grist mills, 3 saw mills, 2 
clothier's works, 2 asheries, 1 tan- 
nery, 1 furnace and 1 pottery. 

Au Sable, t. Clinton co. situ- 
ated 15 miles south of the village 
of Plattsburgh, and distant 140 
miles from Albanv ; contained in 
1840, 3,222 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating on the east, and 
hilly on the west ; the soil is sandy 
and clay loam ; it is drained by 
the Great and Little Au Sable ri- 
vers, the former of which streams 
bound it on the south. The names 
of the post offices are Clintonville 
and New-Sweden. 

Au Sable, p. o. Jay, Essex 
county. 

Au Sable Forks, v. and p. 
o. Jay, Essex co. is situated at the 
junction of the east and west 
branch of the Au Sable River; it 
contains about 500 inhabitants, 70 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
verns, 5 stores, 1 extensive forge, 
1 rolling mill, 1 nail factory, 2 saw 
mills and an establishment for the 
manufacture of nail kegs. In this 
vicinity are extensive and valuable 
iron ore beds , from which iron is 
manufactured to a great extent in 
the valley of the Au Sable. 

Au Sable River, sometimes 
called the Great Au Sable, rises in 
Essex county, uear the head wa- 
ters of the Hudson, and empties 
into Lake Champlain in the south 
part of Clinton county; it has two 
main branches, which unite at the 
village of Au Sable Forks; the 



70 



AU SABLE RIVER— AVON. 



united stream then passes through 
the manufacturing villages of Clin- 
tonville, Keesville and Birming- 
ham, affording hydraulic power to 
an immense extent. At Birming- 
ham, two miles below Keeseville, 
are a succession of picturesque 
falls, in all of about 150 feet de- 
scent; immediately below the low- 
er falls the river enters a deep ra- 
vine of singular and romantic beau- 
ty; through the chasm thus formed 
by the wearing of the waters, or 
some convulsion of nature, the 
rocks rise from 75 to 150 feet, al- 
most perpendicular, for a distance 
of about 2 miles, averaging about 
50 feet in width, altogether form- 
ing a great natural curiosity. In 
addition to the above, there are 
other ravines in this vicinity of 
singular formation. 

Au Sable River, Little, 
rises in Clinton county, and flows 
into Lake Champlain a few miles 
north of the Great Au Sable. 

Austerlitz, t. Columbia co. 
situated 14 miles north-east of the 
city of Hudson, and distant 30 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,091 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and broken, and in 
some places mountainous ; soil, 
gravelly and clay loam ; it. is wa- 
tered by several small streams. 
The names of the post offices are 
Austerlitz, and Spencertown. At 
the former are located 1 church, 2 
taverns, 2 stores, and about 20 
dwellings. 

Ava, p. o. Boonville, Oneida 
county. 

Avalanche Lake, is a small 
bodv of water, lying in the town 
of Newcomb Essex co. situated 
between Mts. Mclntyre and Mc- 
Martin. This is by far the highest 
body of water in the state, that de- 
serves the name of a lake ; being 
elevated 2,900 feet above the tide 
waters of the Hudson, and is one 
of its tributaries. It takes its name 
from an avalanche that must havo 



occurred many years since, on the 
west side of Mt. McMartin. 

Avoca, v. and p. o. Bath, Steu- 
ben co. is situated on the Conhoc- 
ton river ; it contains about 200 
inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian church, 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 flouring mill % 2 sawmills 

Avon, t. Livingston co. situat- 
ed 8 miles north of the village of 
Geneseo, and distant 220 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,999 inhabitants. The surface on 
the west is hilly, rising from the 
Genesee valley, but on the east 
more level ; soil, sandy, clay and 
loam of a rich quality ; the allu- 
vial fiats on the borders of the 
streams are very fertile, producing 
grass and grain in great abun- 
dance. In this town there are se- 
veral mineral springs, which de- 
serve a particular description ; it 
is watered by the Genesee river, 
the outlet of Conesus lake and 
other small streams. The names 
of the post offices are Avon, East 
Avon and South Avon. 

Avon, v. and p. o. Livingston 
co. is delightfully situated about 
half a mile east of the light bank 
of the Genesee river, on an elevat- 
ed terrace about one hundred feet 
above the river, commanding an 
extensive prospect of the Genesee 
valley and surrounding country. 
Connected with the village, on the 
south-west, are the justly famed 
medicinal springs, giving celebrity 
to this place, which contains about 
COO inhabitants, 90 dwelling hous- 
es, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 
Methodist church, an incorporated 
anil flourishing academy, 3 hotels 
and taverns, 3 public boarding 
houses and 3 bathing houses situat- 
ed near the springs for the accom- 
modation of visitors, 4 stores and 
a number of mechanic shops. The 
mineral springs are distinguished 
as the Upper and Lower Springs, 
distant from each other sixty or 
eighty rods, possessing similar pro- 



AVON— BAKER'S BRIDGE. 



71 



perties, differing only in the rela- 
tive quantities of the same mineral 
affinities. Analysis and experi- 
ence have fully tested the sanative 
properties of these watei s; they are 
found peculiarly efficacious in dis- 
orders of the digestive organs, 
rheumatic complaints and "'out, and 
in many of the most formidable cu- 
taneous affections. The accommo- 
dations for bathing - are extensive 
and handsomely arranged, afford- 
ing- altogether, for the invalid and 
seekers of pleasure, unrivalled at- 
tractions. 

The water, on analysis, is found 
to contain the following- properties: 
Upper Spring, 

As analyzed by Professor James 
Hadley, of Fairfield. One gallon 
contains, 

Carbonate of lime, S grs. 

Sulphate of lime, 84 " 

Sulphate of magnesia, 10 " 

Sulphate of soda, 16 " 

Muriate of soda, 18-4 " 

Am't of saline ingredients, •• 136-4 grs. 

Per volume, sulphuretted hy- 
drogen gas, 12 cub.in. 

Carbonic acid do. 5-6 " 

Lower Spring, 
As analyzed by Samuel Salisbu- 
ry, Jr., M. D., of Avon. One gal- 
lon contains, 

Carbonate of lime, 29-33 grs. 

Chloride of calcium, S-41 " 

Sulphate of lime, 57-44 " 

Sulphate of magnesia, 49-61 " 

Sulphate of soda, 13-73 " 

Am't of saline ingredients, •• • 158-52 
Carbonic acid, 3-92 cubic inches. 

Per volume, sulphuretted hy- 
drogen gas, 10- 02 cub. in. 

Nitrogen do., 5-42 " 

Oxygen do., 56 " 

The temperature of these waters 
is 45 degrees, Fahrenheit; specific 
gravity, 10.018; quantity of water 
discharged, 54 gallons per minute. 
There are within a circumference 
of one. square mile, ten olher 
springs, sime of which are more 
highly charged with sulphuretted 
hydrogen gas than the two above 
analyzed. 



Axeville, p. o. Connewango, 
Cattaraugus co. 

Babylon, v. and p. o. Hun- 
tington, Suffolk co. is situated be- 
tween Sampawan's and Babylon 
creeks, near Great South Bay; it 
contains about 250 inhabitants, 40 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
church, 3 taverns, 4 stores and 4 
mills. This is a very desirable 
place of resort during the summer 
months, for those fond of fishing 
and fowling. 

Baileytown, v. Romulus, 
Seneca co. situated on east side of 
Seneca lake, is a small settlement, 
containing 2 taverns, 1 store, 1 
warehouse and 12 or 15 dwellings. 
A steam ferry boat plies across the 
lake from this place to Dresden. 

Bainbridge, t. Chenango co. 
situated 16 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Norwich, and distant 110 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 3,324 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly, soil of good quality 
lor grass or grain ; it is watered by 
the Susquehannah river and some 
of its tributaries. The names of 
the post offices are Bainbridge, 
Bainbridge Centre, North Bain- 
bridge and South Bainbridge. 

Bainbridge, v. and p. o. Bain- 
bridge, Chenango co. is situated 
on the west side of the Susquehan- 
nah river; it was incorporated in 
1829, and now contains about 500 
inhabitants, 90 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
Methodist church, 2 taverns, 4 
stores, 2 grist mills, 1 saw mill and 

2 tanneries. 

Bainbridge Centre, p. o. 
Bainbridge, Chenango co. 

Baiting Hollow, p. o. Ri- 
verhead, Suffolk co. 

Baker's Bridge, v. Alfred, 
Allegany co. is situated on the Ca- 
nisteo river, on the line of the New- 
York and Erie railroad; it containg 
about 200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling 
houses, 1 Baptist church, 2 taverns, 

3 stores, 2 grist mills and 1 sawmill. 



72 



BALD MOUNTAIN— BALLSTON SPA. 



Bald Mountain, is a high 
range of hills in Petersburgh, 
Rensselaer co. extending into the 
towns of Hoosick on the north and 
Berlin on the south. 

Baldwin, p. o. Elmira, Che- 
mung CO. 

Baldwin's Creek, rises in 
the town of Erin, Chemung co. and 
flows south into the Chemung ri- 
ver. 

Baldwinsville, v. and p. o. 
Lysander, Onondaga co. is situated 
on the north side of Seneca river; 
it contains about 1,000 inhabitants, 
150 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 3 
taverns, 8 stores, 1 large woollen 
factory; 3 flouring mills, one of 
which is very extensive; 3 saw 
mills, 1 iron foundery, 2 machine 
shops, 1 sash factory, 1 veneering 
machine, 3 turning establishments, 
besides vaiious other kinds of me- 
chanics' shops, many using water 
power, which is here afforded in 
great abundance. Canal naviga- 
tion is extended to this place by 
means of a towing path on the bank 
of the river, running into the Oswe- 
go canal. Here are located the 
Baldwinsville Seminary, a flourish- 
ing school for males and females, 
and the Onondaga Mutual Insu- 
rance Company. 

Ballston, t. Saratoga co. si- 
tuated 4 miles south of the village 
ot Ballston Spa, and distant 26 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,044 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, chiefly 
strong gravelly loam; it is watered 
by several small streams ; on its 
east boundary, lies Ballston or 
Long lake, a body of water about 
4 miles long, on the west of which 
runs the Schenectady and Saratoga 
railroad. Ballston Centre, Burnt 
Hills and East Line are names of 
post offices. 

Ballston Centre, p. o. 
Ballston, Saratoga co.; here is situ- 
ated an agricultural settlement, con 
sisting of 1 Presbyterian church, 1 



tavern, 1 store and 10 or 12 dwell- 
ings. 

Ballston, or Long Lake, 
situated in the town of Ballston, Sa- 
ratoga co. is about 4 miles long 
and half a mile wide; it abounds 
in pickerel, perch and other fish. 

Ballston Spa, v. and p. o. 
Milton, Saratoga co. is situated in 
a valley near the Kayaderosseras 
creek, 30 miles north of the city of 
Albany, by railroad; it was incor- 
porated in 1807, and now contains 
about 1,500 inhabitants, 200 dwell- 
ing houses, a court house and jail 
constructed of brick, and a county 
clerk's office; 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
dist church, 1 banking house, se- 
veral select schools, 6 hotels and ta- 
verns, and several private boarding 
houses, which accommodate visi- 
tors during the summer months ; 20 
stores of different kinds; 1 printing 
office, besides a number of mecha- 
nic shops; 2 flouring mills, 1 saw 
mill, 1 iron foundery, 1 machine 
shop, 1 distillery and 2 tanneries. 
The Sans Souci Hotel, erected by 
the late Nicholas Low, Esq., in 
1803, is an old and popular board- 
ing house, delightfully situated 
near the centre of the village; it 
is thronged during the warm wea- 
ther with visitors from every sec- 
tion of the Union and Europe. 
This place has long been justly ce- 
lebrated for the mineral springs, 
which here flow to the surface, 
through several channels. The 
oldest and still the most esteemed 
fountain is known as the "Public 
Well," on the flat west of the Sans 
Souci. It is said to have been first 
discovered by the whites, in 1769, 
during the survey and partition of 
the Kayaderosseras patent; it is- 
sues from a bed of stiff blue clay 
and gravel, nearly on a level with 
the brook which runs through the 
village. Besides the above spring, 
there is the new Washington 
Spring, and some five or six other 



BALLSTON SPA— BARCELONA. 



73 



mineral fountains, possessing pro- 
perties of a similar character. — 
During the summer of 1S17, a new 
spring was discovered in the chan- 
nel of the brook, below the Public 
Well, which for a time bid fair to 
eclipse all the other springs in this 
vicinity; it issued from a circular 
opening of several feet in diame- 
ter, affording an immense quantity 
of water and carbonic acid gas, 
attended with all the characteristics 
of strong mineral impregnation. 
This singular fountain continued 
about two years, the wonder and 
admiration of all who saw and 
drank of its waters; at length, how- 
ever, the abundant carbonic acid 
seemed to be exhausted, and its 
other mineral qualities diminished, 
or to have taken some other course, 
and all attempts to reclaim it have 
proved fruitless, although there is 
still an abundant supply of water. 
This was called the Washington 
Spri7ig. After the losing of the 
above valuable spring, attempts 
were made by boring to obtain a 
further supply of mineral waters in 
this place, which has been attend- 
ed with partial success ; of which 
the New Washington Spring and 
the Park Spring are the most 
noted. All these waters evidently 
belong to the same class with those 
of Saratoga Springs; and if they 
do not contain quite so large a pro- 
portion of the saline properties as 
some of the fountains at the latter 
place, which is very manifest both 
from the taste and the effects, they 
are unquestionably entitled to rank 
among the best acidulous chaly- 
beate waters, which this or any 
other country affords. 

The following is the late Dr 
Steel's analysis of the New Wash- 
ington Spring. One gallon con- 
tains the following articles, viz. 

Chloride of sodium, 89.83 

Bi-carbonate of soda, 18.057 

Bi-carbonate of magnesia, 42.042 
Carbonate of lime, 41 .51 



Hydriodate of soda, 0.7 

Carbonate of iron, 3.71 

Silex and alumine, 1.25 

Solid contents in gall. grs. 197.099 

The gas which it emits in great 
abundance is purely carbonic acid, 
probably combined with a small 
quantity of atmospheric air. 

The Rensselaer and Saratoga 
Railroad, which extends from the 
city of Troy, terminates at Ballston 
Spa; and the Schenectady and Sa- 
ratoga Railroad passes through 
the village, uniting with the above 
road, and continues its route to Sa- 
ratoga Springs, a further distance 
of 7 miles. Two depots are locat- 
ed here, to accommodate travellers 
and for merchandise. 

Bangall, v. Stanford, Dutch- 
ess co. situated on the east side of 
Wappinger's creek; contains 1 
Baptist church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 15 
dwelling houses. 

Bangor, t. Franklin co. situat- 
ed 6 miles west of the village of 
Malone, and distant 220 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,289 
inhabitants. The surface is level; 
soil, sandy loam, producing good 
crops of grass and grain ; it is un- 
derlaid with rock and limestone, 
both affording excellent material 
for building, and is watered by Lit- 
tle Salmon river and some of the 
tributaries of Salmon river, which 
flow through Malone on the east. 
The name of the post office is Ban- 
gor, where is a small agricultural 
settlement, surrounded by a rich 
farming country. 

Barboursville, p. o. Tomp- 
kins, Delaware co. 

Barcelona, v. and p. o. West- 
field, Chautauque co. situated on 
Lake Erie, is the westernmost vil- 
lage in the state, 51 miles south- 
west of the city of Buffalo. It con- 
tains about 300 inhabitants, 50 
dwelling houses, 2 taverns and 10 
stores and storehouses. This is a 



74 



BARE MOUNTAIN— BARTON. 



port of entry, and is much resorted 
to by steamboats and large vessels 
navigating the lake; it is suscepti- 
ble of being made a good and se- 
cure harbor; a large amount of 
agricultural products is exported 
from this place. Here is situated 
a lighthouse, which is lighted by 
inflammable gas; it escapes from 
the bed of a creek about a mile dis- 
tant, and is carried in pipes to the 
lighthouse. 

Bare Mountain, is one of 
the western peaks of the " High- 
lands," lying in the towns of Corn- 
wall and Monroe, Orange co. 

Barker, t. Broome co. situated 
12 miles north of the village of 
Binghamton, and distant 135 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,259 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating and billy ; soil, well 
adapted to grazing; it is watered 
by the Tioughnioga and some of 
its tributaries. The names of post 
offices in the town are Chenango 
Forks and Hyde Settlement. 

Barnegat, v. Poughkeepsie, 
Dutchess co. is situated on the east 
side of the Hudson river, 4 miles 
south of the village of Poughkeep- 
sie; it contains about 180 inhabi- 
tants, 1 tavern, 1 store and 25 or 
30 dwellings. Here are several ex- 
tensive lime kilns, producing a 
large amount of lime, which is 
sent to market by sloops engaged 
in that trade. 

Barrhart's Island, lies in 
the St. Lawrence river, and is at- 
tached to the town of Massena, St. 
Lawrence co.; being the most 
northern island in the above river 
belonging to the U. States. 

Barn Island, Great, lies in 
the East river, on the north side of 
"Hell Gate," in the county of 
New-York, 7 miles from the City 
Hall. It is about 2 miles in cir- 
cumference. 

Barn Island, Little, lies 
immediately north-east of the a- 
bove, separated by a narrow chan- 



nel called "Little Hell Gate," and 
at the junction of Harlem and East 
rivers. 

Barre, t. Orleans co. contains 
the county buildings, situated in 
the village of Albion, and is distant 
257 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 5,539 inhabitants. Sur- 
face undulating; soil loam, well 
adapted to grass and grain. Thro' 
this town passes the Erie canal; 
it is also watered by several small 
streams. The names of the post 
offices are Barre, Barre Centre, 
Albion, Farmington and South 
Barre. 

Barre Centre, p. o. Barre, 
Orleans co.; here are situated 1 
church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 steam 
flouring mill and about 20 dwell- 
ings. 

Barren Island, attached to 
Flatlands, Kings co. lies at the 
mouth of Jamaica Bay, between 
Plumb Inlet and Rockaway Inlet. 

Barring ton, t. Yates co. si- 
tuated 8 miles south of Penn-Yan, 
and distant 193 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 1,868 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is undulating; 
soil mostly gravelly loam of good 
quality, well adapted to grass and 
grain. It lies on the east of Crook- 
ed Lake, and is drained by several 
small streams. Harrington and 
East Barrington are names of post 
offices. 

Barrytown, p. o, Redhook, 
Dutchess co , commonly called 
Redhook Lower Landing, is situat- 
ed on the east side of the Hudson 
river, 94 miles north of the city of 
New-York; here is located a con- 
venient landing, 1 tavern, 2 stores 
and several dwellings. In this vi- 
cinity are a number of splendid 
country residences, overlooking the 
river and surrounding country. 

Barry vi lle, p. o. Forrest- 
burs:!), Sullivan co. 

Barton, t. Tioga co. situated 
15 miles west of the village of 
Owego, and distant 181 miles from 



BATAVIA— BATH HOUSE. 



75 



Albany; contained in 1840, 2,324 
inhabitants. The surface hilly; the 
uplands are rather sterile, while the 
valleys are very fertile. It lies in 
part between the Susquehannahand 
Chemung- rivers, which form a 
junction a few miles below, at Ti- 
oga Point, in Penn.; the Cayuta 
creek also runs along- near its west 
boundary. Barton, Factoryville 
and North Barton are the names of 
post offices. At the former there 
are situated 1 Methodist church, 2 
taverns, 3 stores and 15 or 20 
dwellings. 

Batavia, t Genesee co. con- 
tains the county buildings, situated 
in the village of the fame name, 
and is distant 244 miles from Al- 
bany; it contained in 1840, 4,219 
inhabitants. The surface is level; 
soil sandy and calcareous loam of 
a good quality. The Tonawanda 
creek flows through the town in its 
circuitous route towards the west. 

Batavia, v. and p.o. Batavia, 
Genesee co. is pleasantly situated 
on a plain, through which flows the 
Tonawanda creek, 283 miles west 
of the city of Albany, by railroad. 
Jt was incorporated in 1823, and 
now contains about 2,000 inhabi- 
tants, 300 dwelling houses, a court 
house, jail and county clerk's of- 
fice, a state arsenal, the general 
land office of the Holland Land 
Company; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Epis- 
copal, 2" Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church; a female seminary, in a 
flourishing condition; 2 banking 
houses; 7 hotels and taverns; 30 
stores, shops and groceries; 1 flour- 
ing mill, 2 furnaces, 1 tannery and 
3 printing offices ; besides seve- 
ral other kind of mechanics' shops. 
The Tonawanda Railroad, which 
now extends a distance of 32 miles 
from Rochester, terminates at this 
place; a continuous railroad will 
no doubt soon be constructed from 
this point to Buffalo, a distance 
in a straight line of 35 mile-. 
There now being a continuous rail- 



road from Albany to Batavia, the 
public convenience requires an 
early completion of this road, 
which is the last link to complete 
a chain of railroads from the city 
of Boston to Buffalo. Stages run 
from Batavia to Buffalo, west; 
Lockport and Albion, north ; and 
Warsaw, on the south. 

Bath, t. Steuben co. contains 
the county buildings, situated in the 
village of the same name ; it con- 
tained in 1S40, 4,915 inhabitants. 
The surface although hilly and bro- 
ken, embraces much good arable 
land, especially in the valleys ; the 
soil is mostly clay loam ; it is well 
watered by the Conhocton river 
and some of its tributaries. The 
names of the post offices are Avo- 
ca, Bath, Campbell's Creek, Ken- 
nedyville, Mud Creek, and Pine- 
ville. 

Bath, v. and p. o. Bath, Steu- 
ben co. is handsomely situated on 
the north-east side of the Conhoc- 
ton river, 216 miles west of the 
city of Albany. It was incorpo- 
rated in 1S36, and now contains 
about 1400 inhabitants, 200 dwel- 
ling houses, a court house, jail, 
and county clerk's office, 2 Pres- 
byterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Metho- 
dist, and 1 African church, a fe- 
male seminary, 1 banking house, 
4 hotels and taverns, 16 stores of 
different kinds, 2 printing offices, 
1 flouring mill, 1 clothier's works, 
1 tannery, 1 plaster mill, 1 oil mill, 
and 1 furnace. 

Bath, v. Grcenbush, Rensse- 
laer co. is situated on the east side 
of the Hudson river, opposite the 
north part of the city of Albany, 
with which it is connected by" a 
ferry ; it contains about 125 inha- 
bitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 ta- 
vern, 1 store and 1 tannery. Near 
this place is located a sulphur 
spring of some celebrity. 

Bath House, New-Utrecht, 
Kings co. is situated on the west 
end of Long Island, facing; the 



76 



BATTEN KILL— BEDFORD. 



lower bay of New-York, distant 
10 miles south of the city. This 
is a convenient and fashionable 
place of resort during the summer 
months, for those wishing to enjoy 
the luxuries of bathing, and the 
pure sea breeze ; which can here 
be enjoyed in great perfection. 
Here is a well kept house, called 
the " Bath House," besides seve- 
ral others of less note in the vi- 
cinity. Stages during warm wea- 
ther, run several times daily be- 
tween this place and Brooklyn. 

Batten Kill, a good mill 
stream, that rises in Vermont and 
flows westerly through Washing- 
ton county, into the Hudson river, 
1 j miles below Fort Miller bridge. 

Battenville, v. and p. o. 
Greenwich, Washington co. is situ- 
ated on Batten kill ; it contains 
about 350 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
houses, 1 Dutch Reformed church; 
1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 cotton factory, 
1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and a car- 
riage manufactory. 

Beacon Hill, commonly cal- 
led the Old Beacon, one of the 
highest of the Highlands of the 
Hudson, is situated near the sou- 
thern boundary of the town of 
Fishkill ; it rises close on the bor- 
ders of the Hudson, above which 
its summit is elevated 1,471 feet. 

Beacon, New, or Grand Sa- 
cltem, an adjoining hill, half a mile 
south, the highest point of the 
Highlands or Matteawan moun- 
tains, is elevated 1,685 ft. above the 
tide waters of the Hudson. From 
the summit of this mountain, the 
river may be seen from West Point 
to Tappan bay on the south, and 
on the north for an extent of 50 
miles; the surrounding country, 
lying as a map before the observer, 
affording a grand panoramic view, 
embracing a rich and highly culti- 
vated region, chequered with vil- 
lages and every thing that gives in- 
terest to a landscape so extensive 
and diversified. 



Bear Creek, the outlet of 
Bear Lake, rises in Stockton, 
Chautauque co. and flows south in- 
to Cassadaga creek. 

Bearen Island, lying in the 
Hudson river opposite the town of 
Coeymans in Albany county ; lay 
on the south bounds of the old co- 
lony of Rensselaerwyck, and was 
fortified and garrisoned by one of 
the early Patroons, in 1644. All 
foreign traders were here obliged 
to come to, and learn the terms on 
which the port of the colony might 
be entered. 

Bear Lake, is a small body 
of water in Chautauque county, 
lying partly in the town of Pom- 
fret, and partly in Stockton. 

Beaverkill, p. o. Rockland, 
Sullivan county. 

Beaverkill, a mill stream 
that rises in Ulster county, and 
flows through Sullivan into Dela- 
ware co. where it empties into the 
Papacton branch of the Delaware. 

Beaver Lake, is a small 
body of water lying in Hamilton 
county, emptying into Moose river. 

Beaver River, rises in Ha- 
milton co. runs west into Lewis co. 
where it empties into Black river. 

Bedford, t. Westchester co. 
is a half shire town with White 
Plains, which is situated 15 miles 
south ; the county buildings are in 
the village of the same name. The 
surface is hilly and broken, yet 
with little waste land; soil, light 
loam, stony, yet productive when 
well cultivated, producing good 
crops of grain and grass. It is 
drained by Croton river on the 
south-west, and several other small 
streams. Bedford, Cantato and 
Whitlocksville, are post offices. 

Bedford, v. and p.o. Bedford, 
Westchester co. is a half shire vil- 
lage, 130 miles south of the city 
of Albany. It contains a court 
house, 2 churches, a female semi- 
nary; 2 taverns, 3 stores, 40 dwel- 
lings, and about 250 inhabitants. 



BEDLOW'S ISLAND— BELLVALE. 



77 



Bedlow's Island, in the bay i 
of New-York, is fortified and be- I 
longs to the United States govern- 
ment; it is situated near Ellis' Is- j 
land, 2,946 yards south-west from ! 
the Battery. Here is located Fort 
Wood, a strong fortification, which 
with the works on Governor's Is- J 
land, form the inner defence to the i 
harbor of New-York. J 

Beekmax, t. Dutchess co. ' 
situated 14 miles south-east of the ' 
village of Poughkeepsie, and dis- | 
tant 87 miles from Albany; con-' 
tained in 1840, 1,400 inhabitants. | 
The surface is mostly hilly; soii, 
generally rich gravelly loam ; it is I 
drained by the Fishkill and several 
other small streams. Beekman \ 
and Poughquag are names of post 
offices. 

Beekmantown, t. Clinton co. 
situated 8 miles north of the village 
of Plattsburgh, distant 170 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,769 inhabitants. This town ex- 
tends across the county, a distance 
of 37 miles; on the east it is level 
or undulating, and on the west 
hilly and mountainous ; the soil is 
diversified; Chazy and Chateaugay 
lakes both lie on the west, while 
several small streams flow through 
the eastern part. Beekmantown 
and Farrel Place, are names of 
post offices. 

Beekmantowx, v. Mount 
Pleasant, Westchester co. is situ- 
ated on the east bank of the Hud- 
son river, adjoining the village of 
Tarrytown; it contains about 450 
inhabitants, 60 dwelling houses; 
the Irving Institute, a school of 
much celebrity ; 1 church, 1 ta- 
vern and 3 stores. Half a mile 
north of this place is situated an 
old and venerable Dutch Reforned 
church, erected about the middle 
of the 17th century. 

Beekmaiyvtlle, v. Beekman, 
Dutchess co. situated on the Fish- 
kill ; contains the Beekman post 
office, 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 



1 grist mill, 1 plaster mill, 20 dwel- 
lings and about 125 inhabitants. 

Beerkill, rises in Sullivan 
county and flows east into Ulster 
county, where it empties into the 
Rondout creek. 

Belfast, t. Allegany co. situ- 
ated 6 miles west of the village of 
Angelica, and distant 262 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,646 inhabitants. The surface is 
rolling; soil, sandy loam; it is 
watered by the Genesee river and 
some of its tributaries. The Ge- 
nesee Valley Canal here leaves the 
river and passes in a south-west di- 
rection up the valley of the Black 
Creek. Belfast, Rockville and 
Summer Valley, are post offices. 

Belfort, p. o. Croghan, Lewis 
county. 

Belgium, v. Clay, Onondaga 
county, is situated on Seneca river; 
i t contains about 350 inhabitants, 
50 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 
taverns, 5 stores, and the Clay post 
office. 

Belle Isle, p. o. Camillus, 
Onondaga co. is situated on the 
Erie Canal; here are located 2 ta- 
verns, 1 store, and about 20 dwel- 
lings. 

Belleville, v. and p. o. El- 
lisburgh, Jefferson co. is situated 
on Sandy Creek ; it contains about 
300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hou- 
ses, an incorporated academy, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 2 saw mills, 1 clothier's works 
and 1 ashery. 

Bellevue, See N. York city. 
Bellona, v. Benton, Yates 
co. contains about 150 inhabitants, 
30 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 
2 stores and some mills; also the 
Benton post office. 

Bes.lport, p. o. Brookhaven, 
Suffolk co. is situated near Fire- 
place Bay; here is a small settle- 
ment of some 15 or 20 dwellings. 
Bellvale, v. Warwick, Or- 
ange co. contains about 100 inha- 



78 



BELMONT— BERLIN. 



bitants, 16 dwelling houses, 1 
store, 1 woollen factory, 1 grist 
mill, and 1 saw mill. Here is an 
abundant supply of water power, 
afforded by Longhouse creek ; on- 
ly a small part is as yet occupied 
tor manufacturing purposes. 

Belmont, t. Franklin co. situ- 
ated 10 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Malone, and distant 202 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 472 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous ; 
soil, clay and sandy loam; it con- 
tains several small lakes, and is 
watered by Chateaugay and Trout 
rivers. Belmont, is the name of a 
post office. 

Bemus' Heights, p. o. Still- 
water, Saratoga co. ; near Ibis of- 
fice is the ground on which Gen. 
Burgoyne was defeated by the 
American army under Gen. Gates, 
in 1777. The battle ground is one 
or two miles west of the Hudson 
river. Burgoyne surrendered Oct. 
17, 1777, at Fort Hardy, now 
Schuylerville, 8 miles north. 

Bennett's Corners, p. o. 
Lenox, Madison co. 

Bennett's Creek, rises in 
the south part of Steuben co. and 
flows north into the Canisteo river. 
Bennington, t. Wyoming co. 
situated 15 miles north-west of the 
village of Warsaw, and distant 
256 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,368 inhabitants. Sur- 
face rolling and deeply indented 
by the streams; soil, moist clay, 
fruitful in grass and summer crops; 
it is drained by the Cayuga and 
Tonawanda creeks. Bennington 
and Cowlesville are names of post 
offices; at the former there are lo- 
cated 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 saw mill, 
and 8 or 10 dwellings. 

Benson, p. o. Hope, Hamilton 
county. 

Bensonville, p. o. Groton, 
Tompkins county. 

Benton, t. Yates co. situated 
4 miles north of the village of 



Penn-Yan, and distant 207 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
3,911 inhabitants. The surface 
consists of gentle swells, and large 
plains; soil, clay, sandy and gra- 
velly loam, underlaid witli slate 
and limestone, containing but few 
small streams. Benton, Benton 
Centre, Cashong, and Dresden, are 
names of post offices; the former 
is located in the village of Bellona. 
Benton Centre, p. o. Ben- 
ton, Yates co.; here are located 2 
churches, 1 tavern, 2 stores, and 
some 30 or 40 dwellings, being 
a scattered agricultural settlement. 
Bergen, t. Genesee co. situat- 
ed 14 miles north-west of the vil- 
lage of Batavia, and distant 241 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,832 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is level ; soil, clay and cal- 
careous loam; watered by Black 
creek. The Tonawanda railroad 
runs through the town. Bergen, 
North Bergen, and Stone Church 
are names of post offices. 

Bergen, v. and p. o. Bergen, 
Genesee co. contains about 200 in- 
habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 3 taverns and 5 stores. 

Berkshire, t. Tioga co. situ- 
ated 13 miles north of the village 
of Owego, and distant 168 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
956 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly, but mostly arable; soil, gra- 
velly loam, and very productive in 
the valleys ; it is drained by East 
and West Owego creeks. 

Berkshire, v. and p. o. Berk- 
shire, Tioga co. is situated on East 
Owego creek ; it contains about 
300 inhabitants, 45 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Metho- 
dist church, an academy, 2 stores, 
1 woollen factory, 1 grist mill, 1 
saw mill, 1 tannerv, and a large 
chair and cabinet factory. 

Berlin, t. Rensselaer co. situ- 
ated 18 miles east of the city of 
Troy, and distant 24 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,794 



BERLIN— BETHPAGE . 



79 



inhabitants. The surface is moun- 
tainous, a blanch of the Taghkanic 
mountain covers the east and the 
Peterborough the western portions ; 
the great valley thus formed has a 
good soil and is well cultivated ; 
it is drained by Little Hoo.-ick 
creek on the north, and by the 
Kinderhook creek and Poestenkill 
on the south and east. Berlin and 
Berlin Centre are post offices. 

Berlin, v. and p. o. Berlin, 
Renssehi-jr co. is situated on Little 
Hoosick creek; it contains about 
300 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 4 stores 
and 2 mills. 

Berlin Centre, p. o. Ber- 
lin, Rensselaer co. ; here is an old 
settlement first made by some Ger- 
man families in 1764 ; it now con- 
tains 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
aud about 20 dwellings. 

Berne, t. Albany co. situated 
16 miles west of the city of Alba- 
ny, contained in 1840, 3,740 inha- 
bitants. The surface is in part co- 
vered by the Helderberg hills, 
composed of calcareous rocks, 
which rise precipitously from 100 
to 500 feet, in which are a number 
of curious natural caverns. The 
valleys have a fine soil of calca- 
reous loam, and are very produc- 
tive. The lands are holden by the 
Van Rensselacrs, and are leased at 
tbe rent of from 10 to 15 bushels 
of wheat the 100 acres. There 
are two large ponds on the east, 
and on the west it is watered by 
Foxes creek, which flows into 
Schoharie creek. Berne, East 
Berne, and Reads ville, are names 
of post offices; Bern ville is the 
name of a village. 

Bernville, v. Albany coun- 
ty, is situated on Foxes creek ; 
it contains about 300 inhabitants, 
50 dwelling; houses, 1 Dutch Re- 
formed and 1 Lutheran church, 2 
taverns, 4 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 
saw mill, 1 clothier's works and 
fulling mill, 1 tannery and 1 axe 



factory. The Berne post office is 
situated in this place. 

Bethany, t. Genesee co. situ- 
ated 6 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Batavia, and distant 241 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2/2S6 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling; soil, sandy loam 
and clay; it is drained by Little 
Tonawanda and Black creeks. 
The names of the post offices are 
Bethany, East Bethany and Lin- 
den; it also contains the county 
poor hoi^e. 

Bethany, v. and p. o. Betha- 
ny, Genesee co. contains about 
200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling hou- 
ses, 2 churches, 2 taverns, and 2 
stores ; surrounded by a fine agri- 
cultural region of country. 

Bethel, t. Sullivan co. situat- 
ed 8 miles west of the village of 
Monticello, and distant 121 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,483 inhabitant's. The surface is 
hilly; soil gravelly loam, resting 
on slate ; in this town are several 
small lakes ; it i-s drained by 
the Mongoup river and several 
other small streams, all of which 
flow into the Delaware river. 
Bethel and White Lake are names 
of post offices. 

Bethel, v. Gorham, Ontario 
co. is situated on Flint creek ; it 
contains about 250 inhabitants, 40 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 tar 
verns, 2 stores, 1 flouring mill and 
1 saw mill. 

Bethlehem, t. Albany co. 
situated 5 miles south of the city 
of Albany; contained in 1840, 
3,238 inhabitants. The surface is 
diversified; soil, various; along the 
Hudson river are some extensive 
alluvial flats; it is watered by Nor- 
manskill, Vlamanskill and Coey- 
mans creek. Bethlehem and Cedar 
Hill are names of post offices. 

Bethpage, Oyster Bay, Queens 
co. is an agricultural settlement, 
containing a Quaker meeting house 
and 12 or 15 dwellings. 



80 



BETHUNEVILLE— BIRD ISLAND. 



Bethuneville, Morehouse, 
Hamilton co. is an agricultural 
settlement situated on the east 
branch of the West Canada creek, 
where there is a good water privi- 
lege for manufacturing purposes ; 
here are now erected some 10 or 
12 dwellings and 1 saw mill. 

Betts' Corkers, Lysander, 
Onondaga co. is a thriving agricul- 
tural settlement ; it contains 2 
churches, 1 tavern, 1 store, 30 or 
35 dwellings and the Lysander 
post office. 

Big Brook, p. o. Western, 
Oneida co. 

Big Flats, t. Chemung co. si- 
tuated 5 miles west of the village 
of Elmira, and distant 203 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,375 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly hilly, with the exception of 
extensive flats on the Chemung ri- 
ver, which gives the name to the 
town ; soil on the uplands general- 
ly loam, the valleys fertile alluvi- 
on ; it is watered by the Chemung 
river and some of its tributaries. 
The navigable feeder of the Che- 
mung canal and the New-York and 
Erie railroad both pass through this 
town. Big Flats and North Big 
Flats are names of post offices. 

Big Flats, v. and p. o. Big 
Flats, Chemung co. is an agricul- 
tural settlement, situated on the 
north side of the Chemung river; 
it contains about 200 inliabitants, 
30 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and I Episcopal church, 1 tavern 
and 2 stores. 

Big Hollow, p.o. Windham, 
Greene co. 

Big Stream Point, p. o. 
Stark ey, Yates co. 

Binghamton, v. and p. o. 
Chenango, Broome co. lies at the 
junction of the Chenango river 
with the Susquehannah, 145 miles 
south-west of the city of Albany, 
and 180 miles north-west of the city 
of New-York; it was incorporated 
in 1813, and now contains about 



2,800 inhabitants, 450 dwelling 
houses, a court house and jail and 
county clerk's office; a new incor- 
porated academy; 1 Presbyterian, 

1 Congregational, 1 Episcopal, 1 
Bap'ist, 2 Methodist, 1 Roman Ca- 
tholic and 2 African churches; 1 
banking house, 5 hotels and ta- 
verns, 45 stores of different kinds, 
4 warehouses, 2 flouring mills, 4 
saw mills, a boat yard and dry 
dock, 1 extensive steam furnace, 1 
steam stave factory, 1 steam turn- 
ing establishment, 2 plaster mills, 

2 tanneries, 1 lath manufactory, 1 
extensive plough factory, 1 gun 
and rifle factory, 2 cloth dressing 
establishments, 2 printing offices ; 
besides almost every other kind of 
mechanic work shops. Here ter- 
minates the Chenango canal, which 
runs northerly and unites with the 
Erie canal at Utica; the New- 
York and Erie railroad, which is 
now building, will pass directly 
through this place, where is now 
erecting a commodious depot and 
machine shop for the use of the 
railroad company. Stages leave 
this village daily, running oast, 
west, north and south, which tends 
to make it a great thoroughfare for 
travellers. Binghamton is sur- 
rounded by a rich agricultural and 
grazing country; lumber and other 
products here rind a ready market, 
which is mostly re-shipped by canal 
to the Hudson river, and by the 
Susquehannah river to Philadelphia 
and Baltimore. No place in the 
state probably exceeds this village 
in rapid and permanent growth, 
and it bids fair to become a large 
and important inland town. It was 
named Binghamton after the late 
Wm. Bingham, Esq. of Philadel- 
phia. A bridge here crosses the 
Susquehannah, and another the 
Chenango river, both of which are 
toll bridges and constructed of 
wood. 

Bird Island, a small rocky 
island at the foot of Lake Erie, op- 



BIRDSALL-BLACK RIVER. 



81 



posite the city of Buffalo; here 
commences the great Black Rock 
Pier, which extends to Squaw Isl- 
and, opposite Black Rock, a dis- 
tance of 2 miles, affording an in- 
exhaustible feeder for the Erie ca- 
nal, and hydraulic power to an im- 
mense extent. 

Birdsall, t. Allegany co. si- 
tuated 8 miles north-east of the vil- 
lage of Angelica, and distant 260 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1S40, 32S inhabitants. The surface 
is undulating; soil, clay loam; it 
is drained by Black creek and 
some other small streams. Bird- 
sail is the name of a post office ; 
around it is a small settlement. 

Birmingham, v. Au Sable 
and Chesterfield, Clinton and Essex 
cos. is situated on both sides of the 
Au Sable river; this is a manufac- 
turing place, containing about 200 
inhabitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
tavern; 1 extensive forge, contain- 
ing four fires; 1 woollen factory, 1 
paper mill and 1 saw mill. Here 
are a succession of falls in the ri- 
ver, of about 150 feet, affording 
hydraulic power to a great extent, 
but little of which is as yet occu- 
pied for manufacturing purposes. 
The Au Sable river, immediately 
below the lower falls at this place, 
which is two miles below Keese- 
ville, runs through a ledge of rocks, 
forming a chasm for about 2 miles, 
averaging from 75 to 150 feet in 
depth and about 50 feet wide, with 
perpendicular sides, forming alto- 
gether a great natural curiosity. 

Black Brook, t. Clinton co. 
situated 20 miles south west of the 
village of Plattsburgh, and distant 
154 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1340, 1,064 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and mountainous, 
mostly covered with forests, and 
abounds with iron; it contains se- 
veral small lakes, and is drained 
by the Saranac river on the north, 
and the Au Sable river and Black 
brook on the south, and the Little 



Au Sable on the east. Black Brook 
and Union Falls are names of post 
offices ; at the former are situated 
2 forges, with 4 fires each; 2 saw 
mills^ 1 store and about 15 dwell- 
ings. 

Black Creek, p. o. New 
Hudson, Allegany co.; here are si- 
tuated 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store 
and 12 or 15 dwellings. 

Black Creek, rises in the 
town of New Hudson, Allegany 
co. and runs north-east into the 
Genesee river; the Genesee Valley 
canal for a considerable distance 
follows the valley of this creek, 
after diverging from the Genesee 
river. 

Black Creek, a good mill 
stream, rises in Genesee county, 
and flows into Monroe co., where 
it empties into the Genesee river. 

Black Lake, lies in St. Law- 
rence co. nearly parallel with the 
St. Lawrence river; this lake, which 
is about 20 miles in length, and 
from 1 to 2j miles wide, seems a 
mere expansion of Indian river, 
which flows into it from the south. 
Its outlet enters the Oswegatchie 
river, after running 2 or 3 miles. 

Black River, so called from 
the color of its water, is the third 
in magnitude that has its whole 
course in the state of New-York. 
It rises in Herkimer co. while some 
of its tributaries extend into Ha- 
milton co. and interlock with the 
head waters of the Hudson. Its 
whole course is about 120 miles, 
and is navigable from the High 
Falls in Leyden, where it has a fall 
of 63 feet, to the Long Falls at 
Carthage, a distance of 40 miles; 
thence, by a succession of rapids 
and falls, it continues a circuitous 
route, until it empties into Black 
River Bay, near the foot of Lake 
Ontario. It is a deep sluggish 
stream, but the navigation is much 
obstructed by falls; affording, how- 
ever, fine water power. The land 
on the borders of the lower part of 



82 



BLACK RIVER— BLACK ROCK. 



the river is very fertile and thickly 
settled. 

Black River, p. o. Rutland, 
Jefferson co. 

Black River Bay, is an ex- 
pansion of Black river at its mouth ; 
it is 5 miles long- by about one mile 
wide, communicating- with Lake 
Ontario. 

Black River Canal, and E- 
rie Canal Feeder, was com- 
menced during the summer of 1836, 
in conformity to a law passed April 
19, of the same year, instructing 
the canal commissioners to pro- 
ceed, with all reasonable diligence, 
to construct and complete a navi- 
gable canal, from or near the foot 
of the High Falls on the Black ri- 
ver, in Lewis county, by the most 
advantageous route, to the Erie 
canal at Rome, in Oneida county; 
and also a navigable feeder from 
the Black river to the summit level 
near the village of Boonville. The 
Black river is to be improved from 
the High Falls to the village of 
Carthage, in Jefferson county, so 
as to be navigable for steamboats 
drawing 4 feet of water. The 
length of the canal will be 34 miles, 
of the navigable feeder 11 miles, 
and of the improvement in the na- 
vigation of the Black river, 40 
miles, making a total of S5 mdes 
of canal and steamboat navigation. 
The estimated cost of this canal and 
feeder exclusive of the river im- 
provement is $2,287,374.80. The 
amount of work put under contract 
is $1,626,701 .00, and on which for 
work performed, there has been 
paid up to the close of the fiscal 
year ending September 30th, 1841, 
$1,591,076.90. This canal is in 
such a state of forwardness, as to 
justify the expectation that the Erie 
canal may receive through it a 
supply of water, at Rome, from the 
Black river, during 1842; and that 
at least some 15 or 20 miles of the 
canal will be opened for naviga- 
tion. A large part of the expense 



of this canai is involved in the con- 
struction of locks, there being no 
less than 108 locks on the line oi 
the main canal. The locks are to 
be constructed of stone. The ele- 
vation from the Erie canal to the 
summit level, is 696 feet, and the 
descent to the Black river, is 3S7 
feet, making in the whole 1083 
feet to be overcome by lockage. 
This work when completed, will 
furnish a safe mode of transporta- 
tion for the products of the nor- 
thern part of Oneida co Lewis, Jef- 
ferson and part of St. Lawrence. 

Black Rock, t. Erie co. ex- 
tends on three sides of the ci- 
ty of Buffalo, from which it 
is centrally distant 3 miles ; in 
1840, it contained 3,625 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is mostly un- 
dulating, with an alluvial soil, 
mingled with clay; it is watered 
by Buffalo creek and other small 
streams which flow into the Niagara 
river. Squaw and Strawberry isl- 
ands, each containing about 100 
acres, belong to this town, which 
is bounded on the west by the di- 
viding line between the United 
States and Canada. Black Rock 
and Eleysville are the names of 
post offices. 

Black Rock, v. and p. o. 
Black Rock, Erie co. is advanta- 
geously situated on the east side of 
the Niagara river, near the foot of 
Lake Erie, 2j miles below the city 
of Buffalo, with which it is con- 
nected by a rail-road ; and is dis- 
tant from Albany by the nearest 
route, 287 miles, and by the Erie 
canal 316 miles. It was incorpo- 
rated in 1837, and now contains 
about 1S00 inhabitants, 300 dwel- 
ling houses, 1 church, 5 taverns, 
10 stores and groceries, 5 ware- 
houses, 4 flouring mills with 25 run 
of stones; 2 saw mills, 2 oil mills, 
2 distilleries, 1 iron foundery and 
forge, 1 machine shop, 1 plaster 
I mill, 1 stove manufactory, several 
! large cooperage establishments, 1 



BLACKWELL'S ISLAND— BLOOMINGDALE. 



83 



ship yard, a marine floating dock 
of "Thomas' Patent/' 1 rope 
walk, 1 clothier's works and card- 
ing machine and 2 turning shop-;, 
together with various other manu- 
facturing-establishments. The wa- 
ter power at this place, which is fur- 
nished b} r means of the Slate Pier, 
is immense. In a business point 
of view, Black Rock is more pro- 
perly a continuation of the city of 
Buffalo, of which it forms an inte- 
gral part; being connected by two 
railroads, and having a spacious 
and commodious harbor on the 
Niagara, and possessing an almost 
unlimited water power, which is 
drawn through the harbor directly 
from Lake Erie; it is capable of an 
indefinite application to milling 
and manufacturing purposes. The 
inner harbor is formed by a sub- 
stantial stone pier or mole, con- 1 
structed by the State of New-York, 
for the double purpose of creating 
a safe and convenient basin for the 
transaction of the lake and canal 
commerce, and securing to the 
Erie canal an abundant supply of 
water, eastward to Montezuma, 
nearly half its entire length. This 
pier is built in the channel of the 
river upwards of a mile in length, 
and is an average width of 50 feet 
at its base, and 30 feet on the sur- 
face ; erected at an expense of 
$300,000. It can be approached 
on either side by steam and sail 
vessels and canal boats. A steam 
ferry boat here plies across the 
Niagara, to AVaterloo, Canada. 
The Buffalo and Niagara Falls rail- 
road also passes through this place. 
Blackwei,l's Island, lies 
in the East river, distant 4 miles 
from the City Hall, and belongs to 
the city of New- York; it is 13-4 
miles long, and quite narrow. On 
it are situated the City Peniten- 
tiary and the Lunatic Asylum, two 
massive stone buildings; the latter 
constructed in a most beautiful 
style of architecture. 



Blauveltville, p. o. O- 

rangetown, Rockland co. 

Bleecker, t. Fulton co. si- 
tuated 10 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Johnstown, and distant 55 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 346 inhabitants. Surface 
hilly and mountainous, mostly co- 
vered with timber of a large 
growth; it contains Fish and Caro- 
ga lakes, and some ismaller bodies 
of water, and is drained by Caroga 
creek and some tributaries of the 
Sacondaga river. Bleecker is the 
name of a post office. 

Blenheim, t. Schoharieco. si- 
tuated 18 miles south-east of the 
village of Schoharie, and distant 
53 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1S40, 2,725 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and mountainous, 
Mineral Hill, a mass of red sand 
stone, some hundred feet thick, 
and the Bear's Ladder, composed 
of globular masses of graywacke, 
are geological curiosities. The 
rock supplies an excellent materi- 
al for grindstones and hones; there 
is here also, an extensive slate 
quarry; it is drained by Schoharie 
creek and some of its tributaries. 
Blenheim and North Blenheim are 
names of post offices. At the for- 
mer are situated 2 churches, 2 ta- 
verns, 2 stores and 20 or 25 dwell- 
ings. 

Bloody Pond. See Caldwell. 

Bloomfield Centre, p. o. 
West Bloomfield, Ontario co. 

Bloominghurgh, v. and p. 
o. Mamakating, Sullivan co. is si 
tuated on the Newburgh and Co- 
checton turnpike, 23| miles west of 
Newburgh; it was incorporated in 
1833, and now contains about 500 
inhabitants, 80 dwelling houses, 1 
Dutch Reformed and 1 Associate 
Reformed church, an incorporated 
academy, 4 taverns, 5 stores and 1 
tannery. This is a pleasant vil- 
lage, surrounded by a rich agricul- 
tural region of country. 

Bloomingdale, situated on 



84 



BLOOMING GROVE— BOREAS RIVER. 



New- York Island, 5 miles north 
of the City Hall, is pleasantly situ- 
ated on the east bank of the Hud- 
son. Here is located the Orphan 
Asylum, a beautiful building, sur- 
rounded by cultivated grounds : 
also, a number of splendid coun- 
try residences. 

Blooming Grove, t. Orange 
co. situated 1*2 miles from the vil- 
lage of Nevvburgh, and distant 100 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,396 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating and in part hilly, 
the Scunnemunk mountain, part of 
the "Highlands," covering the 
south-eastern parts ; soil mostly 
clay and sandy loam, and highly 
productive; it is watered by Mur- 
derer's creek and its tributaries. 
Blooming Grove, Craigville and 
Salisbury Mills are names of post 
offices: the former is situated in 
the village of Washington ville. 

Bloomville, v. and p. o. 
Kortright, Delaware co. is situated 
on the west branch of the Dela- 
ware river; it contains about 150 
inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
Methodist church, 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 
1 ashery. 

Bluff Island, lies in the St. 
Lawrence river, and is attached to 
the town of Hammond, St. Law- 
rence co. 

Bluff Point. See Crooked 
Lake. 

Bolivar, t. Allegany co. situ- 
ated 15 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Angelica, and distant 275 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 408 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is high and undulating; soil, 
sandy loam ; it is drained by seve- 
ral small creeks. Bolivar is the 
name of a post office, where is si- 
tuated a small settlement. 

Bolton, t. Warren co. situated 
10 miles north of the village of 
Caldwell, and distant 72 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 937 in- 
habitants. The surface is hilly 



and mountainous, and the soil of 
indifferent quality, but heavily tim- 
bered. It is bounded on the east 
by Lake George; there are also se- 
veral small lakes in the inte- 
rior, abounding in fine trout and 
other fish ; it is watered by the 
Schroon branch of the Hudson ri- 
ver on the west. Bolton is the 
name of a post office, where is a 
small settlement. 

Bombay, t. Franklin co. situat- 
ed 15 miles north-east of the vil- 
lage of Malone, and distant 226 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,446 inhabitants. Surface 
mostly level, and is watered by the 
Little Salmon and the St. Regis ri- 
vers. In this town is a reservation 
for the St. Regis Indians, and an 
Indian settlement on the north 
boundary, which extends to the St. 
Lawrence and the Canada line. 
Bombay and Hogansburgh are the 
names of post offices; at the for- 
mer there is a settlement consisting 
of 1 church, 2 taverns, 4 stores and 
20 or 30 dwellings. 

Boonville, t. Oneida co. situ- 
ated 23 miles north of the city of 
Utica, and distant 110 from Alba- 
ny; contained in 1840, 5,516 in- 
habitants. The surface is hilly, 
mostly susceptible of cultivation; 
soil, clay loam, on lime ; it is drain- 
ed by Black river and the head 
waters of the Mohawk. Boonville 
and Alder Creek are names of post 
offices. 

Boonville, v. and p.o. Boon- 
ville, Oneida co. is situated on the 
line of the Black River canal, 31 
miles north of the city of Utica; it 
contains about 600 inhabitants, 80 
dwelling houses, 2 churches, 3 ta- 
verns, 5 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill, 1 tannery and a clothier's 
works, situated on Mill creek, 
which empties into Black river 
three miles north-east of the vil- 
lage. 

Boheas River, rises in Essex 
co. and flows south into the Hud- 



BORODINA— BRANCH BROOK 



85 



son river; this being one of its 
head branches. 

Borodina, p. o. Spafford, On- 
ondaga CO. 

Boston, t. Erie co. situated IS 
miles south-east of the city of Buf- 
falo, and distant 239 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1S40, 1,745 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating; soil, clav and gravelly loam 
of good quality; it is drained by 
Cauquaga creek and some other 
small streams. Boston and North 
Boston are names of post offices. 

Boston, v. and p. o. is situated 
on Cauquaga creek; it contains 
about 500 inhabitants, 75 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 
tist church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 2 
grist mills, 2 saw mills and 1 card- 
ing and clothing mill. 

Bouckville, p. o. Madison, 
Madison co.; here is situated 1 
church, 1 tavern, 1 store, and a few 
dwellings. 

Bouquet, v. Essex, Essex co. 
is situated on both sides of the 
Bouquet river, 2\ miles west of the 
village of Essex; it contains about 
400 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hous- 
es, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 woollen fac- 
tory, 1 iron rolling mill and nail 
factory, 1 stone grist mill and 1 saw 
mill. 

Bouquet Rtver, rises in the 
town of Keene, Essex co. and 
flows easterly into Lake Cham- 
plain; length, 45 miles, affording 
many fine mill privileges. 

Bovina, t. Delaware co. situat- 
ed 10 miles east of the village of 
Delhi, and distant 69 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,403 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
soil sandy loam, suitable for graz- 
ing ; it is drained by Little Dela- 
ware river. Bovina, Bovina Cen- 
tre and Fish Lake are names of 
post offices. 

Bovina Centre, p. o. Bovi- 
na, Delaware co. 

Bowman's Creek, rises in 
Schoharie county, and flows north 



into the Mohawk river, near the 
village of Canajoharie. 

Boydsville, p. o. Kent, Put- 
nam co. 

Boylston, t. Oswego co. situ- 
ated 10 miles north-east from the 
village of Pulaski, and distant 140 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
481 inhabitants. The surface is hilly 
and in parts stony ; soil, sandy 
and gravelly loam and productive; 
drained by Little Sandy and Trout 
creeks. Boylston is the name of 
a post office. 

Bozakill, rises in Schenecta- 
dy co. and flows east into Albany 
co. where it falls into the Nor- 
man's Kill. 

Brackabeen, p. o. Fulton, 
Schoharie co. Here are located 1 
Dutch Reformed church, 1 tavern, 
3 stores, 2 gri«t mills, 1 saw mill, 
1 tannery, and 12 or 15 dwel- 
lings. 

Braddock's Bay, situated in 
the county of Monroe, is a small 
body of water communicating with 
Lake Ontario. 

Bradford, t. Steuben co. si- 
tuated 12 miles east of the village 
of Bath, and distant 204 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,547 
inhabitants. The surface is une- 
ven, yet having much arable land of 
good quality ; it is drained by Mud 
creek and its tributaries. Jersey 
is the name of a post office, where 
is a settlement of some size. 

Brainahd's Bridge, v. Nas- 
sau, Rensselaer co. is situated on 
Kinderhook creek ; it contains 1 
Methodist church, 2 taverns, 1 
store, 1 cotton factory, 40 dwelling 
houses, and about 200 inhabitants. 

Braman's Corners, p. o. 
Duanesburgh, Schenectady co. 

Branch, v. Smithtown, Suffolk 
co. is situated on the north post 
road; it contains 1 Presbyterian 
church, 1 tavern, 1 store, and 12 
or 15 dwelling houses. 

Branch Brook, rises in the 
town of Smithtown, Suffolk co. and 



86 



BRANCHPORT— BRIDGE VILLE . 



runs west for 4 or 5 miles ; it then 
turns towards the north and empties 
into Nesaquake river, or Smith- 
town harbor. The tide flows up 
the latter stream for several miles. 

Bhanchport, v. and p. o. Je- 
rusalem, Yates co. is situated on 
the west branch of Crooked Lake ; 
it contains about 125 inhabitants, 
25 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Baptist church, 1 tavern, 3 
stores, 2 warehouses, and 1 ashery. 

Brandon, t. Franklin co. is 
situated 10 miles south-west of the 
village of Malone, and distant 215 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 531 inhabitants. This is a 
large town, rough, wild and thinly 
inhabited ; covered with almost 
unexplored forests, and dotted with 
numerous lakes on the southern 
extremity ; it is drained by the 
Saranac river on the east, and by 
the St. Regis and Racket rivers on 
the west. Brandon is the name 
of the post office, where is a small 
settlement. 

Brandt, t. Erie co. situated 
20 miles south of the city of Buffa- 
lo, and distant 300 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,088 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
soil, moist clay and gravelly loam, 
producing good crops of grass and 
grain. On the west it is bounded 
by Lake Erie, and on the south in 
part by Cattaraugus creek. Brandt 
is the name of a post office. 

Brant Lake, is a small body 
of water lying in the town of Hori- 
con, Warren county ; it is sur- 
rounded by wild and romantic 
scenery, and abounds in fine trout ; 
emptying its waters into the 
Schroon branch of the Hudson. 
Deer and other wild game are 
found on its borders, beinsf sur- 
rounded by a large growth of pine, 
hemlock and spruce. 

Brantingham, p. o. Greig, 
Lewis county. 

Brasher, t. St. Lawrence co. 
situated 30 miles north-east of the 



village of Canton, and distant 250 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,118 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling ; soil, sandy loam, 
but much of it swampy, abounding 
with bog ore, and a large growth 
of timber. It is watered by the 
St. Regis and Deer rivers. Helena 
is the name of a post office, where 
is a settlement, possessing fine wa- 
ter power. 

Brasher's Falls Iron 
Works, Brasher, St. Lawrence 
co. are situated on Deer river, 
where there are falls and rapids, 
which afford a great hydraulic 
power ; here is located a small 
manufacturing settlement. 

Breackneck Hill, a high 
precipitous eminence close on the 
margin of the Hudson, at its north 
entrance into ihe " Highlands," on 
the east side of the river ; it is re- 
markable as containing the rock 
called the upper Anthony's Nose. 
Its altitude is 1,187 feet. 

Brewerton, v. and p. o. Ci- 
cero, Onondaga county ; contains 
about 300 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
houses, 2 taverns and 1 store ; here 
is a toll bridge over the Oneida 
river, on the opposite side of which 
is an old French fort, the remains 
of which are still visible. 

Bridgeha3ipton, v. and p. 
o. Southampton, Suffolk co. is an 
agricultural settlement ; consisting 
of 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 2 
windmills and 15 or 20 dwellings. 

Bridgeport, p. o. Sullivan, 
Madison county. 

Bridgeport, v. Seneca Falls, 
Seneca co. is situated on Cayuga 
Lake, at the west end of Cayuga 
Bridge ; it contains 2 taverns, 1 
store and some 20 or 30 dwel- 
lings. 

Bridgeville, v. and p. o. 
Thompson, Sullivan co. is situated 
on the Neversink river ; it contains 
about 125 inhabitants, 20 dwelling 
houses, 1 tavern, 1 store and 1 ex- 
tensive tannery. 



BRIDEGF. WATER— BROOKFIELD. 



87 



Bridgewater, t. Oneida co. 
situated 15 miles south of the city 
of Utica, and distant 81 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1S40, 1,418 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly, 
and on the west much broken, yet 
furnishing excellent pasturage, and 
some parts good grain land ; it is 
drained by the Unadilla river, 
which rises in this town. 

Bridgewater, v. and p. o. 
Bridgewater, Oneida co. is situated 
on the Cherry Valley turnpike, and 
on the west branch of the Unadilla 
river; it contains about 350 inha- 
bitants, 50 dwelling houses, 3 
churches, 2 taverns and 4 stores. 
Two lines of daily stages, running 
north and south, and east and west, 
pass through this place. 

Brighton, t. Monroe co. situ- 
ated 3 miles east of the city of 
Rochester, and distant 216 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,336 inhabitants. The surface is 
gently undulating ; soil, on the 
north sandy and gravelly loam, 
and on the south clay loam ; it is 
watered by the Genesee river and 
a few small streams which flow in- 
to Irondequot bay. 

Brichtos, v. and p. o. Brigh- 
ton, Monroe co. is situated on the 
Erie canal; it contains about 200 
inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns and 1 store. 

Bristol, t. Ontario co. situat- 
ed 9 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Canandaigua, and distant 
203 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,953 inhabitants. The 
surface is mostly ridgy, underlaid 
with lime ; soil various, in part 
very productive ; it is watered by 
Mud creek. Bristol, Bristol Cen- 
tre, and South Bristol, are names 
of post offices. At the former 
there is a small settlement. 

Bristol Centre, p. o. Bris- 
tol, Ontario co.; here is a small set- 
tlement, and an inflammable spring. 

Bristol Glass Works, 
Woodstock, Ulster co. ; here is 



situated, on the Sawkill, a cylin- 
der glass works, an old and exten- 
sive establishment; 1 grist mill, 
and about 20 dwellings. 
Bristol Landing, see Maiden. 

Broadalbik, t. Fulton co. 
situated 15 miles east of the vil- 
lage of Johnstown, and distant 
from Albany 47 miles; contained 
in IS 10, 2,738 inhabitants. The 
surface is gently undulating ; soil, 
stiff gravelly loam; better adapted 
to grass than grain ; it is drained 
by several small streams. Broad- 
albin, Fonda's Bush, Mill's Cor- 
ners, South Broadalbin, Union 
Mills, and West Galway Church, 
are names of post offices. 

Brockett's Bridge, p. 0. 
Oppenheim, Fulton co. 

Brockport, v. and p. o. Swe • 
den, Monroe co. is handsomely 
situated on the Erie canal ; it was 
incorporated in 1829, and now con- 
tains about 2,000 inhabitants, 300 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Episcopal, and 1 Methodist church; 
a college building now used as an 
academy; 3 taverns, 17 stores and 
groceries ; 1 flouring mill, 1 saw 
mill, 1 furnace, 1 carding machine 
and a chair and cabinet factory, 
all propelled by steam power; 
also, 2 tanneries, 1 distillery and a 
carriage manufactory. 

Bronx, p. o. Eastchester, West- 
chester county. 

Bronx River, rises in West- 
chester county, and empties into 
the East river opposite Flushing 
bay ; it is 55 miles long. 

Brookfield, t. Madison co. 
situated 20 miles south-east of 
Moni-ville, and distant 83 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
3,695 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly ; soil, calcareous loam ; it is 
watered by the Unadilla river and 
some of its tributaries. Brook- 
field, Leonardsville, and North 
Brookfield, are names of post of- 
fices. The former is situated in 
the village of Clarkeville. 






BROOKFIELD— BROOKLYN. 



Brookfield, v. Minisink, 
Orange co. contains about 150 in- 
habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, and 1 tannery. 
Slatehill post office is located in 
this village. 

Brookhaven, t. Suffolk co. 
situated 15 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Riverhead, and 70 east 
of the city of New-York, is dis- 
tant from Albany 215 miles, and 
contained in 1840, 7,050 inhabi- 
tants. This is one of the largest 
towns in the state, comprehending 
the islands opposite it in South 
Bay, and extending across the 
main island to Long Island sound. 
It is mostly level and in some parts 
sandy; the soil varies from a stiff 
black mould to a pure white sand; 
it is drained by Connecticut brook 
and some other small streams, 
while numerous bays and indenta- 
tions water it on the north and 
south, abounding with fish and fowl 
of great variety. Bellport, Corun, 
Fireplace, Middle Island, Miller's 
Place, Moriches, New Village, 
Patchogue, Port Jefferson, Setau- 
ket and Stony Brook, are names 
of post offices. 

Brooklyn City, Kings co. 
is advantageously situated on the 
west end of Long Island, opposite 
the city of New-York, 146 miles 
south of the city of Albany. It 
was chartered in 1S34, and is di- 
vided into 9 wards ; being govern- 
ed by a mayor and common coun- 
cil, who are elected annually by 
the people. In 1840, it contained 
36,233 inhabitants, being next in 
size in the state, to the city of 
New-York, with which it is close- 
ly allied in trade, commerce, and 
social life ; this being the favorite 
residence of many transacting bu- 
siness in the above city, with which 
it is connected by four steam fer- 
ries, on which commodious boats 
are constantly plying, day and 
nigrht. Here is about being erect- 



ed a new city hall of marble, of 
the most durable and beautiful 
style of architecture ; a jail, con- 
structed of free stone in the Gothic 
style ; a county clerk's office ; the 
city buildings, now used for city 
courts and public offices ; a lyce 
um building, elegantly constructed 
of granite, in which are deposited 
the Apprentices' Library, City Li- 
brary, and Hamilton Library ; 4 
public markets; 7 Presbyterian, 7 
Episcopal, 3 Reformed Dutch, 2 
Baptist, 7 Methodist, 2 Roman Ca- 
tholic, and 2 Unitarian churches, 
and 1 Friends' meeting house; 3 
banking houses and 1 Savings 
Bank ; 2 insurance offices ; 15 ho- 
tels and taverns ; 4 or 500 stores 
of different kinds ; besides a large 
number of warehouses ; 2 incor- 
porated white lead companies, ma- 
nufacturing about 3,000 tons of 
white lead annually; 5 extensive 
distilleries, capable of using 600,- 

000 bushels of" grain annually ; 5 
rectifying distilleries ; 1 brewery, 
3 steam engine manufactories, one 
of which is very extensive; 2 ma- 
chine shops, 1 iron railing manu- 
factory ; 2 iron foundries, 2 
steam planing and sawing mills, 1 
ship yard, 2 tide grist mills, 1 
plaster mill, 1 bone mill, 2 floor 
cloth manufactories, 3 rope walks, 

1 tannery, 3 turpentine distilleries, 
1 lime factory, 1 vinegar manufac- 
tory, 1 fur dressing establishment, 
1 galvanizing works, which ren- 
ders tin and iron impervious to air 
and water; 4 lumber yards, 5 coal 
yards, 6 stone cutting yards, 2 
marble yards ; and 2 fresh water 
tanks, or extensive wells, with re- 
servoirs, for supplying shipping in 
the harbor of New-York with pure 
water. Here is being constructed, 
by the "Atlantic Dock Company," 
an extensive basin, called the At- 
lantic Basin ; the outside pier is 
to be 3,000 feet front, facing But- 
termilk channel, and is calculated 
to be of sufficient depth, by exca 



BROOKLYN. 



89 



vation, (o accommodate the largest 
class of steam ships and merchant 
vessels ; large warehouses are also 
to be erected, for the accom- 
modation of the commerce of the 
port of New-York. The Colonade 
Garden, on Brooklyn Heights, is 
a fashionable and delightful place 
of resort, overlooking the harbor 
and city of New-York ; which, 
from this point, presents one of the 
most interesting views of the kind 
to be seen in this or any other 
country. The Long Island rail- 
road, which is finished for a dis- 
tance of 47 miles, and is calcula- 
ted to extend to Greenport, a 
further distance of 46 miles, com- 
mences at the south ferry, in 
Brooklyn. In addition to rail- 
road cars, stages also leave daily 
for several places on Long Island. 

Greenwood Cemetery, located in 
the eighth ward of Brooklyn, is 
under the direction of an incorpo- 
rated trust company, who have 
appropriated 200 acres of land for 
a rural cemetery, under the above 
name ; and they have already com- 
menced improving and embellish- 
ing the grounds in the most 
appropriate manner. Its situation 
is admirably selected among the 
hills and valleys, in the rear of 
Gowanus ; from the most elevated 
parts the view is grand and sub- 
lime, overlooking the cities of 
Brooklyn and New-York, the bay 
of New-York, and the Atlantic 
ocean. 

The United States Navy Yard, 
situated in Brooklyn, on the Wal- ( 
labout Bay, covers about 40 acres j 
of land, enclosed by a brick wall, 
on the land side ; it was purchased 
by the United States government 
in 1801, and now contains 2 larg-e j 
ship houses, in which are two fri- | 
gates of the first class ; 7 extensive; 
timber sheds, constructed of brick, 
for the preservation of timber; se- j 
veral workshops used for making j 
sails, rigging, blocks, gun car- 1 



riages, spars, boats, &c; offices 
for the heads of departments, and a 
number of extensive store houses. 
The United States Naval Ly- 
ceum, a flourishing 1 institution, 
founded in 1833, by officers of the 
navy, is also located here ; it con- 
tains a valuable library, and a 
choice museum, formed principally 
by donations from its members, 
among whom are many distin 
guished naval and military officers 
and civilians of distinction, both 
Americans and foreigners. With- 
in half a mile of the Navy Yard, 
on the east, stands the Naval Hos- 
pital, on a commanding eminence, 
surrounded by cultivated grounds, 
consisting of 33 acres. There is" 
also in the vicinity temporary bar- 

] racks, used by the marine corps. 

I There are generally lying at the 

! Navy Yard dock, vessels of war 

j of different classes, in ordinary or 
repairing, from the largest line of 
battle ship to the smaller class. 
The New r -York Navy Yard and 

I Station, is at present commanded 

| by Commodore M. C. Perry, at- 
tached to which are other officers, 

j sailors, marines, and mechanics. 

! A new Dry Dock will be com- 
menced soon at the Navy Yard, 
and probably completed within five 
years, at an estimated expenditure 
of twelve hundred thousand dollars. 
At the Wallabcut, near the Na- 
vy Yard, are interred the remains 
of about eleven thousand American 
citizens and soldiers, who perished 
in the English Prison Ships, 

( stationed in the bay, during the re- 
volutionary war; owing to badpro- 

j visions, bad water and confined 
apartments, without medical at- 
tendance, disease reigned unre- 
lieved, and hundreds died from 
pestilence, or were starved on 
board these floating prisons. This 
town also had a full share of mili- 
tary operations during the revolu- 
tion ; it is covered with the remains 
of fortifications, which were thrown 



90 



BROOK'S GROVE— BROTHER'S ISLANDS. 



up by the Americans and English, 
for their defence against each 
other. On the 27th of August, 1776, 
here occurred one of the most san- 
guinary battles and disastrous de- 
feats of the Americans on record ; 
on their retreat, in attempting to 
ford the tide mill pond at Gowanus, 
nearly the whole of a regiment 



from Maryland, were met by a su- 
perior British force, and cut off, 
nearly all of whom lost their lives. 

Brook's Grove, p. o. Mount 
Morris, Livingston county. 

Brookville, p. o. Alexander, 
Genesee, co.; here is a small set- 
tlement, situated on the Tonawanda 
creek. 



BROOME COUNTY, taken from Tioga in 1806, is centrally distant 
140 miles southwest from the city of Albany ; and 180 miles north- 
west of the city of New-York ; it is bounded on the south by the Penn- 
sylvania State line, west by Tioga county, north by Cortland and 
Chenango counties, and on the east by Delaware county. The surface 
of this county, although broken and hilly, is mostly susceptible of cul- 
tivation. The soil is generally better adapted to grazing than the 
raising of grain; the valleys, however, bordering the numerous streams 
are extensive and fertile. The mineralogical productions are very limited; 
several sulphur springs, and one or two salt springs, make up the entire 
catalogue. Nanticoke creek is the principal stream that belongs to this 
county, in addition to the Susquehannah river, Chenango river and 
Tioughnioga river, allot which flow through it. The Susquehannah river 
which ri-es in Otsego county, runs through the eastern part of this county, 
thence into Pennsylvania, and forms the "Great Bend;" it then re- 
enters the county about ten miles west, and unites with the Chenango 
river at the village of Binghamton ; thence the united streams flow 
westerly into Tioga county. The whole of this section of the river is 
boatable ; large quantities of lumber being annually floated to the 
Chesapeake bay from this vicinity. The county contains an area of 
627 square miles, or 401,400 acres. The Chenango canal, which con- 
nects with the Erie canal at Utica, terminates at Binghamton, and the 
New-York and Erie railroad pases through this county from east to 
west. The county buildings are located in the village of Binghamton, 
in the town of Chenango. The following are the names of towns in 
Broome county, with the population in 1840 : 



Barker, 1,259 

Chenango, 5,465 

Colesville, 2,528 

Conklin, 1,475 

Lisle, 1,560 

Nanticoke, 400 

Sandford, 1,173 

Broome, t. Schoharie co. situ- 
ated 12 miles south of the village of 
Schoharie, and distant 3S miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,404 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly and mountainous, timbered 
with white pine and hemlock ; 
soil, light sandy loam, but rich in 
the valleys ; it is drained on tlie 
west by the Scholia rie creek, and 



Triangle, 1,692 

Union, 3,165 

Vestal, 1,253 

Windsor, 2,368 



Total inhabitants, 22,338 

its tributaries ; and on the east by 
the Catskill creek. Gilboa, Li- 
vingstonville and Smithton are the 
names of post offices. 

Brother's Islands, north 
and south, are situated in the East 
river, at the lower end of Long 
Island Sound, and are attached to 
the town of Newtown, Queens 
county. 



BROWKVILLE— BUFFALO. 



91 



Brownville, t. Jefferson co. 
situated 5 miles north-west of the 
village of Watertown, and distant 
164 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 3,968 inhabitants. The 
surface is level ; soil, marly loam, 
on limestone, of excellent quality 
and highly cultivated, producing 
large crops of wheat and other 
kinds of grain ; it is watered by 
Black and Perch rivers ; it borders 
on Lake Ontario, and lies partly 
between Black river and Chaumont 
bay. This town was settled by the 
late Maj. Gen. Jacob Brown, in 
1799, from whom it takes its name. 
Brownville, Dexter, Limerick, 
Perch River" and Point, are the 
names of post offices. 

Brownville, v. and p. o. 
Brownville, Jefferson co. is advan- 
tageously situated on the north bank 
of Black river, 4 miles below Wa- 
tertown ; it was incorporated in 
1829, and now contains about 1000 
inhabitants, 125 dwelling houses, 
1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
Methodist church, 3 public houses, 
8 stores, 1 cotton factory, 2 sati- 
net factories, 2 grist mills, 1 saw 
mill, 2 iron foundries, 2 machine 
shops, 1 white lead manufactory, 
1 oil mill, 1 distillery, 1 pot ashery 
and 1 tannery. 

Bruxswick, t. Rensselaer 
county, situated 4 miles east of 
the city of Troy, and distant 10 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 3,051 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil various, and 
mostly well cultivated; it is drain- 
ed by the Poestenkill and its tribu- 
taries. Millville is the name of a 
settlement. 

Brusmville, p. o. Mount 
Morris, Livingston count)'. 

Brushville, v. Jamaica, 
Queens co. this is a small settle- 
ment situated on the line of the 
Long Island railroad ; here are 
situated 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
and a few dwellings. 

Brutus, t. Cayuga co. situated 



7 miles north of the village of Au- 
burn, and distant 153 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,044 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
soil, clay and sandy loam, gene- 
rally well cultivated ; it is drained 
by Branch creek and Cold Spring 
creek, flowing into Seneca river 
on the north ; the Erie canal passes 
through this town. Weedsport is 
the name of a post office and a vil- 
lage of some importance, situated 
on the canal. 

Bruynswick, p. o. Shawan- 
gunk, Ulster county. 

Buckram, v. and p. o. Oyster 
Bay, Queens co. ; here is a thickly 
settled agricultural settlement, con- 
taining a Friends' meeting house, 
a public house, 2 stores, 2 grist 
mills and 15 or 20 dwellings. 

Bucksbridge, p. o. Potsdam, 
St. Lawrence county. 

Bucktooth, p. o. Little Val- 
ley, Cattaraugus county. 

Buffalo City, Erie co. pos- 
sessing commanding advantages, 
is distant from Albany 284 miles 
by nearest route ; 31S miles by 
railroad, and 363 miles by the 
Erie canal. It is situated at the 
head of Niagara liver, the outlet 
of Lake Erie, and at the foot of 
the great chain of western lakes, 
and is the point where the vast 
trade of these inland seas are con- 
centrated. The site of the city is 
one of much beauty, having a gen- 
tle southern inclination towards the 
lake. The harbor, formed of Buf- 
falo creek, lies nearly east and 
west across the southern part of the 
city, and is separated from Lake 
Erie by a peninsula between the 
creek and lake. This harbor is a 
very secure one, and is of such ca- 
pacity that, although steam boats, 
ships and other lake craft, and ca- 
nal boats, to the number, in all, of 
from two to three hundred, have 
some times been assembled there, 
for the transaction of the business 
of the lakes; yet, not one-fourth 



92 



BUFFALO. 



part of the harbor has ever yet 
been occupied by the vast business 
of the great and growing- west. 
Facilities, however, have been 
wanting for bringing together the 
lake and canal craft, in the eastern 
part of the harbor; and to furnish 
these, the canal commissioners, 
under a special law of the state, 
are now engaged in extending the 
Erie canal a mile or more, east of its 
original termination, across the 
eastern part of the city, and paral- 
lel to the harbor; by which work, 
and cross cuts therefrom, canal 
boats will reach every part of the 
harbor with equal facility. The 
territory of the city is divided north 
and south, by Main street, into two 
nearly equal surfaces ; but by far 
the greater portion of its inhabitants 
occupy the eastern half of the 
city. Buffalo was first settled by 
the whites in 1801. In 1814 it was 
all burned by the British, except 
three buildings. In 1832 it was 
chartered as a city, and divided 
into 5 wards ; being governed by 
a mayor, recorder and board of 
aldermen. Its population in 1840, 
according to the United States cen- 
sus, was 18,213. In 1818 the first 
steam boat was built upon Lake 
Erie ; and the total number of sail 
craft upon these w r aters, at that 
time, was 30. There are now, 1841, 
between 50 and 60 steamboats, 
with 300 schooners and other sail 
craft, navigating Erie and the upper 
lakes, and carrying on an extensive 
commerce from Buffalo westward, 
twelve hundred miles, through this 
chain of inland seas. In 1825, 
there were but 200 arrivals and 
clearances of steamboats and other 
vessels at Buffalo, during the sea- 
son of navigation. In 1840, there 
were 4,061 of these ! In 1826, the 
amount of property sent east, upon 
the Erie canal from Buffalo., was 
5,134 tons ; in 1840, the property 
so sent amounted to 177,607 tons. 
In 1826,the tolls upon the Erie canal 



received at Buffalo, amounted to 
but $19,528 ; in 1840, the sum so 
received was $376,417 ! At this 
astonishing rate of increase is the 
great west pouring her rich pro- 
ducts to the Atlantic markets, 
through the medium of Buffalo har- 
bor and the Erie canal. By means 
of the Erie canal and the Hudson 
river, Buffalo is now connected 
with Albany and New-York; while 
by a chain of railroads, now nearly 
completed, she will soon be as di 
redly connected by land through 
these, with Albany and Boston, 
Massachusetts. The streets in the 
most compact portions of the city, 
are paved ; and the buildings, par- 
ticularly those for business, are of 
the most durable construction, and 
modern style. The sale of goods 
here, bears a due proportion to the 
amount of western lake commerce, 
and of course is very great. Many 
of the wholesale dealers are direct 
importers from Europe, on their 
own account. By an act of the 
legislature, the common schools 
of Buffalo have been taken out of 
the operation of the state school 
law, and erected into Free 
Schools, under the control of 
the common council, for the edu- 
cation of all classes of youth, 
without charge for tuition, the ex 
penses being defrayed by the city 
authorities. A farther valuable aid 
to intellectual culture is here found 
in the " Young Men's Associa- 
tion," an incorporated body, hav 
ing 450 members. It is out of 
debt, and owns a library of 3,500 
volumes, purchased at a cash cost 
of $5,000, and containing a great 
number of choice and rare works. 
The city has a court house, jail 
and county clerk's office; 2 public 
markets, one with the city offices 
in the 2nd story ; 3 Presbyterian, 2 
Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 2 Roman Ca- 
tholic, 1 Unitarian, 1 Universalist, 
3 German Protestant, 1 Bethel, 1 
Methodist and 2 African churches ; 



BUFFALO— BUFFALO CREEK. 



93 



1 theatre, 1 orphan asylum, 2 bank- 
ing houses, 1 fire and marine in- 
surance company, a number of 
well kept hotels and taverns; 13 
forwarding houses, besides a great 
number of wholesale and retail 
stores of different kinds; 1 flouring 
mill, 1 saw mill, 2 extensive tan- 
neries, 1 morocco factory, 1 steam 
engine manufactory, 3 carriage 
manufactories, 1 woollen blanket 
manufactory, 14 breweries, 5 soap 
and candle factories, 4 tobacco 
factories, 1 steam planing ma- 
chine, 2 iron foundries, 2 brass 
do., 2 lock factories, 2 silver 
platers, 1 Britannia ware, 1 Burr 
millstone, 1 lead pipe, 1 starch, 1 
salaeratus, 1 stone ware manufac- 
tory ; 2 chemical laboratories, 1 
ship yard with marine railway at- 
tached; an United States barracks 
constructed of brick; 1 type and 
stereotype foundery, 8 printing offi- 
ces, 2 book publishing establish- 
ments, and 2 book-binderies,besides 
most every other kind of mechanic 
establishments. Here is a pier 
or mole constructed of wood and 
stone by the United States govern- 
ment, extending 1,500 feet on the 
south side of the mouth of the 
creek, or harbor. Upon the head 
of this pier, is a light house 46 feet 
high and 20 feet in diameter at 
its base, a beautiful and durable 
structure, erected in 1S32 — 3. The 
Buffalo and Black Rock, and Buf- 
falo and Niagara Falls railroads, 
both commence at this place. 

In regard to the commerce of 
the " Far West," which centres in 
Buffalo, a writer justly remarks : — 
" Few men have duly estimated 
the value of our 1,500 miles unin- 
terrupted lake navigation. A coast 
of 3,000 miles, connecting with nu- 
merous canals and railroads, whose 
aggregate length, when they shall 
be completed, will greatly exceed 
the length of all our inland seas, 
must create an amount of com- 
merce far greater than has ever 



yet been witnessed on the waters 
of the Mediterranean. Our vast 
western world is still almost en- 
tirely either an unbroken forest or 
open prairie. But there is no peo- 
ple on the globe more enterprising 
and industrious than ours, nor is 
there another country where labor 
is equally rewarded. The new 
state of Michigan produced 3,000,- 
000 of bushels of wheat last season, 
and her crop this year is said to be 
increased 20 per cent. Wisconsin 
is a large territory, and equally if 
not better adapted to the growth of 
this important staple. The fertility 
of northern Pennsylvania, Ohio, In- 
diana and Illinois, is well known. 
The early completion of the Wa- 
bash and Erie, and the Illinois and 
Michigan canals, is now reduced 
to a certainty. This will create a 
new era in the amount of goods to 
be sent west, and of agricultural 
products to be sent, east through 
this great northern channel of 
trade." 

Buffalo and Black Rock 
Railroad, extends from the ci- 
ty of Buffalo to the village of Black 
Rock, a distance of three miles. 
This road is constructed of wood, 
except the rails, and cost about 
,5'7,500. The cars are propelled 
by horse power. 

Buffalo axd Niagara 
Falls Railroad, extends from 
the city of Buffalo to the vil- 
lage of Niagara Falls, a distance 
of 23 miles ; it passes along the 
line of the Erie canal from Buffalo 
to Black Rock, thence it diverges 
a little to the east, for three or four 
miles ; it then crosses the Tona- 
wanda creek, and resumes its 
northern direction along the east 
bank of the Niagara river, until it 
reaches the Grand Falls of Nia- 
gara, where it unites with the 
Lockport and Niagara railroad. 
The company was incorporated in 
1834, with a capital of $110,000. . 

Buffalo Creek, is formed 



94 



BULL HILL— BURNS. 



by the junction of Cayuga and Se- 
neca creeks, in the county of Erie ; 
it then runs a distance of S miles 
until it empties into Lake Erie, at 
the city of Buffalo, receiving Ca- 
zenove creek 6 miles above. This 
stream is navigable for steam boats 
and vessels of the largest class for 
some distance from its mouth, and 
forms the harbor of Buffalo, which 
by means of a pier and light house 
is rendered secure, and easily ap- 
proached from the lake at all sea- 
sons, except when closed by ice 
during the winter months. 

Bull Hill, a high peak of 
the "Highlands," is situated on the 
east side of the Hudson, in the 
town of Philipstown. 

Bullville, p. o. Crawford, 
Orange co. 

Bulwagga Bay, lies on the 
west side of Lake Champlain, be- 
tween Cedar Point and Crown 
Point, in Essex county. 

Burdette, v. and p. o. Hec- 
tor, Tompkins co. is situated on 
Hector Falls creek; it contains 
about 400 inhabitants, 60 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 
tist church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
woollen factory, 1 grist mill, 1 
saw mill, 1 oil mill, 1 clover mill, 

1 furnace, 1 tannery, 1 ashery, and 

2 carriage manufactories. 
Burling ham, v. Mamakat- 

ing, Sullivan co. contains about 
175 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Methodist church, 1 tavern, 
2 stores and 1 tannery. 

Burlington, t. Otsego co. 
situated 12 miles west of Coopers- 
town, and distant 72 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,154 
inhabitants. The surface is rolling ; 
soil, sandy loam and productive ; 
it is drained by Butternut and 
Wharton creeks. Burlington, and 
Burlington Flats are names of post 
offices. At the former there is a 
settlement, containing 1 church, 1 
tavern, 2 stores, and 15 or 20 
dwellings. 



Burlington, t. and p. o. 
Chittenden co. Vermont, is de- 
lightfully situated on the east shore 
of Lake Champlain, 70 miles north 
of Whitehall. This is the most 
important place in the state, lying 
on an indentation of the lake, call- 
ed Burlington bay; it possesses a 
convenient and safe harbor for 
steamboats and lake craft. The 
U. States government have here 
erected a breakwater, which pro- 
tects the shipping from westerly 
winds, and is a great addition to the 
security of the harbor. In 1840, it 
contained a population of 4,721 
inhabitants, about 600 dwelling 
houses ; the University of Vermont, 
consisting of 4 spacious edifices; 
the Episcopal Institute; a court 
house and jail; 7 churches of dif- 
ferent denominations, an academy 
and 2 female seminaries, 2 banking 
houses, several well kept hotels, 
and a number of stores of different 
kinds; besides several factories 
and mills, and most every kind of 
mechanic establishments. This vil- 
lage overlooking the lake, with its 
bays, islands, and adjacent scene- 
ry — the passing steamboats and 
other vessels; possesses a beauty 
of location probably unsurpassed 
by any other place in the Union. 
In trade and commerce it is close- 
ly allied with the interests of the 
state of New-York. Steamboats 
stop here daily on their route from 
Whitehall to St. Johns, Canada ; a 
steamboat also plies from this place 
to Port Kent, on the opposite side 
of the lake, a distance of 10 miles, 
thence to Plattsburgh, a further 
distance of 12 miles. 

Burlington Flats, p. o. 
Burlington, Otsego co.; here is 
situated on Wharton creek, 1 cot- 
ton factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill, 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
and 25 or 30 dwellings. 

Burns, t. Allegany co. situated 
15 miles north-east of the village 
of Angelica, and distant 237 miles 



BURNT HILLS— BUTTERMILK FALLS. 



95 



from Albany; contained in 1840, 
S67 inhabitants. The surface is 
broken; soil, clay loam of good 
quality; it is drained by Canasera- 
ga creek. De Witt's Valley and 
Whitney's Valley are names of 
post offices. 

Burnt Hills, p. o. Ballston, 
Saratoga co.; here are situated 1 
Baptist church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
and about 20 dwellings. 

Burkville, p. o. Waterlown, 
Jefferson co.; here is situated on 
the north branch of Sandy creek, 
1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 (lour- 
ing mill, 1 saw mill and 1 tannery. 

Burton, t. Cattaraugus co. si- 
tuated 15 miles south-east of the 
village of Ellicottville, and distant 
300 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 530 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is somewhat broken; soil, va- 
rious, blended with clay, sand and 
gravel. It is watered by the Al- 
legany river and some of its tribu- 
taries. The New-York and Erie 
railroad passes through this town. 
Burton is the name of a post 
office. 

Burtonville, p. o. Charles- 
ton, Montgomery co. 

Bushkell's Basin, p. o. 
Perrinton, Monroe co.; here is 
situated on the Erie canal, 1 Pres- 
byterian church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
and 12 or 15 dwellings. 

Bushwick, t. Kings co. situa- 
ted 3 miles east of Ihe city of 
Brooklyn, and distant 14S miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,295 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly and somewhat broken; the 
soil is tolerably good, and well cul- 
tivated: it is drained by Newtown 
creek. 

Buskirk's Bridge, v. and 
p. o. Cambridge, Washington co. 
is situated on the Hoosick river ; 
it contains about 200 inhabitants, 
30 dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Re- 
formed church, 1 tavern, and 2 
stores. Here is a free bridge across 
the Hoosick river. 



Busti, t. Chautauque co. situa- 
ted 20 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Mayville, and distant 324 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,S94 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and broken; the soil 
of good quality. It is drained by 
several small streams which flow 
into Chautauque lake and its out- 
let, which bound it on the north. 
Busti is the name of a post office. 

Butler, t. Wayne co. situated 
13 miles north-ea>,t of the village 
of Lyons, and distant 170 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,271 inhabitants. The surface is 
rolling, and the soil gravelly loam; 
it is drained by some small streams, 
{lowing into Lake Ontario. Butler 
and South Butler are the names of 
post offices. 

Butterfield Lake, is one 
of a small cluster of lakes, lying in 
the town of Alexandria, Jefferson 
county. 

Butterfly, p. o. New-Ha- 
ven, Oswego county. 

Butter Hill, is a high and 
steep eminence on the west of the 
Hudson river, opposite Breakneck 
Hill, at the north entrance of the 
' ' Highl and s , " or Mattea wan Moun- 
tains. These are the northern 
hills of this range on the river, and 
the view of the upper country opens 
at once, on ascending the noble 
Hudson; after passing these hills, 
the villages of Cornwall, New- 
Windsor, Newburgh and Fishkill, 
together with the diversities of 
surface and the highly improved 
farms in view, present a charming 
(though not more interesting,) 
contrast to the rude and romantic 
scenery just passed. 

Buttermilk Channel, is 
the name given to the channel be- 
tween Governor's Island and Long 
Island, opposite trie city of Brook- 
lyn. 

Buttermilk Falls, is the 
name of a picturesque and ro- 
mantic cascade, situated on the 



96 



BUTTERNUTS-CALDWILL'S LANDING. 



west bank of the Hudson, 2 miles 
below West Point. 

Butternuts, t. Otsego co. 
situated 25 miles south-west of 
Cooperstown, and distant 90 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840 
4,057 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly hilly; soil, red shale, on 
slate and sand stone. It is drained 
by Butternut creek and the Una- 
dilla river, which bounds it on the 
west. Butternuts and Gilberts- 
ville are the names of post offices. 

Butternut Creek, rises in 
the town of Burlington, Otsego co. 
and empties into the Unadilla ri- 
ver ; this is a good mill stream, on 
which are situated a number of 
factories and mills. 

Byersville, p. o. Sparta, Li- 
vingston county. 

By ram River, a stream that 
rises in Westchester county, and 
runs south into Long Island Sound; 
forming for a short distance, the 
boundary line between the states 
of Connecticut and New-York. Its 
whole length is 18 miles. 

Byrnvilj.e, p. o. Fulton, 
Schoharie co.; here are situated 1 
church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, and 12 or 15 
dwellings. 

Byron, t. Genesee co. situated 
10 miles north-east of the village 
of Batavia, and distant 247 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,907 inhabitants. The surface is 
level; soil, clay and calcareous 
loam, mostly well cultivated and 
producti ve . It is drained by Black 
creek. In this town are several 
sulphur springs. Byron and South 
Byron are names of post offices. 

Byron, v. and p. o. Byron, 
Genesee co. contains about 200 in- 
habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 1 tavern, 8 stores, 1 
flouring mill andgi saw mill, situa- 
ted on Black creek. 

Cabin Hill, p. o. Andes, De- 
laware co. 

Cadiz, v. Franklinville, Catta- 



raugus co. is situated on the Ischua 
creek; it contains about 300 inha- 
bitants, 45 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 flour- 
ing mill, 1 saw mill and 1 tannery. 

Cadose Creek, rises in the 
town of Tompkins, Delaware co. 
and flows south into the Papacton 
branch of the Delaware river. 

Cadyville, p.o. Plattsburgh, 
Clinton co. Here are situated on the 
Saranac river, several manufactur- 
ing establishments, and 15 or 20 
dwellings. 

Cadysville, v. Cuba, Alle- 
gany co. situated at the outlet of a 
small lake; contains 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 
and about 25 dwellings. 

Cairo, t. Greene co. situated 
10 miles west of Catskill, and dis- 
tant 44 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 2,S62 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly and mountain- 
ous on the west; the soil is g«od 
in the valleys, and the uplands are 
mostly under cultivation. It is 
watered by the Catskill creek and 
some of its tributaries. Acra, 
Cairo and South Cairo are names 
of post offices. 

Cairo, v. and p. o. Cairo, 
Green co. is situated on the Sus- 
quehannah turnpike, 10 miles west 
of the village of Catskill; it con- 
tains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Me- 
thodist church ; 4 public houses, 
6 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery and 1 
hat factory ; here is situated the 
county poor house, to which is at- 
tached a farm of 100 acres. 

Caldwill's Landing, Ha- 
verstraw, Rockland co. is situated 
on the west side of the Hudson 
river, at the south entrance of the 
"Highlands," directly opposite 
the village of Peekskill, with which 
it is connected by a ferry. This 
is a convenient steam boat landing, 
45 miles north of New-York. 



CALDWELL— CAMBRIDGE. 



97 



Caldwell, t. Warren co. con- 
tains the county buildings situated 
in the village of the same name, 
distant 62 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1S40, 693 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly and mountain- 
ous, the Palmertown ridge lying 
upon the south-east; it is drained by 
several small streams flowing into 
Lake George, which bounds it in 
part on the east. This is a wild 
and romantic region of country, 
connected with stirring events 
during the revolutionary and old 
French wars, which makes it al- 
most classic ground ; it is much 
resorted to by the lovers of the 
marvellous, the tourist, the sports- 
man and the angler. 

Caldwell, v. and p. o. Cald- 
well, Warren co. is delightfully si- 
tuated on the south-west end of 
Lake George, 62 miles north of the 
city of Albany; it contains about 
200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling 
houses, a court house and jail, a 
county clerk's office, 1 church, 4 
hotels and taverns, 2 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, and a plaster mill, 
situated on Mill brook. In the vi- 
cinity of this place, on the south 
end of Lake George, is situated the 
site of old Fort fVilliam Henry, 
and a short distance beyond, the 
ruins of Fort George ; still further 
south is situated the ruins of Fort 
Gage ; all of which are associated 
with the early history of this part 
of the country, during the old 
French and revolutionary wars. 
The Lake House at this place is 
much resorted to, during the sum- 
mer months, by parties of pleasure 
and travellers. A steamboat plies 
regularly between Caldwell and 
the outlet of the lake at Ticonde- 
roga, a distance of 36 miles; stages 
then transport passengers a dis- 
tance of 4 miles from the landing 
on Lake George, to the steam boat 
landing on Lake Champlain; af- 
fording one of the most picturesque 
and romantic excursions imagina- 
7 



ble. Stages also run daily during 
the summer months, between Sara- 
toga Springs and this place, a dis- 
tance of 27 miles. A short distance 
south-east of this village, on the 
stage road to Glen's Falls, is situa- 
ted the " Bloody Pond," near 
which in September, 1775, was 
killed about 1000 English and 
French, and their bodies thrown in- 
to this pond, which now presents 
a wild and gloomy appearance. 

Caledonia, t. Livingston co. 
situated 10 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Geneseo, and distant 228 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,987 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, calcareous 
loam. It is watered by the Gene- 
see river on the east, and on the 
west is a spring which sends forth 
an efficient mill stream. 

Caledonia, v. and p. o. Cale- 
donia, Livingston co., contains 
about 450 inhabitants, 70 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 3 taverns, 4 
stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 saw mill, 
and 1 brewery. 

Callicooiv Creek, rises in 
the town of Liberty, Sullivan co. 
and runs through Cochecton, emp- 
tying into the Delaware river. 

Cambria, t. Niagara co. situa- 
ted 7 miles west of the village of 
Lockport, and distant 283 miles 
from Albany; contained, in 1840, 
2,099 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly level; soil, sandy and cal- 
careous loam, underlaid by lime 
and sandstone; it is drained by 
several small streams. Cambria 
and Mount Cambria are names of 
post offices. 

Cambridge, t.Washington co. 
situated 12 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Salem, and distant 34 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2005 inhabitants. Th^ surface is 
mostly level; soil, gravelly loam, 
clay and sandy loam ; it is watered 
on the south by the Hoosick ri- 
ver and its tributaries. Buskirk's 
Bridge, Cambridge and Cam- 



CAMBRIDGE— CANAAN. 



bridge Centre are names of post 
offices. 

Cambridge, v. and p. o. Cam- 
bridge, Washington co. is situated 
on the northern turnpike; it con- 
tains, including Stevenson's cor- 
ners, about "700 inhabitants, 190 
dwelling houses, 2 Scotch Presby- 
terian churches; an incorporated 
academy, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 
woollen factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill, 1 tannery and 2 wagon and 
carriage manufactories. 

Camden, t. Oneida co. situated 
35 miles north-west of the city of 
Utica, and distant 127 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1S-10, 2,331 
inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
hilly, but arable; soil, sandy loam, 
easy of tillage and very fertile on 
the flats ; it is drained by Fish 
creek and its tributaries. Camden 
and West Camden are names of 
post offices. 

Camdex, v. and p.o. Camden, 
Oneida co. is situated on the west 
branch of Fish Creek; it was in- 
corporated in 1S34, and now con- 
tains about 700 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses, 3 churches, 1 
town house, 3 taverns, several 
stores and groceries, besides many 
kinds of mechanic workshops; 2 
flouring mills and several saw mills 
in the village and vicinity. 

Camden and Amboy Rail- 
road, being one of the connect- 
ing links of travel between the 
cities of New-York and Philadel- 
phia, a description of it is here in- 
serted. This road commences at 
Camden, opposite Philadelphia , and 
runs on the east side of the Dela- 
ware river to the village of Bor- 
dentown, thence northerly across 
the state of New-Jersey to South 
Amboy, on the Raritan bay; a 
total distance of 61 miles. From 
South Amboy a steamboat, for the 
conveyance of passengers and mer- 
chandise, runs direct to the city 
of New-York, a furfJier distance of 
25 miles. 



Cameron, t. Steuben co. situ 
ated 7 miles south of the village of 
Bath, and distant 221 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1S40, 1359 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
soil, calcareous loam and clay, 
generally of good quality; it is 
watered by the Canisteo and seve- 
ral oilier small streams. Cameron 
and South Cameron are names of 
post offices. 

Camillus, t. Onondaga co. sit- 
uated 7 miles west of Syracuse, 
and distant 141 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 3957 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is rolling; soil, 
calcareous loam; it is drained by 
Nine Mile Creek. Belisle, Cam- 
illus, Wellington and Winilfall are 
names of post offices. 

Camillus, v. and p. o. Camil- 
lus, Onondaga co. is situated on 
the line of the Auburn and Syra- 
cuse railroad ; it contains about 
600 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hou- 
ses, 2 churches, 3 taverns, 4 stores 
and 1 large flouring mill, situated 
on Nine Mile Creek. 

Campbell, t. Steuben co. situ- 
ated 10 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Bath, and distant 209 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
852 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly; soil, clay and marly loam; it 
is watered by the Conhocton river, 
Mead's creek and several other 
small streams. Cumpbelitoicn and 
Hammond's Mills are names of 
post offices. 

Campbell Creek, p.o. Bath, 
Steuben co. 

Campen's Creek, rises in 
the town of Wirt, Allegany coun- 
ly, and runs north-east into the 
Genesee river ; through the valley 
of this creek, for a considerable 
distance, runs the line of the New- 
York and Erie railroad, after leav- 
ing the valley of the Genesee. 

Campville p. o. Owego, Tio- 
ga CO. 

Canaan, t. Columbia co. situa- 
ted 20 miles north-east of the city 



CANAAN CENTRE— CANALS. 



99 



of Hudson, and distant 24 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,957 inhabitants ; the surface is 
hilly and mountainous; in the valley 
the soil is light and arable, underlaid 
by slate and lime. Several varieties 
of minerals are found in this town, 
among which are bog iron ore and 
limestone ; it is watered by some 
tributaries of Kinderhook creek. 
The Hudson, and Berkshire, and 
Albany and West Stockbridge rail- 
roads both pass through this town. 
Canaan, Canaan Centre, Canaan 
Four Corners and Red Rock are 
names of post offices; at the former 
there is a small agricultural settle- 
ment. 

Canaan Centre, p. o. Ca- 
naan, Columbia co. here is situat- 
ed 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store and 
a flourishing academy. 

Canaan Four Corners, p. o. 
Canaan, Columbia co.; here is an 
agricultural settlement consisting 
of 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store and 
some 12 or 15 dwellings. 

Canadawa Creek, rises in 
the town of Arkwright, Chautau- 
que county, and runs north-west 
into Lake Erie ; this is a tine mill 
stream, on which are located seve- 
ral thriving villages and manufac- 
turing establishments. 

Canaderaga or Schuy- 
ler's Lake, lies in the north 
part of Otsego county; it is 5 miles 
long and I5 miles average width, 
surrounded by hills. Its waters 
abound with fish, common to fresh 
water lakes in this part of the state. 
Canaderaga Springs, Rich- 
field, Otsego co. here are situated, 
near the Cherry Valley turnpike, 
about one mile north of Canadera- 
ga lake, some sulphur sprngs, 
which are much frequented by in- 
valid- ; there are good accommoda- 
tions for visitors. 

Canadice, t. Ontario co. situ 
ated 18 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Canandaigua, and distant 
216 miles from Albany; contained 



in 1840, 1,341 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly, rising into high 
ridges between the Honeoye, Can- 
adice and Hemlock lakes ; soil, 
clay, loam and sand, portions of 
which are productive. Canadice 
is the name of the post office. 

Canadice Lake, lying in the 
town of Canadice, is 3 miles long 
and half a mile wide. 

Can a j on arieJ. Montgomery 
co. situated 10 miles west of the 
village of Fonda, and distant 55 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 5,146 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly, yet generally arable ; 
soil, strong, calcareous and sandy 
loam ; it is drained by Bowman's 
and Otsquake creeks, which flows 
into the Mohawk river, and 
bounds it on the north. Ames, 
Canajoharie, Central Canajoharie 
and Frey's Bush are names of post 
offices. 

Canajoharie, v. and p. o 
Canajoharie, Montgomery co. is 
situated on the south side of the 
Mohawk river ; it was incorporat- 
ed in 1829, and now contains about 
1300 inhabitants, 175 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Dutch 
Reformed, 1 Lutheran and 1 Metho- 
dist church ; an incorporated aca- 
demy, 4 taverns, 10 stores and 
groceries, 2 grist mills, 2 distille- 
ries, 1 brewery, 1 furnace, 2 saw 
mills, 1 plaster mill and an exten- 
sive stone quarry, where are quar- 
ried a fine quality of building 
stone, which are also used in the 
construction of locks on the en- 
larged Erie Canal, which passes 
through the centre of the village; 
here also is the proposed termina- 
tion of the Cattskill and Canajo- 
harie Railroad, which is in 'part 
finished and in operation; a stage 
now leaves here for Catskill, a dis- 
tance of 78 miles. 

Canal, p. o. Van Buren, Onon- 
daga co. See Canton Village. 

Canals. See Black River, 
Cayuga and Seneca, Champlain, 



... If ' 



100 



CANANDAIGUA— CANDOR. 



Chemung, Chenango, Crooked 
Lake, Croton Aqueduct, Delaware 
and Hudson, Delaware and Rari- 
ton, Erie, Genesee Valley, Morris, 
Oswego, and fVelland canals. 

Canandaigua, t. Ontario co. 
contains the county buildings, si- 
tuated in the village of the same 
name, and is distant from Albany 
195 miles. The surface is diversi- 
fied with beautiful plains and gen- 
tly rising hills; soil fertile, and 
generally under a high state of 
cultivation, producing large crops 
of grain and other produce in 
abundance. It is watered by Can- 
andaigua lake, and several streams 
which flow into it from the west. 
Canandaigua, Centerfield and 
Cheshire are the names of post 
offices. 

Canandaigua, v. and p. o. 
Canandaigua, Ontario co. is de- 
lightfully situated at the foot of 
Canandaigua lake, 222 miles west 
of Albany by railroad. It was in- 
corporated in 1815, and now 
contains about 2,700 inhabitants, 
350 dwelling houses, a court hous«, 
jail, surrogate's office, county 
clerk's office and town house; 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Bap- 
tist, 1 Methodist, and 1 African 
church, 2 banking houses, and a 
savings bank; an incorporated 
academy in a flourishing condition, 
a female seminary, and 2 select 
schools, 7 hotels and taverns, 25 
dry goods, grocery and other 
stores, 2 printing offices, 1 steam 
flouring mill, and 1 saw mill. No 
place in the state probably exceeds 
this village as a desirable place of 
residence; being surrounded by 
one of the richest agricultural dis- 
tricts in the state, abounding in 
almost every luxury for which 
Western New- York is so justly ce- 
lebrated. On the south, at a short 
distance, lies Canandaigua lake, 
which with its cultivated shores, 
is in full view of this abode of taste 
and opulence. 



Canandaigua Lake, is a 

most beautiful sheet of water, 14 
miles long, and from 1 to li miles 
wide, lying mostly in the county 
of Ontario, and a small part in 
Yates county; it is surrounded by 
highly cultivated lands, justly ce- 
lebrated for their fertility, diver- 
sified by charming scenery. Its 
waters, which are deep and clear, 
abound with fish of different kinds, 
and are elevated 670 feet above 
the Atlantic ocean. Canandaigua 
Outlet flows north-east into Flint 
creek, thence into Clyde and Se- 
neca river; all of which are im- 
portant mill streams. 

CANASEnAGA CltEEK, rises 

in Allegany co. and flows north 
through a part of Livingston coun- 
ty into the Genesee river. This is 
an important mill stream, on which 
is situated several thriving village-s 
and manufacturing establishments. 

Canasewacta Creek, rises 
in the town of Otselic, Chenango 
co. and empties into the Chenango 
river, at the village of Norwich. 
This is a tolerable good mill 
stream, and is noted as abounding 
in fine trout. 

Canastota, v. and p. o. Le- 
nox, Madison co. is situated on the 
Erie canal, near the line of the 
Syracuse and Utica railroad; it 
was incorporated in 1835, and 
now contains about 800 inhabi- 
tants, 120 dwelling houses, 3 
churches, 4 taverns, 8 stores, and 
several forwarding houses, besides 
many kinds of mechanic work- 
shops. This is a thriving and 
aclive place of business. 

Candor, t. Tioga co. situated 
S miles north of the village of 
Owego, and distant 177 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 3,370 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
soil, generally loam of good qua- 
lity; drained by Cattotong and 
West Owego creeks. Candor, 
West Candor and Willseyville, are 
the names of post offices. 



CANDOR— CANTON. 



101 



Candor, v. and p. o. Candor, 
Tioga co. contains about 300 in- 
habitants, 45 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
Methodist church, 2 taverns, 3 
stores, 2 grist mills, 3 large saw 
mills, and 1 clothier's works 

Caseadea, t. Allegany co. 
situated 10 miles north-west of the 
village of Angelica, and distant 
267 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1S40, 1,033 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly in the east and west, 
declining towards the Genesee ri- 
ver, which flows nearly through 
the centre, receiving several small 
streams ; soil, clay and sandy 
loam. Caneadaa, is the name of 
a post office, where is situated on 
the valley of the Genesee river, a 
settlement containing 1 tavern, 1 
store, 1 saw mill, 1 fulling mill, 
and 12 or 15 dwellings. 

Caneadea Creek, rises in 
Chautauque co. and flows east into 
the Genesee river. This stream 
has a number of tributaries, most 
of which are good mill streams. 

Canfield's Corners, p. o. 
Nichols, Tioga co. 

Canisteo, t. Steuben co. situa- 
ted 14 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Bath, and distant 241 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
941 inhabitants. The surface is 
much broken ; soil, clay and calca- 
reous loam, well adapted to grass & 
grain ; the hills are well timbered 
with a large growth of pine. It is 
well watered by the Canisteo river 
and some of its tributaries. In the 
valley of the Canisteo, are rich al- 
luvial flats. Canisteo and East 
Canisteo are names of post offices. 

Canisteo River, rises in Al- 
legany county, and flows eastward 
into Steuben county, where it 
empties into the Tioga river, 5 
miles above the village of Painted 
Post. This is a good and durable 
mill stream ; its length is 50 miles; 
for about 40 miles it is boatable. 

Canning ville, v. Marshall, 



Oneida co. contains about 175 in- 
habitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
tavern, 2 stores, 1 forge for making 
bar iron, 1 blast furnace and 1 saw 
mill. 

Cannonsville, p. o. Tomp- 
kins, Delaware co.; here are lo- 
cated 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 
1 saw mill and 15 dwelling houses. 

Canoga, v. and p. o. Fayette, 
Seneca co. is situated about 1 mile 
west of Cayuga Lake, near which 
rises the somewhat celebrated 
Canoga Springs, affording water 
power sufficient for milling pur- 
poses. The village contains a- 
bout 300 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 3 
stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 saw mill 
and 1 clothier's works. 

Cantatoe, p. o. Bedford, 
Westchester co. 

Canterbury, v. and p. o. 
Cornwall, Orange co. is situated 

1 mile west of Cornwall Landing ; 
it contains about 500 inhabitants, 
80 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Methodist church, 1 Ortho- 
dox and 1 Hicksite meeting house, 

2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 woollen fac- 
tory and 2 tanneries. 

Canton, t. St. Lawrence co. 
contains the county buildings, si- 
tuated in the village of the same 
name, distant 206 miles from Al- 
bany. The surface is level or 
gently undulating; soil, clay loam, 
strong and durable . White marble, 
susceptible of a fine polish, is qua- 
ried in this town; a large bed of 
sulphate of iron, lies near the High 
Falls, on Grass river, where cop- 
peras and alum are extensively 
manufactured ; lead ore is also said 
to exist in this vicinity, which is 
rich in minerals. It is watered by 
Grass river and the Oswegatchie, 
which enters it on the north-west 
angle ; here a natural canal, ex- 
tending a distance of 5 miles, unites 
the above streams. Canton, Mor- 
ley and South Canton are names of 
post offices. 



102 



CANTON— CARMEL. 



Canton, v. and p. o. Canton, 
St. Lawrence co. is situated on 
Grass river, 206 miles north-west 
of the city of Albany; it contains 
about 800 inhabitants, 125 dwel- 
ling- houses, a court house, jail and 
clerk's office, constructed of white 
free stone; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Me- 
thodist, and 1 church called the 
Union church ; an incorporated 
academy in a flourishing - condition, 
3 public houses, 6 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 2 saw mills, 1 oil mill, 1 clo- 
thier's works, 1 pocket furnace, 1 
tannery, and a marble yard and 
mill for sawing- marble. Here is 
a fine bridge across Grass river, 
with stone piers and a wooden su- 
perstructure. 

Canton, v. Van Buren, Onon- 
daga co. is situated on the Erie 
canal ; it contains 2 taverns, 3 
stores, about 20 dwelling's, and the 
Canal post office. 

Cape Vincent, formerly cal- 
led Gravelly Point, is a broad 
sandy or gravelly cape, lying in 
the town of Lyme, Jefferson coun- 
ty, between the St. Lawrence river 
and Chaumont bay ; it terminates 
in a broad rounded point at the 
foot of Lake Ontario, opposite 
which are Fox and Grenadier Is- 
lands. 

Cape Vincent, v. and p. o. 
Lyme, Jefferson co. is situated on 
Ihe south-east side of the St. Law- 
rence river; it contains about 500 
inhabitants, 80 dwelling- houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Episcopal 
church, 4 taverns, 5 stores, 2 ware 
houses; 1 steam flouring mill, and 
1 saw mill; 1 furnace and axe fac- 
tory; 1 tannery, 1 ashery, and 1 
ship yard. This is a port of entry 
and a convenient steamboat land- 
ing*. A ferry boat and stage con- 
nects this place with Kingston, 
Canada. 

Cardiff, v. and p. o. La 
Fayette, Onondaga co. contains 
about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
houses, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 



flouring mill, 1 tannery and 1 dis- 
tillery. 

Carleton Island, lying- in 
the St. Lawrence river, is attached 
to the town of Lyme, Jefferson co. 
This is an important island, as it 
commands both channels of the 
river, at this point, which is here 
about 2 miles wide; being situated 
equi-distant between Grand Island 
and the American shore. It com- 
prises 1,240 acres of excellent 
land, and contains the site of an 
old fort erected by the British in 
1777, which was then an important 
military position, as it is now in 
case of need. It was also the scene 
of some military operations during 
the last war with Great Britain ; 
having- then, for the first time, 
been taken forcible possession of 
by the Americans. 

Carlisle, t. Schoharie co. si- 
tuated 8 miles north-west of the 
village of Schoharie, and distant 
36 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,S50 inhabitants. The 
surface is uneven and hilly ; soil, 
sandy loam, underlaid with lime- 
stone. In this vicinity are nume- 
rous caverns ; sulphate of barytes 
and aragonite are found here in 
large quantities. Carlisle is the 
name of a p:ist office, where is si- 
tuated on the Cherry Valley turn- 
pike, 1 Presbyterian church, 2 
taverns, 2 stores, and 20 dwellings. 

Carlton, t. Orleans co. situa- 
ted 8 miles north of the village of 
Albion, and distant 259 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,275 
inhabitants. The surface is level ; 
sod, sandy and gravelly loam ; it 
is drained northerly by Oak Or- 
chard creek, flowing into Lake 
Ontario, which bounds it on the 
north. Carlton, East Carlton and 
West Carlton are names of post 
offices. 

Carmel, t. Putnam co. con- 
tains the county buildings, situated 
in the village of the same name, 
and distant from Albany 106 miles. 



CARMEL— CASSADAGA CREEK. 



103 



The surface is hilly ; soil, clay and 
sandy loam, and very productive. 
In this town and vicinity are seve- 
ral beautiful small lakes, from 
which flow the head waters of the 
Croton river in a southern direction, 
abounding with fish of different 
kinds. Carmel and Red Mills- 
are names of post offices. 

Carmel, v. and p. o. Carmel, 
Putnam co. is handsomely situated 
on the east side of a small lake, 
106 miles south of the city of Al- 
bany ; it contains a court house 
and jail, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church ; an academy, 2 public 
house-!, 3 stores, 40 dwellings, and 
about 250 inhabitants. 

Caroline, t. Tompkins co. 
situated 12 miles south-east of the 
village of Ithaca, and distant 156 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,457 inhabitants. The surface 
is hilly; soil, gravelly and calca- 
reous loam ; drained by West Owe- 
go and Six Mile creeks, the former 
emptying into the Susquehannah 
river, and the latter into Cayuga 
lake, thence into Lake Ontario. 
Caroline, Caroline Centre, Mott's 
Corners, Slate rville and Speeds- 
ville are names of post offices. 

Carroll, t. Chautauque co. 
situated 25 miles south-east of the 
village of Mayville, and distant 
336 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,649 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly ; soil, sand and 
sandy loam ; deeply indented by 
the "Connewango and Stillwater 
creeks, the former of which flows 
in a southern direction nearly thro' 
the centre of the town. Carroll 
and Frewsbunrh are post offices. 

Carthage. See Rochester. 

Carthage, v. and p. o. Wil- 
na, Jefferson co. is situated on the 
east side of the Black river, where 
are two free bridges ; it was in- 
corporated in 1841, and now con- 
tains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses; 1 Methodist, and 
1 Roman Catholic church ; an aca- 



demy; 2 taverns, 10 stores of dif- 
ferent kinds ; 1 blast furnace, 2 
forges, 1 rolling mill, 1 nail facto- 
ry, 1 axe factory, 1 flouring mill, & 
2 saw mills. At this place com- 
mences the " Long Falls," afford- 
ing hydraulic power to a very great 
extent ; above which, the river is 
navigable 40 miles, to the " High 
Falls." On the opposite side 
of the river, in addition to the 
above works, are located 1 blast 
furnace, 1 axe factory and 1 oil 
mill. 

Carthage, or Low Point 
Landing, Fishkill, Dutchess co. 
is situated on the east side of the 
Hudson river ; it contains 1 church, 
1 tavern, 1 store and store house, 
together with some 15 or 20 dwel- 
lings. 

Caryville, v. Elba, Genesee 
co. contains about 200 inhabitants, 
35 dwelling houses, 2 churches, a 
college building, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 
and the Oakficld post office. 

Cascadilla Creek, rises in 
the town of Dryden, Tompkins 
county, and flows west through 
Ithaca into the head of Cayuga 
lake. 

Caseville, p. o. Olive, Ulster 
co. ; here are located 1 church, 1 
tavern, 1 grist mill, 1 tannery, and 
a few scattered dwellings. 

Cashaque Creek, rises in 
Allegan)- county, and flows north 
through a part of Livingston 
county, where it falls into Ge- 
nesee river near Mount Morris. 

Casiiong, p. o. Benton, Yates 
co. 

Cashong Creek, rises in 
the town of Benton, Yates coun- 
ty, and flows east into Seneca 
lake. 

Cassadaga, p. o. Pomfret, 
Chautauque co. 

Cassadaga Creek, rises 
in Cassadaga lake, Chautauque 
county, and flows in a southern di- 
rection into Connewango creek ; 
this is a fine mill stream, receiving 



104 



C ASSAD AG A— CATO. 



in its course several tributaries, 
most of which afford water power 
sufficient for mill sites. 

Cassadaga Lake, is a small 
body of water, lying partly in the 
towns of Pomfret and Stockton, 
Chautauque co. 

Cassville, v. and p. o. Paris, 
Oneida co. is situated on Sauquoit 
creek. It contains about 250 
inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 

2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 2 
grist mills, 2 saw mills, 2 fulling 
mills and 1 distillery. 

Castile, t. Wyoming co. situ- 
ated 10 miles south-east of the 
village of Warsaw, and distant 244 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,833 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling ; soil, gravelly loam, 
adapted to grass and grain ; Silver 
lake lies partly in the north of 
this town, and it is bounded on the 
east by the Genesee river. Castile 
and Silver Lake are names of post 
offices. At the former there is a 
settlement, consisting of 2 taverns, 

3 stores, 1 grist mill, several saw 
mills and 25 dwellings. 

Castleton, t Richmond co. 
situated on the north end of Staten 
Island, 5 miles north-east of the 
village of Richmond, and distant 
155 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 4,275 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and broken, but 
mostly productive when well tilled. 
It is bounded on the north by " Kill 
Van Kull," a continuation of Sta- 
ten Island Sound. North Shore 
and Tompkinsville are names of 
post offices. Factoryville and 
New Brighton are names of vil- 
lages. 

Castleton v. and p. o. Scho- 
dack, Rensselaer co. is situated on 
the east bank of the Hudson river, 
8 miles south of the city of Alba- 
ny; it was incorporated in 1827, 
and now contains about 350 inhab- 
itants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
Methodist church, 2 taverns, 5 
stores, 3 storehouses and 6 brick 



yards. Here are owned 5 sloops, 
principally engaged in transport- 
ing produce and merchandise 
to and from the city of New- 
York. 

Castle Williams. SeeGouer- 
nor's Island. 

Catharines, t. Chemung co. 
situated 16 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Elmira, and distant 184 
miles from Albany; contained, in 
1840, 2,424 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is Hilly ; soil, clay, loam and 
gravelly; it is drained on the north 
by Catharine's creek, the inlet of 
Seneca lake, and on the east by 
Cayuta creek, which flows into the 
Susquehanna river. Catharines 
and Havana are names of post of- 
fices. At the former there are s>tu- 
aled 1 Episcopal and 1 Methodist 
church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 tan- 
nery, 1 ashery and about 20 dwel- 
lings. 

Catharine's Creek, the in- 
let of Seneca lake, rises in Che- 
mung county, and flows northerly 
into the lake at the village of Jef- 
ferson. The water power afforded 
by this stream is very great, there 
being a descent of 400 feet in a 
distance of 15 miles. 

Catltn, t. Chemung co. situat- 
ed 10 miles north of the village of 
Elmira, and distant 190 miles from 
Albany; contained, in 1840,1,119 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
soil, gravelly loam; it is drained 
on the north by Catharine's creek, 
and on the south by some of the 
tributaries of the Chemung river. 
Martin's Hill and West Catlin are 
names of post offices. 

Cato, t. Cavuga co. situated 13 
miles north of the village of Au- 
burn, and distant 155 miles from 
Albany; contained, in 1840, 2,380 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating; soil, sandy loam of good 
quality, but containing some 
swamps and small lakes; Cross 
lake receives Seneca river, which 
flows across the southern boundary 



CATO FOUR CORNERS— CATSKILL CREEK. 



105 



of this town. Cato and Cato Four 
Comers, arc names of post offices. 
At the former is situated 1 church, 

2 taverns, 2 stores and about 30 
dwellings. 

Cato Four Corners, p. o. 
Cato, Cayuga co.; here is situated 
1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores and 
about 25 dwellings. 

Caton, t. Steuben co. situated 25 
miles south-east of the village of 
Bath, and distant 216 miles from 
Albany; contained, in 1340, 797 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
soil, gravelly loam ; it is watered 
by several small streams flowing 
into the Tioga or Chemung river. 
Wormleyisthe nameofapostoffice. 

Catskill, t. Greene co. con- 
tains the county buildings, situated 
in the village of the same name, 
and is distant 34 miles from Alba- 
ny; it contained in 1840, 5,339 in- 
habitants. The surface is hilly 
and mountainous on the west, but 
comparatively level as you ap- 
proach the Hudson river; soil, 
clay, sand and loam, underlaid 
with slate, limestone and gray- 
wacke; it is drained by the Cats- 
kill and some of its tributaries. 
Catskill, Irvingsville and Leeds 
are names of post offices. 

Catskill, v. and p. o. Cats- 
kill, Greene co. is situated on both 
sides of the Catskill creek, near its 
junction with the Hudson river ; 
the principle street being about 
half a mile west of the steamboat 
landing. It was incorporated in 
1806, and now contains about 2,800 
inhabitants, 400 dwelling houses, a 
court house and jail, 2 banking 
houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Reform- 
ed Dutch, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist 
and 1 Methodist church; 12 I otels 
and taverns, 12 dry goods stores, 
4 hardware do., 4 druggists, 2 
bookstores, 3 merchant tailors, 20 
groceries, 3 milliners, 3 shoe stores, 

3 saddlers, 3 hat stores and 2 print- 
ing offices, together with most 
every other branch of mechanical 



pursuit; 2 brick kilns, 2 furnaces, 
1 lumber yard, 1 brewery and malt 
house, 1 steam planing machine, 
1 large slaughtering establishment 
and two extensive freighting hous- 
es. Here is owned a steamboat 
and 4 barges, besides several sloops 
employed in transporting produce 
and merchandise to and from the 
city of New-York and different 
places on the river. A ferry boat 
plies across the river from the land 
ing at this place, to Oak Hill, Co- 
lumbia county. The Catskill and 
Canajoharie Railroad commences 
at this village, and is now finished 
a distance of 26 miles, on which 
cars run daily, to Cooksburgh in 
Albany county. A daily line of 
stages leave Catskill for Delhi, 
Delaware county, and two tri- 
weekly lines leave each, for Ithaca 
and Spraker's Basin in Montgome- 
ry county; the latter uniting with 
the Erie Canal and western rail- 
roads; a stas;e also runs from this 
place to Hudson, via Athens, 
twice daily, and a stage runs semi- 
weekly to Prattsville, via Hunter 
and Lexington. 

Catskill and Canajoha- 
rie Railroad, commences at 
the village of Catskill, Greene 
county, and is finished to Cooks- 
burgh, in Albany county, a dis- 
tance of 26 miles; from thence the 
line of the road extends in a north- 
west direction, through the county 
of Schoharie into Montgomery; 
terminating at the village of Cana- 
joharie, situated on the Mohawk 
river and on the line of the Erie 
Canal. Total distance 78 miles. 
This company was incorporated in 
1S30, with a capital of $600,000. 

Catskill Creek, rises in 
Schoharie co. and flows through 
the south-west angle of Albany 
county, thence through Greene in- 
to the Hudson liver at the village 
of Catskill. This is a good mill 
stream, having a descent of upwards 
of 1000 feet in 35 miles. 



106 CATSKILL MOUNTAINS— CATTARAUGUS. 



Catskill, Mountains, or 
"Kaatsbeug," extend from 
Ulster county through Greene, to 
the southern part of Schoharie 
county; distant from 6 to 10 miles 
west of the Hudson river, above 
whose waters they rise at their 
highest elevation, to a height of 
3,800 feet. The peaks are cover- 
ed with snow from one to two 
months longer than the low lands, 
and on the eastern front are, in 
many places, very precipitous; 



upon the west, the declivity is 
comparatively gentle. In these 
mountains, the bear, the wolf, the 
wild cat and the deer are still to be 
found. The Pine Orchard, where 
is erected a commodious hotel, 
called the " Mountain House," is 
situated on the brow of the moun- 
tain, 2,212 feet above the Hudson, 
in the extreme south-west part of 
the town of Catskill, distant 12 
miles from the village, and is dis- 
tinctly visible from the river. 



CATTARAUGUS COUNTY, taken from Genesee, in 1808, is cen- 
trally distant 290 miles from the city of Albany; it is bounded on the 
north by the counties of Erie and Genesee, west by Chautauque, east 
by Allegany and south by the state of Pennsylvania. Through the 
centre of this county, from east to west, are situated high grounds 
which divide the waters flowing north and south, and which enter the 
ocean some thousand miles distant. The Allegany river rises in Penn- 
sylvania, flows through the southern part of this county in its circuitous 
route, to the Ohio, which stream empties its waters into the Mississippi, 
thence into the Gulf of Mexico; while Cattaraugus creek and its tribu- 
taries flow into Lake Erie, thence into the Gulf of St. Lawrence; in 
addition to the above streams, Great Valley creek and Oil creek both 
empty into the Allegany river. Although mostly elevated, the soil is 
good and well adapted to grazing; it is well timbered and exports large 
quantities of lumber and live stock; no region of this state, and proba- 
bly none of any other in the Union, was originally covered with an 
equal amount of valuable timber, as this anil The neighboring counties. 
Hitherto the lands having upon them groves of timber, and contiguous 
to mill-sites, have been more valued for the lumber they furnished, than 
for the crops they might have been made to produce. By a recent geologi- 
cal survey of this county, it is found to contain peat, marl, bog iron ore 
and manganese. Saline and sulphur springs are occasionally met with; 
there is also an oil spring in the town of Freedom, in many respects, 
like that of Cuba, in Allegany county. Its area is about 1,232 square 
miles, or 7S8,305 acres. 

The Genesee Valley Canal, which commences at Rochester, termi- 
nates at Olean, in this county; forming a water communication between 
the Erie Canal and the Allegany river. The New- York and Erie rail- 
road will also pass through this county when completed, running 
through the valley of the Allegany. The portion of this county south 
of the Allegany river, is at present unsettled, chiefly owing to the In- 
dian Reservation, which extends for half a mile on both sides of the 
river for a distance of about 30 miles; thus cutting off communication for 
the want of bridges to connect it with the northen part of the county. 
The rapid settlement of this section of country will follow the comple- 
tion of the New-York and Erie railroad, which passes through the Al- 
legany Valley, between Olean and Cold Spring, part of the way on the 
south side of the river; in the above valley there will undoubtedly 
spring up large and thriving villages, in connection with railroad de- 
pots, and other natural advantages. 



CATTARAUGUS CREEK— CAYUGA COUNTY. 



107 



The following are the names of the towns in the county of Catta- 
raugus, with the population in 1840. 



Ashford, 1 

Burton, 

Cold Spring, 

Conewango, 1 

Dayton, 

Ellicottville, 1 

Farmersville, 1 



Franklinville, 
Freedom,... . 
Great Valley, 
Hinsdale,. . . . 
Humphrey, . . 

Leon, 

Little Valley, 



,469 
530 
673 
,317 
946 
,084 
,294 
,293 
,S31 
852 
,937 
444 
,326 
700 



Lyndon, 628 

Machias, 1,085 

Mansfield, 942 

Napoli, 1,145 

New-Albion, 1,016 

Olean, 638 

Otto, 2,133 

Perrysburgh, 1,660 

Persia, 892 

Portville, 462 

Randolph, 1,283 

Yorkshire, 1,292 



Total inhabitants, 28,872 

opposite the village of Fulton, 
with which it is connected by a toll 
bridge; it contains about 200 in- 
habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
Dutch Reformed church, built of 
stone and erected in 1766; 2 tav- 
erns and 2 stores. 

Cavekks, the principal caverns 
that are known and have been ex- 
plored, are situated in the Peters- 
burgh mountain in Rensselaer co., 
the Helderberg hills in Albany co., 
the northern part of the Catskill 
mountains in Schoharie co. and in 
the vacinity of Watertown, Jeffer- 
son co. 

Cayudutta Creek, rises 
in Fulton co. and flows south 
through a part of Montgomery co. 
where it empties into the Mohawk 
river, near the village of Fonda. 

CAYUGA COUNTY, formed from Onondaga in 1799, but has since 
been reduced, is centrally distant 156 miles from the city of Albany; it 
is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario, east by the counties of Os 
wego, Onondaga and Cortland, south by Tompkins county, and on the 
west by the counties of Seneca and Wayne. This county is favorably 
located and the soil is productive and well watered; producing wheat, 
corn, rve and oats in great abundance. Gypsum is found in this vicin- 
ity, and the brine springs of ihis county were formerly worked to a 
considerable extent, and in importance they are second only to those 
of Onondaga. In addition to these there are several important sulphur 
springs, and a chalybeate spring occurs in the town of Sennet. Owas- 
co lake lies in the centre of the county, Cayuga lake lies on the west- 
ern border and Skaneatel s hike on the eastern; Little Sodusbay on the 
north, unites with Lake Ontario; this county is also watered by Seneca 



Cattaraugus Creek, rises 
partly in Cattaraugus county and 
partly in Genessee, and flows 
westerly into Lake Erie, forming, 
for the most part, the dividing line 
between the counties of Erie and 
Cattaraugus; it is a large and noble 
mill stream, affording hydraulic 
power to a great extent, having a 
descent of 800 feet in about 50 
miles. 

Cattotong Creek, rises in 
Tompkins co. and flows south 
through a part of Tioga county, 
where, it empties into Owego creek, 
a short distance above the entrance 
of the latter stream into the Sus- 
quehanna river. 

Caughnawaga, v. Mohawk, 
Montgomery co. is situated on the 
north side of the Mohawk river, 



108 



CAYUGA— CAYUGA AND SENECA CANAL. 



river which flows across it. The area of the county is about 648 square 
miles, or 414,678 acres. 

Cayuga lake is connected with Seneca lake by means of the Cayuga 
and Seneca canal, which unites with the Erie canal near Montezuma. 
The great line of railroad which will connect the cities of Albany and 
Buffalo, pass through the village of Auburn, which is situated about 
cqui-distant between the above places. 

The following are the names of the towns in Cayuga county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Auburn, 5,626 

Aurelius , 2,645 

Brutus, 2,044 

Cato, 2,3S0 

Conquest, 1,911 

Fleming', 1,317 

Genoa, '. 2,593 

Ira, 2.2S3 

Ledvard, 2JU3 

Locke, 1,654 

Mentz, 4,215 

Moravia, 2,010 Total inhabitants, 50,338 

Cayuga, v. and p. o. Aurelius, I gated by steamboats from Cayuga 
Cayuga co. is situated on the east j Bridge to the village of Ithaca, 



Niles, 2,234 

Owasco, 1,319 

Scipio, 2,255 

Sempronius, 1,304 

Sennet, 2,060 

Springport, 1,890 

Sterling, 2,533 

Summer Hill, 1,446 

Venice, 2,105 

Victory, 2,371 



bank of Cayuga Lake; it contains 
about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, 2 taverns and 3 
stores. Here the celebrated "Cay- 
uga Bridge" crosses the lake, 
which is upwards of a mile wide; 
a new bridge has also been here 
erected for the railroad, still longer. 
A steamboat runs from this place 
to Ithaca, a distance of 40 miles. 

Cayuga Creek, a northen 
branch of Buffalo creek, rises in 
Genesee and Wyoming counties, 
and flows in a western direction 
into Erie county, where it unites 
with Seneca creek, which united 
streams then take the name of Buf- 
falo creek. 

Cayuga Island, lies in the 
Niagara river, opposite Grand Is- 
land; it is one mile in length and 
a quarter of a mile in width. 

Cayuga Lake, which consti- 
tutes one of the central lakes of 



stopping at the intermediate land- 
ings. It is a most beautiful sheet 
of water, surrounded by highly 
cultivated farms and thriving villa- 
ges ; abounding in salmon trout, 
white fish, pike, pickerel, perch 
and catfish. On several of the in- 
lets to this lake, towards the south, 
are most beautiful and picturesque 
water falls, well worthy the atten- 
tion of the lovers of natural scene 
ry. The outlet flows north into 
Seneca river; near where it is 
crossed by two bridges, each up- 
wards of a mile in length; one be- 
ing a toll bridge, known as the 
Cayuga Bridge, and the other a 
new bridge erected by the Auburn 
and Rochester railroad company. 

Cayuga and Seneca Ca- 
nal, connects the Seneca and 
Cayuga lakes with the Erie Canal 
at Montezuma in Cayuga county. 
It is 23 miles in length; passing 



New-York, is 40 miles long and through the villages of Seneca Falls 
from 1 to 3! miles wide; it lies be- and Waterloo, to the foot of Sene- 
tween the counties of Cayuga and ca lake, at the village of Geneva, 
Seneca, extending some 10 or 12 where it terminates. There are on 
miles into Tompkins county. This this canal 12 locks, 8 lock-houses, 
lake, which is very deep, is navi- 4 waste-weirs, 14 road bridges, 44 



CAUQUAGA— CENTRAL BRIDGE. 



109 



towing path bridges and 6 dams ; 
descent 73 feet. It was commenced 
in 1827, and completed in 1829; cost 
$214,000. This canal has also a 
lateral branch to Cayuga village on 
Cayuga lake,openinga lake naviga- 
tion altogether of about 100 miles. 

Cauquaga Creek, rises in 
Erie co. and Mows west into Lake 
Erie, 15 miles south of Buffalo. 

Cayuta, t. Chemung co. situ- 
ated 12 miles north-east of the vil- 
lage of Elmira, and distant 188 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 835 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and broken ; the hills 
covered with hemlock and pine. 
It is drained by Cayuta creek and 
some of its tributaries. Cayuta, 
Van Etonville and West Cayuta 
are names of post offices. 

Cayuta Creek, flows from 
the Cayuta Lake, in Chemung 
county, in a southerly direction, 
forming a part of the division line 
between the counties of Chemung 
and Tioga; then it runs into the 
Susquehannah river, a short dis- 
tance below the State line. This 
rapid stream affords numerous mill 
sites, some of which are already 
occupied ; trout are also taken in 
abundance in its waters of large size. 

Cayuta Lake, lies in the 
northern part of Chemung county, 
on the confines of Tompkins; this 
is a small body of water abounding 
in trout and other fish of a fine flavor. 

Cazeivove Creek, rises in 
Erie co. and flows into Buffalo 
creek a few miles above its mouth. 
This is a large and fine mill stream, 
on which are erected a number of 
factories and mills. 

Cazenovia, t. Madison co. 
situated 10 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Morrisville, and distant 118 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 4,153 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is high and undulating ; soil, 
rich gravelly loam, suitable for 
grass or grain. It is watered by 
Cazenovia lake and Chittenango 
creek, which flows north into Onei- 



da lake. Cazenovia & New Wood- 
stock are Dames of post offices. 

Cazenovia, v. and p. o. Ca- 
zenovia, Madison co. is situated on 
the Cherry Valley turnpike. It 
was incorporated in 1810, and now 
contains about 1,600 inhabitants, 
250 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyte- 
rian, 1 Congregational, 1 Baptist, 
and 1 Methodist church, 3 taverns, 
10 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, 1 machine shop 
and iron foundry, and 1 distillery. 
Here is situated the Oneida semi- 
nary, a theological institution 
sustained by the_ Methodist per- 
suasion of this and the neighboring 
states. 

Cazenovia Lake. This is a 
small but beautiful sheet of water, 
situated in the town of the same 
name. It is 4 miles long by 1 mile 
in width, abounding with different 
kinds of fish. 

Cedar Hill, p. o. Bethlehem, 
Albany co. 

Cedar Point, Moriah, Essex 
co. is situated on the west side of 
Lake Charoplain, on Bulwagga 
Bay, opposite Crown Point. This 
is a great lumber depot, from which 
are annually sent large quantities 
of sawed pine lumber and spars. 
Here is situated a store, and a few 
dwellings, about 1 mile south of 
Port Henry. A ferry boat plies 
across Lake Champlain from this 
place to Chimney Point, in Ver- 
mont. 

Cedar Swamp, p. o. Oyster 
Bay, Queens co. 

Cedarville, p. o. Litchfield, 
Herkimer co. Here are situated 2 
churches, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 
tannery, and a number of dwellings. 

Centerville, v. Painted 
Post, Steuben co. is situated on 
the north side of the Chemung ri- 
ver, between the villages of Cor- 
ning and Painted Post. It contains 
about 250 inhabitants and 30 dwel- 
ling houses. 

Central Bridge, p.o. Scho- 
harie, Schoharie co. 



110 



CENTRAL CANAJOHARIE— CHAMPLAIN. 



Central, Canajoharie, p. 
o. Canajoharie, Montgomery co. 

Central Square, p. o Has- 
tings, Oswego co. 

Centre Almond, p. o. Al- 
mond, Allegany, co. 

Centre Berlin, p. o. Berlin, 
Rensselaer co. 

Centre Cambridge, p. o. 
Cambridge, Washington co. 

Centrefield, p. o. Canan- 
daigua, Ontario co. Here are 
located 1 Presbyterian and 1 
Episcopal church ; 1 tavern, 1 
store, and about 20 dwellings. 

Centre Gorham, p. o. Gor- 
ham, Ontario co. 

Centre Independence, p. 
o. Independence, Allegany co. 

Centre Lisle, p. o. Lisle, 
Broome co. 

Centreport, p. o. Hunting- 
ton, Suffolk co. Here are situated 
on Great Cow Harbor, 1 church, 
1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 mill and 15 or 
20 dwellings. 

Centreport, v. Brutus, Cay- 
uga co. is situated on the Erie ca- 
nal; it contains 1 tavern, 1 store, 
and about 20 dwelling houses. 

Centre Sherman, p. o. 
Sherman, Chautauque co. 

Centreville, t. Allegany 
co. situated 16 miles north-west of 
the village of Angelica, and distant 
264 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,513 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating; soil, argil- 
laceous mould, adapted to grass or 
grain. It is drained by several 
small streams. Centreville is the 
name of a post office, where is a 
small settlement. 

Centreville, v. Portland, 
Chautauque co. contains 1 church, 
1 tavern, 1 store, 1 paper mill, 1 
clothier's works, and about 35 
dwellings. 

Centreville, v. Westford, 
Otsego co. is situated on Elk creek; 
it contains about 200 inhabitants, 
30 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 
1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Me- 



thodist church; 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 ful- 
ling mill. 

Centre White Creek, p. 
o. White Creek, Washington co. 
Here are located 1 Baptist church, 
1 tavern, 1 store and a scattered 
settlement, consisting of 25 or 30 
dwellings. 

Chalmers, p. o. Niagara, 
Niagara co. 

Cha]mberlainville,v. Great 
Valley, Cattaraugus co. is situated 
on the Great Valley creek ; it con- 
tains about 150 inhabitants, 25 
dwelling houses, 1 store, 2 saw 
mills, and 1 tannery. 

Champion, t. Jefferson co. si- 
tuated 12 miles east of the village 
of Watertown, and distant 14S 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,206 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly, but mostly arable ; 
soil, rich sandy and marly loam. 
It is watered by Black river and 
some of its tributaries. Champion 
and Great Bend are names of post 
offices. 

Champion, v. and p. o. Cham- 
pion, Jefferson co. is an agricul- 
tural settlement. It contains about 
200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian church, an 
academy, 1 tavern and 3 stores. 

Champion South Roads, p. 
o. Champion, Jefferson co. 

Champlain, t. Clinton co. si- 
tuated 15 miles north of the village 
of Plattsburgh, and distant 188 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 3,632 inhabitants. The sur- 
face on the east is level, on the 
west hilly ; soil, clay loam, mostly 
fertile and well cultivated. This 
town is bounded on the north by 
Canada, on the east by Lake Cham- 
plain, and is drained by Chazy river, 
which flows in a circuitous route 
nearly through the centre. Cham- 
plain, Perrysville and Rouse's 
Point are names of post offices. 

Champlain, v. and p. o. Cham- 
plain, Clinton co. is situated on the 



CHAMPLAIN LAKE AND CANAL. 



Ill 



Chazy river 5 miles west of Lake 
Champlain, and between 1 and 2 
miles south of the Canada line. It 
contains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
dwelling houses, 1 Congregational 
and 1 Methodist church ; an aca- 
demy building, newly erected; 7 
stores of different kinds, 1 tavern, 
1 grist mill, 6 saw mills, 1 cloth 
dressing and carding machine, and 
1 tannery. The Chazy river is na- 
vigable to this place during 3 or 4 
months in the year ; for the remain- 
der of the season to within 1 mile. 
Champlain, Lake, lies be- 
tween the states of New-York and 
Vermont, through which runs the 
boundary line from near Whitehall 
to lat. 45°, being a distance of 136 
miles ; it may be said to extend 4 
miles further into Canada, making 
the whole length of the lake 140 
miles; varying from half a mile or 
less, to 10 miles in width. Its 
direction is nearly north and 
south, and it is a long, narrow and 
deep body of water, dotted with a 
number of islands, the largest of 
which belong to Vermont. From 
Whitehall to Crown Point, the lake 
is quite narrow, but here it begins 
to expand, and soon becomes 3 
miles wide, still increasing north- 
ward, until near Burlington, where 
it spreads to its greatest width. 
Steamboats of the first class, and 
sloops of from 50 to 100 tons bur- 
then navigate this lake its whole 
length, thence down the Sorelle, or 
Richelieu river, its outlet, to St. 
Johns, Canada, where steamboat 
navigation ceases ; a total distance 
of about 150 miles. This lake is 
also connected with the navigable 
waters of the Hudson, by means of 
the Champlain canal, which ex- 
tends south, a distance of 63 miles. 
As you approach near the centre 
of Lake Champlain, a large body 
of water presents itself to view, 
bordered by scenery of the most 
picturesque description ; the head- 
lands which are seen to great ad- 
vantage, and the vast ranges of 



mountains on either side, is truly 
grand and romantic. The highest 
peak of the Green Mountains, cal- 
led the " Camel's Hump," is seen 
on the east, while the high ranges 
of the mountains of Essex county, 
are seen on the west. This latter 
range of mountain peaks, contain 
the highest land in the state of 
New-York, rising in some places 
to the height of 5,000 feet and 
upwards, abounding with iron ore 
and timber of lanre growth. Some 
of the streams which flow into this 
lake, abound with waterfalls of the 
greatest beauty. It also abounds 
with numerous indentations and 
bays of singular beauty, which 
only need to be seen to be admired. 
Its waters are well stored with 
salmon, salmon trout, sturgeon, 
pickerel and other fish. 

Champlain Canal,, com- 
mences at the junction with the 
Erie canal, 9 miles north of the 
city of Albany, and extends through 
Saratoga county, along the west 
bank of the Hudson river, to Fort 
Miller bridge ; then crosses the 
river and pursues a north course to 
the village of Whitehall, in Wash- 
ington co. where it terminates; 
connecting Lake Champlain with 
the navigable waters of the Hud- 
son river. It has a lateral cut, 
communicating with the Hudson 
at Waterford, 10 miles above Al- 
bany, by means of 3 locks. Here 
is a capacious basin formed by a 
state dam across the river at the 
upper part of the city of Troy, 
where is situated a sloop lock. 
There is also a navigable feeder 
extending from above Glen's Falls 
to the summit level, a distance of 
11 miles. Length of main canal 
64 miles. It is 40 feet wide at 
top, 28 feet at bottom, and 4 feet 
deep ; 21 locks, each 14 by 90 feet. 
Rise 134 feet ; fall 54 feet; total 
lockage, or rise and fall, 
188 feet. Commenced in 1816 ; 
completed in 1819. Cost $1,- 
079,872. 



112 



CHAPELLSBURGH— CHATEAUGAY. 



Chapellsburgh, p. o. 
Humphrey, Cattaraugus co. 

Chapinville, p. o. Hope- 
well, Ontario co. 

Charleston, t. Montgomery 
co. situated 10 miles south of the 
village of Fonda, and distant 43 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,103 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly but mostly arable; 
soil, clay, sand ana gravelly loam. 
It is drained by several small 
streams that flow north into the 
Mohawk river. Charleston, Char- 
leston Four Corners, and Burton- 
ville, are names of post offices. 

Charlotte, t. Chautauque 
co. situated 13 miles east of the 
village of Mayville, and distant 
320 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 1,428 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating; soil, moist 
clay loam, adapted to grass and 
grain. It is drained by Cassadaga 
creek and its tributaries. Charlotte 
Centre, Gerry, Holdensville, Pu- 
laski and Sinclairville are names 
of post offices. 

Charlotte, v.&p.o. Greece, 
Monroe co. is situated at the mouth 
of the Genesee river, 7 miles below 
the city of Rochester ; it is some- 
times called Port Genesee. Here 
is a convenient steamboat landing, 
2 taverns, 1 store, 1 forwarding 
house, and some 20 or 30 dwel- 
lings. The regular line of steam- 
boats running between Oswego and 
Lewiston stop at this place ; also, a 
passage boat runs from here to King, 
ston, Canada. A small steamboat 
runs up the Genesee, to the landing 
at Carthage ; and stages also run 
direct to the city of Rochester, 
several times daily on the de- 
parture and arrival of the passage 
boats. 

Charlotte Centre, p. o. 
Charlotte, Chautauque co. 

Charlotte Lake, is a small 
body of water lying in the town of 
Gallatin, Columbia co. 

Charlotte River, rises in 



Scnonane county, and flows wes- 
terly a distance of 30 miles through 
a part of Delaware, into the Sus- 
quehannah river, in Otsego county. 

Charlotteville, p. o. 
Summit, Schoharie co. 

Charlton, t. Saratoga co. si- 
tuated 8 miles west of the village 
of Ballston Spa, and distant 24 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1340, 1,933 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, clay, loam 
and sandy loam, generally well 
cultivated and productive. It is 
drained on the south by Aelplas? 
creek, which flows into the Mo- 
hawk river. Charlton and West 
Charlton are names of post offices. 
Charlton, v. and p. o. 
Charlton, Saratoga co. contains 
about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
pal, 1 Methodist and 1 Universalist 
church ; 2 taverns, 3 stores, and a 
machine shop; in the immediate 
vicinity are 2 grist mills, 2 saw 
mills, and 2 tanneries. 

Chateaugay, t. Franklin co. 
situated 10 miles north-east of the 
village of Malone, and distant 200 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,824 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is somewhat hilly ; soil, clay 
and sandy loam ; it is drained by 
Chateaugay river and its tributa- 
ries, flowing north into Canada, 
which bounds it on the north. 
Chateaugay and West Chateaugay 
are names of post offices. At the 
former there is a small agricultural 
settlement, on the post, road be- 
tween the villages of Plattsburgh 
and Ogdensburgh. 

Chateaugay Lake, lies in 
the town of Beekmantown, Clinton 
county, on the confines of Franklin; 
it is 4 miles long and 2 miles wide, 
abounding in fish, and surrounded 
by a thinly settled region of coun- 
try; elevated 1,400 feet above the 
tide waters of the Hudson. 

Chateaugay Mountains, 
or range of hills, commence in Ca- 



CHATEAUGAY RIVER-CHAUTAUQUE. 



113 



nada, and extend soulh through 
the north-west part of Clinton 
county into Franklin. Some of 
the highest peaks are in Franklin 
county, near Chateaugay lake. 

Chateaugay River, rises 
in Clinton and Franklin counties, 
and flows northerly through the 
latter county into Canada, where it 
falls into the St. Lawrence river. 

Chatham, t. Columbia co. si- 
tuated 16 miles north-east of the 
city of Hudson, and distant 22 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1S40, 3,662 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, various and 
generally well cultivated. It is 
watered by Kinderhook creek. 
Chatham, Chatham Centre, Chat- 
ham Four Corners, Maiden Bridge, 
New Concord and North Chatham 
are names of post offices. 

Chatham, v. and p. o. Chat- 
ham, Columbia co. contains about 
300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 
1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 iron 
foundery, and an extensive wag- 
on manufactory. 

Chatham Centre, p. o. 
Chatham, Columbia co.; here is 
situated a small agricultural settle- 
ment, consisting of some 10 or 12 
dwellings. 

Chatham Four Corners, 
p. o. Chatham, Columbia co.; here 
are situated 2 taverns, 3 stores, and 



about 25 dwellings. The Hudson 
and Berkshire, and the Albany 
and West Stockbridge railroads 
here form a junction, which tends 
to make this point a place of con- 
siderable importance. 

Chaumont, v. and p. o. Lyme, 
Jefferson co. is situated at the head 
of Chaumont Bay ; it contains 
about 250 inhabitants, 35 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, open to all de- 
nominations ; 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 
grist mill, 2 saw mills, and 1 tan- 
nery. This village unites the ad- 
vantages of water power and 
navigation, possessing a fine har- 
bor of easy access from Lake 
Ontario. It is celebrated for its 
fisheries, and its fine blue lime- 
stone. The latter is extensively 
used for buildings and for public 
works. 

Chaumont Bay, lies in the 
town of Lyme, Jefferson county, 
near the foot of Lake Ontario; it 
is of an irregular shape, about 7 
miles long by 2 miles wide; into 
which on the north flows Chau- 
mont river. This bay abounds in 
different kinds of lake fish, which 
are here taken in great abun- 
dance. 

Chaumont River, rises in 
Jefferson county, and flows in a 
southern direction into Chaumont 
bay, thence into Lake Ontario. It 
is 15 miles lonjr. 



CHAUTAUQUE COUNTY, taken from Genesee in 1808, is cen- 
trally distant 330 miles from the city of Albany. It is the westernmost 
county in the state, being bounded north-west by Lake Erie, east by 
Cattaraugus county, and south and west by the state of Pennsylvania. 
This county borders on Lake Erie for a distance of about 30 miles, and 
includes several good harbors, for steamboats and other large ves- 
sels, which navigate the great western lakes. An elevated ridge run- 
ning from five to eight miles from the lake divide the waters flowing 
north and south, which ridge in some places is elevated from 1,000 to 
1,400 feet. The general smface though hilly, is not mountainous; 
the highest hills are susceptible of cultivation to their summits. The 
6oil along the shore of Lake Erie, and on the margins of the principal 
streams, is a rich alluvion, and is very productive, producing large 
quantities of grain of different kinds ; the uplands are well adapted to 
grazing. Fruit is also abundant, such as apples, pears and plums. 
The most interesting object in this county connected with mineralogy, 



114 



CHAUTAUQUE— CHAUTAUQUE LAKE. 



is the carburetted hydrogen gas, which is here evolved in large quan- 
tities. The most remarkable localities are those of Fredonia, Westfield 
and Van Buren Harbor; these are commonly called gas springs, pos- 
sessing an illuminating power equal to that of the purest coal or oil gas, 
and is advantageously used in many places. Equally common are 
springs charged with sulphuretted hydrogen. There are also several 
localities of bog iron ore ; shell marl is abundant on the banks of Cas- 
sadaga lake, and alum and copperas are spontaneously formed in the 
town of Sheridan. Chautauque lake, Cassadaga lake and Bear lake, 
all lie in this county ; the former is navigable for steamboats. In ad- 
dition to the above lakes, may be named Chautauque creek, French 
creek, Canadawa creek, Silver creek, Cassadaga creek, Conewango 
creek, and the outlet to Chautauque lake. The New- Fork and Erie 
railroad, when completed, will run through the northern part of this 
county, terminating at Dunkirk Harbor. A railroad route has been 
surveyed, extending from Buffalo, through Dunkirk, to the west line 
of the state of New-York, there to connect with other lines of railroads 
extending along the shore of Lake Erie to its western extremity, 
thence to the Mississippi river; which, when finished, will form in 
connection with the eastern railroads, a continuous railroad communi- 
cation from Boston, New-York and the Far West. Its area is about 
1,017 square miles, or 650,620 acres. 

The county buildings are located in the village of Mavville, in the 
town of Chautauque. The following are the names of the towns in the 
county, with the population in 1840 : 



Arkwright, 1,418 

Busti, 1,894 

Carroll, 1,649 

Charlotte, 1,428 

Chautauque, 2,980 

Cherry -Creek, 1,141 

Clvmer, 909 

El'lery, 2,242 

Ellicott, 2,571 

Ellington, 1,725 

French Creek, 621 

Gerry, 1,288 

Hanover, ... 3,998 

Chautauque, t. Chautauque 
co. contains the county buildings 
situated in the village of Mavville, 
distant 336 miles from Albanv ; 
it contained in 1840, 2,980 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is high and 
rolling, being situated on the divi 
din"' ridge; a part of its waers 
running east into Chautauque lake, 
while a portion runs west into Lake 
Erie ; soil, argillaceous loam of 
good quality, producing abundant 
crops of grass and grain. Chau- 
tauque lake lies on its eastern bor- 



Harmonv, 3,340 

Mina, .." 871 

Poland, 1,087 

Pom fret, 4,566 

Portland, 2,135 

Riplev, 2,197 

Sheridan, 1,883 

Sherman, 1,099 

Stockton, 2,078 

Villenova, 1,655 

Westfield, 3,199 



Total inhabitants, 47,975 

der, into which flows several 
streams ; Chautauque creek and its 
tributaries drain it on the west. 
Do Wittville, Magnolia and May- 
ville, are names of post offices. 

Chautauque Lake, lying 
entirely in the county of Chautau- 
que, is a most beautiful sheet of 
water ; it is 18 miles in length, and 
in breadth varying from 1 to 3 
miles, except near the middle, 
where it contracts to a few rods. 
It is navigable for steamboats from 
Mayville to the foot of the lake, 



CHAUTAUQUE CREEK— CHEMUNG. 



116 



thence by its outlet to the Conne- 
wango creek ; and is elevated 726 
feet above the surface of Lake 
Erie, and 1,291 feet above the At- 
lantic Ocean ; being the highest bo- 
dy of water in the Union on which 
a steamboat floats. 

Chautauijue Creek, rises 
in Chautauque co. and flows nor- 
therly into Lake Erie, descending 
through a deep dell, or ravine; 
this is a good mill stream, on 
which are already erected a num- 
ber of factories and mills. 

Chazy, t. Clinton co. situated 
10 miles north of the village of 
Plattsburgh, and distant 176 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
3,584 inhabitants. The surface is 
level on (he east and hilly on the 
west; soil mostly of good quality, 
and some of it verj r productive; it 
is bounded on the east by Lake 
Champlain, and drained by Chazy 
and Little Chazy rivers. Chazy 
and West Chazy are names of post 
offices. 

Chazy, v. and p. o. Chazy, 
Clinton co. is situated on the Little 
Chazy river, 3 miles west of Lake 
Champlain; it contains about 250 
inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 
1 Congregational and 1 Methodist 
church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 2 gri>t 
mills, 3 saw nulls, 1 trip hammer 



works and 2 tanneries. Blue lime 
stone or marble, is found in abun- 
dance in this vicinity. It is usually 
of a black color, takes a good po- 
lish, and is often quite equal in 
beauty to the celebrated Irish mar- 
ble. 

Chazy Landing, Chazy, 
Clinton co. is situated on the west 
side of Lake Champlain, 9 miles 
south of the Canada line; here are 
situated, 1 tavern, 1 store, 2 store 
houses and about 20 dwellings. 

Chazy Lake, lies in the town 
of Beekmantown, Clinton county; 
it is 4 miles long by an average 
width of 1 mile. 

Chazy River, rises by sever- 
al branches in the western part of 
Clinton county and flows easterly 
in a very circuitous route into Lake 
Champlain, in the town of Cham- 
plain. Its whole length is about 
40 miles; affording many fine mill 
privileges. 

Chazy River, Little, rises 
in Clinton county, and flows in an 
easterly direction through the town 
of Chazy into Lake Champlain. Its 
length is about 20 miles. 

Chelsea, p. o. Fredonia, Cat- 
taraugus co. 

Chelsea, v. Northfield, Rich- 
mond co. is a small settlement sit- 
uated on Staten Island Sound. 



CHEMUNG COUNTY, taken from Tioga in 1836, is distant 190 
miles from the city of Albany; bounded on the west by Steuben county, 
north by Tompkins, east by Tioga and on the south by the state of 
Pennsylvania. The surface of this county, although broken and hilly, 
contains much good land; the flats along the streams are rich and ex- 
tensive; the uplands are pleasant and productive, abounding in a large 
growth of timber, and when cleared, well adapted to grazing. The 
mineralogical productions of this county are supposed to be very limit- 
ed It is watered on the south by the Chemung river, on the north b) 
the inlet of Seneca lake, and on the east by the Cayuta creek; New 
town creek flows south into the Chemung river. Its area is about 530 
square miles, or 336,000 acres. 

The Chemung Canal connects Seneca lake with the Chemung river 
at Elmira; a navigable feeder also extends from Fairport to the village 
of Corning, in Steuben county. This canal affords a water communi- 
cation between the Erie Canal and the Susquehanna river, which emp- 
ties its waters into the Chesapeake bay, in the state of Maryland. The 
New- York and Erie Railroad, also passes through this county, afford- 



116 



CHEMUNG— CHENANGO. 



ing altogether facilities of immense importance to this region of coun- 
try, which is rich in lumber and agricultural products. 

The following are the names of the towns in Chemung county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Big Flats, 1,375 

Catharines, 2,424 

Catlin, 1,119 

Cayuta, 835 

Chemung, 2,377 

Dix, 1,990 

Chemung, t. Chemung co. sit- 
uated 10 miles south-east of the 
village of Elmira, and distant 198 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,377 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and broken, with fine 
alluvial flats in the valley of the 
Chemung, which flows near its 
southern boundary; soil on the up- 
lands, gravelly loam, covered with 
hemlock, pine, maple and beech. 
In the south-east part of this town 
is situated a singular eminence 
called " Spanish Hill," elevated 
110 feet above the plain, and near 
the bank of the river ; upon its 
summit are vestiges of fortifica- 
tions, displaying much skill in the 
art of defence, having regular in- 
trenchments, which perfectly com- 
mand the bend of the river. Che- 
mung is the name of a post of- 
fice, where is a small settlement. 

Chemung Canal, extends 
from the head of Seneca Lake to 
the Chemung river, terminating at 
the village of Elmira, Chemung co. 
Length 23 miles; with a navigable 
feeder from the summit level at 
Fairport, to the village of Corning, 
a distance of 16 miies, where is a 



Elmira, 4,791 

Erin, 1,441 

Southport, 2,101 

Veteran, 2,279 



Total inhabitants, 20,732 
capacious basin formed in the Che- 
mung river ; to this point extends 
the Corning and Blossburg railroad, 
thus affording great facilities for 
the transhipment of coal and other 
heavy commodities. The Che- 
mung Canal and feeder are togeth- 
er, 39 miles in length ; 53 locks, 
overcoming an ascent and descent 
of 516 feet; 8 waste-weirs, 21 
road bridges, 3 towing path bridges, 
11 farm bridges and 3 aqueducts. 
Commenced in 1830; completed in 
1833. Cost, $344,000. 

Chemung River, which is 
formed by the junction of the Con- 
hocton with the Tioga river, com 
mences in Steuben county, and 
flows in a south-east direction 
through the county of Chemung; 
thence into the state of Pennsylva- 
nia, where it empties into the Sus- 
quehanna at the village of Athens; 
its whole length is 40 miles. This 
is a large and important stream; 
during freshets it is used in floating 
lumber and produce to market, 
and affords a number of desirable 
mill sites, many of which are still 
unoccupied. It is also used as the 



main feeder of the Chemung canal. 
CHENANGO COUNTY, formed from Herkimer and Tioga in 1798, 
is centrally distant 120 miles from the city of Albany; it is bounded on 
the west by Broome and Cortland counties, north by Madison county, 
east by Otsego and Delaware counties, and on the south by Broome 
county. The surface is broken and hilly, though not mountainous; its 
valleys are extensive and fertile, producing large crops of grain, while 
the uplands are well adapted to grazing. Live stock, grain and lumber 
are the principal exports. This county is well watered; the Chenango 
river flows through the centre, while the Unadilla bounds it on the east, 
both flowing into the Susquehanna river, which runs across the south- 
east angle; in addition to the above the Canasawacta and Geneganslette 
creek, flowing into the Chenango and the Otselic river runs through the 



CHENANGO— CHENANGO RIVER. 



u: 



north-west part of the county. There are two or three sulphur springs 
in this county, which are frequented by those who are afflicted with cu- 
taneous diseases. The Chenango canal runs through the valley of the 
Chenango river, connecting the Erie canal with the boatable waters of 
the Susquehanna river, at the village of Binghamton. The area of this 
county is about S00 square miles, or 514,800 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Chenango county, with 
the population in 1840. 

Bainbridge, 3,324 i Oxford, 3,179 



Columbus, 1,561 

Coventry, 1,681 

German, 965 

Green, 3,462 

Guilford, 2,827 

Lincklean, 1,249 

Macdonough, 1 ,369 

New-Berlin, 3,086 

Norwich, ... 4,145 

Otselic, 1,621 

Chb&'ango, t. Broome co. 
contains the county buildings, si- 
tuated in the village of Bingham- 
ton, and is distant from Albany 
145 miles; contained in 1840, 
5,465 inhabitants. The surface is 
hiliy, but arable and productive ; 
the Chenango and Susquehanna 
rivers both flow through this town, 
forming a junction at the village of 
Binghamton; the valleys and flats 
from one to two miles wide, are 
rich alluvial, producing grass and 
grain in abundance. Binghamton 
is the name of a post office. 

Chenango Canal, leaves the 
Erie canal at Utica, and proceeds 
in a south-west direction to the vil- 
lage of Clinton, where it intersects 
the valley of Oriskany creek, 
then up said valley into Madison 
county, where it attains its sum- 
mit, thence down the valley of the 
Chenango to the Susquehanna ri- 
ver, terminating at the village of 
Binghamton, in Broome county. 
Elevation from the Erie canal "to 
its summit level, 706 feet; descent 
from thence to the Susquehanna, 
303 feet. Length 97 miles. The 
structures on this canal are as fol- 
lows ; 114 composite and 2 stone 
lilt-locks; 1 guard lock; 19 aque- 



Pharsalia, 1,213 

Pitcher, 1,562 

Plymouth, 1,625 

Preston, 1,117 

Sherbourne, 2,791 

Smithville, 1,762 

Smyrna , 2,246 



Total inhabitants, 



40,7S5 



ducts ; 52 culverts; 21 waste-weirs; 
56 road bridges ; 106 farm bridges; 
53 feeder bridges ; 12 dams and 
11 lock houses. To obtain the re- 
quisite supply of water for this 
canal, 17j miles of feeders and 7 
reservoirs, have been constructed. 
Commenced in 1833 ; completed in 
1837. Cost, $1,737,703. 

Chenango Forks, v. and p. 
o. Barker and Chenango, Broome 
co. is situated at the junction of 
the Tioughnioga river with the 
Chenango, on the line of the Che- 
nango canal. It contains about 
500 inhabitants, 80 dwelling hous- 
es, 1 church, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 
grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 clothier's 
works, 1 tannery and a boat yard, 
where canal boats are built and re- 
paired. 

Chenango River, rises in 
Madison and Oneida counties, and 
flows through the counties of Che- 
nango and Broome, where it emp- 
ties into the Susquehanna at the 
village of Binghamton. It is 75 
miles long, running in a southerly 
direction through the Chenango 
valley; on its banks are several 
beautiful and thriving villages. 
This stream is navigable for boats 
and rafts 50 miles above its mouth. 



118 



CHERRY CREEK— CHESTERVILLE 



and is used to a considerable ex- 
tent to feed the Chenango canal, 
which i uns parallel to it through its 
whole course. 

Cherry Creek, t. Chautau- 
que co. situated 20 miles east of 
the village of Mayville, and dis- 
tant 320 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 1,141 inhabitants. 
The surface is rolling; soil, clay 
and sandy loam; drained by Cone- 
wango creek and some of its tri- 
butaries. 

Cherry Creek, v. and p. o. 
CherryCreek,Chautauqueco. con- 
tains about 200 inhabitants, 30 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 tav- 
erns, 2 stores and 2 saw mills. 

Cherry Valley, t. Otsego 
co. situated 11 miles north-east of 
Cooperstown and distant 52 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
3,923 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly but mostly arable; soil, cal- 
careous mould; it is drained by 
Cherry Valley creek and some 
other small streams. 

Cherry Valley, v. and p. 
o. Cherry Valley, Otsego co. is 
situated on the Great Western turn- 
pike, 52 miles west of the city of 
Albany; it was incorporated in 
1812, and now contains about 1 ,100 
inhabitants, 180 dwelling houses, 
1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
Methodist church, 1 banking house, 
5 public houses, 15 stores, 1 grist 
mill and 1 carding and cloth dres- 
sing establishment. The Cherry 
Valley Academy, is a chartered 
institution in a flourishing condi- 
tion. 

Cheery Valley Creek, 
vises in the town of Cherry Valley 
and flows into the Susquehanna 
river in the county of Otsego. 

Cheshire, p. o. Canandaigua, 
Ontario co. here are located 1 tav- 
ern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
mills and 12 or 15 dwellings, on a 
tributary of Canandaigua lake. 

Ciiesnut Ridge, p.o. Dover, 
Dutche s co. 



Chester, t. Warren co. situa- 
ted 18 miles north-west of the vil- 
lage of Caldwell, and distant 80 
miles lrom Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,633 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous; soil, 
sandy loam and productive in the 
valleys; it is watered by the Hud- 
son river and some of its tributa- 
ries. Schroon lake lies on the 
north-east boundary; there are also 
two other small lakes in this town, 
all of which abound in trout and 
other fish of a fine flavor. Ches- 
tertown and Pottersville are names 
of post offices. 

Chester, v. and p. o. Goshen, 
Orange co. is an agricultural set- 
tlement on the line of the New- 
York and Erie railroad; it contains 
1 church, 3 taverns, 5 stores, 1 
grist mill, 1 saw mill and about 30 
dwellings. This is a great mart 
for the sale of live stock of differ- 
ent kinds. 

Chesterfield, t. Essex co. 
situated 20 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Elizabeth, and distant 150 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,716 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous; soil, 
sandy loam, with some clay. In 
this town are several small lakes or 
ponds, the principal of which are 
Auger and Butternut; it is drained 
by the Au Sable river, which flows 
on the north boundary and empties 
into Lake Champlain, lying on the 
east. Highland, Keeseville, Port 
Kent and Port Kendall are names 
of post offices; Port Douglass is 
the name of a landing on the west 
side of Lake Champlain. 

Chestertows, v. and p. o. 
Chester, Warren co. contains about 
350 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hous- 
es, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 
Methodist church, 2 taverns, 6 
stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
tannery and 1 clothier's works. 

Chester vi lle,v. Westerloo, 
Albany co. contains about 250 in- 
habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 



CHICTAWAGA— CICERO. 



J 19 



Presbyterian and 1 Baptist church, 
2 taverns, 1 store and 1 tannery. 

Chictawaga, t. Erie co. sit- 
uated 6 miles east of Buffalo, and 
distant 27S miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 1,137 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is undulating 
and the soil productive; it is wa- 
tered by Cayuga and Cazenove 
creeks, the head branches of Buf- 
falo creek. The southern part of 
this town is embraced in the Buffa- 
lo Creek Reservation, and inhabit- 
ed by the Seneca tribe of Indians. 

Chili, t. Monroe co situated 
10 miles south-west of the city of 
Rochester, and distant 230 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,174 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating; soil, clay loam and 
very fertile; it is drained by Black 
creek flowing into the Genesee 
river, which bounds it on the 
east.' Chili, North Chili, O'Con- 
nellsville and South Chili are names 
of post offices. 

China, t. Wyoming co. situat- 
ed 20 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage ot Wyoming, and distant 271 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,437 inhabitants. The surface on 
the south is gently undulating and 
rolling on the north; soil, clay 
loam, well adapted to grass; it is 
drained by Clear creek, one of the 
head branches of Cattaraugus 
creek. China, and East China are 
names of post offices. 

Chippewa Bay, on the east 
side of the St. Lawrence river, op- 
posite the town of Hammond, St. 
Lawrence co. contains a por- 
tion of the " Thousand Islands." 

Chittenango, v. and p. o. 
Sullivan, Madison co. is situated 
one mile south of the Erie Canal, 
with which it is connected hv a 
side cut; it contains about 1,000 
inhabitants, 180 dwelling houses, 
3 churches, 3 taverns. 10 stores, 1 
woollen factory, 1 flouring mill 
and 2 large factories for the manu- 
facture of water lime, which is 



found in this vicinity and is exten- 
sively used on the different public 
works of the state and other pur- 
poses. The Syracuse and Utica 
railroad passes near the village, 
where is a depot. Ther3 is a sul- 
phur spring one mile south of the 
village of Chittenango, of which 
the following is an analysis, by 
Dr. Lewis C. Beck. 

Temperature 49° F.; specific 
gravity 1.00341. 

The following is the composi- 
tion in a pint of the water : 

Grains. 

Carbonate of lime, 0.88 

Sulphate of Soda, 1 . 66 

Sulphate of lime and mag.. 12.75 

Chloride of Sodium, 0-14 

Orjranic matter, traces. 



15.43 

Besides Sulphuretted hydrogen, 
the water contains a small portion 
of carbonic acid gas. 

Chittenango Creek, rises 
in the town of Nelson, Madison co. 
and flows north into the Oneida 
Lake. 

Chrystler's Island, lies 
in the St. Lawrence river, and is 
attached to the town of Louisville, 
St. Lawrence co. 

Chuctamjnda Creek, ri- 
ses in Fulton and Saratoga coun- 
ties, and flows south into Montgo- 
mery co. where it empties into the 
Mohawk river at the village of 
Amsterdam. 

Churchtown, v. Claverack, 
Columbia co. is a small settlement 
containing a Lutheran church, 
1 tavern, 1 store and 8 or 10 dwel- 
lings. 

Church vi lle, v. and p. o. 
Riga, Monroe co. is situated on 
the line of the Tonawanda rail- 
road ; it contains about 300 in- 
habitants, 45 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores and 
a woollen factory propelled by 
steam power. 

Cicero, t. Onondasra co. situ- 



120 



CICERO— CLARKSTOWN. 



ated 10 miles north-east of Syra- 
cuse, and distant 143 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,464 
inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
level and much of the soil of good 
quality; Oneida lake lies on the 
north-east boundary, and on the 
east flows the Chittenango creek. 
Cicero and Brewerton are names 
of post offices. 

Cicero, v. and p. o. Cicero, 
Onondaga co. contains about 300 
inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 2 taverns and 4 stores. 

Cincinnatus, t. Cortland co. 
situated 15 miles south-east of the 
village of Cortland, and distant 
131 miles from Albany, contained 
in 1840, 1,301 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly, and soil produc- 
tive; it is drained by the Otselic 
creek and its tributaries. 

Cincinnatus, v. and p. o. 
Cincinnatus, Cortland co. is situat- 
ed on the Otselic creek; it con- 
tains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Baptist church, 2 taverns, 
6 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
and 2 tanneries. 

Cities. See Albany, Brook- 
lyn, Buffalo, Hudson, New- York, 
Rochester, Schenectady, Troy and 
Utica. 

City, p.o. Amenia, Dutchess co. 

City Island, lies in the East 
river and is attached to the town 
of Pelham, Westchester county; 
it is 2 miles long by 1 mile wide. 

Clarence, t. Erie co. situat- 
ed 16 miles north-east of the city 
of Buffalo and distant 265 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1S40, 
2,271 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating; soil, clay, sandy and 
calcareous loam, dry and suitable 
for grain; drained by Ransom's 
creek and the Tonawanda, which 
flows on the north boundary. Clar- 
ence and North Clarence are names 
of post offices. 

Clarendon, t. Orleans co. 
situated 10 miles south east of the 
Tillage of Albion, and distant 248 



miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,251 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is high and somewhat broken, 
but mostly arable; soil, calcare- 
ous loam; it is drained by two 
small creeks. 

Clarendon, v. and p. o. Cla- 
rendon, Orleans co. contains about 
200 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hous- 
es, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 2 stores 
and 1 flouring mill. 

Clarkesville, t. Allegany co. 
situated 15 miles south-west of the 
village of Angelica and distant 278 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 326 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is high and undulating, most- 
ly covered with a dense forest of 
valuable pine timber; it is drained 
by Dodge's creek and some other 
small streams. Clarkesville is the 
name of a post office. 

Clarkesville, v. Aurelius, 
Cayuga co. situated on the Owas- 
co outlet, a short distance below 
the village of Auburn, and may be 
considered as forming part of the 
suburbs of the latter place. Here 
are located 1 flouring mill, 2 saw 
mills, 1 paper mill, 1 fulling mill, 

1 scythe factory, 1 tannery, 1 tav- 
ern and 40 or 50 dwellings. 

Clarkson, t. Monroe co. situ- 
ated 16 miles north-west of the 
city of Rochester, and distant 233 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 3,486 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is mostly level; soil, sandy 
and gravelly loam; drained by 
Sandy and Little Salmon creeks, 
flowing into Lake Ontario, which 
bounds it on the north. 

Clarkson, v. and p. o. Clark- 
son, Monroe co. is situated on the 
Ridge road; it contains about 700 
inhabitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian church, an academy, 

2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 flouring mill, 
2 saw mills, 2 wool carding and 
cloth dressing works and 1 carriage 
manufactory. 

Clarkstown, t. Rockland 
co. contains the county buildings 
situated in the village of New- 



CLAKKSYILLE— CLERMONT. 



121 



City, and is distant from Albany 
122 miles; it contained in 1840, 
2,533 inhabitants. The surface is 
generally hilly and the soil produc- 
tive in the valleys; it is bounded 
on the east by the Hudson river, 
and contains a small lake, the out- 
let of which flows south into the 
Hackensack river. Clarkstown 
and Nyack Turnpike are names of 
post offices. 

Clarksville, v. Brookfield, 
Madison co. was incorporated in 
1834, and now contains about 450 
inhabitants, 80 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 iron 
foundery, 1 fulling mill, 2 tanne- 
ries, 3 carriage manufactories and 
2 large cabinet ware factories. 

Clarksville, v. Middlefield, 
Otsego co. is situated on Cherry 
Valley creek; it contains about 
200 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hous- 
es, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 flour- 
ing mill, 1 saw mill, 1 fulling 
mill, 2 tanneries and 1 distillery. 

Clarksville, p. o. New- 
Scotland, Albany co. here are situ- 
ated 2 taverns, 1 store and 12 or 
15 dwellings. 

Claverack, t. Columbia co. si- 
tuated 4 miles east of Hudson, and 
distant 34 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 3,056 inhabitants. 
The surface is diversified, being 
somewhat hilly ; soil, gravel, clay 
& loam, generally of a good quality. 
It is watered by Claverack creek. 
Claverack, Harlemville, Hoffman's 
Gate, Mellenville and Smoky Hol- 
low, are names of post offices. 

Claverack, v. and p. o. Cla- 
verack, Columbia co. is situated 4 
miles east of the city of Hudson ; 
it contains about 300 inhabitants. 50 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
verns, 2 stores, and an incorporated 
academy for males and females, in 
a flourishing condition. 

Claverack Creek, rises in 
Columbia county, and runs into 



and its tributaries are a number of 
factories and mills. 

Clay, t. Onondaga co. situated 
10 miles north of Syracuse, and 
distant 151 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1810, 2,852 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is undulating; 
soil, generally productive, resting 
on saliferous sandstone. It is wa- 
tered by the Oneida and Seneca 
rivers, which here unite, form- 
ing the Oswego river, flowing 
thence into Lake Ontario. Clay 
and Euclid are names of post 
offices. The former is situated in 
the village of Belgium. 

Clayton, t. Jefferson co. si- 
tuated 12 miles north of the village 
of Watcrtown, and distant 172 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 3,990 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, sandy and 
clay loam of good quality. It is 
drained by Chaumont river and 
French creek, and the St. Law- 
rence river bounds it on the north- 
west. Clayton, Cornelia and De- 
pauville are post offices. 

Clear Creek, v. and p. o. 
Ellington, Chautauque co. is situ- 
ated on Clear creek ; it contains 
about 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 3 
stores, and 2 saw mills. 

Clear Creek, rises in Chau- 
tauque county, and empties into 
the Conewango creek in Cattarau- 
gus county. 

Clear Lake, is one of a small 
cluster of lakes, lying in the town 
of Alexandria, Jefferson co. 

Clermont, t. Columbia co. 
situated 13 miles south of Hudson, 
and distant 43 miles from Albany ; 
contained in 1840, 1,231 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is undulating ; 
soil, clay and gravelly loam, gene- 
rally fertile. It is watered by An- 
cram or Roeliff Jansen's creek. 

Clermont, v. and p. o. Cler- 
mont, Columbia co. is situated on 
the post road between New-York 



Kinderhook creek; on this stream and Albany ; it contains 150 inha 



122 



CLEVELAND— CLINTON. 



bitants, 25 dwelling- houses, 1 
church, an incorporated academy, 
1 tavern and 1 store. 

Cleveland, v. and p. o. Con- 
stantia, Oswego co. is situated on 
the north side of Oneida lake ; it 
contains about 300 inhabitants, 45 
dwelling' houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
verns, 3 stores, 1 glass manufac- 
tory, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 1 
tannery, 1 clothier's works and 2 
machine shops. 

Clifton Park, t. Saratoga 
co. situated 10 miles south of the 
village of Ballston Spa, and distant 
22 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 2,719 inhabitants. The 



surface is undulating ; soil, clay 
and sandy loam, productive when 
well cultivated. It is drained by 
several small creeks, and is 
bounded on the south by the Mo- 
hawk river. Clifton Park, Jones- 
ville and Rexford Flats, are names 
of post offices. 

Clifton Springs, Manches- 
ter, Ontario co.; here are situated 
on the line of the Auburn tnd Ro- 
chester railroad, some sulphur 
springs, to which have recently 
been given the above name ; they 
are resorted to for their medicinal 
properties, and have become some- 
what celebrated. 



CLTNTON COUNTY, formed from Albany in 17S8, since changed, is 
centrally distant 1(30 miles from the city of Albany ; it is situated on the 
northern boundary of the state; bein<r bounded on the north by Canada, 
east by Lake Champlaihj south by Essex county, and on the west by 
Franklin county. The southern parts are elevated and hilly ; the nor- 
thern and eastern are more level and better cultivated. The soil is of 
various qualities, interspersed with much good farming land. The 
forests are covered with heavy timber, producing large quantities of 
valuable lumber. Iron ore of a superior quality is found in the 
southern and western parts, from which large quantities of iron are an- 
nually manufactured. The magnetic iron ores of this region, are 
among the best in the state, and the iron obtained from them is highly 
esteemed. Bog iron ore is also found on the head waters of the Saranac. 
Marble is found near Pittsburgh, and in the northern part of the county; 
it is usually of a black color and takes a good polish. Peat is also found 
here in great abundance, and a sulphur spring, and a carbonated spring 
is located in the town of Beekmantown. The Saranac river, which rises in 
the county of Franklin, flows through the centre of this county, empty- 
ing its waters into Lake Champlain ; while the Cliazy runs through the 
northern part, the Great and Little Au Sable rivers water it on the 
south. These with other streams afford fine water power, which is 
found of great value in propelling iron works and mills of different 
kinds. On the above streams there are to be found several picturesque 
waterfalls, surrounded by beautiful scenery. This county was also the 
scene of many sanguinary and hard fought battles during the late war 
with Great Britain. The area of Clinton county is about 932 square 
miles, o r 596,800 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Clinton county, with 
the population in 1840 : 



Au Sable, 3,222 

Beekmantown, 2,769 

Black Brook, 1,064 

Champlain, 3,632 

Chazv, 3,584 

Ellenburgh, 1,171 



Mooers, 1,703 

Peru, 3,134 

Plattsburgh, 6,416 

Saranac, 1,462 



Total inhabitants, 28,157 



CLINTON— CLINTONVILLE. 



123 



Clinton, t. Dutchess co. situ- 
ated 10 miles north of the village 
of Poughkeepsie, and distant 75 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,S30 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and in places much 
broken ; soil, gravelly loam, most- 
ly well cultivated. It is drained 
by two or three small streams. 
Clinton Hollow, Pleasant Plains 
and Shultzville, are names of post 
offices. 

Clinton, v. and p. o. Kirk- 
land, Ondda co. is handsomely si- 
tuated on both sides of the Oris- 
kany creek, on the line of the 
Chenango canal, 9 miles south- 
west of Utica. It contains about 
800 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 
1 Methodist and 1 Universalist 
church; the Clinton Liberal Insti- 
tute, a flourishing chartered insti- 
tution, and the Clinton Grammar 
School, also chartered ; the Do- 
mestic Seminary, a private female 
boarding school of some celebrity, 
3 public houses and 8 stores of dif- 
ferent kinds. In the immediate 
vicinity are 1 large cotton factorv, 
1 woollen factorv, 2 flouring mills, 
3 saw mills and 1 scythe factorv. 
Hamilton College, is conspicuously* 
situated on an eminence about 1 
mile west of the village of Clinton, 
commanding an extensive and 
charming prospect of the surround- 
ing country. It was founded in 
1812, and is now under the charge 
of a president, and 5 professors, viz: 
Law, History, Civil Polity and 
Political Economy; Natural His- 
tory and Chemistry; Mathematics 
and Astronomy; Clas ical Litera- 
ture, Moral Science and Belles 
Lettres, and a tutor. The number 
of students in 1841, was 92. The 
college edifices consist principally 
of 3 stone buildings 4 stories each, 
and a chapel, all of which are con- 
structed in <rood taste. The latter 
is a fine specimen of architecture. 
Attached to the above are colkge 



grounds, consisting of 41 acres of 
land. 

Clinton Hollow, p. o. Clin- 
ton, Dutchess co. 

Clinton Mountains, is the 
name sometimes given to the nor 
them range of mountains in this 
state. See Adirondack Moun- 
tains. 

Clintonville, v. and p. o. Au 
Sable, Clinton co. is situated on 
the north side of the Au Sable river, 
6 miles above Keeseville, and 10 
miles west of Port Kent, on Lake 
Champlain. It was incorporated 
in 1825, and now contains about 
750 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Metho- 
dist church ; 1 tavern, and 8 stores 
and groceries. The Peru Iron 
Company here have a largo and 
extensive manufacturing establish- 
ment. The companv is chartered 
with a capital of $200,000, of 
which §130,000 is paid in Their 
works consist of a forge of 18 fires, 
where they manufacture 1,600 tons 
of iron annually; the ore being prin- 
cipally obtained in the vicinity, 
from the Arnold and Palmer ndnes, 
which are situated from 3 to 5 
miles from this place. A rolling 
mill in which is rolled annually 
about 1.800 tons market iron and 
nail plate; they have also a nail 
factory, in which is manufactured 
1,200 tons nails per annum. A 
chain cable factory, a pocket fur- 
nace, a machine shop, a grist mill 
and saw mill, all belong to this es- 
tablishment, giving employment to 
about 150 mechanics and laborers. 
The Arnold Hill Mine, as it is 
called, in which is found the finest 
quality of iron ore, may be descri- 
bed as one of (lie many localities 
of iron that exist in this vicinity. 
" On this hill there are four veins 
running- parallel or side by side ; 
their width varies from 3 to 11 feet. 
One of these, the old blue vein, has 
been worked to the depth of 200 
feet, and in length 100 rods 



124 



CLOCKVILLE— COCHECTON 



Throughout this extent, it preserves 
an uniformity of width, which is on 
an average 4 or 5 feet ; in some 
portions of the vein it is only 2, in 
others 8 feet. It dips to the west 
at an angle of about 75°; it has 
regular side walls, though less 
perfect on the west side than on 
the east." 

Clockville, v. Lenox, Ma- 
dison co. contains about 250 inha- 
bitants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 2 taverns, 1 store, 2 grist 
mills and 2 plaster mills. 

Closter Mountains, or 
Palisade range, enters Rock- 
land comity from New-Jersey, on 
the margin of the Hudson river, 
and extends norlh to Verdrieteje's 
hook in Clark stown. The ridge 
known as Nyack hills, contains 
excellent brown and red sand stone, 
which is extensively quarried and 
sent to market. The highest point 
of this range, rises about 1,000 feet 
above the Hudson, and the Pa- 
lisades are remarkable for their 
perpendicular and picturesque ap- 
pearance. 

Clove, p. o. Union Vale, 
Dutchess co. 

Clove Kill, rises in Union 
Vale, Dutchess co. and flows south- 
west ; it is one of the principal 
sources of the Fishkill, into which 
it empties in the town of Beek- 
man. 

Clovesville, p. o. Middle- 
town, Deleware co. 

Clyde, v. & p. o. Galen, Wayne 
co. is situated on Clyde river and 
on the line of the Erie canal ; it was 
incorporated in 1835, and now con- 
tains about 1,000 inhabitants, 130 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
dist church ; an academy or high 
school ; 3 taverns, 16 stores of dif- 
ferent kinds ; 4 flouring mills, 1 
saw mill, 2 glass manufactories, 
1 furnace and 1 tannery, besides 
many other kinds of mechanic 
shops. 



Clyde River, is formed by 
ihe junction of Flint and Mud 
creeks, in the county of Wayne, 
and flows easterly a distance of 20 
miles, when it falls into Seneca 
river. 

Clymer, t. Chautauque co. 
situated 15 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Mayville, and distant 353 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1S40, 909 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling; soil, moist sandy 
loam, well adapted to grass; drain- 
ed towards the south by Broken 
Straw creek and its tributaries. 
Chjmer, Clymer Centre and North 
Clymer are names of post offices. 
At the former there is a settlement 
consisting of 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 
grist mill, 2 saw mills and 12 or 15 
dwellings. 

Cobleskill, t. Schoharie co. 
situated 10 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Schoharie, and distant 45 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 3,533 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is somewhat hilly with fertile 
valleys; it contains a small lake, 
and is drained by the Cobleskill, 
having on its banks fine alluvial 
soil. In this town is a mill stream 
which issues from a natural well, 
the depth of which has never been 
ascertained; it then enters a sub- 
terraneous passage and disappears 
for a distance of 7 miles, when it 
re-appears. Cobleskill, Cobleskill 
Centre, Lawyersville, Punchkill 
and Richmondville are names of 
post offices. At the former there 
is a settlement, consisting of 2 
churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
saw mill and about 20 dwellings. 

Cochecton, t. Sullivan co. 
situated 16 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Monticello, and distant 
134 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 622 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, gravelly loam; 
drained by the Collicoon and Ten 
Mile creeks, both of which flow 
into the Delaware river, which 
bounds this town on the west. 



COCHECTON— COHOES FALLS. 



125 



Cochecton and Fosterdale are 
names of post offices. 

Cochecton, v. and p. o. 
Cochecton, Sullivan co. is situated 
on the east side of the Delaware 
river; it contains about 125 in- 
habitants, 20 dwelling 1 houses, 1 
tavern and 1 store. Here termi- 
nates the Newburgh and Cochec- 
ton turnpike, which runs between 
the above places, a distance of 60 
miles. 

Coeymans, t. Albany co. sit- 
uated 12 miles from the city of 
Albany; contained in 1840, 3,107 
inhabitants. The surface is brok- 
en; soil, various; it is drained by 
Coeyman's creek and some other 
streams flowing into the Hud- 
son river, which bounds it on the 
east. Coeymans and Coeymans 
Hollow are names of post offices. 

Coeymans, v. and p. o. Alba- 
ny co. is situated on the west side 
of the Hudson river, 12 miles be- 
low the city of Albany; it contains 
ab; ( ut 700' inhabitants, 100 dwel- 
ling houses, 1 Dutch Reformed and 
1 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 10 
stores of different kinds; 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, 1 axe factory, 1 
plaster mill, 1 cloth dressing and 
fulling mill, and several extensive 
brick yards. This is a convenient 
steamboat landing, from which sail 
a number of sloops, mostly trad- 
ing with the New-York market. 

Coeymans Creek, rises in 
the town of New-Scotland, Alba- 
ny co. and flows into the Hudson 
river in the town of Coeymans. 

Coeymans Hollow, p. o. 
Coeymans, Albany co. 

Cohoes, v. and p. o. Water- 
vliet, Albany co. is situated on the 
south-west bank of the Mohawk 
river, a short distance below the 
Cohoes Falls and near the junction 
of the Erie and Champlain canals. 
Here is afforded by means of the 
Mohawk, an immense amount of 
hydraulic power; if found neces- 
sary the whole volume of water in 



the river can be used for propelling 
machinery to almost any extent, 
having a total fall of about 140 
feet. During the lowest stages of 
water, it is estimated that there 
is sufficient to propel at least 1 ,000,- 
000 of spindles with all the neces- 
sary apparatus. H°re is now 
erected an extensive cotton facto- 
ry, owned by " The Harmony 
Company," calculated for 7,000 
spindles and 220 looms; a large 
axe and edge tool manufactory; a 
manufactory of drawers, wrappers 
and hosiery, the knitting frames 
being - driven by water power; 2 
machine shops; 1 iron and brass 
foundery, 1 paint mill, 1 flouring 
mill, and 3 saw mills, two of which 
are employed in sawing veneers 
for cabinet work ; 200 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
pal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 1 
Dutch Reformed and 1 Universa- 
list church, 1 hotel and 12 stores; 
containing a population of about 
2,000 inhabitants, mostly engaged 
in the above manufactories. The 
peculiar advantages of this place 
for hydraulic purposes was first ful- 
ly appreciated by the late celebra- 
ted civil engineer Canvass White, 
Esq., during the progress of cut- 
ting the Erie canal, on which great 
work he was engaged. With the 
co-operation of sundry individuals, 
a liberal charter was obtained b^ 
a company, from the legislature ot 
the state, with a capital of $250,- 
000, for the purpose of improve- 
ment on a large scale, commensu- 
rate with its natural advantages, 
but by reason of continued en- 
largement of its plan, the capital 
was subsequently increased to 
$500,000. Stages pas through 
this village several times daily, 
running between Albany and 
Waterford, a distance of 10 miles. 
Cohoes Falls, situated in 
the immediate vicinity of Cohoes 
village, is an object of great at- 
traction, being much resorted to 



126 



COLCHESTER— COLD SPRING. 



during the summer months, by 
visitors from all parts of the Un- 
ion; the water of the Mohawk here 
has a perpendicular fall of 70 feet, 
besides a rapid descent above and 
below; the banks of the river pre- 
sent a grand and romantic appear- 
ance, varying in almost perpendic- 
ular heighth of from 50 to 120 feet, 
for the distance of half a mile be- 
low the falls, where is erected a 
substantial bridge, the length of 
which is about 800 feet across the 
stream. 

Colchester, t. Delaware co. 
situated 20 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Delhi, and distant 101 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,567 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous; soil, 
adapted to grass; it is drained by 
the Papacton branch of the Dela- 
ware river, which flows through a 
valley of the same name. Col- 
chester and Papacton are names of 
post offices. 

Coldbrook, v. and p. o. Rus- 
sia, Herkimer co. is situated on a 
stream of the same name; it con- 
tains about 300 inhabitants, 40 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 tav- 
erns, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
mills and one plaster mill. 

Cold Creek, p. o. Hume, Al- 
legany co. 

Cold Creek, rises in the town 
of Centreville, Allegany county, 
and flows east into the Genesee 
river; on this stream are a num- 
ber of good mill sites. 

Colden, t. Erie co. situated 
20 miles south-east of Buffalo, and 
distant 287 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 1,08S inhabi- 
tants. The surface is hilly; soil, 
clay, mostly wet and ccld, but 
adapted to grass; it is drained by 
Cazenove creek and some other 
small streams. Colden is the 
name of a post office, where is a 
small settlement and some mills. 

Coldenham, p. o. Newburgh, 
Orange co. 



Colden Lake, lies in the 
town of Newcomb, Essex co. a 
short distance below Avalanche 
Lake, whose waters it receives 
after a descent of about 50 feet; it 
is 1 mile in length and half a mile 
wide. This is a romantic sheet of 
water, lying 2,850 feet above the 
tide waters of the Hudson, sur- 
rounded by high and lofty moun- 
tain peaks. 

Cold Spring, t. Cattaraugus 
co. situated 16 miles south-west of 
the village of Ellicottville, and 
distant 308 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 673 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly with extensive 
valleys; Cold Spring creek empties 
into "the Allegany river, which 
flows nearly through the centre of 
the town in a south-west direction. 
This town contains an Indian vil- 
lage and constitutes part of an In- 
dian reservation. 

Cold Spring, v. Cold Spring, 
Cattaraugus co. is situated on the 
north side of the Allegany river, 
on the line of the New -York and 
Erie railroad. This is an old In- 
I dian settlement and has recently 
become a place of considerable 
importance from its favorable lo- 
cation as a depot for lumber, from 
whence there is now a large amount 
annually sent down the Allegany 
river. The completion of the 
New-York and Erie railroad will 
add much to its future prospects. 
Cold Spring, v. and p. o. 
Phillipstown, Putnam co. is ro- 
manticly situated in the Highlands, 
on the east side of the Hudson 
river, about one mile north of 
West Point. It contains about 1,200 
inhabitants, 170 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Bap- 
tist, 1 Methodist and 1 Roman Cath- 
olic church, 3 public houses, 10 
stores and a very extensive iron 
foundery and machine shop, which 
constantly employs about 300 
workmen, engaged in different 
mechanical branches. This foun- 



COLD SPRING HARBOR— COLUMBIA. 



127 



dery is supposed to be the most ex- 
tensive of any in the Union; here 
the ore is manufactured into iron, 
and used in the construction of the 
largest kind of machinery, and 
warlike implements, steamboat and 
other machinery. It is generally 
known as West Point Foundery. 

Cold String Harbor, is a 
deep indentation of Long* Island 
Sound, lying- between the counties 
of Queens and Suffolk on the north, 
being- a continuation of Oyster 
Bay. 

Cold String Harbor, v. 
and p. o. Oyster Bay and Hunting- 
ton, Queens and Suffolk counties, 
is situated at the head and on both 
sides of Cold Spring Harbor; it 
containes about 500 inhabitants, 
80 dwelling houses, 1 Episcopal 
church, 3 taverns and stores; 2 
woollen factories and 1 gri.-t mill. 
Here are owned several ships em- 
ployed in ths whaling business, be- 
sides several vessels employed in 
the coasting trade. This is a very 
desirable place of residence and is 
much resorted to by strangers, 
during the summer months. 

Colesville, t. Broome co. 
situated 12 miles east of Bingham- 
ton, and distant 127 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840,2,528 
inhabitants. The surface is most- 
ly hilly, through which passes the 
Susquehanna river, and in the val- 
leys are rich alluvial flats. Coles- 
ville, Dora, Harpersville, Osborn's 
Hollow, New-Ohio, Ninevah, Sus- 
quehanna and Val Ionia Springs are 
names of post offices. 

CoLLEBKRG. See CrolOTl. 



CoLLEBERGH MOUNTAIN 01" 

Hills, lie in the t>wn of Cort- 
land, Westchester co. south of the 
•' Highlands." 

Colleges. See Columbia Col- 
lege, New -York; University of 
the city of New- York ; Union 
College, Schenectady; Hamilton 
College, Clinton, Oneida county; 
Geneva College, Geneva. 

Colleges, Medical. See 
Albany Medical College ; College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, New- 
York, and Geneva Medical Col- 
lege. 

College Point, p. o. Flush- 
ing, Queens co.; here is situated 
St. Paul's College, a celebrated 
and flourishing institution of learn- 
ing, overlooking Long Island 
Sound. 

COLLIERSVILLE, p. O. Mil- 

ford, Otsego co. 

Collins, t. Erie co. situated 
24 miles south of Buffalo, and dis- 
tant 295 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 4,257 inhabitants. 
The surface is undulating and 
somewhat hilly; soil various; it is 
drained by numerous small streams 
and Cattaraugus creek, which 
bounds it on the south. Collins, 
Collins Centre and Angola are 
names of post offices. 

Collinsville, v. and p. o. 
West Turin, Lewis co. contains 
about 130 inhabitants; 20 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, an academy, 2 
taverns and 3 stores. 

Colosse, v. and p. o. Mexico, 
Oswego co.; this is an agricultural 
settlement, containing 1 church, 2 



taverns, 2 stores and 25 dwellings. 
COLUMBIA COUNTY, taken from Albany in 1786, is centrally dis- 
tant 30 miles from the city of Albany; it is bounded on the north by Rens- 
selaer county, east by the Massachusetts state line, south by Dutchess 
county and on the west by the Hudson river. The surface of this county 
is uneven and hilly on the eastern boundary, but more level as you ap- 
proach the Hudson. In the soil there is much variety, part being rich 
and highly cultivated, while other portions are less productive. The 
mineral productions of this region are numerous and highly valuable; 
among those which are considered the most useful, may be enume- 
rated hematic and bog iron ores, important deposites of which exist in 



12S 



COLUMBIA— COLUMBIAVILLE. 



various parts of this county. Of galena, or the common ore of lead, 
there are also several localities, the most noted of which is that in the 
town of Ancram; sulphuret of copper, &c. is also found in company 
with the lead ore. The oxide of manganese, peat and marl, are to be 
included among the useful products of this county; there also exists 
beds of marble in the towns of Hillsdale and Copake of a fine quality. 
Columbia county contains several sulphur and chalybeate springs; the 
Lebanon springs in particular possess great interest in consequence 
of evolving nitrogen gas, and is greatly resorted to by invalids on ac- 
count of its medicinal qualities. This county possesses several valua- 
ble mill streams. Kinderhook creek and its tributaries water it on the 
north; Claverack and Copake in the centre, and Ancram or Rocliff 
Jansen's creeks flow on the south, in addition to the Hudson river, 
which bounds it on the west. Here are located several extensive cot- 
ton factories, mills and forges, which annually produce large quantities 
of manufactured goods. Its area is about 624 square miles, or 399,500 
acres. 

The Hudson and Berkshire railroad, commences at the city of 
Hudson and extends to the Massachusetts state line, where it unites 
with the Western Railroad of Massachusetts at West Stockbridge; 
the Albany and West Stockbridge railroad also passes through the 
north-east angle of this county. The New- York and Albany railroad, 
when completed, will extend through the interior. 

The following are the names of the towns in Columbia county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Ancram, 1,770 

Austerlitz, 2,091 

Canaan, 1,957 

Chatham, 3,662 

Claverack, 3,056 

Clermont, 1,231 

Copake, 1,505 

Gallatin, 1,644 

Germantown, 969 

Ghent, 2,558 

Greenport, 1,161 

Columbia, t. Herkimer co. 
situated 10 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Herkimer, and distant 75 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,129 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly; soil, calcareous and 
sandy loam; it is drained by some 
of the head waters of the Unadilla 
and Susquehanna rivers, while 
other streams flow north into the 
Mohawk river. Columbia, and 
South Columbia are names of post 
offices. 

Columbia College. See 
New- York City. 

COLUMBIAVILLE, V. Stock- 



Hillsdale, 2,470 

Hudson City, 5,672 

Kinderhook, 3,512 

Livingston, 2,190 

New-Lebanon, 2,536 

Stockport, 1,815 

Stuyvesant, 1,779 

Taghkanic, 1,674 



Total inhabitants, 43,252 

port, Columbia co. is situated 
about half a mile east of the Hud- 
son river, near the confluence of 
the Claverack and Kinderhook 
creeks. It was incorporated in 
1812, and now contains about 600 
inhabitants, 60 dwelling houses, 2 
taverns and 2 stores. Here are 
located 2 large cotton factories, 
containing about 5,000 spindles, 
manufacturing annually large 
quantities of sheetings ; giving 
employment to about 100 mecha- 
nics and operatives. 

Columbiaville, v. Madrid, 
St. Lawrence co. is situated on 



COLUMBUS— CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 



129 



Grass river; it contains about 250 i Conesus Lake, is a small 
inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 ] body ot' water lying in Livingston 
churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 county; it is 9 miles long by 1 
woollen factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw | in width. This lake, it is said, ex- 
mill and 2 machine shops. The ceeds 300 feet in depth ; its waters 



Madrid post office is situated in 
this place. 

Columbus, t. Chenango co. sit- 
uated 14 miles north-east of the 
village of Norwich, and distant 83 



are pure and cold, and well stock- 
ed with fish. 

Cosesville, t. Schoharie co. 
situated 20 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Schoharie, and distant 42 



miles from Albany; contained in I miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,561 inhabitants. The sur- | 1840, 1,621 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and somewhat broken; face is hilly; soil, sandy loam. It 
soil, clay and sandy loam; it is j is watered by the Manor -Kill, 
watered by the Unadilla river and (which flows into Schoharie creek 
some of its tributaries. Columbus on the west. Conesville is the 
and Columbus Corners are names name of a post office, 
of post offices At the former there Coney Island, forms a part 
are situated 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 j of the town of Gravesend, Kings 



stores, 1 tannery and about 20 
dwellings. 

Columbus Point. See Kings- 
ton Landing. 

Comac, p. o. Smithtown, Suf- 
folk co.; a small settlement is here 
situated on the middle post road, 
running between Brooklyn and 
Riverhead. 

Comstock's Landing, p. o. 
Fort Ann, Washington co. 

Concord, t. Erie co. situated 
25 miles south-east of Buffalo, and 



co.; it is 4j miles long, averaging 
half a mile in width, and faces the 
Atlantic ocean, being divided from 
the main land by a narrow channel 
or inlet, which is crossed by a toll 
bridge. Here are two commo- 
dious hotels for the accommodation 
of visiters, the beach being much 
resorted to for sea air and bathing. 
No place in the vicinity of the city 
of New-York, exceeds this island 
as a convenient and desirable wa- 
tering place. During the summer 
distant 282 miles from Albany ; I months great numbers resort here 



contained in 1840, 3,021 inhabi 
tants. The surface is hilly, high 
ridges dividing the streams; soil, 
clay loam, well adapted for grass; 
drained by several small streams 
and Cattaraugus creek, which 



Stages leave Brooklyn several 
times daily in the summer season 
for this island, and the Bath House 
situated 3 miles north. 

Congressional Districts. 
The state is divided into 33 Con- 



bounds it on the south. Con cord j gressional districts, and sends 40 
Centre, Springville and Waterville j members to the United States Con- 



Corners are post offices 

Conesus, t. Livingston co. sit- 
uated 10 miles south-east of the 
village of Geneseo, and distant 221 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,654 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly, and the soil of rather 
an indifferent quality ; lying be- 
tween Conesus and Hemlock lakes, 
which are surrounded by high and 
precipitous grounds. Conesus and 
West-^Wiesus are post offices. 
9 



gress, according to the apportion- 
ment of the census of 1S30, being 
in a ratio of one representative for 
every 47,700 persons in each state, 
computed according to the rule 
prescribed by the Constitution of 
the United States. The third dis- 
trict, comprising the city of New- 
York, is entitled to four members; 
the eighth, seventeenth, twenty- 
second and twenty-third, are each 
entitled to two members; the re- 



130 



CONHOCTON— CONST ANTIA. 



maining districts send one member 
each. The total number of repre- 
sentatives to Congress in the 
Union, according - to the above ap- 
portionment, is 242 members. The 
territories are each entitled to one 
delegate. 

Conhocton, t. Steuben co. 
situated 18 miles north-west of the 
village of Bath, and distant 225 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,965 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly; the soil, moist clay 
loam, well adapted to grass. It is 
drained by the Conhocton river and 
some of its head streams. Con- 
hocton, North Conhocton and 
Patchin's Mills, are names of post 
offices. Liberty is the name of a 
settlement. 

Conhocton River, rises in 
Steuben co. and unites with the 
Tioga river near the village of 
Painted Post, when the united 
streams take the name of Chemung. 
On the Conhocton and its tributa- 
ries are a number of fine mill sites ; 
this stream is navigable for rafts 
and arks from the village of Bath 
to its mouth during high water. Its 
length is 55 miles. 

Conklin, t. Broome co. situa- 
ted 5 miles south-east of Bingham- 
ton, and distant 152 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,475 
inhabitants. The surface is some- 
what hilly, with a deep valley and 
flats, through which flows the Sus- 
quehannah river. Cmklin and 
Corbettsville are names of p. offices. 

Connecticut Creek, ri-es 
in Brookhaven, Suffolk co. and 
runs south into Fireplace bay. 

Connewango, t. Cattaraugus 
co. situated 15 miles west of the 
village of Ellicottville, and distant 
302 miles from Albany: contained 
in 1840, 1,317 inhabitants. Sur- 
face high and rolling; some pla- 
ces deeply indented by the streams ; 
soil, good quality. It is drained 
by Conewango and Little Con- 
newango creeks. Connewango, 



Axeville and Clear creek, are 
names of post offices. Rutledge is 
the name of a village. 

Connewango Creek, rises 
in Chautauque and Cattaraugus 
counties, and flows south into the 
Allegany river, receiving the outlet 
of Chautauque lake and a number 
of other tributaries. This stream 
affords a pretty good boat naviga- 
tion during high water; multitudes 
of rafts also descend during certain 
seasons of the year. 

Conquest, t. Cayuga co. situ- 
ated 15 miles north of the village 
of Auburn, and distant 162 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1S40, 
1,911 inhabitants. The surface is 
rolling; soil, clay and sandy loam; 
it contains Duck lake, and is 
bounded on the north by Seneca 
river, which here separates and 
forms an island, called Howland's 
island, lying in the south-west an- 
gle of the town. 

Conquest, v. and p. o. Con- 
quest, Cayuga co. contains about 
150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 
ses, I church, 2 taverns and 2 
stores. 

Constable, t. Franklin co. 
situated 6 miles north of the village 
of Malone, and distant 218 miles 
from Albany, is bounded on the 
north by Canada. In 1840, it con- 
tained i, 122 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is level; soil, sandy loam ; 
drained by Trout river, which flows 
north into Canada. East Constable 
and West Constable are names of 
post offices. 

Constabt-evile, v. and p. o. 
West Turin, Lewis co. contains 
about 130 inhabitants, 20 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 flouring mill and 1 saw 
mill. 

CONSTANTTA, t. OsWegO CO. 

situated 30 miles east of the village 
of Oswejro, and distant 140 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,476 inhabitants. The surface is 
level; soil, sand and sandy loam. 



CONST ANTIA— CORBEAU. 



131 



It is drained by Scriba's creek and 
other small streams which flow into 
Oneida lake, bounding- it on 
the south. Coiistantia and Cleve- 
land are names of post offices. 

Cor'stantia, v. and p. o. 
Constantia, Oswego co. situated on 
the north side of Oneida lake ; it 
was incorporated in 1838, and now 
contains about 300 inhabitants, 45 
dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2 ta- 
verns, 3 stores, 1 iron foundery and 
1 saw mill. 

Constitution Island, lies 
in the Hudson river, opposite West 
Point, on which, during the revo- 
lutionary war, were erected some 
fortifiations. 

Cooksbi'bch, v. and p. o. 
Rensselaerville, Albany co. ; here 
are situated 1 tavern, 3 stores, 2 
tanneries, and 15 or 20 dwellings. 
This is the present termination of 
the Catskill and Canajoharie rail- 
road, distant 26 miles from Cats- 
kill. 

Coonsville, v. Manchester, 
Ontario co. is situated on the Can- 
andaigua outlet; it contains about 
150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 
1 saw mill, and a cloth dressing 
establishment. 

Cooperstown, v. and p. o. 
Otsego, Otsego co. is delightfully 
situated on a plain at the outlet of 
Otsego lake, 66 miles west of the 
city of Albany. It was incorporat- 
ed in 1812, and now contains about 
1,400 inhabitants, 200 dwelling 
houses; a court house, jail, and 
county clerk's office; 1 Presbyte- 
rian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 Me- 
thodist and 1 Universalist church; 
1 banking house; an academy in a 
flourishing condition, besides seve- 
ral good select schools; 7 hotels 
and taverns; 2 bookstores, one of 
which does a large publishing busi- 
ness, and 20 stores of different 
kinds ; an extensive flouring mill 
and 1 saw mill. No inland village 
in the state, probably exceeds this 



place in elegance of situation and 
beauty of surrounding scenery. 
Otsego lake in the immediate vici- 
nity, is a most beautiful sheet of 
water, abounding in trout and bass, 
celebrated for their peculiar fla- 
vor. 

Copake. t. Columbia co. situa 
ted 17 miles south-east of Hudson, 
and distant 47 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 1,505 inhabi- 
tants. The surface on the east is 
mountainous ; on the west is a 
broad valley in which are several 
small lakes, and through which 
flows Ancram creek ; the soil is 
various, being rich and productive 
in the valleys. Copake is the name 
of a post office. 

Copake Ckeek, rises in Co- 
lumbia county, and runs into Cla- 
verack creek ; on this stream are 
a number of factories and mills. 

Copake Lake, lying in the 
town of Copake, covers about 600 
acres. Its waters are very clear, 
and its bottom composed of white 
sand or gravel ; its shores are of 
gentle declivity, and highly culti- 
vated. 

Copenhagen, v. and p. o. 
Denmark, Lewis co. is situated on 
Deer river; it contains about 250 
inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, 1 oil mill, and 1 
rope walk. About half a mile below 
this place on Deer river, is a fall 
of 270 feet, being nearly perpen- 
dicular; the banks for some dis- 
tance below are high and rugged, 
projecting over the stream, alto- 
gether forming a great natural 
curiosity. 

Coram, v. and p. o. Brookha- 
ven, Suffolk co. is centrally situa- 
ted on the post road from Smith- 
town to Riverhead ; it contains 1 
church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, and 12 
or fifteen dwellings. 

Corbeau, v. Champlain, Clin- 
ton co. is situated On the Chazy 
river, 1| miles west of Lake 



132 



CORBEAU CREEK— CORNING. 



Champlain. Here are situated 

1 Roman Catholic church, 1 
tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 

2 saw mills and a few dwelling- 
houses. 

Corbkau Creek, rises in Cha- 
zy, Clinton co. and runs north-east 
into the town of Champlain, where 
it empties in the Chazy river, at 
tlie village of Corbeau. 

CORBETTSVILLE, p. O. CoilK- 

lin, Broome co. 

Corfu, p. o. Pembroke, Gene- 
see co. 

Corinth, t. Saratoga co. situ- 
ated 16 miles north of (he village 
of Ballston Spa, and distant 49 
miles from Albanv ; contained in 
1840, 1,365 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling ; soil, »and and sandy 
loam ; it is drained by several small 
streams, and is bounded on the 
east by the Hudson river. Co- 
rinth and South Corinth are names 
of post offices. The former is si- 
tuated at Jessup's Landing. 

Cornelia, v. and p. o. Clay- 
ton, Jefferson co. is situated on the 
St. Lawrence river, near the mouth 
of French creek, by which name 
it was formerly known. It con- 
tains about 450 inhabitants, 50 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 3 ta- 
verns, 6 stores, 3 warehouses, 1 
ship yard and 1 tannery. This is 
a port of entry, and a convenient 
steamboat landing, being a place 
of considerable trade. The lumber 
business alone here is very great, 
giving employment to several 
vessels, and a large number of 
persons. 

Corning, v. and p. o. Painted 
Post, Steuben co. is advantageous- 
ly situated on the south side of the 
Chemung river, on the line of the 
New-York and Erie railroad, 280 
miles westerly of the city of New- 
York. It contains about 800 in- 
habitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
Methodist church; 1 banking 
house, 1 hotel, 14 stores of different 



kinds, and 1 warehouse ; 1 woollen 
factory, 1 flouring mill, 2 saw 
mills, 1 iron foundery, 1 railroad 
car factory, 1 machine shop, 1 
boat yard lor building and repair 
ing canal boats ; 1 axe factory, 1 
plaster mill, 1 brick yard, and 1 
lime kiln, where is used bitumi- 
nous coal ; 1 carriage manufacto- 
ry, 1 printing office, besides many 
other kind of mechanic work 
shops. The natural and artificial 
advantages of this place are very 
great. The Corning and Bhss- 
burg railroad, which extends a 
distance of 40 miles, into the bitu- 
minous coal regions of Pennsylva- 
nia, here terminates. The New- 
York and Erie railroad passes 
directly through the village, cross- 
ing the Chemung river by a 
substantial and elegant bridge, 
near which is to be located a depot 
for the use of the railroad company. 
Here also commences the naviga- 
ble feeder of the Chemung canal, 
which unites with the Erie canal 
by means of Seneca lake and Cay- 
uga and Seneca canal. Here is 
formed a capacious basin, by 
means of a dam in the river, which 
favorably unites water navigation 
with the most important lines of 
railroads and boatable waters. 
The amount of coal and lumber 
sent from this place to the eastern 
markets is immense, giving em- 
ployment to a great number of 
canal boats and workmen of diffe- 
rent kinds. The present year, 
1841, about 50,000 tons of coal 
alone, has been shipped from and 
deposited at this place ; and it is 
expected this amount will at least 
be doubled another season. In 
addition to the railroad cars for 
Blos'sburg, stages leave Corning 
daily for different places east, west 
an 1 north. A mail is transmitted 
over the above railroad, which is 
carried in a train that is devoted 
exclusively to passengers and mer- 
chandise; connecting at Bloss- 



CORNING AND BLOSSBURG RAILROAD— CORTLAND. 133 



burg; with a line of travel, extend- 
ing- to Philadelphia. 

Corning and Blossburg 
Railroad, now in successful 
operation, extends from the village 
of Corning', Steuben county, to 
Blossburg, Tioga county, Penn- 
sylvania, a di tance of 40 miles. 
This railroad reaches the bitumi- 
nous coal and iron mines located 
at the latter place ; it is furnished 
with 5 first class locomotives and 
passsenger cars, and about 200 
cars for the transportation of coal 
and other products. The estimated 
amount of coal passing over the 
road in 1S41, was forty thousand 
tons; of pine sawed lumber, six 
millions of feet. The chartered 
name of the company, under whose 
direction this work was commen- 
ced, is the "Tioga Navigation 
Company." 

Cornwall, t. Orange co. si- 
tuated 6 miles south of the village! 
of Newburgh, and distant 100 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 



hilly and in part mountainous; 
having on its eastern border Butter 
Hill and Crow's Nest, two celebra- 
ted peaks of the "Highlands." 
This is a romantic region of coun- 
try, and contains besides West 
Point, an United States military 
station, for the education of cadets 
preparatory to entering the army ; 
the sites of old Forts Putnam, Clin 
ton and Montgomery, the latter si 
tuated on an eminence near the 
Hudson river, in the south part of 
the town, while the two former are 
situated at West Point. Canterbury 
and West Point are post offices. 

Cornwall, v. Orange co. is 
situated on the west side of the Hud- 
son river, at the northern termina- 
tion of the Highlands; it. contains 
about 12o inhabitants, 20 dwelling 
houses, 2 taverns, 4 stores, and 3 
store houses ; 3 brick yards, 
and 2 potteries. 

Corn wallville, p. o. Dur- 
ham, Greene co.; here are situated 
1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store and 12 
or 15 dwellings. 



3,925 inhabitants. The surface is 

CORTLAND COUNTY, taken from Onondaga in 1808, is cen- 
trally distant 140 miles from the city of Albany, and is situated near the 
geographical centre of the state; it is bounded on the north by Onon- 
daga county, east by Chenango, south by the counties of Broome and 
Tioga, and on the west by Tompkins and Cayuga. The surface of this 
county is elevated, with gradually sloping hills and broad valleys; the 
soil is generally rich and productive, producing large crops of most 
kinds of grain, and is well adapted to grazing. The only mineral pro- 
ductions are those of iron ore, which occur in small quantities; one or 
two sulphur springs, a brine spring, and some beds of marl. Several 
streams flow through the county, the principal of which are the Tiough- 
nioga, and Otselic rivers, affording much available water power. The 
area of this county is about 500 square miles, or 320,000 acres. The 
county buildings are located in the village of Cortland, in the town 
of Cortlandville. 

The following are the names of the towns in Cortland county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Cincinnattus, 1 ,301 

Cortlandville, 3,799 

Freetown, 950 

Homer, 3,572 

Marathon, 1,063 

Preble, 1,247 

Scott, 1,332 



Solon, 2,311 

Truxton, 3,658 

Virgil, 4,502 

Willett, 872 

Total inhabitants, 24,607 



134 



CORTLAND— COVINGTON. 



Cortland, t. Westchester co. 
situated 16 miles north-west of the 
village of White Plains, and dis- 
tant 110 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 5,592 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly and on the 
north-west mountainous, where is 
situated the lower Anthony's Nose, 
a somewhat celebrated peak of the 
" Highlands." Soil, sand and 
gravelly loam; it is watered by 
the Croton river and several small 
streams flowing into the Hud- 
son river, which bounds it on the 
west. In this town is situated the 
site of old Continental village, 
Peekskill, Verplank's Point and 
Teller's Point, all celebrated dur- 
ing the revolutionary war, this vi- 
cinity being the scene of many 
stirring events. Cortlandtown, 
Peekskill and Verplank's Point 
are names of post offices. Croton 
and Annsville are names of settle- 
ments. 

Cortland, v. and p. o. Cort- 
landville, Cortland co. is situated 
on the Tioughnioga river, 140 
miles west of the city of Albany; 
it contains about 1,200 inhabitants, 
200 dwelling houses, a court house, 
jail, and county clerk's office; 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Metho- 
dist and 1 Universalist church, 3 
public houses, 12 stores of differ- 
ent kinds, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
1 paper mill and 2 tanneries. This 
village is handsomly situated in a 
delightful valley, and contains a 
number of elegant private resi- 
dences, surrounded by highly cul- 
tivated grounds. 

Cortlandtown, p. o. Cort- 
land, Westchester co. is located in 
Croton village. 

Cortlandville, t. Cortland 
co. contains the county buildings, 
situated in the village of Cortland, 
and is distant 140 miles from Al- 
bany; it contained in 1840, 3,799 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating; soil, argillaceous mould, 
and very productive; it is drained 



by the Tioughnioga river and some 
of its branches. Cortland, Mc- 
Grawville and South Cortland are 
names of post offices. 

Counties. See Alphabetical 
arrangement. 

County Line, p. o. Somerset, 
Niagara co. 

County Seats, Distances 
from. See Albany city. 

Coventry, t. Chenango co. 
situated 16 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Norwich, and distant 117 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,681 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and somewhat broken; 
soil, sandy loam, well adapted to 
grass; it is drained by Harper's 
and Kelsey's creeks which flow 
into the Susquehanna river. Co- 
ventry and Coventry ville are names 
of post offices. 

Coventry, v. and p. o. Co 
ventry, Chenango co. contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 2 taverns and 
2 stores. 

CoVENTRYVILLE, p. O. Co 

ventry, Chenango co. ; here is a 
settlement containing 1 church, 
1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 2 
saw mills and 15 or 20 dwellings. 

Covert, t. Seneca co. situated 
•25 miles south of the village of 
Waterloo, and distant 177 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,6S1 inhabitants. The surface is 
high and level, and soil of good 
quality; it is drained by several 
small creeks flowing into Cay- 
uga lake, which bounds it on the 
east. Covert is the name of a post 
office. 

Coveville,p.o. Northumber- 
land, Saratoga co. 

Covington, t. Wyoming co. 
situated 9 miles north-east of the 
village of Warsaw, and distant 241 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,43S inhabitants. This town 
was divided on the erection of the 
new county of Wyoming in 1841 ; 
the northern part is still attached 



COW BAY— CRANBERRY LAKE. 



135 



to Genesee county, under (he name 
of Pavilion. The surface is rol- 
ling; soil, clay loam and very pro- 
ductive, yielding large crops of 
wheat and other grain. It is water- 
ed by Allen's creek. Covington 
and La Grange are names of post 
offices. At the former there is a 
settlement containing 1 church, 
1 tavern, 1 store and 15 or 20 dwel- 
lings. 

Cow Bay, situated in the town 
of North Hempstead, Queens co. 
is an arm of Long Island Sound, 
extending inland about 5 miles. It 
is surrounded in part by highly 
cultivated farms and country resi- 
dences, and is navigable for steam- 
boats. 

Cow Harbor, Great and 
Little, are situated in the north 
part of Huntington, Suffolk co. 
communicating with Huntington 
Bay on the west; being separated 
from Long Island Sound by Eaton's 
Neck. 

Cow Neck, situated on the 
north side of Long Island, in the 
town of North Hempstead, Queens 
co. lies between Cow Bay on the 
west, and Hempstead Harbor on 
the east; it is about 6 miles long 
and 2£ miles wide. Sand's Point 
is on the north. 

Cowlesville, p. o. Benning- 
ton. Wyoming co. 

Coxsackje, t. Greene co. sit- 
uated 12 miles north of the village 
of Catskill, and distant 22 miles 
from the city of Albany; contain- 
ed in 1840, 3,539 inhabitants. The 
surface on the east is level, and on 
the west hilly and somewhat bro- 
ken; soil, clay and sandy loam; it 
is drained by several small streams 
flowing into the Hudson river, 
which bounds it on the east. 

Coxsackie, v. and p. o. Cox- 
sackie, Greene co. is situated one 
mile west of the landing on the 
Hudson river; it contains about 
500 inhabitants, 80 dwelling hous- 
se, 1 Dutch Reformed church, 2 



taverns, 15 stores of different kinds 
and 1 tannery. 

Coxsackie Creek, rises m 
Greene co. and flows north-east 
into the Hudson river, in the town 
of New-Baltimore. 

Coxsackie Landing, v. 
Greene co. is situated on the west 
side of the Hudson river, 22 miles 
below the city of Albany; here 
are three separate landings within 
the distance of a mile, altogether 
containing about 1,200 inhabitants, 
150 dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Re- 
formed, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church; an academy, 4 public 
houses, 16 stores of different kinds 
and 15 warehouses; 1 steam plas- 
ter mill and 1 furnace; 1 ship yard 
and 2 dry docks for building and 
repairing vessels; 19 extensive 
brickyards where are manufactur- 
ed yearly about 30 millions of 
bricks. Here are owned and 
sails from this place 1 steam- 
boat, 2 freight barges and 19 
sloops, carrying a large amount of 
produce and manufactured pro- 
ducts to the New-York market. 
This is also a convenient steamboat 
landing, where passengers are lan- 
ded several times daily, during the 
season of navigation. 

Crab, or Hospital, Island, 
lies in LakeChamplain, near Cum- 
berland Head, and is attached to 
the town of Plattsburgh, Clinton 
county. 

Crab Meadows, p. o. Hunt 
ington, Suffolk co. 

Craigville, p. o. Blooming 
Grove, Orange co. here are situated 
1 tavern, 1 store, 1 paper mill, 1 
grist mill, 1 plaster mill, 1 saw 
mill and 12 or 15 dwellings. 

Crain's Corners, p. o. War- 
ren, Herkimer co. 

Cranberry Creek, p. o. 
Mayfiejd, Fulton co. 

Cranberry Lake, is a small 
body of water lying in the south 
part of the town of Parishville, St. 
Lawrence co., through which flows 



136 



CRANE NECK— CROTON AQUEDUCT. 



the east branch of the Oswegatchie 
river. 

Crane Neck, is a broad pe- 
ninsula in the town of Brookhaven, 
Suffolk co. extending into Long 
Island Sound. 

Cranesville, p. o. Amster- 
dam, Montgomery co. 

Crawford, t. Orange co. sit- 
uated 18 miles west of Newburgh, 
and distant 94 miles from Albany ; 
contained in 1840, 2,075 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is hilly; soil, 
clay and sandy loam, underlaid by 
slate; it is drained by Shawangunk 
river, which bounds it on the north- 
west. Crawford and Bullville are 
names of post offices. 

Cseekville, p. o. Unadilla, 
Otsego co. 

Ckoghas, t. Lewis co. situat- 
ed 12 miles north of the village of 
Martinsburgh, and distant 141 
miles from Albany. This is a 
new town taken from Watson and 
Diana in 1S41. The surface is 
hilly and mountainous; soil, vari- 
ous, but of good quality in the val- 
leys. Belforl is the name of a 
post office. 

Crooked Lake, by the In- 
dians called Kcuka, lies partly in 
the county of Steuben and partly 
in Yates; it is 22 miles in length, 
averaging l\ miles in width, run- 
ning nearly north and south. The 
waters of this lake are 270 feet 
above Seneca lake, with which it 
is connected by an outlet and ca- 
nal. It abounds in salmon trout, 
white fish, pickerel, perch, sun- 
fish, bass and catfish; its waters 
are cool and transparent, and from 
3 to 500 feet in depth. At Bluff 
Point, 9 miles north of the head of 
the lake, it is divided by a high 
promontory, extending on the east 
to near the village of Penn-Yan, 
a further distance of 13 miles, 
while the northern branch extends 
9 miles to Branchport. A steam- 
boat for the conveyance of passen- 
gers and towing, plies daily, from 



Hammondsport to Penn-Yan, af- 
fording a fine view of the lake and 
adjacent country. 

Crooked Lake Canal, ex- 
tends from the Crooked lake, near 
the village of Penn-Yan, to Dres- 
den on Seneca lake, all in the 
county of Yates. Length 8 miles, 
and has 2S locks, 14 road bridges, 
5 waste-weirs, 2 culverts and 1 
feeder. Descent from Crooked 
lake to Seneca lake 269 feet. Com- 
menced inl830; completed in 1833. 
Cost,$137,000. 

Cross Creek or River, rises 
in Westchester co. and runs east 
into the Croton river in the town 
of Lewisboroush. 

Cross Lake, lies between the 
counties of Cayuga and Onondaga; 
it is 4 miles long by half a mile 
wide, through which flows the 
Seneca river. 

Cross River, p. o. Lewisbo- 
rough, Westchester co. 

Crotched Lake, lies in the 
north part of Hamilton county, be- 
tween Racket and Long Lake; it 
is an irregular body of water, as 
its name implies. The Indian 
name is said to be Pahmechin- 
baguck, — water right across us. 

Croton, v. Cortland, West- 
shester co. is situated on the north 
side of the Croton River, near its 
entrance into Tappan Bay; it con- 
tains 1 tavern, 2 stores and 12 or 
15 dwellings. Here is a conven- 
ient landing, known as Collabergh 
Landing, from whence steamboats 
and sloops ply to the city of New- 
York and other places on the Hud- 
son river. Here is also situated the 
Cortlandtown post office. 

Croton Aqueduct, or Wa- 
ter Works, is the most impor- 
tant and extensive work of the 
kind ever undertaken in this coun- 
try; of its magnitude and utility, 
(here is but little conception, even 
by the great mass of the citizens 
of the city of New-York. The 
simple matter of a tunnel, of solid 



CROTON AQUEDUCT. 



137 



mason work, seven and a half feet 
in width, nine feet high and 40 
miles long, is far from comprising 
the whole of tins immense under- 
taking; the great dam in the Cro- 
ton, the magnificent stone aque- 
duct at Sing Sing, the bridge 
across Harlem river and the main 
reservoir in the cily, are all costly 
and stupendous works. 

The dam across the Croton is 
placed where the river enters be- 
tween the hills, after having passed 
for several miles through a more 
level country. The hill on the 
south side is solid rock, and on the 
north excellent earth for construct- 
ing the dam. The dam itself, as 
might be conjectured from its po- 
sition, is not of great length, but 
is one of the most ingenious works 
of substantial masonry any where 
to be found. The highest point of 
the structure is rather more than 
fifty feet above the natural bed of 
the Croton. The water will be 
thrown back by this elevation more 
than three miles, forming a beauti- 
ful lake of four hundred acres; the 
whole margin of which is to be 
excavated, so that the water will 
be no where less than three feet 
deep; thus forming the great foun 



a deep ravine, so that, from the 
apex of the arch to the bottom of 
the ravine, must be a hundred feet. 
This vast arch was so firmly laid in 
its abutments, and so securely built 
in its superstructure, that since the 
uprights were removed from be- 
neath the arch, it has settled but 
one inch. So little settling in such 
a work, we are told, has never be- 
fore occurred. The whole quanti- 
ty of land which the Water Com- 
missioners have been compelled to 
buy on the forty miles of the works, 
amount to nine hundred acres ; and 
the average price has been nearly 
five hundred dollars per acre. 

The bridge across Harlem river, 
will be 1,420 feet in length, al- 
though the stream is but 620 feet 
wide where it crosses; the great 
length is owing to the inclination 
of its banks. There will be 16 
piers, built of stone ; of these six 
will be in the river and 10 on the 
land. The land piers are less than 
those in the water, and their height 
varies according to the slope of the 
banks of the river. The main re 
servoir, situated near Blooming 
dale, covers 35 acres of ground, 
divided into two sections; the north 
section to have 20 feet of water 



tain head, which will contain about j when full, and the south 25 feet ; 
100,000,000 of gallons, for each j both will contain about 160.000,000 



foot in depth from the surface. 
The water is drawn into the aque- 
duct by means of a tunnel cut into 
the rock which constitutes the hill 
on the south side. At distances of 
one mile a circular hollow tower is 
erected over the aqueduct, for the 
purpose of ventilation; these being 
composed of white marble, pro- 
duce a very pretty effect. Every 
three miles is an apparatus for 
drawing off the water in case any 
internal repairs should be necessa- 
ry; but the most imposing struc- 
ture of the whole work is the great 
bridge at Sing Sing. It is com- 
posed chiefly of one grand arch of 
eighty-eight feet span, thrown over 



of gallons of water. From this 
reservoir the water is conveyed 
through the Fifth Avenue, to the 
distributing basin at Murray Hill, 
covering about 5 acres, and hold- 
ing 20,000,000 gallons. From 
thence the water will be conveyed 
to the dwellings in the city, by the 
ordinary distributing iron pipes. 
The descent from the dam in the 
Croton river to Murray Hill, is 
about 46 feet, being a fraction less 
than 14 inches to the mile. This 
gigantic work will probably be 
fully completed in 1843, although 
the water may be conveyed to the 
city some time in 1842, by means 
of a temporary conduit pipe of 



138 



CROTON RIVER— CUBA. 



suitable dimensions, extending 
across the Harlem river, as soon 
as the works will admit of their 
being laid ; by which means the 
citizens may have the benefit of 
" pure and wholesome water," one 
or two years before a supply could 
be had by the Harlem aqueduct 
bridge. The estimated cost of the 
whole will exceed $10,000,000. 

Croton River, rises in 
Dutchess and Putnam counties, 
flowing in a southern direction 
through a part of the county of 
Westchester and empties into the 
Hudson about two miles above 
the village of Sing Sing; length 
45 miles. This is a pure and im- 
portant stream, taking its rise from 
several beautiful lakes. It will 
feed the Croton Aqueduct, which 
is now nearly completed, with pure 
and wholesome water. 

Crow Islands, are a cluster 
of small islands situated in the 
Great South Bay of Long Island, 
opposite the town of Huntington. 

Crow's Nest, is a high peak 
of the " Highlands," situated on 
the west side of the Hudson, in the 
town of Cornwall, Orange county. 
Crown Point, t. Essex co. sit- 
uated 12 miles south-east of the 
village of Elizabeth, and distant 
105 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1841, 2,212 inhabitants. The 
surface on the east on the borders 
of Lake Champlain is level, while 
on the west it is mountainous; soil, 
mostly clay loam; it is drained by 
Putnam's creek and some other 
small streams. This town, border- 
ing on the lake, was the scene of 
important military operations dur- 
ing the old French and Revolution- 
ary wars. The ruins of the old 
fort of Crown Point, are situated on 
a neck of land, running into Lake 
Champlain, in the north-east angle 
of the town, and presents an inter- 
esting appearance from the water, 
in connection with the surrounding 
scenery. 



Crown Point, v. and p. o. 
Crown Point, Essex co.; here are 
situated 1 chuich, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 1 plaster 
mill and 12 or 15 dwellings. 

Crum Elbow, p. o. Hyde 
Park, Dutchess co. 

Crum Elbow, or Crom El- 
bow, is a point at a short turn of 
the Hudson river, 4 miles above 
Poughkeepsie. 

Crum Elbow Creek, rises 
in the towns of Clinton and Rhine- 
beck, Dutchess county, and flows 
through Hydcpark into the Hudson 
river ; this is a tolerable good mill 
stream, on which are situated a 
number of mills and manufactur- 
ing establishments. 

Crumiiorn Mountain, is a 
wild and barren eminence, situat- 
ed in the town of Maryland, Otse- 
go co. 

Cryder's Creek, rises in the 
town of Independence, Allegany 
co. and flows south-west into the 
state of Pennsylvania, where it 
empties into the Genesee river. 

Crystal Lake, is one of a 
small cluster of lakes lying in the 
town of Alexandria, Jefferson co. 

Cuba, t. Allegany co. situated 
12 miles south-west of the village 
of Angelica, and distant 274 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,768 inhabitants. The surface is 
high and undulating on the east, 
dividing the waters that flow into 
the Allegany and Genesee valleys; 
the soil is generally warm and pro- 
ductive; in the north part of the 
town there is a small lake, and 
near the west boundary is situated 
the Oil Spring Reservation. — 
Through this town runs the Gene- 
see Valley canal, and the line of 
the New-York and Erie railroad. 
Cadyville is the name of a settle- 
ment. 

Cuba, v. and p. o. Cuba, Alle- 
gany co. is situated on the line of 
the Genesee Valley canal, and of 
the New-York and Erie railroad; 



CUCHOGUE— DASHVILLE. 



139 



it contains about S00 inhabitants, 
100 dwelling- houses, 1 Presbyte- 
rian and 1 Baptist church; 3 tav- 
erns, 10 stores, 1 flouring- mill, 1 
saw mill, 1 clothier's works and 1 
tannery. 

Cuchogue, p. o. Southold, 
Suffolk co. 

CUDDEBACKVILLE, p. O. 

Deerpaik, Orange co. 

Cumberland Bay, lies on 
the west side of Lake Champlain 
in front of the village of Platts- 
burgh; it is formed by Cumberland 
Head, a peninsula stretching into 
the lake 4 miles. In this bay Mac- 
Donough gained his memorable 
naval victory, over the British fleet 
under the command of Com. Dow- 
nie, on the llih of Sept. 1814. 

Cuyler, p. o. Truxton, Cort- 
land co. 

Dan by, t. Tompkins co. situa- 
ted 8 miles south of the village of 
Ithaca, and distant 172 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,570 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
soil, gravelly loam; drained by 
Cattotong creek and its tributaries. 
Danby and South Danby are names 
of post offices. 

Danby, v. and p. o. Danby, 
Tompkins co. is an agricultural 
settlement, containing about 500 
inhabitants, 90 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
church, 2 taverns and 3 stores. 

Dansville, t. Steuben co. 
situated 20 miles north-west of the 
village of Bath, and distant 234 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,725 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, gravelly 
loam and clay; it is drained south 
by tributaries of the Canisteo river 
and north by Canaseraga creek. 
Doty's Corners and South Dansville 
are names of post offices. 

Dansville, v. and p. o. Spar 
ta, Livingston co. is situated on the 
Canaseraga creek; it contains 
about 1,600 inhabitants, 250 dwel- 
ling houses, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Me- 



thodist and 1 Lutheran church, 1 
banking house, 2 hotels, 25 stores 
of different kinds, 4 extensive pa- 
per mills, 2 large flouring mills, 2 
furnaces and 1 tannery. Here are 
a succession of falls of about 60 
feet descent within the distance of 
one and a half miles, affording a 
great amount of hydraulic power, 
a part of which is still unoccupied. 
The Dansville Branch of the Gen- 
esee Valley canal commences at 
this place and unites with the 
main canal near the village of 
Mount Morris, a distance of about 
11 miles. 

Danube, t. Herkimer co. situ- 
ated 12 miles east of the village of 
Herkimer, and distant 70 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,960 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating; soil, sandy and calca- 
reous loam, being very fertile in 
the valley of the Mohawk; it is 
drained by Nowadaga creek flow- 
ing north into the Mohawk river, 
which bounds it on the north. — 
Danube and Newville are names 
of post offices. 

Darien, t. Genesee co. situat- 
ed 12 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Batavia, and distant 256 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,406 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly; soil, clay and calca- 
reous loam; drained north-west by 
Ellicott's creek. Darien and Da- 
rien Centre are names of post of- 
fices. 

Darien, v. and p. o. Darien, 
Genesee co. contains about 175 in- 
habitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns and 3 stores. 

Darien Centre, p. o. Dari- 
en, Genesee co. 

Dashville, v. New-Paltz, 
Ulster co. is situated on the Wall- 
kill; it contains about 200 inhabi- 
tants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 church, 
1 tavern, 1 store, 1 woollen facto- 
ry, 1 cotton factory, 1 grist mill 
and 1 saw mill. The water power 
at this place is extensive ; the 



140 



DAVENPORT— DEFRIESTVILLE. 



Wallkill here having- a fall of 
about 50 feet. 

Da VEA"PoRT,t. Delaware co. sit- 
uated 14 miles north of the village of 
Delhi, and distant 63 miles from Al- 
bany; contained in 1840, 2,052 in- 
habitants. The surface is hilly; soil, 
argillaceous loam; it is drained by 
Charlotte river and some of its 
tributaries. Davenport, Daven- 
port Centre, and West Davenport 
are names of post offices. 

Day, t. Saratoga co. situated 25 
miles north of the village of Ball- 
ston Spa, and distant 55 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 942 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly 
and mountainous, the Kayaderos- 
seras Mountain extending across 
it; the most arable of the lands are 
situated in the valley of the Sacan- 
d;»ga river, which Hows through 
the town. Day is the name of a 
post office. 

Dayassville, v. and p. o. 
Watson, Lewis co. situated on 
Crystal creek, contains about 125 
inhabitants, 20 dwelling houses, 2 
taverns, 2 stores and 3 saw mills. 

Dayton, t. Cattaraugus co. 
situated 20 miles north-west of the 
village of Ellicottville, and distant 
302 miles from Albanv; contained 
in 1840, 946 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, clay and 
gravelly loam, adapted to grain 
and grass; drained by Connewan- 
go creek and some of its tributa- 
ries. Dayton and Sociality are 
names of post offices. 

Dean's Corners, p. o. Sara- 
toga, Saratoga co. 

Dfansville, v. and p. o. 
Marshall, Oneida co. is situated on 
the Chenango canal; it contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, 3 taverns, 2 stores 
and 2 warehouses. 

Decatur, t. Otsego co. situa- 
ted 12 miles south-east of Coopers- 
town, and distant 64 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,071 
inhabitants. The surface is high 



and hilly; soil, sandy loam; drain- 
ed by Elk creek and some other 
small streams. Decatur is the 
name of a post office; where are 
situated 1 Methodist church, 2 
stores and 20 dwellings. 

Deer Creek, rises in the 
west part of Lewis co. and flows in 
a north-east direction into Black 
river. 

DEERFiELD,t. Oneida co. situ 
ated 4 miles north of the city of 
Utica, and distant 94 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 3,120 
inhabitants. The surface is some- 
what hilly; soil, on the north, clay 
loam, on the south, in the valley 
of the Mohawk, alluvion of great 
fertility. It is watered by the Mo- 
hawk river and some small streams. 
North Gage is the name of a post 
office. 

Deerpark, t. Orange co. sit- 
uated 38 miles west of Newburgh 
and distant 10S miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 1,607 inhabi- 
tants. The surface on the east is 
hilly and mountainous, on the west 
towards the Delaware quite level; 
soil, gravelly loam and alluvial 
sand and vegetable mould, which 
with proper culture is very fertile; 
it is watered by the Delaware river 
on the south-west, and by the 
Neversink river and Bash's kill 
which flows into it. The Dela- 
ware and Hudson canal, and the 
New-York and Erie railroad both 
run through this town. Cudde- 
backville, Honesville, Hugonot 
and Port Jervis are names of post 
offices. 

Deer River, rises in Frank- 
lin co. and flows north-west into 
St. Lawrence, where it empties in- 
to the St. Regis river. 

Deer River Falls, p. o. 
Duane, Franklin co. 

Defriestville, p. o. Green- 
bush, Rensselaer co.; here are sit- 
uated 1 Dutch Reformed church, 1 
tavern, 1 store and about 15 dwel- 
lings 



DE KALB— DELAWARE RIVER. 



141 



De Kalb, t. St. Lawrence co. 
situated 10 miles south-west of the 
village of Canton, and distant 193 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840,1,531 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly, and soil rather indif- 
ferent; marble and iron ore are 
found in this town; it is watered 
by the Oswegatehie river and some 
of its tributaries. De Kalb and 



Richville are names of post offices, 
De Kalb, v. and p.o. De Kalb, 
St. Lawrence co. is situated on the 
east side of the Oswegatehie river; 
it contains about 150 inhabitants, 
30 dwelling' houses, 2 taverns and 
1 store. At the falls near the vil- 
lage there is a grist mill and a saw 
mill; the Oswegatchie is navigable 
from this place to Ogdensburgh. 



DELAWARE COUNTY, formed from Ulster and Otsego in 1797, is 
centrally distant SO miles from the city of Albany; it is bounded on 
the north by the counties of Otsego and Schoharie, easterly by Schoha- 
rie and Greene, southerly by Ulster and Sullivan, and westerly by 
Chenango and Broome counties and the Pennsylvania state line. The 
surface is srenerally rough and hilly, abounding with extensive forests. 
Ranges of hills extend through the county from north-east to south- 
west, between the several streams which flow in the same direction. 
Much of the land, particularly in the valleys, is of excellent quality, 
affording rich pastures for cattle, with which this county abounds. The 
soil on the uplands is various, most of it when cleared being well 
adapted for grazing. The exports are mostly live stock and lumber; 
the latter is floated down the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, both of 
which streams have their source in this region; in addition to the 
above, Charlotte river and Beaverkill are important streams. This 
county is not considered rich in minerals; there however exists some 
deposites of bog iron ore, and copper ore is very generally diffused 
though in small quantities. There are moreover several mineral springs. 
The New-York and Erie railroad, when completed, will extend through 
the south-west part of this county. Its area is about 400 square miles, 
or 933,500 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Delaware county, with 
the population in 1840. 

Andes 2,176 | Masonville, 1,420 

Bovina, 1,403 ! Meredith, 1,640 



Colchester, 1,567 

Davenport, 2,052 

Delhi, 2,554 

Franklin, 3,025 

Hamden, 1,469 

Hancock, 1,026 

Harpersfield, 1 ,708 

Kortright, 2,441 Total inhabitants, 35,369 

Delaware Rtver, rises in ; and Pennsylvania; it then contin- 
Delaware co. being formed by two 



Middletown, ... 2,608 

Roxbury, 3,013 

Sidney, 1,732 

Stamford, 1,681 

Tompkins, 2,035 

Walton, 1,846 



branches, one called the Mohawks 
or West Branch, and the other the 
Papacton branch of the Delaware; 
which streams unite in the town of 
Hancock, where this river for some 
distance forms the dividing line 
between the states of New-York 



ues in a southern direction, form- 
ing the division line between the 
state cf Pennsylvania and New- 
Jersey; emptying into the Dela 
ware Bay, thence into the Atlan- 
tic ocean. Its whole length is 310 
miles and is navigable from the 
citv of Trenton, N.J. to its mouth. 



142 DELAWARE AND HUDSON CANAL— DENMARK. 



Delaware and Hudson 
Canal, extends from the Hudson 
river, near the village of Rondout. 
Ulster county, to Honesdale, in 
Pennsylvania, a distance of 108 
miles; a railroad then extends a 
further distance of 16^ miles to the 
coal mines at Carbondale; total 
length from the Hudson to Carbon- 
dale, 124^ miles. This canal runs 
through Ulster county, in the valley 
of the Rondout creek, then through 
a part of Sullivan and Orange 
counties, until it reaches the valley 
of the Delaware, thence in a north- 
west course up this stream, along 
its left bank to a dam near the 
mouth of the Lackawaxen creek, 
in Pennsylvania ; here the canal 
crosses the Delaware and pursues 
the valley of the above creek to 
Honesdale ; the New-York section 
being 83 miles ; the Pennsylvania 
section 25 miles. The above works 
were originally constructed by two 
distinct companies; the "Hudson 
and Delaware Canal Company." 
of New-York, and the " Lacka- 
waxen Canal Company," of Penn- 
sylvania. These corporations are 
now united, forming one interest. 
The work was commenced in 
1825, and completed in 1829, at a 
total cost of $1,875,000. 

Delaware and Raritan 
Canal, commences at Borden- 
town, on the Delaware river, and 
runs to Trenton, parallel with the 
river ; it then diverges towards the 
north-east, and extends to the city 
of New-Brunswick, where it ter- 
minates ; connecting with the na- 
vigable waters of the Raritan river. 
Length 42 miles. This canal af- 
fords a water communication be- 
tween the cities of New-York and 
Philadelphia, for yessels of a large 
class; it being 75 feet wide, and 
7 feet deep. 

Delavan, p. o. Yorkshire, 
Cattaraugus co. 

Delhi, t. Delaware co. con- 
tains the county buildings, situated 



in the village of the same name, 
and is distant from Albany 77 
miles ; it contained in 1840, 2,554 
inhabitants. The surface is some- 
what broken by the different 
branches of the Delaware river, 
which here unite, and form the 
Mohawks, or west branch of the 
above river ; the soil is fertile in 
the valleys. 

Delhi, v. and p. o. Delhi, De- 
laware co. is pleasantly situated on 
a plain on the right bank of the west 
branch of the Deleware river; it 
contains about 800 inhabitants, 125 
dwellings, a fine court house and 
jail ; an incorporated academy ; 3 
churches, 3 hotels, 13 stores, 2 
printing offices ; an extensive and 
flourishing woollen factory ; 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, besides a number 
of different kinds of mechanic work 
shops. Delhi is situated 70 miles 
westerly from Catskill, and about 
the same distance from Kingston, 
Ulster county ; stages run daily to 
both of the above places. 

Delia Lake, is a small body 
of water lying in the town of New- 
comb, Essex co. being one of the 
head tributaries of the Hudson li- 
ver. 

Delphi, v. and p. o. Pompey, 
Onondaga co. contains about 250 
inhabitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 1 tavern and 3 stores. 

Delta, v. and p. o. Lee, Onei- 
da co. contains about 350 inhabi- 
tants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 church, 
1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 large flouring 
mill, 1 fulling mill, 1 furnace and 
1 distillery. 

Denmark, t. Lewis co. situa- 
ted 15 miles north of the village of 
Martinsburgh, and distant 141 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,388 inhabitants. Surface in part 
hilly ; soil, rich loam, underlaid 
with limestone. It is watered by 
Deer creek, and bounded on the 
nokth-east by Black river. Den- 
mark and Copenhagen are names 
of post offices. 



DENMARK— DEXTER. 



143 



Denmark, v. and p. o. Den- 
mark, Lewis co. contains about 
150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 church, an academy, 2 ta- 
verns and 3 stores 

Depauville, v. and p. o. 
Clayton, Jefferson co. is situated at 
the falls on Catfish creek ; it con- 
tains about 200 inhabitants, 30 
dwelling's, 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 
stores, 1 grist mill and 1 saw mill. 

De Peyster, t. St. Lawrence 
co. situated 12 miles west of the 
village of Canton, and distant ISO 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,074 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is diversified with gentle undu- 
lations ; soil, of a good quality, 
light and easily tilled. It is bound- 
ed on the west by Black lake, and 
drained by the Oswegatchie river 
and some of its tributaries on the 
east and north. De Peyster is the 
name of a post office, where there 
is a small settlement. 

Deposit, v. and p. o. Tomp- 
kins, Delaware county, is situated 
on the north side of the Delaware 
river ; it contains about 600 inha- 
bitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Baptist church;* 
2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 grist mill and 
2 saw mills. The New-York and 
Erie railroad will pass through this 
place when completed, and it is 
now a great deposit for lumber, 
which is floated down the Dela- 
ware to market. 

De Ruyter, t. Madison co. 
situated 14 miles south-west of the 
village of Morrisville, and distant 
122 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1840, 1,799 inhabitants. 
The surface is high and hilly ; 
soil, clay and sandy loam ; drained 
by the east branch of the Tiough- 
nioga river. 

De Ruyter, v. and p. o De 
Ruyter, Madison co. was incorpo- 
rated in 1833, and now contains 
about 400 inhabitants, 60 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 
tist church ; an incorporated aca- 



demy in a flourishing condition; 2 
taverns, 4 stores and 1 tannery. 

Devil's Hole, a frightful dell 
or gulf on the Niagara river, about 
lj miles below the falls. 

De Witt, t. Onondaga co. si- 
tuated 5 miles east of Syracuse, 
and distant 142 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 2,802 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is somewhat 
uneven ; in this vicinity are inex- 
haustible quarries of water lime, 
large quantities of which are ex- 
ported. There is also in this town 
a cavern of considerable extent; it 
has been explored for about 100 
rods. De Witt and Jamesville 
are names of post offices. 

De Witt's Valley, v. and 
p. o. Burns, Allegany co. is an 
agricultural settlement, containing 
about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
houses, 1 tavern, 1 store and 1 
tannery. 

De Wittville, p. o. Chatau- 
que, Chautauque co. 

Dexter, v. and p. o. Brown- 
ville, Jefferson co. is situated on 
the north side of the Black river at 
its mouth, where is afforded water 
power and uninterrupted navigation 
through Black river bay, with Lake 
Ontario and the St. Lawrence ri- 
ver. Piers for improving the harbor 
are being constructed by the United 
States government, and several 
vessels ply regularly between this 
place and Oswego, and other ports. 
Very little was done to improve 
the natural advantages of this vil- 
lage till 1836; it now contains 
about 600 inhabitants, 1 Episcopal 
church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, an ex- 
tensive warehouse and wharf; 1 
woollen factory, built of stone of 
the first class, turning out about 
200 yards of broadcloth per day ; 
1 clothier's shop, 1 flouring mill, 
4 double saw mills, 1 planing ma- 
chine, 1 oil mill, 1 plaster mill, 
1 iron foundery, and 1 axe manu- 
factory; besides many other kinds 
of mechanic work shops. 



144 



DEXTERV1LLE— DOVER. 



Dextervillb, v. Ellicott, 
Chautauque co. is situated on the 
north shore of the outlet of Chau- 
tauque lake ; this is a new place 
possessing great water privileges. 
Here is annually manufactured 
about two millions feet of pine 
boards, besides large quantities of 
lath and shingles. There is also a 
celebrated edge tool manufactory. 

Dial Mountain, or Nip- 
ple Top, situated in the town of 
Keene, Essex co. is one of the 
Adirondack range of mountain 
peaks; it is elevated 4,900 feet 
above the tide waters of the Hud- 
son, and presents a very singular 
appearance, as the name by which 
it is sometimes called implies. It 
is also called the Noon Mark, by 
those living in the vicinity. 

Diamond Island. See Lake 
George. 

Diana, t. Lewis county, situa- 
ted 25 miles north of the village of 
Marti nsburgh, and distant 154 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 883 inhabitants. A part of 
this town, on the south, was at- 
tached in 1841, to the new town 
of Croghan; it is hilly ; soil, sandy 
and gravelly loam, adapted to 
grass. It is drained by the Oswe- 
gatchie and Indian rivers. Harris- 
ville and Louisburgh are names of 
post offices. 

Dickinson, t. Franklin co. si- 
tuated 15 miles south-west of the 
village of Malone, and distant 225 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,005 inhabitants. This is 
a large town, extending about 40 
miles in length. It is principally 
settled on the north, while the 
southern part is a wilderness, a- 
bounding with lakes and a large 
growth of timber. It is drained by 
the head waters of the Racket and 
St. Regis rivers. The soil is of 
various qualities. Dickinson is 
the name of a post office, where is 
a small settlement. 
Dike Creek, rises in Steuben 



county, and flows west through a 
part of Allegany county, into the 
Genesee river ; through the valley 
of this creek for a considerable 
distance, extends the line of the 
New-York and Erie railroad, until 
it reaches the Genesee valley. 

Distances from Albany 
to the several county 
Seats. See Albany City. 

Districts. See Congression- 
al, Senatorial and United States 
Revenue Districts. 

Dix, t. Chemung co. situated 
16 miles north of the village of El- 
mira, and distant 1S5 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1S40, 1,990 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
soil, gravelly loam ; drained by 
Catharine's creek on the east. 
Morland, Salubria and Townsend 
are names of post offices. Jeffer- 
son is the name of a village. 

Dix Hills, p. o. Huntington, 
Suffolk co. 

Doansburgh, p. o. South- 
east, Putnam co. 

Dobb's Ferry, p. o. Green- 
burgh, Westchester co. ; here is 
situated a convenient steamboat 
landing, on the Hudson river, 22 
miles north of the city of New- 
York ; 2 churches, 1 tavern, 1 
store, and about 30 dwellings. 
This was an important point during 
the revolutionary war. A ferry 
communicates with the opposite 
side of the river. 

Dolsentown, p. o. Minisink, 
Orange co. is an agricultural settle- 
ment; it contains about 100 inha- 
bitants, 20 dwellings, 1 church, 1 
tavern, 2 stores, and 1 distillery. 

Dora, p. o. Colesville, Broome 
co. 

Doty's Corners, p. o. Dans- 
ville, Steuben co. 

Dover, t. Dutchess co. situated 
20 miles east of Poughkeepsie, and 
distant 93 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1S40, 2,000 inhabi- 
tants. The surface in part is 
mountainous, with a valley nearly 



DOVER PLAINS— DUANE. 



145 



in the centre, through which flows 
a branch of Ten Mile creek ; the 
soil is sandy and gravelly loam, 
most of it fertile and well cultiva- 
ted. In this town are extensive 
quarries of white and colored mar- 
ble ; there are also beds of iron 
ore in the hills. Dover, Chesnut 
Ridge and South Dover, are names 
of post offices. The former is si- 
tuated in the village of Dover 
Plains. 

Dover Plains, v. Dover, 
Dutchess co. is situated on a beau- 
tiful and fertile plain ; it contains 
about 175 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
houses, 1 Baptist and 1 Free 
church ; an academy ; 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 grist mill and 1 tannery. 
The Dover post office is located in 
this village. 

Dresden, t. Washington co. 
situated 28 miles north of Sandy 
Hill, and distant 78 miles from Al- 
bany ; contained in 1840, 679 in- 
habitants. The surface is hilly 
and mountainous ; it lies between 
Lakes George and Champlain, over 
which region of country extends 
the Palmertown mountain, in some 
places rising 1,200 feet above the 
level of Lake Champlain ; it is 
mostly covered with forests and 
unfit for cultivation, abounding in 
bears, deer, wolves and other wild 
game. Dresden is the name of a 
post office. 

Dresden, v. Benton, Yates co. 
is situated on the west side of Se- 
neca lake, at the mouth of the out- 
let of Crooked lake, and the termi- 
nation of the Crooked lake canal. 
It contains about 400 inhabitants, 
70 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 
taverns, 3 stores, 4 warehouses, 2 
flouring mills, 2 saw mills, 1 clo- 
thier's works, 1 tannery, and a 
boat yard for building and repair- 
ing canal boats. This is a very 
convenient steamboat landing, 12 
miles south of the village of Gene- 
va. A steam ferry boat here plies 
across the lake, in addition to pas- 
10 



sage boats that pass and repass 
daily. 

Drowned Lands, is the 
name given to a large tract of land 
in the valley of the Wallkill, most- 
ly situated in the town of War- 
wick, Orange county, near the 
New-Jersey state line ; it is esti- 
mated to contain 50,000 acres. 
Through this marsh the stream 
flows with a current scarcely per- 
ceptible, and the spring freshets 
annually submerge it. No effort 
has yet been successful to wholly 
drain this swamp, although thera 
are some elevated spots, or islands, 
consisting of fertile land ; the 
larger portion of this unclaimed 
marsh, or drowned lands, is used 
as pasturage for cattle ; on the sub- 
siding of the spring freshets, and 
for the remainder of the year is a 
desolate waste. 

Dryden, t. Tompkins co. si- 
tuated 10 miles east of Ithaca, and 
distant 160 miles from Albany ; 
contained in 1840, 5,446 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is undulating, 
rising on the south into high ridges; 
soil, gravelly loam of good quality, 
and well cultivated ; drained by 
Fall creek, and some other small 
streams. Dryden, Etna, Varna 
and West Diyden are names of 
post offices. 

Dryden, v. and p. o. Dryden, 
Tompkins co. is situated on Virgil 
creek ; it contains about 500 inha- 
bitants, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Me- 
thodist church ; a high school in a 
flourishing condition ; 2 taverns, 3 
stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 2 
tanneries and 1 clothier's works. 
About half a mile west of this 
place is situated a mineral spring 
of some celebrity ; it is much re- 
sorted to by invalids laboring 
under rheumatic and cutaneous 
diseases. 

Duane, t. Franklin co. situated 
15 miles south of the village of 
Malone, and distant 200 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 324 



146 



DUANESBURGH— DUNKIRK. 



inhabitants. This town was divi- 
ded in 1841, and the name of Har- 
rietstown given to the south part. 
It is as yet almost a wilderness ; 
containing several small lakes. 
The settlements are principally 
confined to the north part. The 
surface is uneven and hilly ; soil, 
sandy loam of good quality. This 
town has become celebrated for 
its superior iron ore. There is lo- 
cated in the north part, the newly 
discovered 'native steel ore,' as it is 
called; which is susceptible of 
being cast from the ore into the 
finest edged tools, probably not 
surpassed by any other mine in the 
known world. The following de- 
scription of the Duane steel ore, is 
contained in the Geological Re- 
port for 1841 : — "It is a mixture 
of partly fin© and partly coarse ore, 
rather more of the coarse than fine ; 
it is characterized by containing 
more hypersthene than usual, ex- 
hibiting the lustre of bronze ; it is 
also somewhat irridescent Some 
small particles of sulphurate of iron 
appear in it, but not enough to in- 
jure it; also, masses of granular 
feldspar, and minute reddish gar- 
nets. The castings from the " steel 
ore," as it is termed, have of late 
acquired considerable celebrity, in 
consequence of their having been 
employed for edge tools ; and I 
cannot now perceive," remarks 
Mr. Emmons, one of the state geo- 
logists, from experiments, " any 
reason why, for many kinds of 
edge tools, the material is not like- 
ly to come into extensive use ; no 
instance of failure has come to my 
knowledge, when the tool had been 
properly tempered." Duane and 
Deer River Falls are names of post 
offices. At the former there is a 
blast furnace and forge; 1 scythe 
factory, 2 saw mills, 1 tavern, 1 
store, and some 20 or 25 dwel- 
lings. 

Duanesburgh, t. Schenecta- 
dy co. situated 12 miles south-wes! 



of the city of Schenectady, and dis- 
tant 21 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1841, 3,357 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly and elevated ; 
soil, clay loam. It is drained by 
Schoharie creek, and several other 
small streams. Duanesburgh, Ma- 
riaville and Quaker Street, are 
names of post offices. 

Dublin, v. Junius, Seneca co. 
contains 1 tavern, 1 store and some 
10 or 12 dwellings. 

Duck Lake, is a small body 
of water lying in the town of Con- 
quest, Cayuga co. 

Dundee, v. and p. o. Starkie, 
Yates co. is pleasantly situated on 
Big Stream creek ; it contains a- 
bout 800 inhabitants, 100 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 
1 Methodist and 1 Free church; 3 
taverns, 7 stores, 1 woollen factory, 

1 flouring mill, 1 grist mill, 4 saw 
mills, 2 tanneries, 2 iron founde- 
ries, 2 plough factories, 1 ashery, 

2 brick yards, and a manufactory 
of threshing machines. In this 
place is a newly discovered salt 
spring, which bids fair to become 
productive. 

DUNDERBERG MoUNTAIX, 

or Hi J. lb, are situated in the 
town of Haverstraw, Rockland 
county, constituting the south part 
of the "Highlands." 

Dunkirk, v. and p. o. Pom- 
fret, Chautauque county, is situa- 
ted on Lake Erie, about 40 miles 
south-west of the city of Buffalo. 
The harbor of Dunkirk has been 
much improved by recent United 
States expenditures, and affords a 
depth of about 12 feetof water over 
the bar. As an anchorage, this 
harbor is extremely valuable as a 
port of refuge, and is much resorted 
to for that purpose by steamboats 
and sail vessels. The village was 
incorporated in 1837, and now 
contains about 1,000 inhabitants, 
175 dwelling houses, 1 Presbvte- 
rian church, and a Methodist 
congregation, who worship in the 



DUN NSVILLE-DUTCHESS. 



147 



broken; soil, clay and gravelly 
loam. It is drained by the Cats- 
kill and some of its tributaries. 
Durham, Cornvvallville, Oakhill, 
East Durham and South Durham 
are names of post offices. 

Durham, v. and p. o. Dur- 
ham, Greene co. contains about 
200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 church, 2 taverns and 1 
store. 

Durhamville^ v. and p. 0. 
Verona, Oneida co. is situated on 
both sides of Oneida creek ; it 
contains about 200 inhabitants, 25 
dwelling houses, 2 churches, 3 ta- 
verns, 4 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 
saw mills and 1 extensive tan- 
nery. 



Dunkirk academy ; 2 public hou- 
ses, 10 stores, 1 flouring mill and 1 
saw mill. This point has been se- 
lected as the western termination 
of the New- York and Erie rail- 
road ; the completion of which 
great work, will at once cause 
Dunkirk to rank among the chief 
places on Lake Erie. The distance 
from Dunkirk to the city of New- 
York, by the line of the railroad, 
is about 470 miles. 

Dumtsville, p. o. Guilder- 
land, Albany co. 

Durham, t. Greene co. situa- 
ted 20 miles north-west of Catskill, 
and distant 34 miles from Albany ; 
contained in 1840, 2,813 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is hilly and 

DUTCHESS COUNTY, first organized in 1083, is centrally distant 
75 miles from the city of Albany ; it is situated equi-distant between 
the cities of New-York and Albany, and bounded on the north by Co- 
lumbia county, east by the Connecticut state line, south by Putnam 
county, and on the west by the Hudson river. This is a rich and thri- 
ving agricultural county, annually sending a large amount of produce 
and live stock to the New-York market. The surface is somewhat un- 
even, and on the east hilly; the soil, however, is mostly good and 
highly cultivated. The products of this region of country, whether of 
grain or live stock, are of the first quality ; most of the inhabitants are 
farmers, many of them in affluent circumstances. The advantages of 
water communication, which the Hudson river affords, is of great im- 
portance to the citizens of this county. The mineral productions are also 
important items of wealth. There are but few parts of the state in which 
iron ore is more abundant, or more advantageously wrought, or of 
better quality. The marble quarries are numerous, and the quantity 
of this useful material is inexhaustible ; the most important location is 
in the town of Dover. Veins of lead ore also are found, similar to those 
of Columbia county. Peat and marl exist in abundance ; and to this 
list of useful minerals must be added black lead, several tons of which 
have recently been obtained and sent to market, from a mine located 
in the town of Fishkill. One or two mineral springs are also considered 
worthy of notice, from one of which sulphuretted hydrogen is evolved, 
and from another arises an inflammable gas. The factories and mills 
on the Fishkill and Wappinger's creek, both of which streams rise in 
and flow through this county, are numerous and many of them very ex- 
tensive, producing large quantities of manufactured products. Ten 
Mile creek rises in the east part of the county, and runs south-east into 
the Housatonic river in Connecticut. Its area is about 765 square 
miles, or 489,700 acres. 

The following are the names oi the towns in Dutchess county, with 
the population in 1840 : 



148 



EAGLE— EASTCHESTER. 



Amenia, 2,179 

Beekman, 1,400 

Clinton, 1,830 

Dover, 2,000 

Fishkill, 10,437 

Hyde Park, 2,364 

La Grange, 1 ,851 

Milan, 1,725 

Northeast, 1,385 

Pawlings, 1,571 

Eagle, t. Allegany co. situated 
24 miles north-west of the village 
of Angelica, and distant 264 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1841, 
1,187 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating; soil, argillaceous loam, 
well adapted to grass or grain, and 
mostly heavily timbered; drained 
by Caneadea and Wiskoy creeks. 
Eagle is the name of a post office, 
where is a small settlement. 

Eagle Harbor, p. o. Gaines, 
Orleans co. is situated on the Erie 
canal. Here are located 1 Metho- 
dist church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 3 
warehouses, 1 flouring mill, and 15 
or 20 dwellings. 

Earlsville, v. and p. o. Ha- 
milton, Madison county, is situated 
on the Chenango river; it contains 
about 600 inhabitants, 100 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 7 
stores, 1 flouring mill and 1 saw 
mill. The Chenango canal passes 
through this place. 

East Avon, v. and p.o. Avon, 
Livingston co. is situated 2 miles 
east from Avon Springs; it con- 
tains about 250 inhabitants, 35 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian and 
1 Baptist church ; 2 public houses 
and 2 stores. It is surrounded by 
a rich and highly cultivated farm- 
ing country, and commands a view 
of the extensive valley of the Ge- 
nesee. 

East Barrington, p. o. 
Barrington, Yates co. 

East Bay, is the name given 
to the east part of the Great South 
Bay, of Long Island. 

East Berne, p.o. Berne, Al- 



Fine Plains, 1,334 

Pleasant Valley, 2,219 

Poughkeepsie, 10,006 

Redhook, 2,829 

Rhinebeck, 2,659 

Stanford, 2,278 

Union Vale, 1,498 

Washington, 2,833 

Total inhabitants, 52,398 

bany co. Here are situated 1 ta 
vern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill, and 12 or 15 dwellings. 

East Bethany, p. o. Betha- 
ny, Genesee co. 

East Bloomfield, t. Ontario 
co. situated 8 miles west of the 
village of Canandaigua, and dis- 
tant 203 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 1,986 inhabitants. 
The surface is undulating; soil, 
clay and sandy loam of a good 
quality. It is drained by Mud creek 
and several other small streams. 

East Bloomfield, v. and p. 
o. East Bloomfield, Ontario co. is 
an agricultural settlement, contain- 
ing about 300 inhabitants, 40 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Congregational church ; 2 
taverns, 4 stores, 1 tannery and 1 
furnace. 

East Branch, p. o. Han- 
cock, Delaware co. 

East Canada Creek, rises 
in Hamilton co. and flows south. 
This is a rapid stream, and for a 
considerable distance divides the 
counties of Fulton and Montgomery 
on the east, from Herkimer county 
on the west, when it falls into 
the Mohawk river, affording in its 
course many good mill privileges. 

East Canisteo, p. o. Canis- 
teo, Steuben co. 

East Carlton, p. o. Carlton. 
Orleans co. 

Eastchester, t. Westches- 
ter co. situated 10 miles south of 
the village of White Plains, and 
distant 140 miles from the city of 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,502 



EASTCHESTER— EAST HUNTER. 



J 49 



inhabitants. The surface is hilly, 
and somewhat stony; soil, mostly 
fertile loam. The Bronx river 
bounds it on the west, and Hutch- 
inson's creek on the east, emptying 
into an estuary of the sound called 
Eastchester bay. Eastchester and 
Bronx are names of post offices. 

Eastchester, v. and p. o. 
Eastchester, Westchester co. lies 
on the west side of Eastchester 
creek, 15 miles from the city of 
New-York; it contains about 350 
inhabitants, 50 dwelling; houses, 1 
Episcopal and 1 Methodist church; 
3 taverns, 4 stores, and 1 grist mill. 
Here is a convenient landing - , from 
whence sail several sloops trading; 
with the New-York market. 

East China, p. o. China, Wy- 
oming co. 

East Constable, p. o. Con- 
stable, Franklin co. 

East Creek, p. o. Manheim, 
Herkimer co. 

East Durham, p. o. Durham, 
Greene co. 

East Evans, p. o. Evans, Erie 
co. 

East Florence, p. o. Flo- 
rence, Oneida co. 

East Franklin, p. o. Frank- 
lin, Delaware co. 

East Gainesville, p. o. 
Gainesville, Wyoming; co. 

East Genoa, p. o. Genoa, 
Cayuga co. 

East Glenville, p. o. Glen- 
ville, Schenectady co. 

East Greenbush, p. o. 
Greenbush, Rensselaer co. Here 
are situated 1 church, an incorpo- 
rated academy; 1 tavern, 1 store 
and 15 dwellings. 

East Greene, p. o. Greene, 
Chenango co. 

East Greenwich, p. o. 
Greenwich, Washington co. 

East Grove, p. o. Grove, Al- 
legany co. 

East Groveland, p. o. 
Groveland, Livingston co. 

East Guilford, p. o. Guil- 



ford, Chenango co. Here are situa- 
ted 1 gristmill, 1 saw mill, 1 plaster 
mill, 1 clothier's works, 1 tavern, 
1 store, and about 15 dwellings. 

East Hamburgh, p.o. Ham- 
burgh, Erie co. 

East Hamilton, p. o. Hamil 
ton, Madison co. 

Easthampton, t. Suffolk co. 
situated 30 miles east of the village 
of Riverhead, and distant 265 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,076 inhabitants. This town is 
situated on the east end of Long 
Island, and includes Montauk 
Point, Gardiner's and some smaller 
islands. On the north are several 
indentations and bays. It is most- 
ly a sandy alluvion, level, and in 
some places the soil is very pro- 
ductive. Here reside a few In 
dians, the remnant of the Montauk 
tribe, whose ancestors about 170 
years ago, sold this part of the 
island to the whites ; they now re- 
side on a tract of 1000 acres, which 
they hold by a lease. On the ex- 
treme end of Montauk Point is a 
light house, erected in 1796, at a 
cost of about $23,000. Its site is 
elevated 40 feet above the main 
building, which is 100 feet in 
height ; the light can be seen for 
upwards of 30 miles at sea, and is 
hailed with delight by the mariner, 
as it is often the first appearance 
of land seen on approaching the 
coast of America. Easthampton 
and Amergansett are names of po&t 
offices. 

Easthampton, v. and p. o. 
Easthampton, Suffolk co. is con- 
fined to a single street; it contains 
about 600 inhabitants, 100 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian church; the 
Clinton Academy; 1 windmill, 2 
taverns, and some stores. 

East Hill, p. o. Nunda, Al- 
legany co. 

East Hunter, p. o. Hunter, 
Greene co. Here are located 1 ta- 
vern, 1 store, an extensive tannery, 
and about 15 dwellings. 



150 



EAST JAVA— EAST SALEM. 



East Java, p. o. Java, Gene- 
see CO. 

East Kill, p. o, Hunter, 
Greene co. 

East Koy, p. o. Pike, Alle- 
gany CO. 

East Koy Creek, rises in 
Genesee county, and flows south 
into Allegany county; where it 
unites with the West Koy; and 
then continues in an easterly direc- 
tion until it falls into the Gene- 
see river; affording* many fine mill 
privileges. 

East Lexington, p. o. Lex- 
ington, Greene co. 

East Line, p. o. Ballston, Sa- 
ratoga co. 

East McDonough, p. o. Mc- 
Donough, Chenango co. 

East Nassau, v. and p. o. 
Nassau, Rensselaer co. is situated 
on the Boston turnpike, 17 miles 
east of the city of Albany; it con- 
tains about 300 inhabitants, 40 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 3 ta- 
verns, 3 stores; 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill, and 1 tannery situated on 
Kinderhook creek. 

East New-York, v. and p. 
o. Flatbush, Kings county, is si- 
tuated on the line of the Long Is- 
land railroad, and Brooklyn and 
Jamaica turnpike, 5^ miles east of 
the city of Brooklyn. It contains 
about 400 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
houses, 2 Dutch Reformed church- 
es, 3 taverns, 3 stores, 1 large 
clock manufactory propelled by 
steam, a suspender and boot web 
manufactory ; besides several other 
kinds of mechanic work shops. 

E aston, t. Washington co. si- 
tuated 15 miles south-west of the 
village of Salem, and distant 26 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,988 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is somewhat uneven ; soil, 
mostly loam, combined with clay 
and sand, generally well cultivated. 
Limestone and water lime abound 
here of superior quality. It is 
drained by the Battenkill on the 



north, flowing into the Hudson ri- 
ver, which bounds it on the west. 
Easton, North Easton and South 
Easton are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Easton, v. and p. o. Easton, 
Washington co. is an agricultural 
settlement, containing about 300 
inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
Dutch Reformed and 1 Methodist 
church, and 1 Friends' meeting 
house ; 2 taverns, and 3 stores. 

East Orangeville, p. o. 
Orangeville, Wyoming co. 

East Otto, p. o. Otto, Catta- 
raugus co. 

East Painted Post, p. o. 
Painted Post, Steuben co. 

East Palmyra, p. o. Palmy- 
ra, Wayne co. 

East Pembroke, p. o. Pem- 
broke, Genesee co. 

East Pharsalia, p.o. Phar- 
salia, Chenango co. 

East Pierrepont, p. o. 
Pierrepont, St. Lawrence co. is si- 
tuated on Racket river. Here are 
located 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
clothier's works, 1 machine shop, 
and about 20 dwelling houses. 

East Pike, p. o. Pike, Alle- 
gany co. 

East Richfield, p. o. Rich 
field, Otsego co. 

East River, so called, is an 
arm of the sea, or a continuation of 
Long Island Sound ; it divides the 
island of New-York and a part of 
Westchester county from Long 
Island; communicating with the 
harbor of New-York, the Hudson 
river and the Atlantic ocean, 
through the " Narrows." It may 
be considered about 15 miles in 
length, and is navigable for vessels 
of a large class. The celebrated 
pass called " Hell Gate," is situa- 
ted opposite Great Barn island, 7 
miles from the city of New- 
York ; it also contains several 
important islands. 

East Salem, p. o. Salem 
Washington co 



EAST SANDLAKE— EDINBURGH. 



151 



East Sandlake, p. o. Sand- 1 
lake, Rensselaer co. 

East Schuyler, p. o. Schuy- 
ler, Herkimer co. 

East Sheridan, p. o. Sheri- 
dan, Chautauque co. 

East Solon, p. o. Solon, 
Cortland co. 

East Springfield, p. o. 
Springfield, Otsego co. 

East Worcester, v. and p. 
o. Worcester, Otsego co. contains 
about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
houses ; a Baptist and a Methodist 
church ; 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, and 1 fulling mill. 

Eaton, t. Madison co. contains 
the county buildings situated in 
the village of Morrisville, and is 
distant 100 miles from the city of 
Albany ; it contained in 1840, 
3,409 inhabitants. The surface is 
rolling ; soil, gravelly loam and 
clay, fertile and well adapted to 
grass ; drained south by the head 
waters of the Chenango river. 
Eaton, Morrisville and Pratt's Hol- 
low are names of post offices. 

Eaton, v. and p. o. Eaton, 
Madison co. contains about 600 
inhabitants, 100 dwelling houses, 
1 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist 
church, 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 wool- 
len factory, 1 cotton factory, 1 grist 
mill, 2 saw mills, 1 distillery, 1 fur- 
nace, 1 tannery and 1 scythe fac- 
tory. 

Eaton's Neck, is a bold pro- 
montory, lying in the town of 
Huntington, on the north side of 
Long Island, on which there is a 
light-house. 

Eckford Chain of Lakes, 
so called, comprise three beautiful 
lakes, lying east of Racket lake, 
in Hamilton county; the twn prin- 
ciple of which are named Ecixjord 
lake and Genet lake. 

Eddytown, v. Starkie, Yates 
co. is an agricultural settlement, 
containing about 150 inhabitants, 
30 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, and 1 
tannery. 



Eddyville, v. Kingston, Ul- 
ster co. is situated on the north 
side of the Rondout river, at the 
head of tide water, two miles a- 
bove the village of Rondout ; it 
contains about 400 inhabitants, 50 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 3 ta- 
verns, 4 stores, and 3 freighting 
establishments ; I cotton factory, 
2 hydraulic cement mills, 1 grist 
mill, and 1 dye wood mill, leaving 
an extensive water power still un- 
occupied. Here are owned 20 
sloops, engaged in transporting 
lumber, hydraulic cement, produce 
and merchandise, most of which 
pass through the Delaware and 
Hudson canal, which terminates 
at this place. The deposit of the 
Lackawanna coal, belonging to the 
Delaware and Hudson Canal Com- 
pany, is located at the village of 
Rondout, where they have exten- 
sive coal yards. 

Eden, t. Erie co. situated 14 
miles south of the city of Buffalo, 
and distant 287 miles from Alba- 
ny; contained in 1840, 2,174 in- 
habitants. The surface is undula- 
ting; soil, gravelly loam and clay, 
well adapted to grain, grass and 
fruit; drained by the Cauquaga and. 
Big Two Sisters creek, which flow 
into Lake Erie. Eden and Zoar 
are the names of post offices. 

Edenville, v. and p. o. War- 
wick, Orange co. contains about 
150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hous 
es, 1 Methodist church, 2 taverns 
and 2 stores. 

Edgecomb Corners, p. o. 
Galway, Saratoga co. 

Edinburgh, t. Saratoga co. 
situated 20 miles north-west of the 
village of Ballston Spa, and distant 
50 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 1,458 inhabitants. The 
surface on the west undulating, and 
on the east hilly and mountainous, 
the Kayaderosseras or Greenfield 
mountain running across it; the 
soil is good on the west, especially 
along the alluvial flats of the Sa- 
condaga river. Edinburgh is the 



152 



EDMESTON— ELIZABETHTOWN. 



name of a post office, where is sit- 
uated a small settlement. 

Edmeston, t. Otsego co. situ- 
ated 15 miles west of the village 
of Cooperstown, and distant 77 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,907 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly; soil, sandy loam; 
drained by Wharton's creek and 
the Unadilla river, by which it is 
bounded on the west. Edmeston 
and Edmeston Manor are names 
of post offices. At the former there 
are situated 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist 
mill and 8 or 10 dwellings. 

Edivam, v. Poughkeepsie, 
Dutchess co. is situated on the 
west side of Wappinger's creek; 
it contains the site of a large cot- 
ton factory, that was recently des- 
troyed by a freshet, and about 30 
dwelling houses. It is closely con- 
nected with a small settlement on 
the opposite side of the creek of 
about die same size, where is a 
church, a tavern, a store and a post 
office. 

Edwards, t. St. Lawrence co. 
situated 24 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Canton, and distant 194 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 956 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is uneven; soil, clay loam, 
well adapted to grass; it is drained 
by the Oswegatchie river, whose 
east and west branches here unite. 
Edwards, Edwardsvitte and South 
Edwards are names of post offices. 

Egypt, p. o. Perrington, Mon- 
roe co. 

Eighteen Mile Creek, rises 
in Niagara co. and flows in a north- 
erly direction into Lake Ontario. 

Elba, t. Genesee co. situated 7 
miles north of the village of Bata- 
via, and distant 250 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 3,161 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating; soil, sandy and gravelly 
loam, on limestone; drained by 
Oak Orchard creek. Elba, Oak- 
field and Transit are names of post 
offices; Pine Hill is the name of a 
settlement. 



I Elbridge, t. Onondaga co. 
situated 13 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Syracuse, and distant 149 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 4,647 inhabitants. The sur 
face is somewhat uneven and soil 
of good quality; drained by the 
outlet of Skaneateles lake, which 
flows north into Seneca river. In 
this town are remains of Indian an- 
tiquities of considerable interest; 
it is said that stones have been 
found here, having writing upon 
them in an unknown character. 
Elbridge, Jack's Reef and Jor- 
dan are names of post offices. 

Elbridge, v. and p. o. El- 
bridge, Onondaga co. contains 
about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 
tist church, an incorporated acade- 
my, 3 taverns, 3 stores, 1 gristmill 
and 1 saw mill. 

Elevations. See Altitudes 
and Elevations. 

Elgin, p. o. Lyndon, Cattarau- 
gus co. 

Elizabethtown, t. Essex 
co. contains the county buildings 
situated in the village of the same 
name, and is distant 126 miles 
from Albany. The surface is moun- 
tainous ; the Clinton range run- 
ning through it from south to 
north ; some of the peaks are ele- 
vated from 12 to 1500 feet above 
the level of the plains. Iron ore 
of the best quality abounds in this 
vicinity. It is drained by the 
Boquet river and some of its tribu- 
taries. 

Elizabethtown, v. and p. 
o. Elizabethtown, Essex co. is sit- 
uated 8 miles west of Lake Cham 
plain on a branch of the Boquet 
river; it contains about 300 inhab- 
itants, 45 dwelling houses, a court 
house, jail and county clerk's of- 
fice, a state arsenal, 1 church, 4 
taverns and 5 stores. This village 
is situated in a beautiful valley, 
surrounded by mountains on three 
sides — the scenery being exceed- 
ingly grand and picturesoue 



ELIZAVILLE— ELLINGTON. 



153 



Elizaville, p. o. Columbia 



CO. 

Ellenburgh, t. Clinton co. 
situated 25 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Plattsburgh, and distant 
188 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 1,171 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly but mostly suscep- 
tible of profitable cultivation; it is 
drained by English river and some 
other streams which flow north into 
Canada. Ellenburgh is the name 
of a post office. 

Ellenville, v. and p. o. 
Wawarsing, Ulster co. is situated 
on the Delaware and Hudson canal, 
at the junction of the Sandbar 
creek and Good Beerskill; it con- 
tains about 700 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses, 2 churches, 3 
taverns, 6 stores, 1 extensive glass 
bottle and demijohn factory, 4 saw 
mills, and an iron foundery and 
manufactory of edge tools. There 
is situated within half a mile 
of this village a lead mine, 
said to be the oldest mineral lo- 
cality worked in this region, and 
probably one of the first places at 
which mining operations, with a 
view to obtain lead ore, were car- 
ried on in this state. 

Ei-lery, t. Chautauque co. sit- 
uated 8 miles east of the village of 
Mayville, and distant 342 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,2*2 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating; soil, sandy and gravel- 
ly loam of good quality, much of 
it heavilly timbered; it is drained 
by several small creeks flow- 
ing into Chautauque lake, which 
bounds it on the south-west. El- 
lery and Union Ellery are names 
of post offices. At the former 
there are situated 1 church, 1 ta- 
2 stores and 15 or 20 dwel- 
lings. : 
Ellicott, t. Chautauque co. 
situated 18 miles south-east of the 
village of Mayville, and distant 
330 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1S40, 2,571 inhabitants. The 



surface is undulating, declining 
south towards Chautauque lake; 
soil, sandy and gravelly loam; it is 
watered by Cassadaga creek and 
the outlet to Chautauque lake. 
Fluvanna, Jamestown and Levant 
are names of post offices, and 
Dexterville is the name of a new 
settlement. 

Ellicott's Creek, rises in 
Genesee co. and flows westerly 
across Erie county, into Niagara 
river, near the mouth of Tona- 
wanda creek. This is a good 
mill stream, on which are situ- 
ated a number of factories and 
mills. 

Ellicottville, t. Cattarau- 
gus co. contains the county build- 
ings situated in the village of the 
same name, and is distant 292 
i miles from Albanv; it contained 
I in 1840, 1,084 inhabitants. The 
i surface is mostly undulating, ex- 
I cept along Great Valley creek, 
| where is a deep valley; soil, sandy 
I and gravelly loam, good for grass 
I or grain; it is drained by Great 
i Valley creek and some of its tri- 
J butaries. Ellicottville and Plato 
are names of post offices. 

Ellicottville, v. and p. o. 
Ellicottville, Cattaraugus co. is 
situated on Great Valley creek, 
290 miles west of the city of Al- 
bany. It was incorporated in 1837 
and now contains about 600 inhab- 
itants, 80 dwelling houses, a court 
house, jail and county clerk's of- 
fice, 2 churches, 3 taverns, 4 stores, 
1 saw mill and 1 tannery. This 
place is the location of two exten- 
sive land offices, which adds much 
to its importance. 

Ellington, t. Chautauque co. 
situated 20 miles east of the vil- 
lage of Mayville, and distant 320 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,725 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, sandy and 
gravelly loam; drained by Clear 
creek. Ellington and Clear creek 
are names of post offices. 



154 



ELLISBURGH— ENFIELD. 



Ellisburgh, t. Jefferson co. 
situated 20 miles south-west of the 
village of Watertown and distant 
166 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 5,349 inhabitants. The 
surface is level ; soil, sandy loam 
of a rich quality; drained by the 
north and south branches of Sandy 
creek, which flows into Lake On- 
tario, affording' fine water power. 
Ellisburgh, Bellville, Mannsville 
and Woodville are names of post 
offices. 

Ellisburgh, v. and p. o. El- 
lisburgh, Jefferson co. is situated 
on Sandy creek; it contains about 
250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hous- 
es, 1 Presbyterian church, 2 tav- 
erns, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
mills, 1 oil mill and 1 carding and 
fulling mill. 

Ellis' Island, on which is 
situated Fort Gibson, lies opposite 
the city of New-York at the mouth 
of the Hudson river, and belongs 
to the United States government. 
This island is sometimes called 
Gibbet Island, from the fact of 
here being usually executed pi- 
rates, and others who are condemn- 
ed to suffer death under the laws 
of the United States. 

Elmira, t. Chemung co. con- 
tains the county buildings situated 
in the village of the same name, 
and is distant 198 miles from Al- 
bany; -it contained in 1S40, 4,791 
inhabitants. The surface is some- 
what hilly; soil in the valleys and 
flats rich and productive; it is 
drained by Newton's creek 
flowing into the Chemung ri- 
ver, which bounds it on the 
south-west. Elmira, Baldwin and 
Fairport are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Elmira , v. and p.o. Elmira, Che- 
mung co. is pleasantly situated on 
the north side of the Chemung 
river, 198 miles south of west from 
Albany; it was incorporated in 
1828, and now contains about 2,300 
inhabitants, 350 dwelling houses, 



a court house and jail, and county 
clerk's office; an incorporated aca- 
demy and a female seminary, 1 
banking house, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Baptist, 1 Episcopal and 1 Metho- 
dist church; a mechanic's hall, to 
which is attached a flourishing as- 
sociation of mechanics and a pub- 
lic library; 5 hotels and taverns; 
40 stores of different kinds, 3 store 
houses, 3 large flouring mills, 3 ex- 
tensive steam furnaces, 3 plaister 
mills, 1 tannery and a boat yard 
for building and repairing canal 
boats. The water power at this 
place, which is very great, is de- 
rived from the river and Newton's 
creek, which empties into it at this 
point; only a part of the hydraulic 
power is now used for manufactur- 
ing purposes. The Chemung ca- 
nal terminates at Elmira, where 
are two extensive basins, on which 
are located storehouses and lumber 
yards; the amount of lumber alone 
exported from this place to eastern 
markets is estimated at 10,000,000 
feet of marketable planks and 
boards. In addition to the above, 
large quantities of lumber of va- 
rious kinds, salt and plaister are 
floated down the Chemung and 
Susquehanna rivers on rafts and 
in arks to the states of Pennsylva- 
nia and Maryland. The New- 
York and Erie railroad, which is 
in a rapid state of construction, 
passes through this village, which 
is about equi-distant between Pier- 
mont and Dunkirk. A central de- 
pot is located here for the use of 
the company; this is also the ter- 
minating point of the Williams- 
port and Elmira railroad, 25 miles 
of which is completed and in ope- 
ration. A toll bridge, constructed 
of wood, 700 feet in length, cross- 
es the Chemung river at this place; 
a railroad bridge is also construct- 
ed a short distance above the toll 
bridge. 

Enfield, t. Tompkins co. sit- 
uated 5 miles west of the village of 



ENGLISH RIVER— ERIE. 



155 



Ithaca, and distant 175 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,340 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating; soil, gravelly loam of a 
good quality ; it is drained by two 
or three small streams. Enfield 
and West Enfield are names of 
post offices. 

English River, rises in the 
north-west part of Clinton co. and 
flows north into Canada, where it 
empties its waters into the Cha- 
teaugay river; its length is about 
30 miles. 

Enlarged Erie Canal. 
See Erie Canal. 



Ephratah, t. Fulton co. si- 
tuated 6 miles west of the village 
of Johnstown, and distant 51 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,009 inhabitants. The surface is 
uneven; soil, sandy loam. It is 
drained by Garoga and Zim- 
merman's creek. Ephratah, Ga- 
roga, Lassellville and Pleasant 
Valley, are names of post offices. 

Ephratah, v. and p. o. E- 
phratah, Fulton co. contains about 
200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
1 grist mill, 3 saw mills, and 1 
tannery. 



ERIE COUNTY, taken from Niagara in 1821, is centrally distant 
280 miles from the city of Albany; it is bounded on the north by Ni- 
agara county, east by Genesee and Wyoming, south by Cattaraugus, 
and west by Lake Erie. The surface is diversified, being level 
or undulating on the north, and somewhat hilly and broken by nume- 
rous streams, on the south. The soil is mostly good; on the north it 
is warm, sandy and gravelly loam, with some clay, well adapted to 
most kinds of grain; on the south clay predominates, which is very 
productive in grass; all parts yielding abundance of fruit of various 
kinds. It is underlaid by slate and limestone; the latter is extensive- 
ly quarried in the vicinity of Lake Erie and the Niagara river. This 
county cannot boast much of its mineral wealth; iron pyrites, which is 
of but little value occurs in great abundance at Eighteen Mile creek, 
and elsewhere ; small quantities of some of the ores of copper have 
been observed near the village of Black Rock, and water limestone 
has been found on Grand Island. There is a sulphur spring of some 
character four miles from Buffalo, and a spring on Grand Island is of 
some interest, in consequence of its containing free sulphuric acid, al- 
though in a very dilute state. In addition to Lake Erie and the Nia- 
gara river, which water this county on the west, it is drained by 
Buffalo creek, Cayuga creek, Cazenove creek, Seneca creek, Ellicott's 
creek, Cauquaga creek, and Tonawanda creek on the north, and Cat- 
taraugus creek on the south boundary. This county contains several 
Indian Reservations ; a part of the Tonawanda Reservation on the 
north-east, the Buffalo Reservation near the centre of the county, and 
a part of the Cattaraugus Reservation on the south ; mostly inhabited 
by the Seneca tribe of Indians. The Erie canal here communicates 
with Lake Erie by means of a capacious basin, formed by the pier at 
Black Rock, while a branch canal extends into the city of Buffalo, 
where the state is about foiming extensive basins to communicate with 
the navigable waters of Buffalo creek, and harbor of Buffalo. The Buffa- 
lo and Niagara Falls railroad extends from the city of Buffalo in a 
northern direction to the village of Niagara Falls, and the Buffalo 
and Black Rock railroad extends a distance of 3 miles; a railroad is 
also contemplated to extend from Buffalo to Batavia, which, when 
finished, will form one continued line of railroad from Boston to Lake 



156 



ERIE CANAL. 



Erie. The area of this county is about 876 square miles, or 561,000 
acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Erie county, with the 
population in lb40. 



Alden, 1,984 

Amherst, 2,451 

Aurora, 2,908 

Black Rock, 3,625 

Boston, 1,745 

Brandt, 1,088 

Buffalo City, 18,213 

Chictawaga, 1,137 

Clarence, 2,271 

Colden, 1,088 

Collins, 4,257 

Concord, 3,021 

Erie Canal. This great work, 
by far the most important canal in 
the United States, extends from 
the tide waters of the Hudson river 
at the city of Albany, to Lake 
Erie, terminating at the city of 
Buffalo. Its general course from 
Albany is a little north of west, 

Eassing up the valley of the Mo- 
awk river, which it crosses at the 
lower aqueduct, then follows the 
left or north bank of the Mohawk 
for 13 miles, when it re-crosses at 
the upper aqueduct; thence pur- 
sues the south bank of the above 
river, through the counties of Sche- 
nectady, Schoharie, Montgomery, 
Herkimer and Oneida, where it 
leaves the Mohawk valley, and 
continues west through the counties 
of Madison, Onondaga, Cayuga, 
the north-east angle of Seneca, 
Wayne, touching Ontario on the 
north at Port Gibson, Monroe, Or- 
leans, Niagara and Erie, where it 
terminates. Its whole length, in- 
cluding the basin at Albany, is 364 
miles ; passing through several 
flourishing cities and villages, 
many of which have sprung into 
existence since its completition. 
It is intersected by several lateral 
canals of much importance, 
all of them communicating with 
other navigable waters. At the 



Eden, 2,174 

Evans, 1,807 

Hamburgh, 3,727 

Holland, 1,2 12 

Lancaster, 2,083 

Newstead, 2,653 

Sardinia, 1,743 

Tonawanda, 1,261 

Wales, 1,987 



Total inhabitants, 62,465 

Cohoes, in the town of Watervliet, 
it forms a junction with the Cham- 
plain canal. At Utica it connects 
with the Chenango canal; at the 
village of Rome, with the JBlack 
River canal and Feeder; in the 
town of Vernon, with the Oneida 
Lake canal ; at the village of Sy- 
racuse, with the Oswego canal ; at 
the village of Montezuma, with the 
Cayuga and Seneca canal; and at 
the city of Rochester, with the 
Genesee Valley canal. From Al- 
bany west there are a succession 
of locks, until what is termed the 
"long level" is reached, in the 
town of Frankfort, Herkimer 
county, elevated 425 feet above the 
Hudson, extending to Syracuse, a 
distance of 69$ miles, without any 
intervening lock ; from thence the 
line descends, and then re-ascends 
until it reaches Rochester, elevated 
506 feet, where there is another 
continued level of 64 miles; when 
at Lockport the Canal ascends the 
mountain ridge, by five double 
combined locks, each 12.4 feet 
rise; nine miles west of Lockport 
the canal enters the Tonawanda 
creek, with which for a distance 
of about 10 miles it is identfied; 
at a further distance of 12 miles 
this magnificent work unites with 
Lake Erie. Total rise from the 



ERIE CANAL— ERIE, LAKE. 



157 



Hudson river to Lake Erie, 560 
feet ; rise and fall, 692 feet. It 
was commenced in 1817, and 
finished in 1825, at a total cost of 
$10,731,595. 

By an act of the legislature in 
relation to the Erie canal, passed 
May 11, 1835, directing the canal 
commissioners, to enlarge and im- 
prove the Erie canal, the project 
of enlarging this before great work, 
was adopted ; the want of addition- 
al facilities for conducting the 
increased trade flowing through 
this channel having become appa- 
rent. Considerable progress has 
now been made on this stupendous 
undertaking, which, when finished, 
will command the admiration of 
the civilized world. There was 
put under contract prior to January 
1839, over 100 miles of the en- 
larged canal, including the heavy 
rock cutting at Lockport, with all 
the mechanical structures there- 
on, comprising more than 50 dou- 
ble and single locks, besides the 
five double combined locks at 
Lockport; the aqueduct over the 
Genesee river at Rochester; the 
two aqueducts over the Mohawk 
river ; one over the Schoharie 
creek, and many other over smaller 
streams, including culverts, bridg- 
es, &c. The estimated cost of all 
the work for the enlargement of 
the Erie canal, is $'23,284,931, of 
which there was put under contract 
up to 1841, £11,021,932, on which 
there has been paid $10,011,146 ; 
leaving a further expenditure of 
$ 13,273,784 to be provided for. 
The size of the Enlarged Erie Ca- 
nal, is to be 7 feet deep, and 70 feet 
wide on the surface, with aslope; 
of 2 feet to 1 in the banks, leaving 
a width at the bottom of 42 feet ; 
with double locks 18 feet wide, 
and 110 feet long. The present 
width of the old Erie canal is 40 
feet on the surface, and 28 on the 
bottom, and 4 feet deep; the locks 
15 feet wide, and 80 feet long. 



Erie, Lake, lying between 
the United States and the British 
possessions in Canada, through the 
centre of which passes the bounda- 
ry line, is about 265 miles in 
length, and from 30 to 50 miles 
in breadth. Its surface is elevated 
565 feet above the tide waters of 
the Hudson river at Albany, and 
334 feet above Lake Ontario. The 
greatest depth which has been ob- 
tained in sounding this lake, is 270 
feet. It receives the surplus wa- 
ters of Lakes Superior, Michigan 
and Huron, through the river St. 
Clair, which extends a distance of 
35 miles, when it empties into a 
lake of the same name, of a circu- 
lar form, about 30 miles in diame- 
ter ; from whence the river Detroit 
having a course of 29 miles, flows 
into Lake Erie. The communica- 
tion between the two latter lakes is 
navigable for vessels of a large 
class ; while with the former, the 
navigation is interrupted by the 
falls of St. Mary's. It communi- 
cates with Lake Ontario, by its 
outlet, the Niagara river, through 
which the boundary line is conti- 
nued. Lake Erie is said to be the 
only one of the chain, in which 
there is any perceptible current, a 
circumstance which may, perhaps, 
be occasioned by its smaller depth 
of water. Its bottom is rocky, and 
the shallowness of its water, also 
renders it more easily and more 
permanently affected by frost, its 
navigation being generally ob- 
structed by ice for some weeks 
every spring, after that of all the 
other lakes are open and unim- 
peded. For about 60 miles this 
lake bounds the state of New-York 
on the north-west, receiving seve- 
ral large streams from Chautauque 
and Erie counties, which lie on its 
border, and possess some good har- 
bors, the most important of which 
are Dunkirk and Buffalo harbors; 
the latter is situated at its east end, 
where commences the great Erie 



158 



ERIE LAKE— ERWIN. 



canal, communicating' with the 
navigable waters of the Hudson, 
which is fed for near half its length 
of 363 miles by the waters 
of Lake Erie, which are obtained 
by means of the state pier at Black 
Rock. This lake is also connected 
with Lake Ontario, by means of 
the Welland canal in Canada. In 
a commercial point of view this is 
the most important of all the great 
western lakes, or inland seas, now 
being navigated by several hundred 
steamboats and lake craft, many 
of them of a large size; transport- 
ing annually an immense amount 
of produce, the growth of the " Far 
West," and manufactured products 
to and from the eastern markets on 
the Atlantic seaboard. When it is 
considered that Lake Huron is 240 
miles in length, and Lake Michi- 
gan 300, in addition to Erie and its 
Connecting waters, without inclu- 
ding Lake Superior, the largest 
body of fresh water on the globe, 
well may we use the language of 
an eminent English writer : " How 
little are they aware in Europe, of 
the vastness and extent of com- 
merce carried on in these inland 
seas, whose coasts are now lined 
with flourishing towns and cities, 
whose waters are ploughed with 
magnificent steamboats, and hun- 
dreds of vessels with merchandise. 
Even the Americans themselves 
are not fully aware of the rising 
importance of these lakes, as con, 
nected with the west." The dis- 
tance from Buffalo to Chicago by 
the nearest route, is 992 miles, viz: 
from Buffalo to Dunkirk 45 miles; 
Dunkirk to Portland, 16 ; Portland 
to Erie, 30 ; Erie to Conneaut, 30; 
Conneaut to Ashtabula, 14; Ashta- 
bula to Grand river, 30 ; Grand 
river to Cleveland, 30; Cleveland 
to Black river, 27; Black river 
to Huron, 20 ; Huron to Sandusky, 
10 ; Sandusky to Detroit, 75 ; De- 
troit to Fort Gratiot, 72; Fort 
Gratiot to Point au Barques, 75 ; 



Point au Barques to Thunder Bay 
Island, 75; Thunder Bay Island 
to Presque Isle, 80 ; Presque Isle 
to Mackinac, 65 ; Mackinac to 
Manitou Island, 103 ; Manitou to 
Milwaukie, 150 ; Milwaukie to 
Southport, 13 ; Southport to Chi- 
cago, 57. This is by the nearest 
route ; the steamboats in going be- 
tween the two points have to run 
eleven hundred miles, being more 
than one-third the distance across 
the Atlantic ocean. Lake Erie, in 
common with the other large lakes, 
abounds with a great variety of 
fish, such as sturgeon, muskalon- 
gin, or muskanunge, as called by 
the Indians, pike, pickerel, cat- 
fish, Buffalo-fish, white-fish, bass, 
perch, &c. 

The following is the amount of 
tonnage enrolled at the several dis- 
tricts on Lake Erie, in 1840 : 

Ports Tons 

Buffalo, N. Y 4,916 

Detroit, Mich 11,432 

Cleveland, Ohio, 9,514 

Sandusky, do 2,643 

Miama, do 2,232 

Presque Isle, Penn 3,369 

Total tons, 34,106 

Including upwards of 300 vessels, 
consisting of ships, brigs, steam- 
boats, schooners and sloops. 

Erikville, v. and p. o. Nel- 
son, Madison co. contains about 
250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 church, 2 taverns and I 
store. 

Erin, t. Chemung co. situated 
8 miles east of the village of Elmi- 
ra, and distant 190 trom Albany ; 
contained in 1840, 1,441 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is hilly and 
broken ; soil, gravelly loam of in- 
different quality; it is drained by 
the Cayuta creek and several other 
small streams. Erin is the name 
of a post office. 

Erwin, t. Steuben co. situated 
20 miles south-east of the village 



ESOPUS— ESSEX. 



159 



of Bath, and distant 210 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
785 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly; soil, clay loam; drained by 
the Conhocton and Tioga rivers, 
which here unite and form the Che- 
mung river. Erwin and Painted 
Post are names of post offices. 

Esopus, t. Ulster co. situated 7 
miles south of the village of Kings- 
ton, and distant 68 miles from Al- 
bany; contained in 1840, 1,939 
inhabitants. The surface is some- 
what hilly and broken ; soil, sandy, 
clay and gravelly loam; it is wa- 
tered by the Wallkill and Rondout 
rivers on the west, and by the Hud- 
son river on the east. Esopus is 
the name of a post office. Rifton 
is the name of a settlement. The 
former is situated about a mile west 
of the landing on the Hudson river, 
where are located 1 church, 1 ta- 
vern, 1 store and about 20 dwel- 



lings. About two miles west of 
this settlement is situated a sulphur 
spring of some celebrity, near 
which is a boarding house, for the 
accommodation of visiters. 

Esopus Creek, rises in the 
north-west part of Ulster co. and 
flows south-east for a considerable 
distance, when it turns in the town 
of Marbletown, and thence flows 
north-east into the Hudson river at 
the village of Ulster. On this 
stream are a number of fine mill 
privileges, many of which are still 
unoccupied. 

Esperance, v. and p. o. Scho- 
harie, Schoharie co. situated on the 
Cherry Valley turnpike; it was in- 
corporated in 1818, and now con- 
tains about 450 inhabitants, 75 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
church, 3 taverns, 4 stores, 1 paper 
mill, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, and 
1 clothier's works. 



ESSEX COUNTY, taken from Clinton in 1799, is centrally distant 
125 miles from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the north by Clin- 
ton county, east by Lake Champlain, south by Warren county, and on 
the west by the counties of Franklin and Hamilton. The surface of 
this county is hilly on the east, and mountainous on the west ; more so 
than any other in the state, having the highest peaks by some thousand 
feet. The soil is good bordering on Lake Champlain, but sterile in the 
interior; in the county there are several small lakes, and it is drained by 
the Au Sable and Saranac rivers on the north, and by the head waters 
of the Hudson on the south-west. In addition to which, there is the 
Boquet river, and several other smaller streams, emptying into Lake 
Champlain. In mineral productions this county is probably richer than 
any other in the state, possessing immense resources in this particular. 
Enough is already known to warrant this assertion, but many years must 
elapse before a correct estimate can be formed in regard to their real 
extent and value. To say that there are here numerous beds of magnet 
ic iron ore, would scarcely convey a true idea of the enormous depo- 
sits of that mineral which are found in various parts of the county. In 
the towns of Moriah, Keene and Newcomb, there are immense veins 
already discovered of the purest iron ore. In the latter town, near the 
settlement of Adirondack, the Sandford vein, as it is called, has been 
ascertained to be 514 feet wide and 1,667 feet long, when it disappears 
under tabular masses of rock. In addition to these deposits of magnet- 
ic iron ore, there are also beds of the specular ore, which are used at 
Crown Point, &c. Several localities of graphite also occur in this 
count) r ; one of these situated near Ticonderoga, has long been celebra- 
ted. Among the useful minerals of Essex, may also be mentioned 
marble of the verd antique variety, a valuable bed of which is found 
near Cedar Point. To the mineralogist this county presents one of the 



160 



ESSEX— EXETER. 



most interesting fields of research ; although it has been but partially 
explored, many rare and beautiful minerals have already been disco- 
vered in addition to those enumerated, for a further description of 
which, the reader is referred to the several geological reports of the 
State Geologists. Mount Matey, which lies in the town of Keene, is 
elevated 5,467 feet ahove the ocean, which is by far the highest moun- 
tain peak in the state. The area of this county is about' 1,779 square 
miles, or 1,138,500 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Essex county, with the 
population in 1840. 



Chesterfield, 2,716 

Crown Point, 2,212 

Elizabethtown, .... 1,061 

Essex, 1,681 

Jay, 2,258 

Keene, 730 

Lewis, 1,505 

Minerva, 455 

Moriah, 2,595 

Essex, t. Essex co. situated 10 
miles north-east of the village of 
Elizabethtown, and distant 135 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,681 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, on the east is 
good and well cultivated, but ste- 
rile on the west ; it is watered by 
the Boquet river flowing into Lake 
Champlain, which bounds it on the 
east. Essex, Split Rock and Wes- 
sex are names of post offices. 

Essex, v. and p. o. Essex, Es- 
sex co. is advantageously situated 
on the west side of Lake Cham- 
plain: it contains about 600 inha- 
bitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
Congregational, 1 Baptist and 1 
Methodic church ; 2 taverns, 6 
stores, 2 extensive store houses, 1 
tannery, and a ship yard for build- 
ing and repairing lake craft. A 
horse ferry boat here plies across 
Lake Champlain to Charlotte, Ver- 
mont, a distance of 2% miles. 
Here is also a good steamboat land- 
ing and two wharves. 

Etna, v. and p. o. Dryden, 
Tompkins co. is situated on Fall 
creek ; it contains about 200 inha- 
bitants, 30 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 flour- 
ing mill, 1 saw mill, 2 distil- 



Newcomb, 74 

Schroon, 1,660 

Ticonderoga, 2,169 

Westport, 1,932 

Willsborough, 1,658 

Wilmington, 928 



Total inhabitants, 23,634 

leries, and 1 cloth dressing es- 
tablishment. 

Euclid, p. o. Clay, Onondaga 
co. 

Evans, t. Erie co. situated 16 
miles south o! the city of Buffalo, 
and distant 293 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 1,807 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is hilly, being 
on the western slope of the dividing 
ridge ; soil, gravelly loam and 
clay, producing most kinds of 
grain, grass and fruit in abun- 
dance ; drained by the Little and 
Big Sister creeks, and some other 
streams flowing into Lake Erie, 
by which it is bounded on the' 
west. Evans and East Evans are 
names of post offices. 

Evans' Mills, v. and p. o. 
Le Ray, Jefferson co. is situated 
on Pleasant creek, which empties 
into the Indian river, about half a 
mile below ; it contains about 350 
inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Me- 
thodist church ; an academy ; 3 
taverns, 5 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 
saw mill, 1 machine shop, 1 tan- 
nery, 1 carding and fulling mill, 
and 1 ashery. 

Exeter, t. Otsego co. situated 
10 miles north-west of the village 



FABIFS— FAIRPORT. 



161 



of Cooperstown, and distant 78 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,423 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is high and hilly ; soil, cal- 
careous mould, well adapted to 
grazing; it is drained by several 
small stream? flowing into Cana- 
deraga lake ; also by Butternut 
and Wharton's creeks, both of 
which ri-e in this town. Exeter 
and West Exeter are names of post 
offices. At the former there are si- 
tuated 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
and 12 or 15 dwellings. 

Fabius, t. Onondaga co. situa- 
ted 20 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Syracuse, and distant 121 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,562 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and somewhat broken ; 
soil, well adapted to grass ; it is 
drained by the head waters of the 
Tioughnioga river. Here are 
found remains of ancient fortifica- 
tions, and beneath the earth human 
bones. Fabius and Apulia are 
names of post offices. Franklin is 
the name of a village. The for- 
mer is situated in the latter vil- 
lage. 

Factoryville, v. Castleton, 
Richmond co. is situated on the 
north shore of Staten Island ; it 
contains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses, 1 Episcopal cha- 
pel, 4 taverns, 5 stores; 1 grist 
mill and the New-York dying and 
printing establishment, one of the 
largest works of the kind in the 
Union; it is owned by a chartered 
company, with a capital of $200,- 
000 — giving employment to about 
300 workmen. The North Shore 
post office is located in this place. 
Factoryville, v. and p. o. 
Barton, Tioga co. is situated on 
theCayuta creek; it contains about 
350 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 
3 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, and an extensive 
furnace. 

Fairfield, t. Herkimer co. 
11 



situated 10 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Herkimer, and distant 81 
miles from Albany ; contained ia 
1840, 1,836 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and somewhat rocky ; 
soil, clay loam, fertile and well 
cultivated, adapted to grass, this 
vicinity being somewhat celebrated 
for its dairies ; it is drained on the 
west by West Canada creek. Fair- 
field and Middleville are names of 
post offices. 

Fairfield, v. and p. o. Fair- 
field, Herkimer co. lies 8 miles 
north of Little Falls; it is a plea- 
sant, rural village, and is the loca- 
tion of the well known Fairfield 
Academy, which is one of the 
oldest academies in the state, and 
is in a very flourishing condition ; 
it is also the site of the Western 
College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, at which, in 25 years pre- 
vious to 1840, more than 2,000 
medical students were educated. 
The village contains about 300 in- 
habitants, and has 3 churches, 1 
tavern, 3 stores, 1 tannery, and an 
ashery. 

Fairhaven, v. Gaines, Or- 
leans co. contains 1 church, 1 
tavern, 1 store, and 15 or 20 
dwellings. 

Fairport, v. and p. o. El- 
mira, Chemung co. is situated on 
the Chemung canal at the junction 
of the feeder, 6 miles above the 
village of Elmira ; it was incorpo- 
rated in 1837, and now contains 
about 500 inhabitants, 90 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Me- 
thodist church, 4 taverns, 8 stores 
and 6 warehouses ; 1 grist mill, 1 
turning establishment and 2 tan- 
neries. This place was formerly 
called Horse Heads, from the cir- 
cumstance of Gen. Sullivan on his 
return from his Indian expedition 
to the Genesee Valley in 1779, 
having here killed some 70 or 80 
of his pack horses, to prevent their 
falling into the hands of the In- 
dians. 



162 



FAIRPORT— FARMINGTON. 



Fairport, v. Perrington, 
Monroe co. is situated on the Erie 
canal ; it contains about 200 in- 
habitants, 30 dwelling' houses, 2 
churches, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 2 
warehouses, and an ashery. 

Fairview, p. o. Farmersville, 
Cattaraugus co. 

Fairville, v. and p. o. Ar- 
cadia, Wayne co. is an agricultural 
settlement, containing about 125 
inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
Methodist church, 1 tavern, and 2 
stores. 

Fall Creek, rises in Cayuga 
co. and flows through a part of 
Tompkins into the head of Cayuga 
lake, near the village of Ithaca; 
this is a valuable and romantic 
stream, there being several highly 
picturesque falls, affording fine wa- 
ter power. The falls near Ithaca 
are peculiarly interesting ; here has 
been constructed an artificial tun- 
nel, through which there is a pas- 
sage for visiters, affording one of 
the most beautiful views of the 
kind imaginable. It is much re- 
sorted to by the admirers of natural 
scenery. 

Fall Creek, p. o. Groton, 
Tompkins co. ; here is located on 
Fall creek a settlement, consisting 
of 1 church, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 
1 saw mill, and 15 or 20 dwel- 
ling houses. 

Fallsburgh, t. Sullivan co. 
situated 8 miles north of the village 
of Monticello,and distant 108 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,782 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly ; soil, gravelly loan., underlaid 
mostly by slate; it is drained by the 
Neversink river and some of the 
head branches of the Rondout 
creek. Fallsburgh, Sandburgh 
and Woodbourne are names of 
post offices. 

Fallsburgh, v. and p. o. Sul- 
livan co. is situated on the Never- 
sink river, where is a fine natural 
fall, affording hydraulic power to 
a large extent; it contains about 



125 inhabitants, 20 dwelling hous- 
es, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 extensive 
tannery, 1 grist mill and 3 saw 
mills. 

Falls of Niagara. See 
Niagara Falls. 

Falls of West Canada 
Creek. See Trenton Falls. 

Farmer's Mills, p. o. Kent, 
Putnam co. 

Farmersville, t. Cattarau- 
gus co. situated 16 miles north-east 
of the village of Ellicottville, and 
distant 274 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 1,294 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is high and 
hilly; being situated on the divid- 
ing ridge; it is drained by several 
head stream-;, flowing north-west 
into Lake Erie, east into Genesee 
river and south into the Allegany 
river. Farmersville and Fairview 
are names of post offices. 

Farmersville, v. and p. o. 
Farmersville, Cattaraugus co. is 
an agricultural settlement situated 
on high ground; it contains about 
125 inhabitants, 20 dwelling hous- 
es, 2 churches, 1 tavern and 1 store. 

Farmer vi lle, v. and p. o. 
Ovid, Seneca co. is situated on el- 
evated ground ; it contains about 
450 inhabitants, 70 dwelling hous- 
es, 2 churches, 3 taverns and 4 or 
5 stores. 

Farmingham, p. o. Barre, 
Orleans co. 

Farmington, t. Ontario co. 
situated 7 miles north of the village 
of Canandaigua, and distant 205 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2.122 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is level; soil, mostly stiff clay 
and difficult to cultivate, but pro- 
ductive when well tilled. It is 
drained by Mud creek on the west 
and by a small stream that flows 
into Canandaigua outlet on the east; 
the Auburn and Rochester railroad 
runs through the south-west angle 
of this town. Farmington and 
West Farmington are names of 
post offices. 



FAR ROCKA WAY— PISH CREEK. 



163 



Far Rockaway, v. and p.o. 
Hempstead, Queens co. is situated 
between Jamaica bay and the At- 
lantic ocean; here are located 1 
Methodist church, 1 tavern and 20 
or 25 dwellings. About one mile 
west of the above office is situated 
the Marine Pavilion and Rock 
Hall, both well kept summer 
boarding houses ; the former, de- 
lightfully situated near the beach, 
is one of the most fashionable 
Watering Places in the vicinity of 
the city of New- York. In addi- 
tion to the above, there are several 
other houses where visiters are en- 
tertained during the summer 
months. 

Fayette, t. Seneca co. situa- 
ted immediately south of t he vil- 
lage of Waterloo, and distant 178 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 3,731 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is level; soil of a good quali- 
ty and very productive when well 
tilled; it is bounded on the east by 
Cayuga lake, on the west by Sene- 
ca lake and in part on the north by 
Seneca river, into which flow seve- 
ral small streams. Fayette, Cano- 
gaand West Fayette are names of 
post offices. 

Fayette, v. Hanover, Chau- 
tauque co. is situated on Lake 
Erie at the mouth of Silver creek; 
it contains about 600 inhabitants, 
90 dwelling houses, 1 church, 3 
taverns, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
1 clothier's works and 1 distillery. 
This is a port of entry and a good 
steamboat landing. 

Fayette, v. Guilford, Che- 
nango co. contains about 275 in- 
habitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
Episcopal and 1 Methodist church, 
1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 
saw mills, 2 tanneries and a cloth 
dressing establishment. 

Fayetteville, v. and p. o. 
Manlius, Onondoga co. situated 
near the Erie canal, with which it 
is connected by a feeder, contains 
about 800 inhabitants, 120 dwel- 



ling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Bap- 
tist and 1 Methodist church, an in- 
corporated academy, 4 taverns, 6 
stores, 1 flouring mill, 2 saw mills 
and 1 tannery. 

Federal Store, p.o. North- 
east, Dutchess co. 

Felt's Mills, p. o. Rutland, 
Jefferson co. here are situated on 
Black river, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 
grist mill, 3 saw mills, 1 tannery, 1 
carding and fulling mill and about 
15 dwellings. 

Fexxeu, t. Madison co. situat- 
ed 8 miles north-west of the village 
of Morrisville, and distant 115 
miles from Albanv; contained in 
1840, 1,997 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, clay and 
gravelly loam, mostly underlaid 
by lime stnneand is of a good qual- 
ity; it is drained north by the Chit- 
tenango and Canaseraga creeks. 
Vernier and Perryville are names 
of post offices. 

FiivcHviLLE,p. o.MountHope, 
Orange co. 

Finley's Lake, is a small 
body of water lying in the town of 
Mina, Chautauque co. 

Fire Islands, are a cluster 
of small islands in the Great South 
bay of Long Island, opposite the 
town of Islip. 

Fireplace, p.o. Brookhavcn, 
Suffolk co. 

Fireplace Bay, is the name 
given to an indentation of the 
Great South bay of Long Island, 
lying in the town of Brookhaven, 
Suffolk co. 

Fish Creek, rises in Lewis 
co. and empties into Wood creek, 
in Oneida county; this is an im- 
portant stream on which are locat- 
ed a number of mills of different 
kinds. It is also navigable for 
boats for a few miles above its 
entrance into the above creek, 
which forms a part of the Oneida 
Lake canal. 

Fish Creek, Saratoga co. is 
the outlet of Saratoga lake, and 



164 



FISH HOUSE— FISH KILL. 



empties its waters into the Hudson 
river, at the village of Schuyler- 
ville, where there are located seve- 
ral factories and mills. 

Fish House, v. Northampton, 
Fulton co. is situated on the Sacan- 
daga river, a branch of the Hud- 
son; it contains about 250 inhabi- 
tants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 church, 
1 tavern and 7 stores. This place 
is situated on a beautiful plain and 
takes its name from the circum- 
stance of Sir William Johnson 
having here erected a house for the 
purpose of fishing and trading with 
the Indians. 
Fisher's Island, the extreme 
eastern portion of Suffolk co. and 
the state, lies in Long Island 
Sound, near the Connecticut shore; 
137 miles east of the city of New- 
York, and distant 14 miles from 
the nearest point of Long Island. 
It is 8 miles in length and averages 
about 1 mile in width ; it is owned by 
one proprietor, and rendered high- 
ly valuable by judicious cultiva- 
tion, and has upon it a very produc- 
tive dairy. 

Fishkill, t. Dutchess co. sit- 
uated 10 miles south of the village 
of Poughkeepsie, and distant 88 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 10,437 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and mountainous 
on the south, on the north undulat- 
ing, and the soil very rich and 
productive; there are in this town 
several localities of iron ore, mar- 
ble and graphite or black lead, 
rendering it rich in mineral as well 
as agricultural products; it is wa- 
tered by Wappinger's creek on the 
north-west, and the Fishkill flows 
through the centre, emptying 
into the Hudson river, which 
bounds it on the west, where are 
several convenient landings and 
thriving villages. This is one of 
the largest and wealthiest inland 
towns in the state; Fishkill, Fish- 
kill Landing, Fishkill Plains, Ad- 
riance, Glenham, Hackensack, 



Johnsville, Peeksville, Shannado- 
ah and Stormville are names of 
post offices; Carthage, Franklin- 
dale, Hughsonville and Matteawan 
are names of villages or settle- 
ments. 

Fishkill, v. and p. o. Fish- 
kill, Dutchess co. is pleasantly sit- 
uated on Fishkill creek, 5 miles 
east from Fishkill Landing; it con 
tains about 800 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses, 3 churches, 3 pub- 
lic houses and 8 stores. The Fish- 
kill academy, located here, is a 
chartered institution; the interior 
is a half circle, arranged so as to 
have each scholar separate, while 
at the same time he is under the 
eye of the teacher. During the 
Revolutionary war, this village was 
for a period the head quarters of 
the American army; the church is 
still standing here, in which Enoch 
Crosby, the spy of revolutionary 
memory, was confined for a time. 
This region of country is justly 
celebrated for its salubrity of cli- 
mate and picturesque mountain 
scenery. Here travellers and visi- 
ters will find a quiet and retired re- 
treat during the summer months. 

Fishkill Landing, v. and 
p. o. Fishkill, Dutchess co. is situ- 
ated on the east side of the Hud- 
son river, directly opposite the vil- 
lage of Newburgh, with which it 
is connected by a steam ferry ; 
it contains about 900 inhabitants, 
120 dwellings, 1 Dutch Reformed, 
1 Episcopal and 1 Methodist 
church; 4 public houses, 10 stores, 
1 iron foundery and 1 gri t mill 
and machine shop, at the mouth of 
the Fishkill. The river and moun- 
tain scenery, from the high grounds 
in this vicinity, are remarkably 
grand and picturesque, probably 
unsurpassed by any other spot on 
the Hudson. 

Fish Kill, or Matteawan 
Creek, rises in the centre of the 
county of Dutchess; this is an im- 
portant mill stream, on which are 



FISH KILL— FLEMING. 



165 



situated a number of extensive 
woollen and cotton factories and 
mills of different descriptions; it 
extends through the town of Fish- 
kill and falls into the Hudson riv- 
er opposite the village of New- 
burgh. On this stream are located 
the important manufacturing vil- 
lages of Glenheim and Matteawan. 

Fishkill, or Matteawan 
Mountains, situated in the south 
part of Dutchess county, are a 
continuation of the " Highlands," 
through which passes the Hudson 
river; this range, under different 
names, extends north, until it inter- 
sects the Green Mountains of Ver- 
mont. 

Fishktll Plains, p. o. Fish- 
kill, Dutchess co. 

Fish Lake, situated in Fulton 
county, is about 2 miles long and 
1 mile wide; it abounds in salmon 
and brook trout, the former of a 
large size, and both of a delicious 
flavor. The water of this lake is 
clear and deep, being surrounded 
by high hills, covered with a large 
growth of primitive forest trees. 

Fish Lake, p. o. Bovina, 
Delaware co. 

Fish Lake, lies in the town 
of Granby, Oswego co.; west of 
the Oswego river. It is about 2 
miles long and 1 mile wide ; this is 
a small but handsome sheet of 
water. 

Five Corners, p. o. Genoa, 
Cayuga co. 

Five Mile Run, v. Burton, 
Cattaraugus co. is situated on the 
north side of the Allegany river, 
at the junction of the Five Mile 
Run creek. A small settlement 
now exists at this point, through 
which passes the New-York and 
Erie railroad. 

Five Mile Run Creek, 
rises in Hinsdale, Cattaraugus co. 
and flows south into the Allegany 
river. 

Flanders, p. o. Southampton 
Suffolk co. 



Flatbcsh, t. Kings co. situa- 
ted 4 miles south-east of the city 
of Brooklyn, and distant 149 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,099 inhabitants. The surface is 
in part hilly, the most however, 
level; soil, light loam and sand, 
very productive when properly cul- 
tivated. Flatbush and East New- 
York are names of post offices. 

Flatbush, v. and p. o. Flat- 
bush, Kings co. is delightfully sit- 
uated on the turnpike 4 miles 
south-east of the city of Brooklyn; 
it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
50 dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Re- 
formed and 1 Episcopal church; 
Erasmus Hall academy, an old and 
flourishing incorporated institution; 
2 taverns and 2 stores. Near the 
north-west boundary of this town, 
is the spot on which the unfortu- 
nate battle between the English and 
American armies was fought, in 
August, 1776, commoidy called 
the battle of Long Island, in which 
the Americans were defeated with 
great loss in killed and wounded. 

Flatlands, t. Kings co. situa- 
ted 8 miles south-east of the city 
of Brooklyn, and distant 153 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
810 inhabitants. The surface is 
level; soil, sandy loam and sand, 
rendered productive by good til- 
lage. To this town is attached 
Barren Island and some other low, 
marshy islands, yielding an abun- 
dance of salt hay. 

Flatlands, v. Flatlands, 
Kings co. contains about 100 in- 
habitants, 20 dwelling houses; a 
Dutch Reformed church, original- 
ly built in 1661; 1 tavern and 2 
stores. 

Fleming, t. Cayuga co. situa- 
ted 4 miles south of the village of 
Auburn, and distant 160 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
•1,317 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating; soil, clay loar», v/ell 
cultivated and productive; it is 
drained by Crane brook on the 



166 



FLEMING— FLUSHING BAY. 



south, and by some small streams 
running into Owasco lake, which 
bounds it on the east. 

Fleming, v. and p. o. Flem- 
ing, Cayuga co. contains about 150 
inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 2 taverns and 1 store. 

Flemikgsville, p. o. Owego, 
Tioga co. 

Flint Creek, p. o. Seneca, 
Ontario co. 

Flint Creek, rises in Yates 
co. and flows south into Ontario, 
where it empties into the Canan- 
daigua outlet. 

Florence, t. Oneida co. sit- 
uated 33 miles north-west of the 
city of Utica, and distant 127 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,259 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is gently undulating; soil, 
sandy loam; drained by tributaries 
of Fish creek. Florence and East 
Florence are names of post of- 
fices. 

Florida, t. Montgomery co. 
situated 8 miles south-east of the 
village of Fonda, and distant 34 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 5,214 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, strong 
clay loam, producing large crops 
of wheat; it is drained by Schoha- 
rie creek on the west, and the Mo- 
hawk river on the north. Fort 
Hunter, Minaville and Port Jack- 
son are names of post offices. 

Florida, v. and p. o. War- 
wick, Orange co. contains about 
250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hous- 
es, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 5 stores, 
2 grist mills and 2 saw mills. 

Floyd, t. Oneida co. situated 
8 miles north of the city of Utica, 
and distant 100 miles from Albany , 
contained in 1840, 1,724 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is rolling; soil, 
clay marl well adapted to grass ; 
along the Mohawk, which bounds 
it ou the south, are rich alluvial 
flats; H m e Mile creek drains it on 
the eastern border. Floyd is the 
name of a post office. 



Flushing, t. Queens co. situa- 
ted 6 miles west of North Hemp- 
stead court house, and distant 156 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 4,124 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is mostly level, except on the 
south, where there is a stony ridge; 
soil, sandy loam, with some clay, 
generally well cultivated and pro- 
ductive. This town is bounded on 
the north by Long Island Sound ; 
Flushing bay on the west, and 
Little Neck bay on the east, are 
considerable indentations, into 
which flow small streams. 

Flushing, v. and p.o. Queens 
co. is situated at the head of Flush- 
ing bay, 9 miles from the city of 
New-York; it was incorporated in 
1837, and now contains about 2,000 
inhabitants, 175 dwelling houses, 
1 Episcopal, 2 Methodist and 1 
Roman Catholic church, and 1 
Orthodox and 1 Hicksite meeting 
house; the St. Thomas' Hall is an 
extensive institution for the educa- 
tion of males, and St. Ann's Hall 
is an institution for the education 
of females, both of which are in a 
very flourishing condition; there is 
also a Friend's female boarding 
school and several select schools 
in this place; 5 hotels and taverns, 
and 12 stores of different kinds. 
The Linnaum Botanic Garden and 
Nursery, is a place of great at- 
traction. This village is much 
frequented, and is a fashionable 
resort for strangers during the sum- 
mer months, being justly celebra- 
ted for its schools and nursery; it 
has rapidly improved since its in- 
corporation, and is still progress- 
ing. There is a communication 
between Flushing and the city of 
Ne.v-York, by steamboats and 
stages, several times daily. St. 
Paul's College, situated about 2 
miles north of this place, on Col- 
lege Point, is a celebrated and 
flourishing institution of learning, 
for the education of young men. 

Flushing Bat, lies on the 



FLUVANNA— FORT ANN. 



167 



south of Long Island Sound, or 
East river, with which it commu- 
nicates ; it is 3 miles long and 
about 1 mile wide, and navigable 
for steamboats to the village of 
Flushing. 

Fluvanna, p. o. Ellicott, 
Chautauque co. 

Fonda, v. and p. o. Mohawk, 
Montgomery co. is situated on the 
north side of the Mohawk river; it 
is the county seat of Montgomery 
county, and contains about 350 in- 
habitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
court house and jail, 4 hotels and 
taverns, 5 stores, 1 flouring mill 
with 4 run of stone, 1 saw mill, 1 
plaster mill, 1 carding machine 
and 1 manufactory for making 
threshing machines. The Utica 
and Schenectady railroad passes 
through this village, and a daily 
line of stages run to Johnstown 
and other places in Fulton county. 
The Fonda Hotel is a spacious 
and well kept public house, to 
which is connected a recess for the 
accommodation of railroad pas- 
sengers. 

Fonda's Bush, v. Broadalbin, 
Fulton co. is situated on Fonda's 
Bu-h creek; it contains about 150 
inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, and 1 
saw mill. 

Fordham, v. Westchester co. 
is situated on the line of the Har- 
lem railroad, where is a depot, 12| 
miles north of the City Hall; here 
are located 1 Presbyterian church, 
an academy, 3 taverns, 2 stores 
and 30 or 40 dwelling houses. — 
St. John's College, a Roman Catho- 
lic institution, is situated near this 
place, on an eminence called Rose 
Hill; enjoying all the advantages 
peculiar to the country, — its pure 
invigorating air, its retirement and 
peaceful quiet, so favorable to the 
formation and growth of studious 
habits ; while at the same time its 
proximity to the city by means of 
the railroad, is a great conven- 



ience. This institution, the only 
one of its kind in the state, was 
first opened for the reception of 
students on the 24th of June, 1841 
The following is an extract from 
their rules and regulations: " The 
system of government will be mild 
and paternal — yet firm in enforc- 
ing the observance of established 
discipline. The utmost attention 
will be paid not only to the intel- 
lectual, but also to the moral edu- 
cation of the pupils. As to their 
domestic comfort, every thing 
which parental affection can de- 
sire will be found and supplied in 
the assiduous attention and skilful 
management of the Sisters of 
Charity, to whom the charge of 
this important and highly respon- 
sible department is mainly confid- 
ed." The College edifice is large, 
elegant and commodious ; the 
grounds are extensive and in a 
state of high improvement. The 
collegiate year commences on the 
first Monday of September. 

Forrestburgh, t. Sullivan CO. 
situated 8 miles south of the village 
of Monticello, and distant 127 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 433 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly; soil, gravelly loam, 
producing a large growth of yel- 
low and white pine ; it is drained 
by Neversink river and some other 
small streams. Forrestburgh and 
Barry ville are names of post offices. 

Forrestburgh, v. and p. o. 
Sullivan co. contains about 90 in- 
habitants, 15 dwelling houses, 1 
tavern, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 1 plas- 
ter mill and 4 saw mills. 

Forrestville, v. and p. o. 
Hanover, Chautauque co. contains 
about 700 inhabitants, 100 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 4 
stores, 2 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 
1 clothier's works and 1 distillery. 

Fort Ann, t. Washington co. 
situated 12 miles north of Sandv 
Hill, and distant 60 miles from Al- 
bany; contained in 1840, 3,559 in- 



FORT ANN— FORT EDWARD. 



nabitants. The surface is in part 
hilly and mountainous, diversified 
with valleys and plains; soil, vari- 
ous, sand, clay, alluvion and bare 
rock; it is drained by Wood creek, 
and in part bounded by Lake 
George on the west. The Cham- 
plain canal passes through this 
town, where is its summit level. 
Fort Ann, Comstock's Landing, 
Griswold's Mills, Mount Hope Fur- 
nace and Patten's Mills are names 
of post offices. 

Fort Ann, v. and p. o. Fort 
Ann, Washington co. is situated on 
the line of the Cham plain canal, 
where are three locks. It was in- 
corporated in 1820, and now con- 
tains about 500 inhabitants, 70 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Baptist and 1 Methodist church, 2 
taverns, 6 stores, 2 tanneries and 1 
brick yard. In this place is the 
site of Fort Ann, erected during 
the old French war, in 1756 ; two 
miles south may be seen vestiges 
of a road made by Gen. Burgoyne, 
during the revolution, for the tran- 
sport of his cannon and baggage, 
when on his route to Saratoga. 

Fort Clinton. See West 
Point and Fort Montgomery. 

Fort Columbus. See Go- 
vernor's Island. 

Fort Covington, t. Frank- 
lin co. situated 14 miles north-west 
of the village of Malone, and dis- 
tant 223 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1840, 2,094 inhabitants. 
The surface is level; soil, sand and 
clay loam of good quality; drain- 
ed north by Salmon and Little Sal- 
mon rivers. This town is bounded 
on the north by the Canada line. 

Fort Covington, v. and p. o. 
Fort CoTington, Franklin co. is 
situated on Salmon river, which is 
navigable from this place to the St. 
Lawrence river, 5 miles below; it 
contains about 800 inhabitants, 120 
dwelling houses, 4 churches, an 
incorporated academy ; 3 taverns, 
7 stores, 2 extensive woollen fac- 



tories, 3 grist mills, 1 plaster mill 
and 3 saw mills. This was an im- 
portant military position during the 
late war with Great Britain, known 
as the French Mills. 

Fort Edward, t. Washing- 
ton co. situated 4 miles south of the 
village of Sandy Hill, and distant 
47 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 1,726 inhabitants. The 
surface is gently undulating; soil, 
sand, clay and loam of- goo/1 qual- 
ity; it is drained by Moseskill and 
some small streams flowing into 
the Hudson river, which bounds it 
on the west. Fort Edward, Fort 
Edward Centre and Fort Miller are 
names of post offices. 

Fort Edward, v. and p. o. 
Fort Edward, Washington co. is 
situated on the east side of the 
Hudson river and on the line of the 
Champlain canal ; it contains about 
500 inhabitants,80 dwelling houses, 
1 church, 2 taverns, 6 stores and 
groceries, and 1 grist mill. This 
village contains the site of old 
Fort Edward, erected in 1755, and 
is celebrated as being the place 
where Miss Jane McCrea was 
murdered by Indians during the 
revolutionary war. This vicinity 
having been celebrated during the 
old French and Revolutionary wars, 
as the theatre of military exploits 
and savage murder, we subjoin the 
following extract: — " The remains 
of Fort Edward are still to be 
seen in the very centre of the ro- 
mantic little village which now 
bears its name. At a short dis- 
tance north, the place is shown 
where Miss McCrea was murdered 
by the Indians. Tradition has ac- 
curately preserved the location of 
that most bloody and most melan- 
choly deed. She was on her way 
to join an officer in the British 
army to whom she was to be mar- 
ried. She committed herself, 
against the remonstrance of her 
friends, to a party of Indians as 
the safest escort in those times 



FORT EDWARD CENTRE— FORTIFICATIONS. 



169 



They met another party at this 
place, sent by the anxious and ex- 
pecting bridegroom, and an alter- 
cation ensued in reference to the 
promised reward; in the midst of 
which they were attacked by a 
party of whites. When the con- 
flict was over she was found toma- 
kawked and scalped. Her lover 
was overwhelmed with grief, and 
survived but a short time." 

Fort Edward Ckktre, p. 
o. Fort Edward, Washington co. 

Fort George. See Cald- 
well. 

Fort Gibson. See Ellis' Is- 
land. 

Fort Hamilton, v. and p. o. 
New-Utrecht, Kings co. ; here is an 
extensive and strong fortification, 
situated on the extreme western 
end of Long Island, adjoining the 
"Narrows," through which is the 
main entrance from the ocean to the 
harbor of New-York, and which at 
this place is about one mile wide. 
The position of the fort is well 
adapted, in cooperation with Fort 
La Fayette in the channel and Fort 
Richmond upon the opposite shore 
of Staten Island, to constitute a 
complete defence of the passage. 
Fort Hamilton is constructed of 
solid granite walls of great thick- 
ness, and pierced for about 75 
guns of 24 and 32 lbs. caliber; 
and which from their position are 
designed for defence as well on 
the land as the sea-side of the fort. 
A redoubt is also constructed about 
200 yards in advance of the fort, 
on the land side, so as to prevent 
an enemy landing upon the beach, 
between the fort and Coney Island. 
It is completely defiled from the 
neighboring hills, which might 
otherwise be occupied by an ene- 
my. Fort La Fayette, (or Fort 
Diamond,) is situated in the stream 
about 250 yards from Fort Hamil- 
ton and is a necessary appendage 
thereof. It is built of solid free- 
stone masonry and mounts about 



70 guns, 42, 32 and 24 pounders. 
These erections were planned by 
the eminent French Engineer, 
Gen. Bernard, and are well calcu- 
lated for the purpose of harbor de- 
fence. They have been greatly 
neglected for several years and are 
consequently much less effective 
than before — but are now under- 
going repairs, and are at present 
occupied by a small military force. 
Congress having lately made am- 
ple appropriations for the purpose. 
An effective garrison would require 
nearly 2,000 men, a small part of 
that number only are now there. 
The settlement at this place con- 
sists of some 15 or 20 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, 2 stores, 1 tav- 
ern and a boarding house for sum- 
mer entertainment only; it is plea- 
santly situated and commands a 
full view of the Lower bay and the 
Atlantic ocean. 

Fort Hunter, p. o. Florida, 
Montgomery co. Here are. still vi- 
sible the remains of Fort Hunter, 
distinguished in Colonial history. 

Fortifications; there are 
now several fortifications erecting 
and repairing, for the defence of 
the city of New-York and other 
exposed situations in the state, by 
the United States government. 
The defence of the Commercial 
Emporium being of the first impor- 
tance, Congress has recently made 
appropriations for completing Fort 
Schuyler on Throg's Point; which 
when finished, in connection with 
a battery on the Long Island shore, 
will completely defend that en- 
trance from the approach of an 
enemy by water. The works at 
the " Narrows" are also now so 
far advanced and fortified as to 
render a pass at this point very 
hazardous to an invading fleet; and 
if they should effect a landing be- 
yond these fortifications, they would 
have to traverse some 15 or 20 
miles before they could reach the 
citv which delay would afford am* 



170 



FORT LA FAYETTE— FORT NIAGARA. 



pie time to prepare for defence, if 
ever such an event should occur. 
Owing to a want of the above defen- 
ces, the city was captured by the Bri- 
tish during- the Revolutionary war, 
after a sanguinary conflict on Long 
Island, in 1776, when the Americans 
were defeated. An outer defence or 
water battery, is projected to be 
erected on the east bank and middle 
ground, near Sandy Hook, for the 
protection of the Lower bay of 
New- York; which it is supposed, 
when finished, will afford ample 
defence in connection with works 
already in progress and finished. 
Fort Ontario, situated at the mouth 
of the Oswego river, has recently 
undergone extensive repairs &been 
put in complete defence, and is a 
safeguard to the harbor and village 
of Oswego. It is also proposed to 
erect extensive works at or near 
the city of Buffalo, for the protec- 
tion of that importont inland depot 
of commerce and trade. 

Fort La Fayette. See Fort 
Hamilton. 

Fort Miller, v. and p. o. 
Fort Edward, Washington co. is 
situated on the east side of the 
Hudson river, where is a fall of 
about 20 feet, and a state dam of 
8 feet in heighth, the water here 
being taken out of the river to feed 
the Champlain canal, which pas- 
ses through this place; it contains 
about 300 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 5 
stores and groceries, 1 gristmill, 1 
saw mill and 1 fulling mill and 
carding machine. 

Fort Montgomery, and 
old Fort Clinton, of revolutiona- 
ry memory, stood on the west side 
of the Hudson river, 6 miles be- 
low West Point ; they were situat- 
ed on elevated ground overlooking 
the river, and were separated by a 
creek and ravine, which is now the 
dividing line between the towns of 
Cornwall and Monroe. These forts 
were deemed almost impregnable, 



being erected for the defence of 
the river pass at this point, which 
was also obstructed by chevaux-de- 
frise, boom and chains. On the 
6th of Oct. 1777, they were attack- 
ed by a superior British force under 
Sir Henry Clinton, and captured 
after a sharp resistance; the gar- 
rison of 600 men being overpower- 
ed by a disiplined army of 3,000 
men. The works were resolutely 
defended until dark, when the ene- 
my effected an entrance at several 
places, there not being a sufficient 
number of soldiers in the fort to 
man the lines. 

Fort Niagara, lies in the 
town of Porter, Niagara county, 
at the entrance of Niagara river 
into Lake Ontario, and directly 
opposite Fort George in Canada. 
In 1679, M. De Salle, the explorer 
of the Mississippi, in the service 
of France, enclosed by pallisades 
the spot on which the fort was here 
built in 1725. In 1759 it was ta- 
ken by the British under Sir Wm. 
Johnson, in whose hands it remain- 
ed until 1796, when it was evacua- 
ted and given up to the United 
States. On the 19th of December, 
1813, it was again taken by the 
British by surprise; and in March, 
1815, again surrendered to the 
Americans. This old fort is as 
much noted for its being the thea- 
tre of tyranny and crime as for the 
scene of military exploits. While 
in the hands of the French, there 
is no doubt of its having been at 
times used as a prison ; in its close 
and impregnable dungeons, where 
light was not admitted, for many 
years there remained clear traces 
of the ready instruments for execu- 
tion or for murder. During the war 
of the revolution it was the head 
quarters of all that was barbarous, 
unrelenting and cruel ; this being 
the chief rendezvous of a savage 
horde that carried death and de- 
struction into the remote American 
settlements. Of late years, the 



FORT PLAIN— FORT TICONDEROGA. 



171 



abduction of Win. Morgan, who 
was taken from the jail in Canan- 
daigua, and conveyed for more 
than 100 miles, through a populous 
country and lodged in the maga- 
zine at Fort Niagara; where he 
was kept for 3 or 4 days, and then 
supposed to have been inhumanly 
murdered, has justly tended to con- 
tinue its reputation for being the 
scene of tyranny and murder. 

Fort Plain, v. and p. o. Min- 
den, Montgomery co. is situated 
on the south side of the Mohawk 
river, on the line of the Erie canal; 
it was incorporated in 1834, and 
now contains about 1,400 inhabi- 
tants, 200 dwelling houses, 1 bank- 
ing house, 1 Reformed Dutch and 
1 Univcrsalist church, 3 taverns, 
16 stores and groceries, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, 1 plaster mill, 1 
furnace, 1 distillery and a stone 
quarry, from which are quarried 
large quantities of stone used in 
constructing locks for the Erie ca- 
nal, for building and other pur- 
poses. A daily line of stages run 
from this place to Cherry Valley, 
Cooperstown and Sharon Springs, 
in Schoharie county. 

Fort Putnam. See West 
Point. 

Fort Richmond. See Sto- 
len Island. 

Fort Schuyler. See TVtrog's 
Point and Ulica. 

Fort Stanwix. See village 
of Rome. 

Fortsville, p. o. Moreau, 
Saratoga co. 

Fort Ticonderoga; the 
ruins of this old fortification are 
situated in the town of Ticondero- 
ga, Essex co. on the west side of 
Lake Champlain, at the entrance 
of the outlet of Lake George. 
This place was originally called 
Che-on-der-o-ga by the Indians, 
signifying, in their language, noise; 
its name was afterwards slightly 
changed by the French into its pre- 
sent appellation, which it has borne 



ever since it was first occupied and 
fortified by them in 1756; the fort 
was at first named Fort Carillon, 
but afterwards called Fort Ticon 
deroga, by the English and Ame- 
ricans. This fortification cost the 
French government a large sum of 
money, and was considered very 
strong both by nature and art; it 
stands on a point of land, elevated 
70 feet above the waters of Lake 
Champlain, being surrounded on 
three sides by water, and on the 
north-west it was defended by 
strong breast works. Mount In- 
dependence, on the opposite or east 
side of the lake, was also fortified, 
and some of the intrenchments are 
still visible, elevated 110 feet above 
the lake, and overlooks the penin- 
sula of Ticonderoga. After seve- 
ral sanguinary conflicts in this vi- 
cinity and under the very walls of 
the fort, in which combats, several 
thousand lives were sacrificed; this 
important military position was 
tamely evacuated by the French in 
1759, and given up to the British 
army under Lord Amherst; who 
retained possession until it was 
taken by surprise by Col. Ethan 
Allen, of the American army, in 
1775. He entered the fort through 
a subterraneous passage from the 
south, extending to the lake; sur- 
prising the commandant in his bed 
before he was aware of his danger, 
and in his characteristic way re- 
quired the officer to surrender. He 
asked to whom ? " Why, to Je- 
hovah and the Continental Con- 
gress, to be sure;" was his laconic 
reply. In 1777, the British army, 
under Gen. Burgoyne,on their route 
to Saratoga, appeared in array be- 
fore Ticonderoga, when Gen. St. 
Clair, the American commander, 
was forced to evacuate, the enemy 
having erected a battery on Mount 
Defiance, in the rear, elevated 720 
feet above the lake, which over- 
looked and completely commanded 
this fortification, which was before 



172 



FORT TOMPKINS— FRANKLIN. 






considered almost impregnable; it | situated 22 miles south of the vil- 

then remained in the hands of the 

British until the close of the war. 

Since that time it has been suffered 

to go to decay, and now presents 

one of the most interesting ruins 

of the kind in this country, and is 

annually visited by a great number 

of travellers. Near by, on the 

lake shore, is situated a well kept 

hotel for the accommodation of 

visiters, where steamboats, during 

the season of navigation, daily 

land and receive passengers. 

Fort Tompkins. See Staten 
Island. 

Fort Washington, the site 
of which is situated on elevated 
ground on New-York Island, 10 
miles north of the City Hall, and 
nearly opposite Fort Lee, in New- 
Jersey; was taken by the British in 
1776, after the capture of the city 
of New-York. It was attacked by 
an overpowering force and carried 
at the point of the bayonet ; the re- 
treat of the Americans being cut 
off in every direction, they were 
slaughtered in great numbers by 
foreign mercenaries, the " Hes- 
sians," or held in captivity during 
the war, on board the noted prison 
ships, stationed in the Wallabout 
bay ; where hundreds died of star- 
vation and pestilence. 

Fort William Henry. See 
Caldwell. 

Fort Wood. See Bedlow's 
Island. 

Fosterdale, p. o. Cochecton, 
Sullivan co. 

Fosterville, p. o. Aurelius, 
Cayuga co. 

Fowler, t. St. Lawrence co. 



lage of Canton, and distant 186 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,752 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is somewhat uneven ; soil, 
chiefly clay and sandy loam, of 
good quality, and heavily timbered ; 
drained by the Oswegatchie river 
and some of its tributaries. Fow- 
ler, Fullersville and Shingle Creek 
are names of post offices. Little 
York is the name of a village. 

Fowlersville, p. o. York, 
Livingston co. 

Fox Creek, rises in Albany 
co. and flows west into Schoharie, 
where it empties into the Schoha- 
rie creek. 

Fox Island, lies at the foot 
of Lake OntariOj and is attached 
to the town of Lyme, Jefferson 
co. 

Frankfort, t. Herkimer co. 
situated 7 miles west of the village 
of Herkimer, and distant S7 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
3,096 inhabitants. The surface on 
the south is hilly and broken; upon 
the north in the valley of the Mo- 
hawk are fertile flats. Frankfort, 
Frankfort Bridge and Frank- 
fort Hill, are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Frankfort, v. and p. o. 
Frankfort, Herkimer co. is situa- 
ted on the south side of the Mo- 
hawk river, on the line of the Erie 
canal; it contains about 500 inha- 
bitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
Dutch Reformed and 1 Baptist 
church ; 2 taverns, 8 stores and 
groceries, 1 woollen factory, 1 
grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 distillery 
and 1 tannery. 



FRANKLIN COUNTY, taken from Clinton in 1808, is centrally 
distant 160 miles from Albany ; it is bounded on the north by Lower 
Canada, east by Clinton county, south by Essex and Hamilton counties, 
and on the west by St. Lawrence county. The surface of this county 
on the south and in the middle parts is hilly and mountainous ; on the 
north either quite level, or gently undulating. The soil is various, 
much of it sandy loam, and very productive. In the southern part, the 
hills and mountains are barren, or covered with dwarf shrubbery ; but 
like the highlands of Essex and Clinton, known as the Adirondack 



FRANKLIN— FRANKLINVILLE. 



173 



Mountains, abound in the purest and most superior quality of iron ore. 
The forests are covered with a heavy growth of beech, maple, elm, 
cedar, hemlock and a large growth of pine. In this county are nume- 
rous lakes and ponds ; the most important are the Upper and Lower 
Saranac lakes, from which flow a number of streams, mostly into the 
St. Lawrence river, which touches its north-west corner. Chateau- 
gay, Salmon, Trout, Deer, St. Regis and Racket rivers, all run north 
anil north-west into the St. Lawrence ; while the Saranac river rises in 
(his county, and runs north-east into Lake Champlain. Its area is about 
1,527 square miles, or 977, 3S8 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Franklin county, and 
(he population in 1840, with the exception of Harrietstown, which was 
taken from Duane in 1841. 



Bangor, 1,2S9 

Belmont, 472 

Bombay, 1,446 

Brandon, 531 

Chateaugay, 2,S24 

Constable, 1,122 

Dickinson, 1 ,005 

Duane, 324 

Franklin, t. Franklin co. si- 
tuated 25 miles south-east of the 
village of Malone, and distant 187 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 192 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous; soil, 
various ; it contains several small 
lakes, and is drained by the Sara- 
nac river and its tributaries on the 
east, and by Salmon river on the 
north. Merrillsville is the name 
of a post office. 

Franklin, t. Delaware co. si- 
tuated 12 miles west of the village 
of Delhi, and distant 93 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 3,025 
inhabitants. The surface is bro 



Fort Covington, 2,094 

Franklin, 192 

Malone, 3,229 

Moira, 962 

Westville, 1,028 

Total inhabitants, 16,518 

Franklin, v. Kirkland, Onei- 
da co. is situated on the Oriskany 
creek, and on the line of the Che- 
nango canal ; it contains about 
180 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 tavern, 2 stores and some 
mills. 

Franklin, v. Fabius, Onon- 
daga co. contains about 300 inha- 
bitants, 50 dwelling houses, '2 
churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores, and 
1 extensive tannery. 

Franklindalk, v. Fishkill, 
Dutchess co. is situated on Wap- 
pinger's creek, about one mile from 
the Hudson river ; it contains 1 
church, 1 calico print factory, 1 



ken by Oleout creek and its comb factory, and 1 large flouring 



branches; soil, reddish loam, fer- 
tile and well timbered. Franklin, 
East Franklin and North Franklin 
are names of post offices. 

Franklin, v. & p. o. Franklin, 
Delaware co. contains about 700 in- 
habitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Baptist &1 Metho- 
dist church; an incorporated acade- 
my called the Franklin Institute; 2 
taverns and 6 stores; in the vicinity 
are 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 ful- 
ling: mill and carding machine. 



mill, together with some 30 or 40 
dwellings. 

Franklintown, p. o. Mid- 
dleburgh, Schoharie co. 

Frank lin ville, t. Cattarau- 
gus co. situated 8 miles east of the 
village of Ellicottville, and distant 
279 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,293 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating ; soil, clay, 
sandy and gravelly loam, very fer- 
tile; it is drained by Ischua and 
Great Valley creeks. 



174 



FRANKLINVILLE— FRIENDSHIP 



Frankuwille, v. and p. o. 
Franklinville, Cattaraugus co. con- 
tains about 400 inhabitants, 50 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
church ; 2 taverns, 4 stores, and 
2 saw mills located on Ischua 
creek. 

Fredonia, v. and p. o. Pom- 
fret, Chautauque co. is situated 
about 2 miles east of Lake Erie ; it 
was incorporated in 1829, and now 
contains about 1,000 inhabitants, 
150 dwelling houses, 5 churches ; 
an incorporated academy in a nou- 
rishing condition ; 4 taverns, 6 
stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 grist mill, 
2 saw mills, 1 clothier's works, 
and 1 furnace. Here is situated an 
inflammable spring, near the bed 
of the Canadoway creek ; the gas 
which escapes from the same in 
great quantities, is used for lighting 
the streets, and for domestic pur- 
poses. The flame is large, but not 
so strong or brilliant as that from 
gas in our cities; it is, however, in 
high favor with the inhabitants. 
The gas is carburetted hydrogen, 
and is supposed to come from beds 
of bituminous coal ; the only rock 
visible, however, here, and to a 
great extent along the southern 
shore of the lake, is foetid lime- 
stone. 

Freedom, t. Cattaraugus co. 
situated 20 miles north-east of the 
village of Ellicottville, and distant 
269 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,831 inhabitants. The 
surface is mostly level ; soil, gra- 
velly loam of a good quality, well 
adapted to grass; it contains 3 or 
4 small lakes, and is drained by 
Clear creek and some other tribu- 
taries of Cattaraugus creek. Free- 
dom, Chelsea and Sandusky are 
names of post offices. 

Freehold, v. and p. o. Green- 
ville, Greene county , contains about 
120 inhabitants, 20 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 
grist mill, 1 tannery, and 1 clo- 
thier's works. 



Freetown, t. Cortland co. 
situated 10 miles south-east of the 
village of Cortland, and distant 140 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 950 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, sandy 
loam and fertile ; it is drained by 
some tributaries of the Tioughnio- 
ga and Otselic rivers. Freetown 
and Freetown Corners are names 
of post offices. 

French Creek, t. Chautau 
que co. situated 18 miles south- 
west of the village of Mayville, 
and distant 355 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 621 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly and formed 
into ridges by the creek of the 
same name, which passes through 
it, receiving several small tributa- 
ries; soil, moist sandy loam, well 
adapted to grass, and is heavily 
timbered. French Creek is the 
name of a post office. 

French Creek, rises in the 
town of Sherman, Chautauque co. 
and flows south into the state of 
Pennsylvania, where it empties 
into the Allegany river, after a 
course of near 100 miles, and is 
for upwards of half the distance 
boatable. 

French Mills. See Fort 
Covington. 

Frewsburgh, p. o. Carroll, 
Chautauque co. 

Freysbush, p. o. Canajoha- 
rie, Montgomery co. 

Friendship, t. Allegany co. 
situated 10 miles south-west of the 
village of Angelica, and distant 
266 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,244 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating; soil, argil- 
laceous mould, well adapted to 
grass and heavily timbered ; drain- 
ed on the east by Campan's creek, 
which flows into the Genesee ri- 
ver. 

Friendship, v. and p. o. 
Friendship, Allegany county, is si- 
tuated on the line of the New-York 
and Erie railroad ; it contains 



FRIEND'S LAKE— FULTON CHAIN OF LAKES. 



175 



about 700 inhabitants, 90 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 3 taverns, 8 
stores, and 1 grist mill 

Friexd's Lake, is a small 
body of water lying in Chester, 
Warren co. 

Fullersville, v. and p. o. 



Fowler, St. Lawrence co. contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 1 
store, 1 blast furnace, 2 forges, 1 
grist mill, and 1 saw mill, situated 
on the west branch of the Oswe- 
satchie river. 



Oppenheim, 2,169 

Perth, 737 

Stratford, 500 



Total inhabitants, . 



18,049 



FULTON COUNTY, taken from Montgomery in 1838, centrally 
distant 50 miles from the city of Albany, is bounded on the north by 
Hamilton county, east by Saratoga, south by Montgomery, and on the 
west by Herkimer county. The surface of this county is hilly, with 
some ranges of a mountainous character on the north, and the range 
extends southward, terminating in the valley of the Mohawk, at what 
is called the " Nose." This ridge, is generally called the " Klips," or 
Mayfield mountain-;, and may be considered as a continuation of the Clin- 
ton or Adirondack range. The valleys and uplands have a strong soil, 
and are very productive when well tilled. As to the mineral produc- 
tions of this county but little is as yet known; there are several small 
lakes, and it is drained by the Sacandaga river on its north-east angle; 
numerous streams also flow south into the Mohawk river, and west into 
East Canada creek. The area is about 500 square miles, or 320,500 
acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Fulton county, with the 
population in 1840. 

Bleecker, 346 

Broadalbin, 2,738 

Ephratah, 2,009 

Johsstows, 5,409 

Mayfield, 2,615 

Northampton, 1,526 

Fulton, t. Schoharie co. situa- 
ted 9 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Schoharie, and distant 42 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,147 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is somewhat hilly, overlaid 
with graywacke, from which 
grindstones are made ; the soil is 
fertile in the valleys ; drained by 
Schoharie creek, and some of its 
tributaries, on one of which there 
is a perpendicular fall of 100 feet. 
Brackabeen, Byrnville and Ful- 
tonham, are names of post offices. 
At the latter, situated on the 
Schoharie creek, there is a set- 
tlement, containing 1 tavern, 1 
store, 1 grist mill, and 12 or 15 
dwellings. 

Fulton, v. and p. o. Volney, 
Oswego co. is a thriving place, si- 
tuated on the east side of the Os- 



wego river ; it was incorporated in 
1835, and now contains about 1,600 
inhabitants, 250 dwelling houses, 
1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Me- 
thodist and 1 Universalist church, 
3 public houses, 12 stores and gro- 
ceries, besides a number of me- 
chanic shops ; 3 flouring - mills, 8 
saw mills, 1 extensive tannery, 
and 1 boat yard; also, a number 
of manufacturing establishments 
using water power, which is 
very great at this place, here 
being a fall in the river of about 
20 feet. 

Fulton Chain op Lakes, 
is the name given to an important 
chain of eight small lakes, lying 
partly in Herkimer county and 
partly in Hamilton county; they 
are connected by navigable outlets, 
forming the head Branches of 



1T6 



FULTON VILLE— GAL WAY. 



Moose river, which empties into 
Black river in Lewis county. 

Fultonville, v. and p. o. 
Glen, Montgomery county, is situ- 
ated on the south side of the Mo- 
hawk river on the line of the Erie 
canal ; it contains about 400 inha- 
bitants, 60 dwelling- houses, 1 
Dutch Reformed church, 3 taverns, 
4 stores and 2 groceries. Here are 
situated a dry dock and boat yard 
for building and repairing canal 
boats, and a manufactory for dress- 
ing deer-skins, which are made 
into gloves and mittens. A large 
quantity of staves and sawed lum- 
ber are annually brought to this 
place from the north for market, 
via the Erie canal. A bridge 
crosses the river at this point, con- 
necting it with the villages of 
Caughnawaga and Fonda. 

Gaines, t. Orleans co. situated 
3 miles north of the village of Al- 
bion, and distant 254 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,26S 
inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
level ; soil, sandy and clay loam 
of good quality ; drained north- 
ward by some small streams run- 
ning into Oak Orchard creek. 
Gaines, Eagle Harbor and West 
Gaines are names of post offices. 
Fairhaven is the name of a vil- 
lage. 

Gaines, v. and p. o. Gaines, 
Orleans co. is situated on the Ridge 
road ; it was incorporated in 1832, 
and now contains about 600 inabi- 
tants, 80 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian and 1 Methodist church; 
an incorporated academy ; 2 ta- 
verns, 4 stores, 1 tannery and 1 
ashery. 

Gaines' Basin, Gaines, Or- 
leans co. situated on the Erie ca- 
nal ; contains 1 tavern, 3 stores, 2 
warehouses, and 15 or 20 dwell- 
ings. 

Gainesville, t. Wyoming 
co. situated 7 miles south of the 
village of Warsaw, and distant 248 
miles from Albany; contained in 



1840, 2,367 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling and somewhat hilly; 
soil, good quality well adapted for 
grass; it is drained on the north by 
Allen's creek, and on the south by 
a tributary of the Genesee river. 
Gainesville and East Gainesville 
are names of post offices. At the 
former there is a settlement con- 
taining 1 church, 2 taverns, 3 
stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 
25 or 30 dwellings. 

Galen, t. Wayne co. situated 
5 miles east of the village of Ly- 
ons, and distant 172 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 4,234 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
soil, sandy and gravelly loam of 
good quality; drained by Clyde 
river. The Erie canal passes 
through this town. Clyde, Locke 
Berlin and Marengo are names of 
post offices. 

Gales, p. o. Thompson, Sulli 
van co. 

Galesville, p. o. Greenwich, 
Washington co. 

Gallatin, t. Columbia co. 
situated 15 miles south-east of the 
city of Hudson, and distant 44 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,644 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is somewhat hilly and the soil 
various; on the north lies Charlotte 
lake from which flows Dove creek. 
Roeliff Jansen's creek drains it on 
the south. Gallatinville is the 
name of a post office. 

Gallop Island, lies near the 
foot of Lake Ontario, and is at- 
tached to the town of Henderson, 
Jefferson co. 

Gallupsville, p. o. Schoha- 
rie, Schoharie co. 

Galway, t. Saratoga co. si- 
tuated 12 miles west of the village 
of Ballston Spa, and distant 36 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,412 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating and hilly; soil, 
clay loam, mostly under a high 
state of cultivation; it is drained on 
the east by a tributary of the Kay- 



GAL WAY— GENEGANSLETTE CREEK. 



177 



aderosseras creek, and on the 
south by the Chuctenunda creek. 
Galway, Edgecomb's Corners and 
North Galway are names of post 
offices. Stimpson's Corners is the 
name given to a settlement. 

Galway, v. and p. o. Galway, 
Saratoga county, was incorporated 
in 1833; it now contains a popula- 
tion of about 500 inhabitants, 75 
dwelling houses, 2 churches, 3 
stores, 2 public houses, and a flou- 
rishing chartered academy; this 
institution is divided into two dis- 
tinct departments, one for the edu- 
cation of males, the other for fe- 
males. This village is delightfully 
situated, and surrounded by a rich 
agricultural settlement; no place 
probably exceeds it as a desirable 
location for a seminary of learn- 
ing for young ladies and gentle- 
men. 

Gansevoort, p. o. Northum- 
berland, Saratoga co. 

Gardiner's Bay, is a large 
expanse of water, lying at the 
eastern extremity of Long Island ; 
it forms an irregular circle, and is 
about 8 miles in diameter. 

Gardiner's Island, lies east 
of Long Island, being distant tome 
3 or 4 miles ; it is 4 miles long 
and 2 miles wide, and forms the 
eastern boundary of Gardiner's 
Bay. There is a long neck of 
land projecting north, which is 
called Gardiner's Point. This 
island was settled as early as 1639, 
by Lyon Gardiner, a Scotchman, 
who had served as a lieutenant in 
the British army. His descendants 
still own and occupy this island, 
which is highly cultivated ; on it 
is an extensive dairy and large 
flocks of sheep, producing wool of 
a fine quality. 

Gardnersville, p. o. Sew- 
ard, Schoharie co. 

Garoga, p. o. Ephratah, Ful- 
ton co. 

Garoga Creek, rises in the 
town of Bleecker, Fulton county, 
12 



and flows south into Montgomery 
county, where it empties into the 
Mohawk river, at the village of 
Palatine. 

Garoga Lake, situated in 
Bleecker, Fulton county, is about 
3 miles long and half a mile wide; 
it abounds in salmon and brook 
trout, and is surrounded by a wild 
and picturesque range of hills, 
heavily timbered with forest trees 
of a large growth. 

Garrattsville, p. o. New- 
Lisbon, Otsego co. 

Gasport, v. Royalton, Nia- 
gara co. is situated on the Erie 
canal ; it contains about 100 inha- 
bitants, 15 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 1 tavern, 1 store and 2 for- 
warding houses. Here are several 
mineral burning springs of some 
celebrity, from which this place 
takes its name ; the gas which es- 
capes from them, is used for do- 
mestic purposes- 

Gates, t. Monroe co. situated 
3 miles west of the city of Roches- 
ter, and distant 220 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,728 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating ; soil, sandy and gravelly, 
with some clay loam. Gates is 
the name of a post office. 

Gay Head, p. o. Greenville, 
Greene co. 

Geddes, v. and p. o.^ Salina, 
Onondaga county, is situated on 
the Erie canal, two miles west of 
Syracuse ; it was incorporated in 
1832, and now contains about 700 
inhabitants, 100 dwelling houses, 
1 church, 4 taverns, and 6 stores. 
Here was manufactured in 1840, 
187,064 bushels of salt from the 
saline springs belonging to the 
state, situated in this village. 

Gedney's Channel. See 
New- York Lower Bay. 

Geneganslette, p. o. 
Greene, Chenango co. 

Geneganslette Creek, 
rises in the town of Pharsalia, and 
empties into the Chenango river 



178 



GENESEE— GENESEE RIVER. 



near the village of Greene, all in I trout, are situated many mill pri 
the county of Chenango. On this vileges, only a part of which are 
stream, which abounds with fine | as yet occupied. 

GENESEE COUNTY, erected from Ontario in 1802, centrally dis- 
tant 250 miles from the city of Albany, is bounded on the north by 
Orleans county, on the east by the counties of Monroe and Livingston, 
on the south by Wyoming county, and on the west by Erie county. 
The surface of this county is gently undulating, and the soil is mostly 
sandy or gravelly loam, well adapted to the growth of grass and dif- 
ferent kinds of grain ; it has long been celebrated for producing large 
crops of wheat. It is drained by Allen's, Black and Tonawanda 
creeks. Of its mineral resources but little can be said, its chief wealth 
consisting in a productive soil ; it is justly ranked as one of the richest 
agricultural counties of Western New-York. It was divided in 1841, 
and the southern part formed into a new county, by the name of Wy- 
oming. Tonawanda railroad running from the city of Rochester, en- 
ters this county in the town of Bergen, and passes through the towns of 
Byron and Stratford, into the village of Batavia. A survey for the con- 
tinuation of this road to the village of Attica has been completed, and 
some progress made in the construction of the work. Another survey 
has also been made for a railroad from Batavia to the city of Buffalo, 
in a direct course, and also another road is projected to extend from 
Batavia to Lockport, there to connect with the Lockport and Niagara 
Falls railroad. The Tonawanda Indian Reservation is principally in 
this county, lying in the towns of Alabama and Pembroke, on both sides 
of the Tonawanda creek. Its area is about 473 square miles, or 302,720 
acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Genesee county, with 
the population in 1840 ; estimating one-half of the inhabitants of Co- 
vington to be included in the new town of Pavilion. 



Alabama, 1,798 

Alexander, 2,242 

Batavia, 4,219 

Bergen, 1,832 

Bethany,'. 2,286 

Byron, 1,907 

Darien, 2,406 

Genesee, t. Allegany co. si- 
tuated 20 miles south-west of the 
village of Angelica, and distant 
280 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 578 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is high and broken ; soil, 
sandy loam ; drained south-west 
by Little Genesee and Swan creeks. 
Little Genesee and West Genesee 
are names of post offices. 

Genesee Falls. See Gene- 
see River. 

Genesee Port. See Char- 
lotte 



Elba, 3,161 

Le Roy, 4,323 

Pavilion, estimated, 1,219 

Pembroke, 1,970 

Stafford, 2,561 



Total inhabitants, 29,924 

Genesee River, rises in Pot- 
ter co. Penn. on the great table 
land of Western Pennsylvania, in- 
terlocking with some of the head 
sources of the Allegany and west 
branch of the Susquehanna river; 
it then pursues a north course to 
the New-York state line, thence 
through the county of Allegany, 
the south-east angle of Wyoming 
into Livingston county; then by 
many short turnings through the 
rich and fertile valley of the Gene- 
see, which extends through Monroe 



GENESEE RIVER— GENESEE VALLEY CANAL. 



179 



county, where it falls into Lake 
Ontario. Its whole course is about 
145 miles, of which 125 miles is in 
this state. Near its mouth, within the 
present city limits of Rochester, 
are two or three important falls, 
known as the Genesee Falls ; with- 
in the distance of three miles there 
being an estimated descent of 226 
feet; the great tails at Rochester 
is 96 teet, at Carthage 75, an in- 
termediate one of 20, and the rest, 
rapids or small falls; altogether 
affording an immense amount of 
hydraulic power, which is used to 
a great extent, particularly at the 
upper falls, in propelling flouring 
mills, and different kinds of manu- 
facturing establishments. From 
the landing at Carthage, which 
constitutes a part of the city of 
Rochester, there is a steamboat 
navigation to Charlotte, or Port 
Genesee, a distance of 4 miles; 
where is a good harbor communi- 
cating with Lake Ontario. From 
the head of the rapids above Ro- 
chester it is navigable during high 
water for a considerable distance, 
passing through a rich and interest- 
ing region of country, celebrated 
for its fertility. This stream now 
constitutes the main feeder of the 
Genesee Valley canal, which runs 
parallel to it for the greater part of 
its length through the state. There 
are also important falls on this ri- 
ver, both in Allegany and Living- 
ston counties, where are to be found 
some of its most interesting fea- 
tures. In the town ot Portage, 
Allegany co. " there are three 
distinct falls on the river, re- 
spectively sixty, ninety, and one 
hundred and ten feet, within 
the space of two miles, each differ- 
ing in character, and each having 
peculiar beauties. Although the 
cascades are highly admirable, 
they are almost disregarded in the 
wonder and fear caused by the 
stupendous, perpendicular walls of 
the river, rising to four hundred 



feel in heighth, and extending along 
the stream for three miles,, with al- 
most as much regularity as if con- 
structed by art. To * this great 
depth, the river has worn its bed in 
the solid rock, in turns as short and 
graceful as if winding through the 
softest meadow." 

Genesee Valley, p. o. Ami- 
ty, Allegany co. 

Genesee Valley Canal, 
extends from the Erie Canal in the 
city of Rochester, to the Allegany 
river, at Olean, a distance of 108$ 
miles, with a branch 4j miles south 
of Mount Morris extending to the 
village of Dansville, a distance of 
11 miles; there are also navigable 
feeders of 2 miles, making a. total 
length of 121 5 miles of navigable 
canal; of which there was finished 
in 1841, 52 miles, including the 
branch to Dansville. From the 
junction of the Dansville branch at 
the Shaker settlement, to Por- 
tageville, a distance of about 17 
miles, the most difficult and ex- 
pensive portions of the canal are 
encountered. It includes deep 
cuttings, a tunnel, heavy rock ex- 
cavation, and the aqueduct over 
the Genesee river. Nearly all 
this work has been commenced, 
and more than one-half finished ; 
from Portageville to the Genesee 
river feeder the work is in progress. 
The division of the canal from the 
Genesee river feeder, thence to 
Olean, a distance of about 30 miles, 
must be supplied with water main- 
ly from artificial reservoirs, the 
main supply being drawn from the 
Ischua creek. The estimated cost 
of this canal is $4,688,050, of 
which there has been put under 
contract, work amounting to $3,- 
177,412, and paid on the same, 
$•2,548,419 ; leaving the sum of 
$2,139,631 to be provided for. 

The following is a description of 
the tunnel alluded to above : "The 
trunk of the tunnel is to be 27 feet 
wide, 20 feet high and 1,180 feet in 



180 



GENESEO— GENEVA. 



length ; the entire excavation of this 
tunnel, including the gallery, shaft, 
& lateral drifts, will amount to more 
than 25,000 cubic yards, for which 
the price paid is four dollars per 
yard. This, however, will not, by 
a great amount, cover the entire 
cost of the tunnel ; for since the 
excavation has been commenced, 
such is the character of the rock 
thrown together apparently by na- 
ture in loose masses and blocks, 
that it now appears that the entire 
roof and sides of the tunnel will 
require arching with solid mason 
work. Indeed, temporary arches 
of wood have been found necessary 
during the progress of almost every 
successive yard of the work. It is 
by far the greatest undertaking 
of the kind that has been at- 
tempted in our country." The 
whole region through which the 
canal here passes, also possesses 
great interest ; the tunnel running 
near by and parallel to the Genesee 
river, which here has a perpendi- 
cular bank of about 400 feet. 

Geneseo, t. Livingston co. 
contains the county buildings, si- 
tuated in the village of the same 
name, and is distant 226 miles 
from Albany. In 1840 it contain- 
ed 2,892 inhabitants. The surface 
is divided into elevated terraces 
and valleys ; the soil is of a good 
quality, particularly in the valley 
of the Genesee, which stands unri- 
valled for its richness and fertility. 
It is watered by some small streams 
which flow into the Genesee river 
on the west. 

Geneseo, v. and p. o. Gene- 
seo, Livingston co. is situated on 
elevated table land about half a 
mile east of the Genesee river; it 
was incorporated in 1832, and now 
contains about 900 inhabitants, 120 
dwelling houses, a court house, 
iail, and fire proof county clerk's 
office; 1 banking house; 1 Pres- 
byterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 Me- 
thodist church; an incorporated 



school, called the Livingston Coun- 
ty High School, attached to which 
is a large three story brick build- 
ing, and a boarding house for pu- 
pils; 4 public houses, and 8 or 10 
stores of different kinds. Geneseo 
is delightfully situated, overlooking 
the rich valley of the Genesee for 
a number of miles, through which 
passes the Genesee Valley canal. 

Genet Lake, forms one of the 
Eckford chain of lakes in Hamil- 
ton county; it lies west of Mount 
Emmons, and contains several 
beautiful small islands, surrounded 
by a wild and romantic region of 
country. This lake is erroneously 
called Lake Emmons on the county 
maps, and is much too large, while 
Eckford lake in the vicinity, is by 
far too small. 

Geneva, v. and p. o. Seneca, 
Ontario county, is beautifully si- 
tuated near the foot, or northern 
extremity of Seneca lake, on the 
western side. The principal part 
of the village, which is devoted to 
the residences of the inhabitants, 
lies upon a ridge along the banks 
of the lake, and elevated about 100 
feet above its surface, while the 
business part extends to the plain 
which lies at the foot of the lake, 
and but little elevated above it. 
The land west of the village is pe- 
culiarly formed, consisting of a 
succession of ridges parallel to the 
lake, and rising higher and higher 
each for some distance, command- 
ing a view of its beautiful waters, 
as if formed for choice residences 
in this region of beauty. The vil- 
lage was incorporated in 1812, and 
now contains about 3,600 inhabi- 
tants, and 500 dwelling houses. 
The Geneva College, attached to 
which are three buildings, and the 
Geneva Lyceum, are located here; 
1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Dutch Reformed, 1 Associate Re- 
formed, 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 1 
African Baptist, 1 Roman Catho- 
lic and 1 Universalist church; 2 



GENEVA COLLEGE— LAKE GEORGE. 



J$] 



banks, 6 hotels and taverns; abou! 
50 stores, 2 printing offices, 1 steam 
flour mill, 1 saw mill, 2 furnaces, 
2 carriage manufactories, 2 brew- 
eries, and many other kind of me- 
chanic establishments. Two steam- 
boats ply regularly on the lake, 
running daily up and down between 
Geneva and the village of Jefferson 
at the head of the lake. One of 
these is a beautiful passenger and 
mail boat, and connects with sta- 
ges to Elmira and Corning ; and at 
the latter place with the railroad to 
Blossburg, in Pennsylvania. The 
other boat is employed in towing 
canal boats, which come to Geneva 
by the Cayuga and Seneca canal, a 
branch of the Erie canal, and 
thence to the villages on the lake, 
and to the canal which connects 
this lake with Crooked Lake, and 
the Chemung canal, leading from 
Jefferson to the Chemung river at 
Elmira, and by the feeder to Corn- 
ing 1 . By the Blossburg railroad 
and the canal just mentioned, a 
large quantity of coal from the 
Blossburg mines, passes through 
this village on its way to market. 
Near the canal basin at the north- 
ern part of the village, passes the 
Auburn and Rochester railroad ; 
and probably ere many years the 
intercourse now not difficult by the 
canals, stages and the Blossburg 
railroad, with the system of canals 
and railroads in Pennsylvania, will 
open through the Seneca lake, 
which is never frozen, an easy and 
direct communication with the 
south. The meridian of the capi- 
tal at Washington passes through 
the lake about half a mile east of 
Geneva. Geneva College, received 
its charter in 1825. The college 
buildings, three in number, are 
beautifully situated on Main street 
in the village of Geneva, overlook- 
ing the lake. A large and hand- 
some building is about being 
erected on the same street, for the 
use of the medical department. 



The officers of the college are a 
president, five professors and a tu- 
tor, in the academical department ; 
and six professors and a demon- 
strator of anatomy in the medical 
department. The pre ent number 
of undergraduate students is about 
70 ; and of medical about 130. 
The number in each department has 
rapidly increased within a few years, 
and the college, situated as it is in a 
beautiful region, in the centre of the 
most fertile part of the state, and 
destined to become in a few years 
one of the wealthiest, and will un- 
doubtedly be one of the most nu- 
merous literary bodies in the 
country. It has a college and two 
handsome society libraries, philo- 
sophical apparatus, and cabinet of 
minerals, and a cabinet of natural 
history, the property of a natural 
history society; in the medical de- 
partment, a library of medical 
works, an ample chemical appara- 
tus, and a musem of anatomy. 

Genoa, t. Cayuga co. situated 
18 miles south of the village of 
Auburn, and distant 159 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,593 
inhabitants. The surface is rolling; 
soil, clay loam, highly cidtivated 
and fertile; drained south by Big 
and Little Salmon creeks, flowing 
into Cayuga lake. Genoa, East 
Genoa, Five Corners and King's 
Ferry, are names of post offices. 

Genoa, v. and p. o. Genoa, 
Cayuga county, is situated on Big 
Salmon creek ; it contains about 
200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Univer- 
salist church ; 2 taverns, 3 stores, 
1 iron foundery, 2 grist mills and 
1 ashery. 

George, Lake, or Hori- 
con, lies mostly in the county of 
Warren, and for some distance 
forms the dividing line between 
the above county and Washington, 
and is elevated 243 feet above the 
tide waters of the Hudson. This 
justly celebrated lake is 36 tnile3 



182 



GEORGETOWN— GERMAN FLATS. 



long, running nearly north and 
south, and from 2 to 3 miles wide, 
surrounded by high and picturesque 
hills, sometimes rising to mountain 
height ; it is dotted with numerous 
islands, said to count as many 
as there are days in the year ; 
some of considerable size, and cul- 
tivated ; while others are only a 
barren rock, rising majestically 
out of the surrounding waters. 
Diamond Island, near the village 
of Caldwell, is celebrated for its 
beautiful quartz crystals, which in 
shape and brilliancy resemble pure 
diamonds. The wild and romantic 
scenery. of this lake is unrivalled 
in the United States, and stands 
pre-eminent for its charming beau- 
ties. A tourist makes the follow- 
ing remarks : — "Time would fail 
us to enumerate the points of at- 
traction on the way. The remains 
of Fort George and Fort William 
Henry at the head of the lake, must 
not be passed without a visit. Nei- 
ther must you leave the Lake 
House, till in the quiet hour of 
twilight, the old rusty gun has 
been fired, and you have heard the 
echo, which is sent back from one 
mountain top to another, till the 
sound seems to have died away, and 
then have it revive and reverberate 
again as though another explosion 
had suddenly taken place. Every 
foot of ground along the shores, 
and even the water itself possesses 
vast interest. The bed of the lake 
is a handsome yellowish sand, and 
the water is so pure and transpa- 
rent, as to render the bottom visi- 
ble from 30 to 40 feet. Here the 
delicious salmon trout, that weigh 
from 12 to 20 pounds, are seen in 
their frolicksome mood, sporting 
with each other, and inviting the 
bait of the angler. " Silver trout, 
brook trout, pike, pickerel, perch, 
and several other kinds of fresh 
water fish, are here taken in abun- 
dance. Travellers on the tour from 
the Springs to Canada, should not 



fail to visit Lake George, or as it 
is sometimes more romantically 
called, Horicon ; by the French 
called Lac Sacrament, on account 
of the purity of its waters. The 
road passes through the village of 
Glen's Falls, a place of much in- 
terest to every lover of natural 
scenery; thence by a good stage 
road to the Lake House, at the 
village of Caldwell. A new steam- 
er, called the "William Caldwell," 
runs from the landing at this place 
to the foot of the lake, where sta 
ges are in readiness to convey pas- 
sengers to the steamboat landing 
at Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake 
Champlain, where commodious 
passage boats on their route from 
Whitehall to Burlington and St. 
Johns, stop daily, during the sea- 
son of navigation. 

Georgetown, t. Madison co. 
situated 10 miles south-west of the 
village of Morrisville, and distant 
108 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 1,130 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly; soil, clay loam, 
well adapted for grass; drained 
south by the head branches of the 
Otselic river. 

Georgetown, v. and p. o 
Georgetown, Madison county, con- 
tains about 300 inhabitants, 50 
dwelling houses; 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Baptist church; 1 tavern, 1 
store, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, and 
1 tannery. 

German, t. Chenango county, 
situated 16 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Norwich, and distant 126 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 965 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly, and the soil well 
adapted to grass. German is the 
name of a post office. 

German Flats, t. Herkimer 
co. situated 3 miles south of the 
village of Herkimer, and distant 83 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 3,245 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating, rising from the 
Mohawk river on the north, while 



GERMANTOWN— GLENHAM. 



183 



on the river are extensive alluvion 
flats giving name to the town, 
having been early settled by Ger- 
mans. The Erie canal passes 
through this town. Mohawk and 
Paine 's Hollow are names of post 
offices. 

Gebmaktown, t. Columbia 
co. situated 10 miles south of the 
city of Hudson, and distant 39 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 969 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is gently undulating; soil, 
clay loam, well cultivated. Get- 
mantown is the name of a post 
office. 

Gerry, t. Chautauque co. si- 
tuated 13 miles east of the village 
of Mayville, and distant 326 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,288 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, gravelly loam ; 
drained by Cassadaga creek and 
its tributaries. Gerry and Ver- 
mont are names of post offices. 

Ghent, t. Columbia co. situa- 
ted 8 miles north-east of the city 
of Hudson, and distant 26 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,558 inhabitants. The surface 'is 
somewhat broken ; soil, gravelly 
loam, generally well cultivated ; 
drained by Claverack creek. 

Ghent, v. and p. o. Ghent, 
Columbia co. contains about 100 
inhabitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
Dutch Reformed church, 1 tavern 
and 1 store. 

Giant of the Valley, is 
the name sometimes given to one 
of the high mountain peaks of Es- 
sex county. See Adirondack 
Mountains. 

Gibbet Island. See Ellis'' 
Island. 

Gibsonville, p. o. Leicester, 
Livingston co. 

Gilbertsville, v. and p. o. 
Butternuts, Otsego co. contains 
about 250 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
houses; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
pal, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church ; 1 tavern, 5 stores, 1 oil 



mill, 1 tannery and an ashery. 
Here is located an academy in a 
flourishing condition. 

Gilboa, v. and p. o. Broome, 
Schoharie co. situated on the Scho- 
harie creek ; contains about 200 
inhabitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 wool- 
len factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
1 furnace and 2 tanneries. 
Gilman, t. Hamiltonco. situated 
6 miles east of the village of Lake 
Pleasant, and distant 68 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 98 
inhabitants. The surface of this 
town is diversified, most of it being 
a wilderness of which but little is 
known ; it contains several small 
lakes, and on the north is an emi- 
nence called Mount Emmons. 

Girl's Flats, p. o. Tioga, 
Tioga co. 

Glasco, v. and p. o. Sauger- 
ties, Ulster co. is situated on the 
west side of the Hudson river, two 
miles below the village of Ulster ; 
here is a convenient landing, 3 
stores, 3 extensive brick yards, 
and about 50 dwelling houses. 

Glenco, Livingston, Colum- 
bia county, is situated on Copake 
creek ; this is a small manufac- 
turing settlement, containing 1 
cotton factory, 1 store, and a few 
dwellings. 

Glenham, v. and p. o. Fish- 
kill, Dutchess co. is situated on 
the Fishkill, 3 miles east of the 
Hudson river. This is a flourish- 
ing manufacturing village, con- 
taining about 500 inhabitants, 60 
dwelling houses, 2 churches, 1 
public house and 2 stores. The 
Glenham manufactory is a woollen 
establishment, manufacturing an- 
nually upwards of 200,000 pounds 
of the finest wool of this country in- 
to broadcloaths and cassimeres. 
These works are celebrated for the 
production of fine fabrics of a su- 
perior finish and color. They give 
employment to about 100 work- 
men, many of whom are old in- 



184 



GLENN— GLOVERSVILLE. 



habitants, and occupy their own 
dwellings. 

Glenn, t. Montgomery co. si- 
tuated 3 miles south of the village 
of Fonda, and distant 44 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 3,678 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly, 
but mostly tillable ; soil, loam 
blended with clay; it is drained by 
Schoharie creek on the east, which 
flows into the Mohawk river. 
The Erie canal passes through 
this town along the valley of 
the Mohawk. Glenn, Auriesville, 
Fultonville and Voorheesville, are 
names of post offices. 

Glen Cove, v. and p. o. Oys- 
ter Bay, Queens co. is situated on 
the east side of Hempstead Har- 
bor; it contains about 260 inhabi- 
tants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
Episcopal church; an academy; 
2 hotels, several stores, and 1 grist 
mill. This village is pleasantly 
situated, and is much resorted to 
during the summer months by 
strangers ; it generally has com- 
munication with New-York, by 
steamboat, in addition to stages 
and the Long Island railroad. 

Glen's Falls, v. and p. o. 
Queensbury, Warren co. is advan- 
tageously situated on the north side 
of the Hudson river, 53 miles 
north of the city of Albany. It 
was incorporated, in 1839, and now 
contains about 1,800 inhabitants, 
225 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyte- 
rian, 1 Baptist, and 1 Methodist 
church; an incorporated academy 
and a female seminary; 4 hotels 
and taverns, and 30 stores and 
groceries. Here are located 1 
grist mill, 4 extensive saw mills, 
including 3 gang mills of 25 saws 
each, and 4 English mills; 4 mar- 
ble mills, containing 275 saws ; 1 
plaster mill, 1 furnace, 3 machine 
shops, 1 marble polishing and 
chimney piece manufactory, 2 tan- 
neries, and 3 extensive establish- 
ments for the manufactory of lime. 
On both sides of the river at this 



place are extensivebeds of black 
marble, which for beauty of color 
and brilliancy of polish, are not 
exceeded in this country ; from 
this marble is also manufactured 
lime of a superior quality. Below 
the falls, nature has exposed the 
strata in such a way that the whole 
thickness of the marble or lime- 
stone can be examined to the depth 
of at least 70 feet. The falls on 
the Hudson river at this point, 
which have a total descent of about 
50 feet, are varied and picturesque, 
affording hydraulic power to a vast 
extent, which is as yet but partial- 
ly used for manufacturing purpo- 
ses. A new and substantial bridge 
is now erecting on the site of the 
old bridge at the falls, of about 500 
feet in length. This is a free 
bridge, and affords a favorable 
view of the falls and river. The 
Champlain canal feeder passes on 
the north side of the river at this 
place, receiving its waters from 
the Hudson, 2 miles above the vil- 
lage, and unites with the Champlain 
canal a few miles east, affording 
a navigable communication with 
Lake Champlain, and the tide wa- 
ters of the Hudson river. 

Glen's Falls Feeder. See 
Champlain Canal. 

Glenville, t. Schenectady 
county, situated 4 miles west of the 
city of Sehenectady, and distant 
19 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 3,068 inhabitants. The 
surface is somewhat hilly; soil, 
sandy loam. Aelplass creek runs 
near the east boundary, emptying 
into the Mohawk river near the city 
of Schenectady. Glenville, East 
Glenville, Hoffman's Ferry and 
Scotia, are names of post offices. 
At the former are located 1 church, 
1 tavern, 1 store, and some 12 or 
15 dwelling houses. 

Glen Wild, p. o. Thompson, 
Sullivan co. 

Gloversville, v. and p. o. 
Johnstown, Fulton county, contains 



GOAT, OR IRIS ISLAND— GOSHEN. 



185 



about 350 inhabitants, 50 dwelling; 
houses, 2 churches, 1 temperance 
house, 2 stores, 1 grist mill and 1 
saw mill. Here are manufactured 
large quantities of buckskin mit- 
tens, gloves and moccasins. 

Goat, or Iris Island, lies 
in the Niagara river at the Great 
Falls, dividing the waters that de- 
scend over this mighty cataract, 
into two unequal parts, the western- 
most constituting by far the great- 
est volume of water, and is 
generally denominated the Canada 
or Horse Shoe Fall, while the 
lesser stream is called the Ameri- 
can Fall. This island is approach- 
ed from the American side by a 
safe and substantial bridge. Its 
natural beauties must be seen to 
be fully appreciated. It contains 
between 60 and 70 acres, and is 
very fertile, in part still covered 
with a large growth of forest trees; 
in circumference it is about 1 mile. 
At the upper end commence the 
terrific rapids that lead on to the 
falls. The lower end of the island 
is a perpendicular bank of from 
80 to 100 feet, thence to the water's 
edge below the falls a sloping de- 
scent of about 100 feet more. 
From points on this part of the 
island, both of the falls are seen to 
great advantage. Here has been 
erected a tower called Prospect 
Tower, with an observatory on the 
top, and a stair case near by, to 
descend to the water's edge. 

Goff's Mills, p. o. Howard, 
Steuben co. 

Golden's Bridge, p. o. 
Lewisborough, Westchester co. 

Good Ground, p. o. South- 
ampton, Suffolk co. 

Goose Creek, rises in the 
town of Harmony, Chautauque co. 
and runs north-east into Chautau- 
que lake. 

Goose Neck Island, lies in 
the St. Lawrence river, and is at- 
tached to the town of Louisville, 
St. Lawrence co. 



Goriiam, t. Ontario co. situa- 
ted 8 miles south-east of the village 
of Canandaigua, and distant 187 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1810, 2,779 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is gently undulating; soil, 
fertile and well cultivated. It is 
drained by Flint creek, and some 
small streams running into Canan- 
daigua lake. Gorham, Centre 
Gorham and Reed's Corners, are 
names of post offices. Bethel is 
the name of a settlement. 

Goshen, t. Orange county, 
contains the county buildings lo- 
cated in the village of the same 
name, and is distant 104 miles 
from Albany ; in 1840, it contained 
3,889 inhabitants. The surface is 
in part hilly, with some extensive 
flats ; soil, loam, underlaid with 
slate and limestone, well adapted 
to grass. Great quantities of but- 
ter is made in this and the neigh- 
boring towns, which is justly 
celebrated for its superior quality. 
It is drained by two or three small 
streams, and to the west lie the 
"Drowned Lands," on the Wall- 
kill. Goshen, Chester and Sugar 
Loaf are names of post offices. 

Goshen, v. and p. o. Goshen, 
Orange county, is situated on a 
plain 104 miles south of the city 
of Albany ; it is surrounded by a 
rich grazing and agricultural re- 
gion of countiy, and is justly cele- 
brated for the product of its dairies. 
It was incorporated in 1809, and 
contains about 900 inhabitants, 150 
dwelling houses, a court house and 
jail, and county clerk's office, 
this being a half shire town with 
Newburgh ; 1 banking house, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Episcopal 
church ; 5 hotels and taverns, 15 
stores of different kinds ; 1 tan- 
nery, and 1 soap and candle facto- 
ry. The Farmers' Hall Academy 
in this place is a flourishing char- 
tered institution, connected with 
which, is a female seminary. 
The New-York and Erie, railroad 



136 



GOUVERNEUR-GRAND ISLAND. 



passes through this village, which 
is distant 45 miles north-west from 
Piermont, on the Hudson river, 
and 20 miles west of Newburgh. 
Here is a depot for the accommo- 
dation of passengers and merchan- 
dise, near which is a commodious 
public house. 

Gouverneur, t. St. Lawrence 
co. situated 18 miles south-west of 
the village of Canton, and distant 
180 miles from Albany ; contained j 
in 1840, 2,538 inhabitants. The j 
surface is mostly level; soil, va- 
rious, but generally of a good qua- 
lity; it is watered by the Oswe- 
gatchie river, which here takes a 
great bend, extending into the bor- 
der of Jefferson county. 

Gouverneur, v. and p. o. Gou- 
verneur, St. Lawrence county, is 
situated on the Oswegatchie river; 
it contains about 450 inhabitants, 
GO dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2 
taverns, 4 stores, 1 grist mill, and 
1 saw mill. Here is situated the 
Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary, a 
chartered institution in a flourish- 
ing condition. 

Governor's Island, New- 
York, is situated at the confluence 
of the East and Hudson rivers, and 
belongs to the United States go- 
vernment; it is admirably situated 
for the defence of the city of New- 
York, should ever an enemy pass 
the outer strong fortifications situa- 
ted at the " Narrows." On this 
island are already erected Fort 
Columbus, Castle Williams and 
the South Battery; altogether con- 
taining upwards of 200 heavy 
pieces of armament. The former 
work, which is in the centre of the 
island, is the most important; it 
alone contained in 1840, 105 guns 
of a large calibre. When fully 
garrisoned the above fortifications 
require 800 men. 

Gowanus, Brooklyn, Kings 
co. is a scattered settlement situa- 
ted on and near Gowanus bay. In 
this vicinity are located Greenwood 



Cemetery, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 
1 store, and 30 or 40 dwelling 
houses. 

Grafton, t. Rensselaer co. 
situated 14 miles east of the 
city of Troy, and distant 20 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,019 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly; soil, clay loam, 
and much of it heavily timbered; 
it is drained by the Poesten Kill, 
and two or three other small 
streams. Grafton is the name of 
a post office. 

Graham, p. o. Minisink, 
Orange co. 

Grahamsville, p. o. Never- 
sink, Sullivan co. 

Granby, t. Oswego co. situa- 
ted 15 miles south of the village of 
Oswego, and distant 158 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,385 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, sandy loam, and 
much of it heavily timbered with 
pine, oak, maple, beech, ash and 
hemlock. It is watered by the 
Oswego river and some other small 
streams. Granby and Six Mile 
creek are names of post offices. 

Grand Island, comprising a 
part of Tonawanda, Erie county, 
is situated in the Niagara river, 
commencing three miles below 
Black Rock, and extending to 
within the same distance of Niaga- 
ra Falls. It is 9 miles long, and 
in the broadest part 6 miles wide. 
It is an excellent body of land 
either for grain or grass; level, 
and easy of cultivation, and prin- 
cipally timbered with valuable 
white "oak, beech, maple, hickory, 
elm, ash, black oak, &c. There 
are 12 or 1500 acres of cultivated 
land in different localities. The 
Niagara along its shores is deep, 
and affords a good navigation, ren- 
dering accessible all parts of the 
island. It contains, according to 
the State survey, 17,381 acres. 
The village of Whitehaven is loca- 
ted on its eastern bank, opposite 



GRAND SACHEM— GREAT HOG NECK. 



J87 



Tonawanda. The position of the 
island is exceedingly advanta- 
geous, and much of its scenery 
stretching along the river eminent- 
ly beautiful. This island was se- 
lected some years since by M. M. 
Noah,Esq. on which to build a city, 
and establish a colony of Jews, 
wiih the view of making it the 
Ararat, or resting place of that 
dispersed people. It is said the 
European Rabbi did not sanction 
the scheme, and it was abandoned. 
A monument is still standing, 
erected by the projector in Septem- 
ber, 1825 ; it is about 15 feet in 
height, with suitable inscriptions, 
expressive of the undertaking. 

Grand Sachem of the 
Highlands. See Beacon, New. 

Granger, t. Allegany co. si- 
tuated 10 miles north of the village 
of Angelica, and distant 250 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,064 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating; soil, sandy and clay 
loam ; it is drained by the Genesee 
river and several small streams 
that flow into it from the east. 
Hickory, Swale and Short Tract, 
are names of post offices. 

Grangersville, p. o. Sara- 
toga, Saratoga co. 

Granville, t. Washington 
co. situated 16 miles north of the 
village of Salem, and distant 63 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 3,846 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is diversified, being somewhat 
broken and uneven ; soil, clay 
loam of good quality ; it is drained 
by the Paulet river, which flows 
north into Lake Champlain. 
Granville, Middle Granville and 
North Granville, are names of 
post offices. 

Granville, v. and p.o. Gran- 
ville, Washington county, is situa- 
ted near the Vermont state line ; it 
contains about 500 inhabitants, 90 
dwelling houses, 1 Episcopal, and 
1 methodist church, and a Friends' 
meeting house ; 2 taverns, 6 stores, 



1 woollen factory, 1 grist mill and 
1 tannery. 

Grass Lake, is a small body 
of water lying in the town of Ham- 
mond, St. Lawrence co. 

Grass River, rises in the 
south-east part of St. Lawrence 
co. and flows in a northern direc- 
tion into the St. Lawrence river, 
opposite Cornwall Island, Canada, 
its mouth being at the north bounds 
of the state. 

Grassy Point, p. o. Haver- 
straw, Rockland co. ; here is a 
convenient steamboat landing on 
the west side of the Hudson river ; 
a large hotel, 1 store, an extensive 
brick yard, and some 12 or 15 
dwellings. 

Gravesend, t. Kings co. si- 
tuated 8 miles south of the city of 
Brooklyn, and distant 153 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
799 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly level, much of it consisting 
of a salt marsh ; near the sea shore 
are some barren sand hills. Coney 
Island, which forms a part of this 
town, lies fronting the Atlantic 
ocean ; is much resorted to during 
the summer months, by those fond 
of sea bathing and fishing. 

Gravesend Bay, is formed 
by Coney Island, and a curve on the 
west end of Long Island, extend- 
ing to Fort Hamilton. On this 
bay is situated ihe well known 
Bath House, which is much re- 
sorted to during the summer 
months. 

Great Barn Island. See 
Barn Island. 

Great Bend, p. o. Champion, 
Jetferson co. ; here are situated on 
Black river, a large flouring mill, 
1 saw mill, 1 distillery, 1 carding 
and cloth dressing works, 1 tavern, 
1 store, and about 25 dwellings ; 
a free bridge extends across the 
river at this place. 

Great Hog Neck, lies in the 
town of Southampton, Suffolk co. 
between Gardiner's bay and Great 



188 



GREAT ISLAND— GREENBURGH. 



Peconic bay ; it is almost separa- 
ted from the main land, being con- 
nected to Long Island by an 
isthmus. 

Great Island. See Hemp- 
stead. 

Great Kills, lie on the 
south-east side of Staten Island ; 
they extend for some distance in- 
land, and receive two or three 
small streams, which are naviga- 
ble for small craft. 

Great Neck, lies in North 
Hempstead, Queens co. between 
Cow bay and Little Neck bay; it 
is about 4 miles long and 2 miles 
wide. On the north end is Hew- 
lett's Point. 

Great Peconic Bay. See 
Peconic Bay. 

Great South Bay, lying on 
the south side of Long Island, 
commences at the New Inlet, 25 
miles east of the city of New-York ; 
it is a large and navigable body of 
water extending from Hempstead 
bay in an easterly direction, a dis- 
tance of 50 miles ; being from 1 
to 5 miles wide. Its waters abound 
with almost every variety of shell 
and scale fish, which can never be 
exhausted. Wild water fowl of 
many kinds are also found here in 
countless numbers, affording a 
pleasant recreation to the sports- 
man, and a source of profitable 
employment to many hundreds of 
persons, who send large quantities 
offish and wild fowl to the New- 
York market. 

Great South Beach, lies 
on the outer side of the Great 
South bay, it is about 40 miles long 
and half a mile wide ; on the west 
end is a light-house, called the 
Fire Island light, the Fire Islands 
lying near by in the bay. 

Great Valley, t. Cattarau- 
gus co. situated 6 miles south of 
the village of Ellicottville, and dis- 
tant 299 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 852 inhabitants. 
The surface is somewhat broken, 



descending to the valley of the Al- 
legany; soil, various. Rock City, 
as it is called, in the north-west part 
of this town, is a great natural cu- 
riosity ; it is watered by Great Val- 
ley creek flowing into Allegany 
liver from the north, and by the 
Tunangwant creek from the south. 
The New-York and Erie railroad 
passes through this town on the 
north side of the Allegany. Great 
Valley and Killbuck are names of 
post offices. Chamberlainville is 
the name of a village. 

Great Valley Creek, ri- 
ses in Cattaraugus co. and flows 
south into the Allegany river. 

Greece, t. Monroe co. situated 
6 miles north of the city of Roch- 
ester, and distant 225 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,669 
inhabitants. The surface is undu 
lating; soil, mostly sandy and gra- 
velly, with some clay loam ; it is 
drained by several small streams 
running into Lake Ontario. Greece, 
Charlotte, Handford's Landing and 
North Greece are post offices. 
Green, orTiBBETT'sIsLAND, 
lies in the Hudson river, opposite 
the city of Troy, and is attached to 
the town of Watervliet, Albany co. 
It is about 2 miles long and half a 
mile wide ; on this island runs the 
Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad, 
and it is connected with Troy and 
West Troy by a bridge. 

Greenburgh, t. Westchester 
co. situated 5 miles west of the 
village of White Plains, and dis- 
tant 130 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 3,361 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly ; soil, gravelly, 
clay and sandy loam, mostly under 
good cultivation ; drained south by 
the Bronx and Saw Mill rivers; the 
Hudson river lies on its west boun- 
dary, where are located numerous 
delightful country residences. — 
Dobb's Ferry and Tarrytown are 
names of post offices. Hastings 
and Irving are names of settle- 
ments. 



GREENBUSH— GREENE. 



Gbeekbush, t. Rensselaer co. , incorporated in 1815, and now con- 



tains about 900 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Methodist church, 3 taverns, 
9 stores and groceries, 2 flouring- 
mills, 1 distillery, 1 spirit gas man 
ufactory, 1 tannery and a shipyard 
for building and repairing river 
craft. The Albany and West 
Stockbridge railroad commences 
in the north part of this Tillage, 
directly opposite the city of Alba- 
ny ; this road affords an uninterrup- 
ted communication with the city 
of Boston by railroad, and is one 
of the great links between the east- 
ern and western states. 



situated 6 miles south of the city 
ot Troy, and distant 1 mile from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,701 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
the upland is mostly clay loam, 
mixed with gravel and sand ; along 
the Hudson river there are some 
fertile flats. Greenbush, Defriest- 
ville, East Greenbush and Winants- 
kill are names of post offices; Bath 
is thj name of a village. 

Greenbush, v. and p. o. 
Greenbush, Rensselaer co. is situa- 
ted on the east side of the Hudson 
river, opposite the south part of the 
city of Albany, with which it is 
connected by a steam ferry; it was 

GREENE COUNTY, erected from Albany and Ulster in 1800, is 
centrally distant 30 miles from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on 
the north by Albany county, east by the Hudson river, south by Ulster 
and on the west by Delaware and Schoharie counties. The surface of 
this county is diversified, being hilly and mountainous on the south and 
west while it is more level on the north-east. The Catskill mountains 
here attain their greatest height, the " Round Top," the highest peak, 
being elevated 3,804 feet above the tide waters of the Hudson ; there 
are also other peaks of the same range of nearly the same altitude. 
The soil is various ; while the mountains are sterile, the uplands and 
vallies are rich and productive. Here are manufactured large quanti- 
ties of leather, for the production of which this county is celebrated, 
more so than any other county in the state. The mineral productions 
of this region are not so valuable, as might be supposed from its geolo- 
o-ical formation; it contains, however, some useful mineral productions. 
Some interesting crystaline forms of calcareous spar occur, and there 
Lave also been found fine crystals of quartz in cavities in the slate rock, 
near Catskill. The streams worthy of note, are the Catskill and Cox- 
sackie creeks, which flow easterly into the Hudson river, and the head 
branches of Schoharie creek, which run north-west into the Mohawk. 
The Catskill and Canajoharie railroad is finished from this place to 
Cooksburgh, in the county of Albany, a distance of 26 miles. Its 
area is about 583 square miles, or 372,933 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Greene county, with the 
population in 1840. 

Athens, 2,387 



Cairo, 2,862 

Catskill, 5,339 

Coxsackie, 3,539 

Durham, 2,813 

Greenville, 2,338 

Hunter, 2,019 



Lexington, 2,813 

New-Baltimore, 2,306 

Prattsville, 1,613 

Windham, 2,417 



Total inhabitants, 30,446 



190 



GREENE— GREENVILLE. 



Greene, t. Chenango co. situ- 
ated 20 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Norwich, and distant 126 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 3,462 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and broken ; soil, 
however, mostly good and heavily 
timbered ; it is drained by the 
Chenango river and some of its 
tributaries. Greene, East Greene 
and Geneganslette are names of 
post offices. 

Greene, v. and p. o. Greene, 
Chenango co. is situated on the 
west bank of the Chenango river, 
and on the line of the Chenango 
canal ; it contains about 750 inhab- 
itants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist 
and 1 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 
12 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 cloth- 
ier's works, 1 plaster mill, 1 saw 
mill and 2 tanneries. Stages pass 
through this village running from 
Utica to Binghamton, and from 
Ithaca to Catskill. 

Greenfield, t. Saratoga co. 
situated 10 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Ballston Spa, and distant 
40 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,803 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and mountainous; 
on the west are ridges of the Kay- 
aderosseras, and on the north-east 
the Palmertown mountains ; the 
intervening valley is drained by 
the Kayaderosseras creek; it is 
productive and generally well cul- 
tivated. Greenfield Centre, Por- 
ter's Corners and West Greenfield 
are names of post offices ; James- 
ville is the name of a settlement. 

Green Lake, in the town of 
Manlius, Onondaga co. lies within 
a few rods of the Erie canal; it is 
a small sheet of water, about three- 
fourths of a mile long by a quarter 
of a mile wide. This is probably 
the most beautiful little lake in the 
state It is clear and transparent, 
so much so, that fish can plainly be 
seen, with the naked eye, at the 
depth of fifty feet. There is no I 



outlet and but a small inlet to this 
lake. Its depth is 176 feet. In 
several places within five feet of 
the shore the water is 60 feet deep. 
There are several kinds of excel- 
lent fish in this lake. About 20 
rods above this is a small circular 
lake whose depth has never been 
ascertained. 

Greenport, t. Columbia co. 
situated 2 miles from the city of 
Hudson, surrounding it on three 
sides, and is centrally distant from 
Albany 30 miles. The surface is 
hilly ; soil, gravel, clay and loam; 
watered by the Hudson river, which 
bounds it in part on the west. 

Greenport, v. and p. o. South- 
old, Suffolk co. is situated near the 
north-east end of Long Island; it 
was incorporated in 183S, and now 
contains about 700 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling - houses, 2 churches, a 
large hotel and several stores. This 
place is advantageously situated at 
the head of Southold harbor. Here 
are owned several whale ships, be- 
sides brigs, schooners and smaller 
vessels employed in the coasting 
trade ; there have here been recent- 
ly built wharves and railways for 
the accommodation of vessels, the 
water being of sufficient depth for 
the largest ships ; well sheltered 
from storms, and rarely, if ever, 
obstructed with ice. The Long 
Island railroad, when finished, will 
extend from Brooklyn to this place, 
a distance of 93 miles; thence to 
Stonington, Conn, it is 24 miles by 
water. 

Green River, rises in Aus- 
terlitz, Columbia co. and flows 
south-east into Massachusetts, 
where it empties into the Housa- 
tonic river. 

Green River, p.o. Hillsdale, 
Columbia co. 

Greenville, t. Greene co. 
situated 15 miles north-west of the 
village of Catskill, and distant 26 
miles fr^m Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,338 inhabitants. The sur- 



GREENVILLE— GROVELAND 



191 



face is broken and hilly; soil, clay 
loam, well adapted to grass; it is 
drained by Provost and Catskill 
creeks. Greenville, Freehold and 
Gay Head are names of po-t offices. 

Greenville, v. and p. o. 
Greenville, Greene co. contains 
about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling' 
houses, 1 church, an incorporated 
academy, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 

Greenwich, t. Washington 
co. situated 10 miles west of the 
village of Salem, and distant 35 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 3,332 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is somewhat hilly; soil, gra- 
velly loam, productive and mostly 
well cultivated; the Battenkill 
flows along the south boundary, 
emptying into the Hudson river, 
which bounds it on the west. — 
Greenwich, East Greenwich, North 
Greenwich, Battenville, Lake and 
Union Village are names of post 
offices. 

Greenwood, t. Steuben co. 
situated 30 miles south-west of the 
village of Bath, and distant 251 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,138 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil of good quality 
for grass; drained north by Ben- 
nett's creek. Greenwood is the 
name of a post office. 

Greenwood Cemetery. 
See Brooklyn. 

Greig, t. Lewis co. situated 12 
miles south-east of the village of 
Martinsburgh, and distant 123 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
592 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly and broken ; soil, various and 
heavily timbered ; it is drained by 
Otter creek, Fish creek and Moose 
river, all of which run into Black 
river. Greig and Lyonsdalr are 
names of post offices. 

Greigsville,p.o. York, Liv- 
ingston co. 

Grenadier Island, lies near 
the foot of Lake Ontario, and is at- 
tached to the town of Lyme, Jef- 
ferson co. 



Griffen's Mills, p. o. Au- 
rora, Erie co. here are situated, on 
Cazenove creek, 1 grist mill, 2 
saw mills, 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 
stores and about 20 dwellings. 

Grindstone Island, lies in 
the St. Lawrence river, and is at- 
tached to the town of Clayton, Jef- 
ferson co. ; it is five miles long and 
2 miles wide, being one of the 
largest of the " Thousand Is- 
lands." 

Griswold's Mills, p. o. 
Fort Ann, Washington co. 

Groton, t. Tompkins co. situ- 
ated 13 miles north-east of the vil- 
lage of Ithaca, and distant 160 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 3,61S inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, gravelly 
loam, underlaid with slate, of good 
quality and mostly well cultivated ; 
drained by Fall creek and some 
other small streams. Groton, Ben- 
sonville, Fall creek, McLean, Pe- 
ruville and West Groton are names 
of post offices. 

Groton, v. and p. o. Groton, 
Tompkins co. is situated on the inlet 
to Owasco Lake ; it contains about 
350 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hous- 
es, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church, a flourishing incorporated 
academy, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 
flouring mill, 3 saw mills, 1 fur- 
nace, 1 carding and fulling mill, 
and 1 carriage manufactory. 

Grove, t. Allegany co. situat- 
ed 13 miles north of the village of 
Angelica, and distant 257 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
623 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, mostly sandy 
loam ; drained south by Cashaque 
and Canaseraga creeks. Grove 
and East Grove are names of post 
offices. 

Groveland, t. Livingston co. 
situated 6 miles south of the village 
of Geneseo, and distant 232 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,000 inhabitants. The surface is 
high and ridgy ; soil, various, 



192 



GUILDERLAND— HALLETT'S COVE. 



mostly sand and clay loam ; it is 
drained south by Canaseraga creek, 
and on the north-east angle lies 
Conesuslake. Groveland, Grove- 
land Centre and East Groveland 
are names of post offices. 

Guilder land, t. Albany co. 
situated 10 miles west of the city 
of Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,790 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly level ; soil, sandy and of an 
inferior quality ; drained east by 
Norman's kill. Guilderland, Guil- 
derland Centre, Dunnsville and 
West Guilderland are names of 
post offices. 

Guilford, t. Chenango co. 
situated 10 miles south-east of the 
village of Norwich, and distant 
105 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 2,872 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and broken; soil, 
generally of good quality ; water- 
ed by the Unadilla, which flows 
along its east boundary. Guilford, 
East Guilford and Mount Upton 
are names of post offices ; Fayette 
is the name of a settlement. 

Guilford, v. and p. o. Guil- 
ford, Chenango co. is an agricul- 
tural village, containing about 200 
inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 
1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
church, 1 tavern, 2 stores and a 
clothier's works. 

Gull Island, Great and 
Little, are attached to the town of 
Southold, Suffolk co.; they are 
situated in what is called the Race, 
on account of the swiftness of the 
current, and must have long since 
disappeared but from their being- 
composed of solid rock. 

Hackejxsack, p. o. Fishkill, 
Dutchess co. ; here is a settlement 
containing 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 
store and a few dwellings. 

Hadley, t. Saratoga co. situa- 
ted 26 miles north of the village of 
Ballston Spa, and distant 56 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
865 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly and mountainous, being in 



part covered by the Kayaderosse- 
ras mountain; the lumber trade 
forms the chief employments of its 
inhabitants. The Sacandaga river 
here forms a junction with the 
Hudson, which latter stream bounds 
it on the east. Hadley is the name 
of a post office. 

Hadley's Falls, lying in the 
Hudson river between the towns of 
Hadley and Luzerne, are just 
above the mouth of the Sacandaga 
river, while on the county maps 
of the state they are located seve- 
ral miles below. 

Hagerman's Mills, p. o. 
Amsterdam, Montgomery county; 
here are situated 1 church, 1 ta- 
vern, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill, 1 carpet factory, 1 turning 
machine, and about 25 dwelling 
houses. 

Hague, t. Warren co. situated 
28 miles north of the village of 
Caldwell, and distant 90 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1S40, 610 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly 
and mountainous, being in part co- 
vered by the Kayaderosseras range 
of mountains ; on the east it is 
watered by Lake George. Hague 
is the name of a post office. 

Haivnakraus Kill, rises in 
Albany county, and flows east into 
the Hudson river, near the village 
of Coeymans. 

Halcottsville, p. o. Mid- 
dletown, Delaware co. 

Halfmoon, t. Saratoga co. 
situated 15 miles south-east of the 
village of Ballston Spa, and distant 
18 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 2,631 inhabitants. The 
surface is mostly level; soil, sand, 
sandy loam and some clay, gene- 
rally productive. It is watered by 
the Hudson river on the east. The 
Champlain canal and Rensselaer 
and Saratoga railroad both run 
through this town. Halfmoon is 
the name of a post office. 

Hallktt's Cove. See As- 
toria, 



HALL'S CORNERS— HAMILTON. 



193 



Hall's Corners, p. o. Sene- 
ca, Ontario co. 

Hall's Mills, p. o. Rensse- 
laerville, Albany co. Here are 
situated 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 
about 20 dwellings. 

Hallsville, p. o. Minden, 
Montgomery co. 

Hamburgh, t. Erie co. situa- 
ted 8 miles south of the city of 
Buffalo, and distant 281 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,727 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating ; soil, clay, sand and cal- 
careous loam, warm and fertile, 
well adapted to grass, grain and 
fruit ; drained by Smokes creek, 
Rush creek and Cauquaga creek, 
all flowing into Lake Erie, which 
bounds it on the west. Ham- 
burgh, Hamburgh on the Lake, 



East Hamburgh, and Water Val 
ley are names of post offices. 
At the former there are situated 1 
church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 2 tan- 
neries, and about 30 dwelling 
houses. 

Hamden, t. Delaware county, 
situated 7 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Delhi, and distant 85 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,469 inhabitants. The surface is 
broken and mountainous ; soil, va- 
rious; drained by the west branch 
of the Delaware river. 

Ha 3i den, v. and p. o. Hamden, 
Delaware co. is situated on the 
right bank of the west branch of 
the Delaware river; it contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian church, 1 
tavern, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill and 1 small woollen factory. 



HAMILTON COUNTY, was provisionally erected in 1816, but not 
organized until January, 1838 ; it is centrally distant 95 miles from 
the city of Albany, and is bounded on the north by the counties of St. 
Lawrence and Franklin, on the east by Essex and Warren, on the 
south by Fulton, and on the west by Herkimer county. The surface 
of this county is elevated, and in part hilly and mountainous, abounding 
with numerous lakes and ponds, sending forth streams east, west, north 
and south, which are the sources of several rivers ; Indian river and 
Sacandaga river, the west branches of the Hudson, Moose river and the 
Racket river, are the most important. The principal lakes are Indian 
lake, Long lake, Racket lake, Piseco lake and Lake Pleasant, all abound- 
ing with trout and other fish of a delicious flavor ; it has become a 
great resort for the sportsman and angler. There are some tracts of 
fine arable land, along the margin of the lakes and streams, mostly 
covered with a heavy growth of timber; the whole middle and northern 
section, being as yet' a vast wilderness. As to its mineral resources 
but little is as yet known, although there is no doubt of the existence 
of iron ore, and many other useful and valuable minerals. This whole 
region of country has of late attracted much attention ; new roads are 
about being constructed, and the settlements are increasing. Its area is 
about 1,061 square miles, or 680,866 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Hamilton county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Arietta, 209 

Oilman, 98 

Hope, 711 

Lake Pleasant, 296 

Long Lake, 59 

Hamilton, t. Madison co. si- 
tuated 10 miles south-east of the 
13 



Morehouse, 169 

Wells, 365 

Total inhabitants, 1,907 

village of Morrisville, and distant 
96 miles from Albany ; contained in 



194 



HAMILTON— HAMPTONBURGH. 



1840, 3,738 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is somewhat hilly ; soil, calca- 
reous loam of good quality, and 
mostly highly cultivated; it is drain- 
ed by the head branches of the Che- 
nango river. Hamilton, Earlville & 
Poolsville are names of post offices. 

Hamilton, v. and p. o. Hamil- 
ton, Madison county, is situated on 
the Chenango river ; it was incor- 
porated in 1816, and now contains 
about 1,500 inhabitants, 400 dwel- 
ling houses, 2 college buildings, 
and an incorporated academy in a 
flourishing condition ; 3 churches, 
3 public houses, 20 stores and gro- 
ceries, 1 flouring mill, and 1 
tannery. Here is located the 
Hamilton Literary and Theologi- 
cal Institution, sustained by the 
Baptist denomination of this and 
the adjoining states. The college 
buildings consist of two edifices 
built of stone, four stories high, 
besides the basement, and 100 feet 
long by 60 wide ; they stand on 
an eminence half a mile south of 
the centre of the village, overlook- 
ing the surrounding country. It 
was chartered in 1818, and is now 
under the immediate government of 
a president and 7 professors ; the 
number of students in 1841, was 238. 

Hamilton College. See 
Clinton Village. 

Hammertown, Pine Plains, 
Dutchess co. is a small manufac- 
turing settlement, situated on Chi- 
comeco creek ; it contains a large 
scythe factory, 1 tannery and 8 or 
10 dwellings. 

Hammond, t. St. Lawrence 
co. situated 26 miles south-west of 
the village of Canton, and distant 
184 miles trom Albany; contained 
in 1840, 1,845 inhabitants. The 
surface is level; soil, sand and 
clay, very fertile, well adapted to 
grass or grain. The St. Lawrence 
river bounds it on the west, and it is 
watered on the east by Black lake. 
Hammond and South Hammond 
are names of post offices. 



Hammond, v. and p. o. Ham- 
mond, St. Lawrence co. contains 
about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Metho- 
dist church; 1 tavern and 2 stores. 

Hammond's Mills, p. o. 
Campbell, Steuben co. 

Hammondsport, v. and p. o. 
Urbana, Steuben co. is situated at 
the south end of Crooked lake. 8 
miles north-east of the village of 
Bath ; it contains about 700 inha- 
bitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Episcopal 
church ; 2 tfiverns, 12 stores, 3 
warehouses, 1 flouring mill, 1 saw 
mill, 1 plaster mill and 1 tannery. 
This is a convenient steamboat 
landing. A passage boat runs 
daily between this place and the 
village of Penn-Yan, a distance of 
22 miles ; from thence the Crooked 
Lake canal communicates with 
Seneca lake, a further distance of 
S miles. 

Hampton, t. Washington co. 
situated 26 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Salem, and distant 73 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
972 inhabitants. The surface is 
somewhat hilly, with fertile val- 
lies; drained on the north by the 
Pouftney river, which divides it 
from the state of Vermont. Hamp- 
ton and Low Hampton are names 
of post offices. 

Hampton, v. Westmoreland, 
Oneida county, is situated on a 
branch of the Oriskany creek; it 
contains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Methodist church ; 2 taverns, 
4 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 saw 
mill and an ashery. About half a 
mile north of (his place is situated 
a mineral spring of some cele- 
brity. 

Hamptoneurgh, t. Orange 
co. situated 4 miles north-east of 
(lie village of Goshen, and distant 
100 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,379 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating; soil, clay 



HANCOCK— HARLEM RIVER. 



195 



and loam, well adapted to grass 
and grain, and highly productive ; 
drained by Murderer's creek east, 
and by the VVallkill which bounds 
it on the west, Hamptonburgh, 
Horace and Little Britain, are 
names of post offices. 

Hancock, t. Delaware county, 
situated 24 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Delhi, and distant 129 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840,1,026 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is broken, and mountainous. 
This is a large town, chiefly settled 
along the Papacton branch of the 
Delaware river, and on the main 
stream of the Delaware, which wa- 
ters it on the south-west Hancock, 
East Branch and Partridge. Island 
are names of post offices. Paulinia 
is the name of a settlement. 

Hanford's Landing, p. o. 
Greece, Monroe co. 

Hannibal, t. Oswego co. si- 
tuated 12 miles south of the village 
of Oswego, and distant 168 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,269 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulatiug ; soil, sandy loam and 
fertile ; drained north by several 
small creeks flowing into Lake 
Ontario. Hannibal, Hall's Cor- 
ners and Kinney's Four Corners 
are names of post offices. 

Hannibalville, v. Hanni- 
bal, Oswego co. is an agricultural 
settlement, containing 2 church- 
es, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 
1 saw mill, an ashery, and about 
30 dwelling houses. 

Hanover, t. Chautauque co. 
situated 26 miles north-east of the 
village of Mayville, and distant 
315 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 3,998 inhabitants. The 
surface is high and hilly, declining 
north towards Cattaraugus creek 
and Lake Erie ; along the lake 
shore and upon the intervals of the 
streams, are rich alluvial soils. In 
this vicinity are to be found some 
of the largest growth of forest trees 
in the state; in 1822, a black wal- 



nut tree was blown down, stand- 
ing near Black Walnut creek, in 
this town, which measured 36 feet 
in circumference at its base, gra- 
dually tapering 80 feet to the first 
limb ; its total heighth was about 
150 feei, and was estimated to con- 
tain 100 cords of wood. In addi- 
tion to the streams named, Silver 
creek flows nearly through the 
centre of this town. Hanover, 
Irving, Nashville, Silver Creek 
and Smith's Mills are names of 
post offices. Fayette, Forrestville 
and La Grange are names of vil- 
lages. 

Harbor Hill, is the highest 
point of land on Long Island, lying 
in the town of North Hempstead, 
Queens co. It is elevated 319 feet 
above the Atlantic ocean, and is 
visible for 25 miles at sea. 

Harbor of New-York 
See Neio-York Bay. 

Harford, p. o. Virgil, Cort- 
land co. 

Harlem, v. and p. o. New- 
York city and county, is situated 
7i miles north of the City Hall, on 
the Harlem river. It contains 
about 1,400 inhabitants, 175 dwel- 
ling houses, 1 Episcopal, 1 Re- 
formed Dutch, 1 Methodist and 1 
Roman Catholic church ; 1 public 
market; 10 hotels and taverns, 10 
stores, 1 extensive railroad car 
and coach manufactory, and 2 car- 
riage and wagon factories, 1 carpet 
manufactory, 1 lumber yard, and 
2 coal and wood yards. Here is 
a toll bridge and railroad bridge 
across the Harlem river; there is 
also a convenient steamboat land- 
ing and wharves for loading and 
unloading vessels. 

Harle^ Railroad. See 
New-York and Harlem Railroad. 

Harlem River, as it is call- 
ed, extends from the East river to 
the Hudson river, or Spuyten Duy- 
val creek, the name given to the 
western termination of this chan- 
nel ; it divides the county of New- 



196 



HARLEMVILLE— HARTFORD. 



York from Westchester county. 
Although navigable, it has several 
bridges built across it with draws, 
to admit vessels through ; the Har- 
lem bridge, the rail -road bridge, 
McComb's bridge, King's bridge, 
and the Croton aqueduct bridge, 
all cross this stream, which is 8 or 
10 miles in length. 

Harlemville, p. o. Clave- 
rack, Columbia co. 

Harmony, t. Chautauque co. 
situated 10 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Mayville, and distant 338 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 3,340 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling; soil, sandy and 
gravelly loam, with some clay ; it 
is drained by Goose creek and 
some other streams, flowing north- 
east into Chautauque lake, and by 
Little Broken Straw creek running 
south into Pennsylvania. Harmo- 
ny and Panama are names of post 
offices. 

Harpersfikld, t. Delaware 
CO. situated 18 miles north-east of 
the village of Delhi, and distant 
62 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,708 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and broken ; soil, 
chocolate colored loam, fertile and 
well cultivated ; drained by Char- 
lotte and Delaware rivers. Har- 
persfield, North Harpersfield and 
West Harpersfield, are names of 
post offices. # 

Harpersfield, v. and p. o. 
Harpersfield, Delaware county ; 
contains about 200 inhabitants, 40 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Baptist church, 2 taverns 
and 4 stores. 

Harpersville, v. and p. o. 
Colesville, Broome co. is situated 
a short distance east of the Susque- 
hanna river ; it contains about 200 
inhabitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
Episcopal church, 1 tavern, 1 
store and 1 saw mill. 

Harrietstown, t. Franklin 
co. situated 35 miles south of the 
village of Malone, and distant 190 



miles from Albany. This is a new 
town taken from Duane in 1841, 
and is an almost perfect wilderness ; 
it contains Lower Saranac lake, and 
several other small lakes and ponds, 
being the head waters of the Rack- 
et and Saranac rivers. 

Harrisburgh, t. Lewis co. 
situated 12 miles north-west of the 
village of Martinsburgh, and dis- 
tant 140 miles from Albany; con 
tained in 1840, 850 inhabitants. 
The surface inclines to the east; 
soil, brown loam of good quality, 
underlaid with limestone. It is 
drained north by Deer creek. 
Harrisburgh is the name of a post 
office. 

Harrison, t. Westchester co. 
situated 3 miles east of the village 
of White Plains, and distant 134 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,139 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is mostly level ; soil, loam, 
fertile and well cultivated ; drained 
by Blind brook and Mamaroneck 
creek, running south into Long 
Island Sound. The Purchase is 
the name of a post office. 

Harrisville, p. o. Diana, 
Lewis co. 

Hartfield, v. Chautauque, 
Chautauque co. is situated on a 
stream one mile north of Chautau- 
que lake ; it contains about 180 
inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 tan- 
nery. 

Hartford, t. Washington co. 
situated 14 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Salem, and distant 56 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,164 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly hilly; soil, sandy and clay 
loam ; drained north by two or 
three small streams, tributaries of 
Wood creek. Hartford and South 
Hartford are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Hartford, v. and p. o. Hart- 
ford, Washington co. is situat d on 
the northern post road ; it contains 



HARTLAND— HAVERSTRAW. 



197 



about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
houses, 1 Baptist and 1 Universalist 
church ; 1 tavern and 3 stores. 

Hartland, t. Niagara co. 
situated 8 miles north-east of the 
village of Lockport, and distant 
272 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1S40, 2,350 inhabitants. The 
surface is level ; soil, sandy and 
calcareous loam, on lime and slate ; 
drained northerly by Johnson's 
and Eighteen mile creek, both of 
which run into Lake Ontario. 
Hartland and Johnson's Creek are 
names of post offices. 

Hart's Island, lies in Long 
Island Sound, and is attached to 
the town of Pelham, Westchester 
co 

Hart's Village, p. o. Wash- 
ington, Dutchess co. 

Hartsa'ille, p. o. Manlius, 
Onondaga co. 

Hartwick,!. Otsego co. situ- 
ated 5 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Cooperstown, and distant 
75 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1S40, 2,490 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly but mostly arable ; 
soil, sandy loam, fertile and very 
productive in the valleys; drained 
south by the Otego creek and Sus- 
quehanna river. Hartwick and 
Hartwick Seminary are names of 
post offices ; Toddsville is the name 
of a village. 

Hartwick, v. and p. o. Hart- 
wick, Otsego co. is situated in the 
valley of the Otego creek, it con- 
tains about 400 inhabitants, 70 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Baptist and 1 Methodist church ; 7 
stores, 2 public houses, an iron 
foundery, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
a clothier's works, an oil mill, 1 
tannery, 3 asheries and a brick- 
kiln. 

Hartwick Seminary, p. o. 
Hartwick, Otsego co. is situated 
on the Susquehanna river. Here 
is located the Hartwick Seminary, 
a chartered institution, originally 
endowed with a fund amounting to 



£S0,000, by John Christopher 
Hartwick ; also a Lutheran church 
and about 20 dwellings. 

Hart wood, p. o.Forrestburg. 
Sullivan co. 

Hassencleaver Moun- 
tain, is the name given to a 
range of hills, extending through 
a part of Herkimer and Oneida 
counties ; they lie to the north of 
the Mohawk valley, and are eleva- 
ted from 1,000 to 1,200 feet, with 
a rolling surface. 

Hastings, t. Oswego co. situa- 
ted 20 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Oswego, and distant 150 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1S40, 1,983 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is level; soil, mostly sandy 
loam, well adapted to grass; it is 
drained by Salmon creek on the 
north, and several small streams 
running into Oneida lake on the 
south. Hastings and Central 
Square are names of post offices. 

Hastings, v. Yonkers, West- 
chester co. here is a convenient 
landing on the east side of the 
Hudson river, 20 miles north of 
the city of New-York; it contains 
1 hotel, 1 store, 1 button factory 
and some 12 or 15 dwellings. 

Havana, v. and p. o. Cathe- 
rines, Chemung co. is situated on 
the line of the Chemung canal ; it 
was incorporated in 1836, and now 
contains about 700 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Methodist church; 3 taverns, 
9 stores and 1 warehouse, 1 cotton 
factory, 2 flouring mills, 1 saw 
mill, 1 oil mill, 1 plaster mill, 1 
furnace, 1 tannery and 2 boat 
yards, all situated on the inlet of 
Seneca Lake, which is 3 miles 
north of the village. 

Haver's Island, lies at the 
mouth of the Mohawk river and is 
attached to the town of Watervliet, 
Albany co. 

Haverstraw, t. Rockland 
co. situated 7 miles north of New- 
City, and distant 116 miles from 



198 



HAVERSTRAW— HELL GATE. 



Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,449 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly 
and mountainous, being covered 
by the Dunderberg mountain ; 
there are some fertile valleys, con- 
sisting mostly of clay loam ; it is 
watered by two or three small 
streams flowing into the Hudson 
river, which bounds it on the east, 
where are several convenient land- 
ings, also Stony Point, which was 
an important military position dur- 
ing the revolutionary war. Haver- 
straw and Grassy Point are names 
of post offices; Caldwell's Landing 
and Sampsondale are settlements. 

Haverstraw, or Warren, 
v. and p. o. Haverstraw, Rockland 
co. is situated on the west side of 
the Hudson river; it contains about 
400 inhabitants, 60 dwelling hous- 
es, 2 churches, an academy, 3 
taverns, 6 stores, 2 extensive brick 
yards and 1 shipyard. Here are 
owned a steamboat and 3 or 4 
sloops, trading with New- York 
market. 

Haverstraw Bay, is an ex- 
pansion of the Hudson river, lying 
opposite the town of Haverstraw, 
Rockland co. it extends from Tel- 
ler's Point to Verplank's Point, a 
distance of 6 miles, and is from 2 
to 3 miles wide. 

Haviland's Hollow, p. o. 
Patterson, Putnam co. 

Haysburgh, p. o. Horicon, 
Warren co. 

Hebron, t. Washington co. 
situated 8 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Salem, and distant 52 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,498 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly ; soil, sandy loam, mostly 
feitile in grass and grain ; drained 
south-west by Black creek. He- 
bron and West Hebron are names 
of post offices. 

Hector, t. Tompkins co. situ- 
ated 14 miles west of the village 
of Ithaca, and distant 186 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
5,652 inhabitants. The surface is 



high and undulating ; soil; well 
adapted to grass; it is drained by 
several creeks, some running east 
into Cayuga lake, and others flow- 
ing into Seneca lake, which bounds 
it on the west. Hector, Burdette, 
Mecklenburgh, North Hector, 
Reynoldsville and Searsburgh are 
names of post offices. 

Helderberg Hills, or 
Mountains, extend through the 
west part of Albany county into 
Schoharie, uniting with the Cats- 
kill range on the south; it is a 
mass of compact limestone, rising 
from a basis rock of graywacke 
and graywacke slate, rising from 
400 to 500 feet above the level of 
the adjoining country, very pre- 
cipitous and of pretty uniform ele- 
vation. This group embraces a 
series of limestones, varied in 
mineralogical character, in chemi- 
cal composition, and which 
abounds in fossil remains and cav- 
erns ; some of the latter are very 
extensive and of singular beauty, 
containing stalactites and stalag- 
mites, together with many inter- 
esting animal remains and mine- 
rals. 

Helena, v. and p. o. Brasher, 
St. Lawrence co. is situated on St. 
Regis river; it contains about 100 
inhabitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist 
mill and 1 saw mill. 

Hell Gate, or Helle Gatt, 
was the original name given to a 
narrow and dangerous pass in the 
East river, betweet Great Barn Is- 
land and Long Island; distant 7 
miles north-east from the city of 
New -York. " Modern fastidious- 
ness, which often strains at a gnat 
and swallows a camel, has endea- 
vored to impress us with a belief 
that our Dutch ancestors were too 
puritanical to give such a name as 
" Hell Gate" to a natural whirl- 
pool, as the one found in the East 
river. The Teutonic nation from 
which the Dutch descended, were 



HEMLOCK ISLAND— HEMPSTEAD. 



199 



possessed of a wild and powerful 
imagination, and gave poetic terms 
to every natural phenomenon. It 
was in character for the early set- 
tlers to indulge their imagination 
in giving a name to this dangerous 
pass. When first discovered, it 
was a wonder, as it is now. He 
was a brave man who first ventured 
to examine Hell Gate, and pass 
through its agitated waters." — 
Spafford, in his very clever Gazet- 
teer, says: — " Horll Gatt, Hurl 
Gate, or Hell Gate, is a narrow and 
difficult strait in the East river, 
formed by projecting rocks, that 
confine the water to a narrow 
and crooked channel, occasioning 
strong eddy currents." It is now 
during slack water with a fair wind 
and a skilful pilot, passed by fri- 
gates and merchantmen of the 
largest class; steamboats and small 
vessels with a commanding breeze, 
pass at all times with the tide. 
Vessels, however, are frequently 
wrecked in this strait. During the 
Revolutionary war the English 
frigate Huzza, in attempting to 
pass out to sea through Hell Gate, 
struck the rocks and was so much 
injured that after sailing a few 
miles she sunk in deep water, 
where her hull still remains. 

Hemlock Island, lies in the 
St. Lawrence river, and is attach- 
ed to the town of Clayton, St. 
Lawrence co. 

Hemlock Lake, lies on the 
east border of Livingston co. ex- 
tending into Ontario; it is 6 miles 
long and 1 mile wide, and dischar- 
ges its waters northward, the outlet 
Mowing into the outlet of Honcoye 
lake, after running 6 miles. 

Hemlock Lake, p. o. Livo- 
nia, Livingston co. 

Hempstead, t. Queens co. sit- 
uated 21 miles east of the city of 
Brooklyn, and distant 167 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
7,609 inhabitants. The surface is 
level ; soil, sand and sandy loam, 



much of it rendered highly pro- 
ductive by proper cultivation, while 
a large extent is uncultivated 
plains, known as the " Hempstead 
Plains." It is drained by several 
streams running into Jamaica bay 
and Hempstead bay on the south. 
There are several islands belong- 
ing to this town, of which Great 
Island and Hog Island are the lar- 
gest; Rockaway beach and Long 
beach, front the Atlantic ocean, 
and are much resorted to during 
the summer months by those fond 
of sea bathing and sporting; while 
during the prevalence of storms 
and in cold weather, there have 
here been many fearful shipwrecks, 
attended often with great loss of 
fife. Hempstead, Far Rocka- 
way, Foster's Meadow and Jeru- 
salem South are names of post offi- 
ces ; Jerusalem, Near Rockaway 
and Raynortown are names of set- 
tlements. 

Hempstead, v. and p. o. 
Hempstead, Queens co. is delight- 
fully situated on the southern mar- 
gin of the great "Hempstead 
Plains;" it contains about 1,400 
inhabitants, 200 dwelling houses, 
1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
Methodist church ; the Hempstead 
Seminary is an incorporated insti- 
tution for the instruction of males 
and females, and is in a flourishing 
condition; 1 insurance company, 
5 hotels and taverns, 16 stores of 
different kinds; 1 tannery, 1 print- 
ing office, besides various other 
kinds of mechanic shops. No 
place on Long Island, although 
abounding in pleasant villages, 
probably exceeds this spot as a de- 
sirable place of residence ; the air 
is tempered by the sea breeze, 
and the salubrity of this vicinity has 
long been proverbial, distant but a 
few miles from the ocean. A branch 
railroad extends from this place to 
the Long Island railroad, a distance 
of 2 miles, where is a small village 
called Hempstead Branch; from 



200 



HEMPSTEAD BAY— HENRIETTA. 



thence to Brooklyn South Ferry, is 
21 miles by railroad. A turnpike 
also runs through Hempstead, ex- 
tending on the west to Jamaica and 
Fulton-street ferry, Brooklyn, a 
distance of 21 miles ; this road 
also extends easterly to Babylon, a 
distance of 18 miles. 

Hempstead Bay, lies in the 
town of Hempstead, Queens CO., 
being separated from (he Atlantic 
ocean by Long beach; it is 6 miles 
long and from 1 to 2 miles wide, 
abounding with shell and scale 
fish of almost every variety, and 
wild water foul in great quanti- 
ties. 

Hempstead Harbor, is a 
deep indentation of Long Island 
Sound, in the town of North 
Hempstead, Queens co., it is 5 
miles long and from half a mile to 
one mile wide. 

Hempstead Harbor, v. and 
p. o. North Hempstead, Queens co. 
is situated at the Head of Hemp- 
stead Harbor, on the north side of 
Long Island; it coniains about 300 
inhabitants, 45 dwelling houses, 1 
Methodist church, 1 tavern, 3 
stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
paper mill, a factory for cutting 
glass and a carding and fulling 
mill. Several sloops are owned 
here, plying to and from the city 
of New-York. 

Hempstead Plains, is an 
immense heath or barren of more 
than 15,000 acres, lying in a state 
of nature, and constitute only a 
common pasturage for the town of 
Hempstead — several thousand cat- 
tle and sheep are annually fed upon 
it, and it is the site of old New- 
market race course, where in years 
long passed, thousands of persons 
have assembled to witness the sports 
of the turf, and where countless 
sums of money have been lost and 
won. The soil of these plains is of 
a good quality and capable of be- 
ing rendered highly productive, but 
prejudice and custom have hither- 



to prevented their division and cul- 
tivation. 

Henderson, t. Jefferson co. 
situated 15 miles south-west of the 
village of Watertown, and distant 
162 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,480 inhabitants. The 
surface is level; soil, sandy loam, 
rich and easily tilled : drained by 
Stony and Little Stony creeks, 
flowing into Lake Ontario, which 
bounds it on the west. Stony, Gal- 
lop 'and Little Gallop islands be- 
long to this town. Henderson and 
Henderson Harbor are names of 
post offices. 

Henderson, v. and p.o. Hen- 
derson, Jefferson co. sometimes 
called Salisbury Mills, contains 
about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
houses, 1 Baptist and 1 Universa- 
list church, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 
grist mill and 2 saw mills. 

Henderson Harbor, v. and 
p. o. Henderson, Jefferson co. is 
situated on Lake Ontario; this is a 
port of entry and is a good harbor; 
it contains 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 
storehouse and about 15 dwel- 
lings. 

Henderson Lake, is a small 
body of water lying in the town of 
Newcomb, Essex co. near the 
Adirondack Iron Works ; this is 
one of the head sources of the 
Hudson river, and is elevated 
1,936 feet above its tide waters. 

Henrietta, t. Monroe co. 
situated 10 miles south of the city 
of Rochester, and distant 228 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,085 inhabitants. The surface is 
rolling ; soil of an excellent quali- 
ty; watered by the Genesee river 
on the west. Henrietta and West 
Henrietta are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Henrietta, v. and p. o. Hen- 
rietta, Monroe co. contains about 
200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hous- 
es, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist 
church, a high school, 1 tavern and 
1 store. 



HERKIMER. 



201 



HERKIMER COUNTY, was originally organized in 1791, but has 
since been enlarged ; it is centrally distant 105 miles from Albany, 
and is bounded on the north by St. Lawrence county ; on the east by 
Hamilton, Fulton and Montgomery counties ; on the south by Otsego 
county, and on the west by the counties of Oneida and Lewis. The 
surface is greatly diversified and broken by hills and mountains. The 
Adirondack range enters it on the east from Hamilton county, and the 
ridge extends to the valley of the Mohawk, being broken through by 
the river at Little Falls. The soil is various; most of the county south 
of the Mohawk valley, and for several miles to the north of it, is un- 
der cultivation and productive, but the greater part is better adapted to 
grass than grain, this county being celebrated for its live stock and 
dairies. In the valley of the Mohawk are some of the richest lands in 
the state, producing grain in abundance ; the northern part of the coun 
ty is elevated and broken, and covered with extensive forests. In min 
oral productions it is supposed to be rich ; iron ore has been discover 
ed in the town of Salisbury ; gypsum has been obtained in the town of 
Starks, and specimens of lead ore have been found in this county, 
which has long been known to mineralogists in consequence of its 
numerous localities of rock crystal, or false diamonds, found in the vi 
cinity of Little Falls and a few miles north, where those crystals are 
found more numerous and more beautiful than in any other part of the 
Union, or probably in the world. They are of various sizes, and often 
exhibit new and interesting crystalline forms. In the north part of this 
county are numerous lakes and ponds, from which flow many streams ; 
the principal of which are the Black river, Moose river, Independence 
river and Beaver river, flowing into Lake Ontario, and West Canada 
creek, which flows into the Mohawk river, the latter running through the 
southern part of the county from west to east. The Erie canal and the 
Utica and Schenectady railroad both pass through this county. Its area 
is about 1,370 square miles, or S87,000 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in the county of Herki- 
mer, with the population in 1840. 



Columbia, 2,129 

Danube 1,960 

Fairfield, 1,836 

Frankfort 3,096 

German Flats, 3,245 

Herkimer, 2,369 

Litchfield, 1,672 

Little Falls, 3,881 

Manheim, 2,995 

Newport, 2,020 

Norway, 1,046 

Herkimer, t. Herkimer co. 
contains the county buildings, sit- 
uated in the village of the same 
name, and is distant 80 miles from 
Albany; it contained in 1840, 2,369 
inhabitants. The surface is level 
on the south, and rises into hills on 
the north ; soil, rich and unusually 



Ohio, 692 

Russia, 2,298 

Salisbury, 1,859 

Schuyler, 1,798 

Starks, 1,766 

Warren, 2,003 

Wilmurt, 60 

Winfield, 1,652 



Total inhabitants, 37,477 

productive on the alluvial flats 
along the valley of the Mohawk ; 
it is watered by West Canada creek 
and the Mohawk river, which 
bounds it on the south. 

Herkimer, v. and p. o. Herki- 
mer, Herkimer co. is handsomely 
situated in the valley of the Mo- 



202 



HERMITAGE— HIGHLANDS. 



hawk, on the north side of the 
river, 80 miles west of the cily of 
Albany ; it was incorporated in 
1807, and now contains about 800 
inhabitants, 120 dwelling houses, a 
new brick court house, and stone 
jail, built on an improved model, 
combining security and comfort to 
the prisoners ; a fireproof clerk's 
office; an incorporated academy in 
a flourishing condition, 1 banking 
house, 1 German Reformed and 1 
Methodist church, 6 hotels and tav- | 
erns, 10 stores and groceries, and 
1 printing office; here is a flour- 
ing mill containing 4 run of stone, 
situated on a hydraulic canal, which 
is fed by the waters of the West 
Canada creek; it is about three 
miles in length and has two falls, 
one of 22 feet, and another of 15 
feet, affording water power suffi- 
cient to propel upwards of 100 
run of stone, most of which is still 
unoccupied, and is one of the most 
durable and available water powers 
in the state. 

Hermitage, p. o. Wethers- 
field, Wyoming co. 

He km on, t. St. Lawrence co. 
situated 15 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Canton, and distant 199 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,271 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling; soil, clay loam, 
well adapted to grass ; drained by 
two or three small streams. Her- 
mon is the name of a post office. 

Heuvelton, v. and p o. Oswe- 
gatchie, St. Lawrence co. contains 
about 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 4 
stores, 1 clothier's works, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill and 1 tannery. It 
is situated on the Oswegatcbie riv- 
er, 7 miles from Ogdensburgh. 

Hickory Corkers, p. o. Lock- 
port, Niagara co. 

Hickory Swale, p. o. Gran- 
ger, Allegany co. 

Hicksville, v. Oyster Bay, 
Queens co. is situated on the line 
of the Long Island railroad, where 



is a depot, 1 tavern, 1 store and a 
few dwellings. 

High Falls, on the Black 
river, in Lewis co. are so called in 
contrast with the Long Falls in 
Jefferson county, 40 miles below ; 
the river being navigable between 
them. The High Falls, have a 
descent of between 60 and 70 feet, 
and are well worthy of a visit by the 
lovers of natural scenery. Imme- 
diately below these falls, the Black 
River canal enters the river. 

High Falls, p. o. Marble- 
town, Ulster co. is situated on the 
Rondout creek, along which pas- 
ses the Delaware and Hudson ca- 
nal ; here is situated an extensive 
natural water fall, near which are 
localed 1 hydraulic cement mill 
and 2 extensive flouring mills; the 
settlement consists of 4 stores, 2 
taverns and about 40 dwelling hou- 
ses. About half a mile below the 
falls is situated a sulphur spring of 
considerable celebrity. 

Highland, p. o. Chesterfield, 
Essex co. 

Highland Mills, p. o. Mon- 
roe, Orange co. here are situated 1 
tavern, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill, 1 tannery and about 25 dwel- 
lings. 

Highlands, or Matteawan 
Mountains; some times called 
the Fishkill Mountains. They 
are now best known by the former 
name ; Matteawan was the name 
given to them by the aborigines, 
meaning the country of Good Fur, 
being very significant, and perhaps 
the most appropriate name tor the 
range. These mountains extend 
in a north-east and south-west direc- 
tion through the counties of Rock- 
land and Oranjre, across the Hud- 
son river, into Westchester, Putnam 
and Dutchess, occupying a space 
of from 15 to 20 miles in width. 
" They seem to be connected with 
the Allegany mountains of Penn- 
sylvania, to the south-west, for the 
range is of the same geological 



HILLSDALE— HOBART. 



203 



character, and the ridges more or 
less continuous ; but their connec- 
tion with the Catskill range, of 
Greene county, is rather equivocal. 
They are composed principally of 
granite and gneiss, imbedding 
loo^e nodules and fixed veins of 
magnetic iron ores, with other 
minerals of the same class. It is 
unequivocally a primitive chain, 
and in the early ages must have 
opposed a barrier to the passage 
of the waters, and caused a vast 
lake, covering the present valley 
of the Hudson ; extending north- 
ward to, or including Lake Cham- 
plain ; eastward to the Taghkanic 
mountains and the Highlands, 
along the west border of Massa- 
chusetts ; westward to the Kayade- 
rosseras mountains, and the Klips; 
to the Helderbergs, the Catskill 
and the Shawangunk mountains. 
Such must have been, in former 
days, the Ancient Bake of the Up- 
per Valley of the Hudson, indica- 
ted by the levels and surveys of the 
present day, and by an examina- 
tion of the geological structure 
and alluvial formations of this fer- 
tile valley." The altitudes of the 
" Highlands" of the Hudson, are 
from 1,000 to 1,6S5 feet above the 
level of the Atlantic or tide wa- 
ters. See Beacon Hill; New 
Beacon, or Grand Sachem ; 
Breakneck Hill, Bull Hill, But- 
ter Hill, Crow's Nest, Anthony's 
Nose and Bare Mountain. 

Hillsdale, t. Columbia co. 
situated 13 miles east of the city 
of Hudson, and distant 43 miles 
from the city of Albanv ; contain- 
ed in 1840, 2,470 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and mountainous, 
being in part covered by the Tagh- 
kanic mountain ; soil, gravelly 
loam and clay, underlaid with 
lime, slate and granite ; drained 
by the Ancramand Copake creeks. 
Hilhdale and Green River are 
names of post offices. At the 
former, sometimes called the 



" Turnpike," there are located 2 
churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 
1 tannery and 15 or 20 dwel- 
lings. 

Hindsburgh, p. o. Murray, 
Orleans co. 

Hinsdale, t. Cattaraugus co. 
situated 15 miles south-east of the 
village of Ellicottville, and dis- 
tant 281 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1840, 1,937 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly and somewhat 
broken; soil well adapted to grass; 
it contains a small lake, called the 
Reservoir, and is drained by Ischua 
and Olean creeks. The line of the 
New-York and Erie railroad passes 
through this town. Hinsdale and 
West Hinsdale are names of post 
offices. 

Hinsdale, v. and p. o. Hins- 
dale, Cattaraugus co. is situated on 
the Genesee valley canal, and on 
the line of the New-York and Erie 
railroad ; it contains about 600 in- 
habitants, SO dwelling houses, 2 
churches, an academy, 2 taverns, 
6 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills 
and 1 tannery; The state is con- 
structing a large basin here, and 
the Erie railroad company have 
established here a depot for the 
trade of Cattaraugus county. This 
village is destined to be an impor- 
tant point, as this is the place 
where the Erie and Cattaraugus 
railroad is to connect Buffalo with 
the New-York and Erie railroad. 
This is also the western termina- 
tion of the long level of the Gene- 
see Valley canal, and here it re- 
ceives its main feeder from the 
valley of the Ischua creek. 

Hitchcock's Corners. See 
Amenia Union. 

Hoag's Corners, p. o. Nas- 
sau, Rensselaer co. 

Hobart, v. and p.o. Stamford, 
Delaware co. is situated on the 
head waters of the Delaware river; 
it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
50, dwelling houses, 1 Episcopal 
church, 1 tavern, 6 stores, 1 grist 



204 



HOBOKEN— HOMER 



mill, 1 saw mill, 1 furnace and a 
clothier's works. 

Hobokkjv, v. Bergen, Hudson, 
co. N. J. is delightfully situated on 
the west bank of the Hudson river, 
directly opposite the city of New- 
York, with which it is connected 
by three steam ferries ; this place 
has long and deservedly been a 
fashionable place of resort, for the 
citizens of the city of New-York, 
during the summer months. — 
Here are located several public 
houses and places of retreat, 1 
Episcopal church and some 40 or 
50 dwellings. "On reaching the 
shore at Hoboken, you rise a gen- 
tle ascent to a lawn, in front of one 
of the principal public houses ; 
walks then extend along the bank 
of the river for about one mile, 
when you reach the Elysian Fields, 
and have a beautiful view of Wee- 
hawken, the noble Hudson and the 
opposite shore of New-York is- 
land," altogether forming great 
attractions to the invalid and 
seekers of pleasure, who resort 
to this charming place of re- 
treat in great numbers. 

Hoffman's Ferry, p. o. 
Glennville, Schenectady co. 

Hoffman's Gate, p. o. Cla- 
verack, Columbia co. 

Hogansburgh, v. and p. o. 
Bombay, Franklin co. is situated 
on the St. Regis river, which is 
navigable for steamboats from this 
place to the St. Lawrence river, a 
distance of two miles. It contains 
about 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 2 public hous- 
es, 6 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 
fulling mill, 1 grist mill and 2 saw 
mills. 

Hog Island, lies in Hemp- 
stead bay, Queens co. 

Hog Island, or Neck, lies in 
Oyster bay, Queens co.; it is con- 
nected to the main land by Oak 
Neck. 

Hog Neck. See Great Hog 
Neck 



Holdensville, p. o. Char- 
lotte, Chautauque co. 

Holland, t. Erie co. situated 
24 miles south-east of the city of 
Buffalo, and distant 281 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,242 
inhabitants. The surface is high 
and rolling; soil, moist clay and 
sandy loam; drained by Seneca 
and Cazenove creeks. Holland is 
the name of a post office, where 
is located a small settlement, con- 
sisting of some 15 or 20 dwell- 
ing houses. 

Holland Patent, v. and p. 
o. Trenton, Oneida co. is situated 
12 miles north of Utica ; it con- 
tains about 300 inhabitants, 40 
dwelling houses, 2 churches and 
2 taverns. Here is located Hobart 
Hall Institute, a chartered acade- 
my, in a flourishing condition. 

Holley, v. and p. o. Murray, 
Orleans county, is situated on the 
Erie canal; it contains about 300 
inhabitants, 60 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 3 taverns, 8 stores, 3 
warehouses, 1 flouring mill, a card- 
ing machine, and 2 saw mills. 
Sandy creek flows through this 
place, over which extends the Erie 
canal, by means of an embank- 
ment 75 feet above the bed of the 
stream. 

Homer, t. Cortland co. situated 
5 miles north of the village of 
Cortland, and distant 141 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
3,572 inhabitants. The surface is 
level; soil, sandy and clay loam, 
very productive ; drained south by 
Tioughnioga river and its tributa- 
ries. Homer and Little York are 
names of post offices. 

Homer, v. and p. o. Homer, 
Cortland co. is handsomely situated 
on the west branch of the Tiough- 
nioga river; it was incorporated 
in 1835, and now contains about 
1,300 inhabitants, 225 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
pal, 1 Baptist, and 1 Universalist 
church; an incorporated academy 



HONEO YE— HOPEWELL. 



205 



in a flourishing 1 condition; 3 ta- 
verns, 10 stores of different kinds, 

1 large woollen factory, 2 grist 
mills, 2 saw mills, 1 oil factory, 1 
nail factory and 1 tannery. 

Honeoye, v. and p. o. Rich- 
mond, Ontario co. is situated at 
the foot of Honeoye lake ; it con- 
tains about 200 inhabitants, 25 
dwelling's, 1 church, 1 tavern, 
5 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 
grist null, 1 saw mill and 1 tan- 
nery. 

Honeoye Creek, is formed 
by the outlets of Honeoye, Cana- 
dice and Hemlock lakes. This is 
a. durable and important mill 
stream, flowing south-west into 
Monroe county, where it empties 
into the Genesee river. 

Honeoye Falls, v. and p. o. 
Mendon, Monroe county, is situa- 
ted on Honeoye creek ; it was 
incorporated in 1837, and now 
contains about 1,000 inhabitants, 
180 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyte- 
rian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist 
and 1 Unitarian church; 2 taverns, 
10 stores and groceries ; 2 large 
flouring mills, 2 woollen factories, 

2 furnaces, 1 axe factory, 1 saw 
mill, 1 stave factory, 1 machine 
shop, 1 cabinet and chair factory; 
all being propelled by water power, 
which is here very great, there 
being a perpendicular tall of 30 
feet in trie centre of the village, 
besides a succession of falls within 
the distance of two miles of 100 
feet more, much of which is still 
unoccupied. Here is also an ex- 
tensive stone quarry, yielding a 
building stone of a superior quality. 

Honeoye Lake, lies mostly 
in the town of Richmond, Ontario 
co. This is a beautiful sheet of 
water, 5 miles long and 1 mile 
wide, abounding in fish peculiar to 
the central lakes of Western New- 
York. 

Honesville, p. o. Deerpark, 
Orange co. 

Hoosick, t. Rensselaer county, 



situated 22 miles north-east of the 
city of Troy, and distant 28 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
3,539 inhabitants. Surface hilly; 
soil, clay, sand or loam, with some 
gravel, well adapted for grazing; 
drained by Hoosick river and some 
of its tributaries. Hoosick and 
Hoosick Falls are names of post 
offices. North Hoosick and Stark- 
ville are names of settlements. 

Hoosick Falls, v. and p. o. 
Hoosick, Rensselaer co. is situated 
on both sides of the Hoosick 
river, where is a fall of 40 feet ; 
it was incorporated in 1827, and 
now contains about 500 inhabitants, 
80 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 
1 Baptist and 1 Episcopal church ; 
1 hotel, 5 stores, 2 extensive cot- 
ton factories, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill, 1 cloth dressing and fulling 
mill, and 1 machine shop, where 
are manufactured Parson's patent 
shears for dressing cloth. 

Hoosick River, rises in Mas- 
sachusetts and Vermont, and flows 
east through the county of Rensse- 
laer, into the Hudson river ; this is 
a large, rapid and important mill 
stream; on its banks are a number 
of thriving villages and numerous 
manufacturing establishments. 

Hope, t. Hamilton co. situated 15 
miles south-east of the village of 
Lake Pleasant, and distant 60 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
711 inhabitants. The surface is 
somewhat hilly ; soil, rather indif- 
ferent quality, except the portion 
lying in the vicinity of the Sacanda- 
ga river, which is more productive. 
Hope, Hope Centre and Benson 
are names of post offices. 

Hopewell, t. Ontario co. 
situated 5 miles east of the village 
of Canandaigua, and distant 190 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,976 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling:; soil, clay loam, 
underlaid with lime ; drained north 
by the outlet of Canandaigua lake 
and some of its tributaries. — 



206 



HOPEWELL— HOUS ATONIC RAILROAD. 



Hopewell, Chapinsville and Lar- 
ned's Corners are post offices. 

Hopewell, Fishkill, Dutchess 
co. See Adriance. 

Hopkins, p. o. Lyndon, Cat- 
taraugus CO. 

Hopkinton, t. St. Lawrence co. 
situated 25 miles east of the village 
of Canton, and distant 234 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,147 inhabitants. The surface 
and soil are much diversified; on 
the south it is hilly and sterile, and 
on the north level, with much good 
soil ; having a heavy growth of 
timber of various kinds peculiar to 
this section of country. It is wa- 
tered by the Racket and St. Regis 
rivers. Hopkinton and Nichols- 
ville are names of post offices. 
Port Jackson is names of a village. 
At the former there is a settlement 
containing 2 churches, 2 taverns, 
3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
and 25 or 30 dwellings. 

Horace, p. o. Hamptonburgh, 
Orange co. 

Horicon, t. Warren co. situa- 
ted 28 miles north of the village of 
Caldwell, and distant 90 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
659 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly and mountainous, being most- 
ly as yet an unreclaimed wilder- 
ness ; it contains several small 
lakes, the principal of which is 
Brant lake. Schroon lake also lies 
mostly in the northern part of this 
town. The Hudson river bounds 
it on the west, which is here a 
small stream. This whole region 
of country is wild and romantic, 
abounding in game of different 
kinds. Horicon and Haysburgh 
are names of post offices. 

Horicon, Lake. See George, 
Lake. 

Hornby, t. Steuben co. situated 
18 miles south-east of the village 
of Bath, and distant 196 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,048 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
soil, of good quality for grazing ; 



drained south by Mead's creek and 
some smaller streams. Hornby is 
the name of a post office. 

Hornellsville, t. Steuben 
co. situated 20 miles west of the 
village of Bath, and distant 236 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,121 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and broken along the 
streams, but mostly arable; drain- 
ed east by the Canisteo river and 
its tributaries. Hornellsville, Ark- 
port and Purdy's Creek are names 
of post offices. 

Hornellsville, v. and p. o. 
Hornellsville, Steuben co. is situa- 
ted on the Canisteo river, on the 
line of the New-York and Erie 
railroad; it contains about 500 in- 
habitants, SO dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
church ; 3 taverns, 6 stores, 1 
grist mill, 3 saw mills, and 1 tan- 
nery. 

Horse Heads. See Fair- 
port. 

Horse Race, is the name gi- 
ven to that part of the Hudson 
river, just before it leaves the 
"Highlands," at its lower en- 
trance. The river here takes a 
sudden turn to the east for about 
one mile, then resumes its southern 
course at Caldwill's Landing, un- 
til its entrance into the Atlantic 
ocean. 

Houndsfield, t. Jefferson co. 
situated 6 miles west of the village 
of Watertown, and distant 160 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 4,146 inhabitants; The sur- 
face is level, or gently undulating; 
soil, sandy loam and clay ; water- 
ed by Black river, which bounds it 
on the north, and by Lake Ontario 
on the west. Sackett's Harbor is 
the name of a post office, and 
a place of considerable impor- 
tance. 

Housatonic Railroad, ex 
tends from Bridgeport, Connecti 
cut, north up the valley of the 
Housatonic river, a distance of 74 



HOUSEVILLE— HUDSON CITY. 



207 



miles, to the Mass. state line ; 
from thence to West Stoekbridge, 
20 miles, it is intended to extend 
the Berkshire railroad, connect- 
ing with the dittany and West 
Stoekbridge railroad. Thus fur- 
nishing a continued steamboat and 
railroad route from the city of 
New-York, through the state of 
Connecticut and a part of Massa- 
chusetts, to the city of Albany ; a 
total distance of 194 miles. 

Houseville, p. o. Turin, 
Lewis co. 

Howard, t. Steuben co. situa- 
ted 10 miles west of the village of 
Bath, and distant 223 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1S40, 3,247 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating; soil, clay loam of good 
quality, producing large crops of 
grain and grass ; drained by seve- 
ral small streams running into the 
Canisteo and Conhocton rivers. 
Howard, Goff's Mills, Neil's 
Creek and Fowlersville are names 
of post offices. 

Howard, v. and p. o. Howard, 
Steuben co. contains about 250 in- 
habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
Baptist and 1 Methodist church, a 
high school, 3 taverns and 3 
stores. 

Howland's Island, or Su- 
perior, is formed by the dividing 
branches of the Seneca river; it is ' 
nearly circular, and is attached 
to the town of Conquest, Cayuga 
county. 

Howlett Hill, p. o. Onon- j 
daga, Onondaga co. 

Hudson, City, Columbia ! 
county, is situated on the east side 
of the Hudson river, 116 miles j 
north of the city of New-York, and j 
29 miles south of Albany. This 
place is at the head of ship navi- 
gation on the river, and was for- 
merly celebrated for being largely 
engaged in the West India trade, 
and more recently in the whale 
fishery. At present here are owned 
some 7 or 8 whale ships, 4 steam- 



boats, with freight barges, besides 
several sloops, employed in the 
transportation of produce and mer- 
chandise to and from different pla- 
ces ; a steam ferry boat also plies 
regularly between Hudson and 
Athens, on the opposite side of the 
river. Hudson was first settled in 
1783, by Thomas Jenkins and 
others, most of whom were Qua- 
kers, from Massachusetts and 
Rhode Island. The city was char- 
tered in 1785, and is divided into 
2 wards; in 1S40, it contained 
5,670 inhabitants, about 800 dwel- 
ling houses, a courthouse and jail, 
with a beautiful white marble front, 
surmounted by a dome ; 8 church- 
es of different denominations, in- 
cluding 2 Friends' meeting houses; 
2 banks, 2 public markets, 5 ho- 
tels, 30 dry goods stores, 60 gro- 
ceries, 2 bookstores, 11 hardware 
stores, 10 apothecaries' shops, 4 
leather stores, 8 hat stores, 10 shoe 
stores, 13 milliners, 12 tailors' 
shops, 4 jewellers, S blacksmiths' 
shops, 3 coopers, 1 rope-walk, 1 
extensive sperm oil and candle fac- 
tory, 1 brewery, 1 iron foundery, 
2 machine shops, 3 coach and car- 
riage manufactories, 3 printing 
offices and 1 bindery, besides a 
number of other mechanic estab- 
lishments. The Hudson Academy 
is an old chartered institution, and 
the Hudson Female Seminary is a 
new and flourishing boarding 
school for young ladies; besides 
which there are a number of select 
schools, both male and female. 
The Franklin Library Association 
is a young and popular institution, 
to which is attached a large libra- 
ry and philosophical apparatus. 
The Hudson Lunatic Asylum is 
situated on State street, on the 
north side of the city, facing 
the court house on the south. This 
useful and flourishing institution, 
under the control of the proprie- 
tors, Drs. S. and G. H. White, 
contains at present about 40 pa- 



203 HUDSON & BERKSHIRE RAILROAD— HUDSON RIVER. 



tients. Since the opening of this 
institution, up to January 1, 1S41, 
a period of ten years and a half, 
503 patients have been admitted, 
most of whom have been perman- 
ently cured, or greatly benefited. 
The city is supplied with pure and 
wholesome water by a chartered 
aqueduct company, who bring the 
water in iron pipes from a spring 
about 2 miles distant. The Hud- 
son and Berkshire railroad com- 
mences at this place, and extends 
to West Stockbridge, Mass. a dis- 
tance of 34 miles; the New- York 
and Albany steamboats land and 
receive passengers several times 
daily, during the season of naviga- 
tion, in addition to passage and 
freight boats, which run to and 
from New-York direct, thus afford- 
ing a speedy communication be- 
tween the cities of New York and 
Boston, a total distance by this 
route of about 300 miles, extending 
through an interesting country. 

Hudson and Berkshire 
Railroad, extends from the city 
of Hudson to the village of West 
Stockbridge, Berkshire county, 
Mass. a distance of 34 miles ; run- 
ning through the towns of Clave- 
rack, Ghent, Chatham and Canaan, 
thence to West Stockbridge; where 
it intersects with the western rail- 
road that extends to Boston, and 
with the Housatonic railroad that 
runs to Bridgeport, Conn. The 
above road was incorporated in 
1832, with a capital of $350,000. 
That portion of the road which 
lies in Massachusetts, 2| miles, i 
was constructed by another com- j 
pany called the West Stockbridge J 
Railroad Company; the interests 
of the two were some time since 
merged into one, now known 
by the name of the Hudson and 
Berkshire Railroad Company. This 
road was first opened for public 
use, Sept. 29, 1838. It runs with- 
in 7 miles of Lebanon Springs, and 
connects with a line of stages run- 



ning to the above fashionable wa- 
tering place. 

Hudson Print Works, 
Stockport, Columbia county, is a 
manufacturing settlement, situated 
about 2 miles east of the Hudson 
river, on Claverack creek. Here 
are located 12 factory buildings of 
sufficient capacity to print 3,000 
pieces of cloth per week, of 30 
yards each. These works are par- 
ticularly celebrated for the printing 
and glazing of furniture chintzes ; 
which, when in full operation, 
give employment to about 200 
workmen. In this vicinity are 
located 2 churches, 2 public- 
houses, 1 store and about 50 dwel- 
lings. 

Hudson River, bears the 
name of one of the early navigators, 
who united invincible fortitude to 
unwearied assiduity, and who is 
identified with its history. "This 
noble river was first discovered by 
Henry Hudson, in 1609, while 
in the employ of the Dutch East 
India Company. By some it is 
believed that he sailed up the river 
as far as the present site of the city 
of Albany, in a small vessel called 
the 'Half Moon;' but, it is doubt- 
ful if any visions of futurity pre- 
sented to his mind the present 
importance and celebrity of this 
beautiful stream, bearing his own 
name." It rises from numerous 
sources in the Adirondack moun- 
tain region of Essex and Hamilton 
counties, west of Lakes George and 
Champlain. Its principal head 
branches are the Adirondack river, 
Boreas river, Indian river, Schroon 
river and the Sacandaga river ; the 
Hoosick river flows into it from 
the east in the county of Rensselaer, 
and the Mohawk river empties into 
it between the counties of Albany 
and Saratoga ; from this point it is 
navigable to its mouth, a distance 
of 160 miles. Its whole length is 
320 miles; the tide flowing up for 
about half that distance. On the 



HUGHSONVILLE— HUNTER. 



209 



upper pari of this river, justly ce- 
lebrated for its varied and romantic 
beauties, are several picturesque 
falls, of which Baker's Falls and 
Glen's Falls are the most noted. 
The region of country where 
it takes it-; rise, was but little known 
until of late. In 1836, the stale 
Geologisls, under an act to provide 
for a geological survey of the state 
of New-York, commenced their 
operations ; since then this vast 
wilderness has been fully explored, 
new localities discovered, and new 
names given ; thus furnishing a 
great mass of information in regard 
to the sources of this river, and the 
mountain region from whence it 
takes its rise. Here are mountain 
peaks of Alpine appearance, con- 
taining vast deposits of iron ore 
and other minerals, well worthy a 
visit by the scientific admirers 
of wild and romantic scenery. In 
the head waters of the Hudson, are 
to be found trout, and other fish 
of fine flavor, in great abundance; 
and in its tide waters are taken an- 
nually large quantities of shad, her- 
ring, bass, sturgeon and many other 
kinds of fish. From its mouth to the 
city of Hudson, a distance of 116 
miles, it is navigable for ships of a 
large burthen, and to Albany and 
Troy, for steamboats of a large class. 
When we reflect that this important 
river receives the tributary waters 
of the great western and northern 
lakes, by means of the Erie and 
Champlain canals, and then com- 
mingles with the Atlantic ocean, 
after passing the " Highlands,'' 
the Palisades, and through the se- 
cure and spacious bay of New- 
York, well may we give it the 
appellation of the noble hud- 
son. For a further description, 
see Picturesque Beauties of the 
Hudson River, by Samuel L. 
Knapp, Esq. 

Hughsonville, Fishkill, 
Dutchess county, is an agricultural 
settlement; it contains 1 church, 2 
14 



public houses, 3 stores and about 
30 dwellings. 

Huguenot, p. o. Deerpark, 
Orange co. 

Hulbekton, v. and p. o. Mur- 
ray, Orleans co. is situated on the 
Erie canal ; it contains about 300 
inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 

Hull's Corners, p. o. Han- 
nibal, Oswego co. 

Hull's Mills, p. o. Stanford, 
Dutchess co. 

Hume. t. Allegany co. situated 
14 miles north of the village of 
Angelica, and distant 261 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,303 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating; soil, clay loam of 
good quality, yielding large crops 
of grass and grain ; drained by the 
Genesee river, and some of its tri- 
butaries. Hume, Cold Creek 
and Mixville are names of post 
offices. 

Humphrey, t. Cattaraugus co. 
situated 8 miles south-east of the 
village of Ellicottville, and dis- 
tant 300 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1840, 444 inhabitants. 
The surface is undulating; soil, 
well adapted to grass ; drained by 
Five Mile Run and Great Valley 
creek. Chapellsburgh is the 
name of a post office. 

Hungry Bay, lies near the 
foot of Lake Ontario, in Jefferson 
county. It is a large expanse of 
water, into which empties Black 
river and Chaumont river, through* 
bays of the same name. 

Hunter, t. Greene co. situated 
18 miles west of the village of 
Catskill, and distant 55 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,019 
inhabitants. The surface is moun- 
tainous, being covered with the 
principal range of the Catskill 
mountains. Here is the highest 
peak called Round Top, elevated 
3,804 feet above the Hudson. The 
soil is sterile, except on the imme- 
diate borders of some of the 



210 



HUNTER— HYDE PARK 



streams. The inhabitants are 
chiefly employed in getting out 
wood and timber, and furnishing' 
bark to the numerous tanneries 
in this vicinity. It is drained 
west by several head branches of 
the Schoharie creek. Hunter, 
East Hunter, East Kill and Tan- 
nersville, are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Hunter, v. and p. o. Hunter, 
Greene county, is situated on the 
Schoharie Kill, 20 miles west of 
Catskill; it contains about 350 in- 
habitants, 50 dwelling' houses, 2 
churches, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 cot- 
ton factory, 1 grist mill, 5 saw 
mills and 2 extensive tanneries. 

Hunter's Island, lies in 
Long Island Sound, and is attached 
to the town of Pelham, Westches- 
ter co. 

Huntersland, p. o. Middle- 
burgh, Schoharie co. 

Huntington, t. Suffolk co. 
situated 35 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Riverhead, and distant 198 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 6,562 inhabitants. This is a 
large town extending across Long 
Island, in its widest part, and in- 
cludes Oak Island Beach, which 
here separates Great South Bay 
from the ocean. The surface is 
somewhat hilly on the north, and 
level on the south; the soil is va- 
rious; it is deeply indented by se- 
veral bays on the north, and on the 
south it is drained by a number of 
•small streams flowing into the 
Great South Bay. Huntington, 
Babylon, Cold Spring, Centreport, 
Dix Hills and West Hills are 
names of post offices. 

Huntington, v. and p. o. 
Huntington, Suffolk co. is situated 
at the head of Huntington harbor, 
a continuation of Huntington Bay; 
it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
50 dwelling houses, I Presbyterian. 

1 Episcopal and 1 Universalist 
church, an incorporated academy, 

2 taverns, several stores and a 



wind mill. This is the most an- 
cient arid important village in tho 
town, and has a fine harbor. 

Huntington Bay, is a large 
expanse of wfit^r, situated on the 
north side of Long - Island, between 
Enlon's and Lloyd's Neck, in the 
town of Huntington, Suffolk coun- 
ty. It is a safe harbor and abounds 
with wild fowl, scale and shell 
fish. 

Hunt's Hollow, p. o. Por- 
tage, Allegany county. Here are 
situated 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyte- 
rian and 1 Methodist church ; 1 
tavern, 1 store, and 30 or 35 dwel- 
ling houses. 

Hurley, t. Ulster co. situated 
6 miles west of the village of Kings- 
ton, and distant 60 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,201 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
soil, fertile loam, underlaid with 
lime-tone ; drained by Esopus 
creek. Hurley and Rosendale are 
names of post offices. At the for- 
mer is an agricultural settlement 
on Esopus creek; where are situated 
1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist 
mill and 1 carding machine, to- 
gether with about 30 dwelling 
houses. 

Huron, t. Wayne co. situated 
14 miles north of the village of 
Lvons, and distant 195 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,943 
inhabitants. The surface is level; 
soil, gravelly and sandy loam. East 
Bay, Port Bay and Sodus Bay, all 
lie in whole or part in this town, 
which is bounded on the noWh 
by Lake Ontario. Huron and 
Port Glasgow are names of post 
offices. 

Hyde Park, t. Dutchess co. 
situated 6 miles north of the village 
of Poughkeepsie, and distant 68 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,364 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is somewhat hilly ; soil, gra- 
velly loam and clay underlaid by 
slate, which breaks through the 
surface in some places, forming 



HYDE PARK— INDIAN LAKE. 



211 



high and ruggid ridges. In this 
town is much good land, along the 
bank of the Hudson, Which bounds 
it on the west, where are situated 
a number of delightful residences, 
overlooking the river. It is drain- 
ed by Crum Elbow creek and 
one or two other small streams. 
Hyde Park, Crum Elbow and 
Staatsburgh are names of post 
offices. 

Hyde Park, v. and p. o. is 
handsomely situated on the east 
side of the Hudson river, 80 miles 
north of the city of New- York; it 
extends from the landing to the 
post road running between New- 
York and Albany, and contains 
about 700 inhabitants, 100 dwel- 
ling houses, 1 Dutch Kelbrmed, 1 
Episcopal and 1 Methodist church; 
3 taverns, 5 stores, 1 warehouse 
and freighting establishment ; 1 
grist mill, 1 plaster mill, 1 edge 
tool manufactory, where are ma- 
nufactured a superior article of 
edge tools; 1 cocoa or chocolate 
factory, and a manufactory of 
threshing machines, and other 
agricultural implements. Here 
are two convenient steamboat land- 
ings, from one of which a steam 
freight barge runs to and from 
the New-York market. A horse 
ferry boat alio plies across the 
river from this place. 

Hyde's Settlement, p. o. 
Barker, Broome co. 

Hysdsville, p. o. Seward, 
Schoharie co. 

Independence, t. Allegany 
co. situated 20 miles south-east of 
the village of Angelica, and distant 
258 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 1,440 inhabitants. The 
surface is high and rolling; soil, 
clay loam ; drained by Ciyder's 
and Independence creeks. Inde- 
pcndcnca, Centre Independence, 
Spring Mill and Whitesville are 
names of post offices. 

Independence River, rises 
in Hamilton county, and flows west 



into Lewis county, where it emp 
ties into the Black river. 

Indian Antiquities. There 
are a number of forts and mounds 
in western parts of the state of 
New- York, of great interest to the 
antiquarian; they generally are 
located so as to command the ad- 
jacent country. Near most of the 
fortifications, are mounds of earth 
raised for cemeteries, in which 
human bones are found, in various 
states of decay. The most remark- 
able of these remains are in the 
range of counties extending from 
the loot of Lake Ontario to Niaga- 
ra river, thence in the vicinity of 
Lake Erie, including a large por- 
tion of the western counties. 

Indian Fields, is the name 
still retained by a part of the penin- 
sula of Montauk, the extreme east 
end of Long Island. A remnant 
of the Montauk tribe of Indians 
still reside here, and have an in- 
terest in a portion of the land ; the 
surface is rough and in some places 
precipitous, yet the soil is general- 
ly good, affording fine pasture, for 
which it is mostly used. 

Indian Hut Island, lies in 
the St. Lawrence river, in the vi- 
cinity of the " Thousand Islands," 
and belongs to the town of Ham- 
mond, St. Lawrence co. 

Indian Lake, lies in Hamil- 
ton co. surrounded by a wild and 
mountainous region of country. 
" The mountain peaks here attain 
an elevation of from fifteen hundred 
to two thousand feet above the 
surrounding country. The scenery 
is fine, and such as characterizes a 
northern region ; as forests of deep 
green pines and spruce, intermixed 
with the lighter hues of the white 
birch and poplar ; these, when 
contrasted with the purple skies, 
and reflected from the bosom of 
the lake, create a scene of unrival- 
led beauty." It is 4 miles long 
and 1 mile wide, abounding in 
fish of various kinds. 



212 



INDIAN RESERVATIONS— ISCHUA CREEK. 



Indian Reservations. — 
There are still several large tracts 
of land in the state in possession of 
the aborigines, although many of 
them have sold out their interests 
within the last few years, and re- 
moved, or are about to remove, 
westward, to lands allotted them 
by the United States government. 
The principal Indian reservations 
and settlements are in Franklin 
Oneida, Onondaga, Genesee, Nia- 
gara, Erie, Cattaraugus and Chau- 
taque counties. 

Indian River, is the outlet 
of Indian lake ; it flows north-east 
into Essex county, where it emp- 
ties into the Hudson river. 

Indian River, is the name of 
another important stream rising 
in Lewis county, and running- 
north-west into Jefferson, then into 
St. Lawrence county, where it 
empties into Black lake, the outlet 
of which flows into the Oswegatch- 
ie river, which latter stream emp- 
ties its waters into the St. Lawrence 
river, at the village of Ogdens- 
burgh. 

Indian River, p. o. Watson, 
Lewis co. 

Inlet of Cayuga Lake. 
For one mile south of the lake it 
has been improved by the canal 
commissioners, and the obstruction 
to navigation removed. There is 
now a charge made for one 
mile, as on the Cayuga and 
Seneca canal, for all boats pas- 
sing and repassing to the village 
of Ithaca. 

Ira, t. Cayuga co. situated 20 
miles north of the village of 
Auburn, and distant 160 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,283 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, sandy loam, 
mostly productive and well culti- 
vated; it is drained by some small 
streams. 

Ira, v. and p. o. Iva, Cayuga 
county, contains about 150 inhabi- 
tants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 



byterian church, 1 tavern and 2 

stores. 

Irondequoit, t. Monros 
county, situated 5 miles north 
of the city of Rochester, and dis- 
tant 220 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 1,252 inhabitants. 
The surface is mostly level; soil, 
sandy and gravelly loam. This 
town is bounded on the east by 
Irondequoit bay, west by the Ge- 
nesee river, and on the north by 
Lake Ontario. Irondequoit is the 
name of a post office. 

Irondequoit Bay, lies in 
Monroe co. communicating with 
Lake Ontario on the north ; it is 6 
miles long and about 1 mile wide. 
It abounds with different kinds of 
fish peculiar to Lake Ontario, and 
is much resorted to by anglers and 
sportsmen. 

Irondequoit Creek, rises 
in Ontario and Monroe counties, 
and flows north into the head of 
Irondequoit bay. It receives in its 
course several tributaries, and is a 
good mill stream. 

Irving, v. and p. o. Hanover, 
Chautauque county, is situated on 
Lake Erie at the mouth of Catta- 
raugus creek ; this is a port of 
entry, which the United States go- 
vernment has commenced improv- 
ing; it contains a good landing, 
1 tavern, 1 store, 1 storehouse and 
some 8 or 10 dwellings. 

Irving, v. Greenburgh, West- 
chester co. is situated on the east 
bank of the Hudson river, 26 miles 
north of the city of New-York. 
Here is a convenient landing, and 
about 20 dwellings, delightfully 
situated, overlooking Tappan 
bay; the Palisades can be seen 
on the south, and the " High- 
lands" on the north, to great ad- 
vantage. 

Irvingsville, p. o. Catskill, 
Greene co. 

Ischua Creek, rises in Cat- 
taraugus co. and flows south into 
Oil creek, which united streams 



ISLE AU CHATS— ITHACA. 



213 



empty into the Allegany river at 
the village of Olean. 

Isle au Chats, is the name 
given to two islands lying' in the 
St. Lawrence river; between these 
islands runs the boundary line which 
divides the United Slates from Ca- 
nada. The easternmost one is at- 
tached to the town of Louisville, 
St. Lawrence co. 

Isle au Gallop, lies in the 
St. Lawrence river, and is attached 
to the town of Lisbon, St. Lawrence 
co. 

Isle au Rapid, lies in the St. 
Lawrence river, and is atlached to 
the town of Madrid, St. Lawrence 
co. 

Islip, t. Suffolk co. situated 28 
miles west of the village of River- 
head, and distant 197 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,909 
inhabitants. The surface is level ; 
soil, light and sandy. In this vici- 
nity are (bund wild game and dif- 
ferent kinds of fish in great abun- 
dance ; it is bounded on the south 
by the Atlantic ocean. Islip and 
Sayville are names of post offices. 
At the former there is a scattered 
settlement and 2 churches. 

Italy, t. Yates co. situated 15 
miles west of the village of Penn- 
Yan, and distant 198 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,634 
inhabitants. The surface is some- 
what hilly ; soil, clay loam under- 
laid with slate; it is watered on the 
north-west by Canandaigua Lake, 
and drained north by Flint creek. 
Italy and Italy Hill are names of 
post offices. 

Ithaca, t. Tompkins co. con- 
tains the county buildings situated 
in the village of the same name ; 
it is distant 170 miles from A Ibany, 
and contained in 1840, 5,650 inha- 
bitants. The surface is somewhat 
hilly, but includes an extensive al- 
luvial flat at the head of Cayuga 
lake, on a part of which is situated 
the village of Ithaca ; the soil is 
good and highly cultivated, pro- 



ducing grass, grain and fruit in 
great abundance. It is watered by 
Fall, Cascadilla and Six Mile 
creeks, and the Cayuga inlet and 
lake, which latter extends about 2 
miles into this town. In this vici- 
nity are a number of picluresque 
water-falls of great beauty, on 
which are located a number of 
extensive manufacturing establish- 
ments. 

Ithaca, v. and p. o. Ithaca, 
Tompkins county, is situated on a 
flat 1| miles above the head of 
Cayuga lake, with which it is con- 
nected by the Cayuga inlet, navi- 
gable for steamboats to the village; 
it is 170 miles west from Albany, 
and distant 205 miles north-west 
from the city of New-York. This 
village was incorporated in 1821, 
having been founded about 1800, 
by the late Simeon De Witt, sur- 
veyor-general of the state. It now 
contains about 4,000 inhabitants, 
600 dwelling houses, a court house 
and jail, and a county clerk's 
office; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Dutch 
Reformed, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 
1 Methodist and 1 African church; 
an incorporated academy, with 
spacious buildings for the instruc- 
tion of both males and females, and 
a Lancastrian school, with several 
select schools, all in a flourishing 
condition ; three banking houses, 
with an agregate capital of $650,- 
000 ; 9 hotels and taverns, 46 stores 
and groceries; numerous>.iillinary 
and clothing shops, and 70 different 
mechanical establishments. With- 
in the chartered limits of the village 
is found hydraulic power equal to 
any in the state, for extent and fa- 
cility of application. The water 
power on Fall creek alone is capa- 
ble of operating 133,000 cotton 
spindles at all seasons of the year; 
and that on Cascadilla and Six 
Mile creeks is very extensive. 
There are at present on these 
streams, 2 flouring mills, with 12 
run of stones ; 2 plaster mills, 1 



214 



ITHACA— JACKSONBORO' 



tannery, 1 brewery, 1 paper mill, 
3 furnaces, 2 machine shops, 1 
carding and cloth dressing estab- 
lishment; 1 oil mill, 1 sash fac- 
tory, a number of turning shops, 2 
tobacco factories, and 1 cotton 
factory, with 50 looms. Besides 
which there has been recently es- 
tablished 1 woollen factory, with 
$100,000 capital, and 7 sets of 
machinery; and anew company 
has been organized for the manu- 
facture of cotton. Here are also 
several boat yards for building 
and repairing canal boats, and a 
a rope walk. The site of the vil- 
lage is very beautiful ; a portion 
of it lies upon the hill, commanding 
a fine view of the lake and the val- 
ley of the inlet, with the surrounding 
country, which is highly cultiva- 
ted. The houses are tastefully and 
neatly built ; and the streets, which 
cross each other at right angles, 
and are lined with choice shade 
trees, form vistas opening upon 
charming views of the adjacent 
hills. The location of this village 
with reference to trade, is equally 
advantageous. By means of Cayu- 
ga lake, and the Cayuga and Se- 
neca canal, it communicates with 
the Erie canal ; and by the Ithaca 
and Owego railroad with the Sus- 
quehanna river, and New-York and 
Erie railroad. Thus, while enjoy- 
ing equal advantages with other 
western villages for intercourse with 
the cities on the Hudson, it par- 
takes in the growing trade in 
plaster, salt, lime, flour and mer- 
chandize, carried into Pennsylva- 
nia in exchange for coal and iron. 
The completion of the New-York 
and Erie railroad will open to this 
place still further advantages by 
furnishing an avenue for winter 
trade with the sea board, while it 
will present at all seasons a cheap- 
er and more expeditious route for 
travel, than that by way of Albany. 
The lumber trade of this place 
alone is immense, giving employ- 



ment to a large amount of capital, 
and a great number of men, most of 
which lumber finds a market in the 
cities of Albany, Troy and New- 
York. A beautiful steamboat for 
the conveyance of passengers, and 
one used in towing canal boats, 
runs daily between Ithaca and 
Cayuga Bridge, a distance of 42 
miles; daily lines of stages also 
leave here for Geneva, Auburn, 
Newburgh and the city of New- 
York; besides tri-weekly stages, 
running east, west, north and 
south, to different places. 

Ithaca and Owego Rail- 
road, extends from the village 
of Ithaca at the head of Cayuga 
lake, to the village of Owego on 
the Susquehanna river, in Tioga 
county, a distance of 29 miles ; 
where it intersects the line of the 
New-York and Erie railroad. 
This road has two inclined planes; 
one 1,733 feet in length, has a 
grade of 1 to 28, and the other 1 to 
21 is 2,225 feet long. Stationary 
steam power is used on the first, 
which rises to the summit 607 feet, 
and horse power on the other. A 
locomotive with passenger cars 
runs on the remainder of the road. 
This company was incorporated in 
1828, with a capital of $300,000 ; 
to which amount it has had the aid 
of the state. 

Ivesville, p. o. Poland, 
Chautauque co. 

Jackson, t. Washington co. 
situated 5 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Salem, and distant 42 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1 ,730 inhabitants. The surface is 
diversified with hills and plains, 
the lands mostly arable; soil, clay 
and sandy loam. Jackson and An- 
naquascook are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Jacksonboro', v. and p. o. 
Maryland, Otsego co. contains 
about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 4 
stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 2 



JACKSON'S CORNERS— JAMESTOWN. 



215 



clothier's works, 1 extensive tan- 
nery, 1 gun factoiy and 2 fulling 1 
mills. 

Jackson's Corners, p. o. 
Milan, Dutchess co. 

Jacksonville, v. Laurens, 
Otsego co. contains about 100 in- 
habitants, "20 dwelling houses, 1 
Methodist church, 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 
a woollen factory. Here is loca- 
ted Hie Mount Vision post office. 

Jacksonville, v. and p. o. 
Ulysses, Tompkins co. is an agri- 
cultural settlement containing 
about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling- 
houses, 1 Methodist church, 2 ta- 
verns and 1 store. 

Jacksonville, v. Lysander, 
Onondaga co. contains 2 churches, 
1 tavern, 1 store and about 30 
dwellings. 

Jack's Reef, p. o. Elbridge, 
Onondaga co. 

Jamaica, t. Queens co. situated 
12 miles east of the city of Brook- 
lyn, and distant 158 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,781 
inhabitants. The surface is level, 
except the hills on the north, which 
extend through Long Island from 
east to west; the soil is mostly 
sandy loam and very productive 
when sufficiently manured and 
properly tilled ; on the south there 
are extensive salt meadows, pro- 
ducing large crops of grass. The 
largest part of Jamaica bay lies in 
this town, on the south, into which 
flow several small streams. The 
Union Race Course, is situated in 
the west part, 8 miles from Brook- 
lyn. Brushville and Springfield 
are names of settlements. 

Jamaica, v. and p o. Jamaica, 
Queens co. is handsomely situated 
on the turnpike leading from 
Brooklyn to Hempstead, through 
which also passes the Long' Island 
railroad; being distant 12 miles 
from the city of Brooklyn. It was 
incorporated in 1814, and now con- 
tains About 1,500 inhabitants, 200 



dwelling houses; the county clerk's 
and surrogate's office; 1 Episcopal, 
1 Presbyterian, 1 Dutch Reformed, 
1 Methodist and 1 African church; 
Union Hall Academy, an old and 
flourishing chartered institution; 1 
female seminary, besides several 
select schools ; 6 hotels and tav- 
erns, 12 stores of different kinds; 
1 wind mill, 1 piano forte manu- 
factory, 3 carriage factories, 1 
locksmith, 2 printing offices, be- 
sides most every other kind of me- 
chanic establishments. Here is an 
extensive depot belonging to the 
Long Island railroad company, to 
which are attached buildings for 
the construction and repairing of 
locomotives, cars and - other ma- 
chinery connected with the rail- 
road. Stages leave this place dai- 
ly for Brooklyn, Rockaway, Hemp- 
stead and other places on Long 
Island. 

Jamaica Bay, situated on the 
south side of Long Island, is a 
considerable body of water, com- 
municating with the Atlantic ocean 
by several inlets. It contains 
several low marshy islands and is 
navigable for vessels of small draft 
of water; it abounds with wild 
fowl, scale fish, clams and oysters. 

Jamestown, v. and p. o. El- 
licott, Chautauquc co. is situated on 
the north side of the outlet of Chau- 
tauque lake. This village is the 
most populous in the county ; it 
was incorporated in 1826, and now 
contains a population of about 
1,500 inhabitants, 200 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Congre- 
gational, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
dist church; 1 banking house; an 
incorporated academy in a flourish- 
ing condition ; 2 hotels, 15 stores 
of different kinds; 1 woollen fac- 
tory, 1 flouring mill, 3 saw mills, 
1 sash and lath factory, 1 pail and 
tub factory, 1 scythe snath facto- 
ry, 1 chair factory, 1 cabinet fac- 
tory, 1 leather factory, 1 iron foun- 
dery and plough factory and 1 card- 



216 



JAMESVILLE— JEFFERSON. 



ing and cloth dressing works. The 
above manufacturing establish- 
ments are in whole or part propel- 
led by water power which is here 
afforded in great abundance. A 
steamboat runs daily from this 
place through Chautauque lake to 
the village of Mayville, a distance 
of 21 miles ; thence by land to Bar- 
celona on Lake Erie, it is a further 
distance of 8 miles. 

Jamesvii.le, v. and p. o. De 
Witt, Onondaga co. contains about 
300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hous- 
es, 4 churches, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 
2 flouring mills, 2 plaster mills, 1 
tannery, 1 fulling mill and 1 saw 
mill. 

Jamesville, v. Greenfield, 
Saratoga co. is situated on the 
Kayaderosseras creek ; it contains 
1 church, 1 bank, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
1 paper mill, 1 grist mill, 1 fur- 
nace and a few dwelling houses. 

Jasper, t. Steuben co. situated 
18 miles south-west of the village 
of Bath, and distant 240 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,187 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, clay and gravel- 
ly loam, well adapted for grazing; 
drained by Bennett's and Tuscaro- 
ra creeks. Jasper is the name of 
a post office. 
Java, t. Wyoming co. situated 15 
miles south-west of the village of 



Warsaw, and distant 263 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,331 inhabitants. The surface is 
rolling; soil, clay loam, well 
adapted for grazing ; drained by 
Seneca creek and the head waters 
of Cattaraugus creek. Java, East 
Java and Java Village are names 
of post offices. At the latter there 
is a small settlement. 

Java, v. and p. o. Java, Wyo- 
ming co. situated on Seneca creek; 
contains 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
clothier's works and 20 dwellings. 

Jay, t. Essex co. situated 18 
miles north of the village of Eliza- 
beth, and distant 153 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1S40, 2,258 
inhabitants. The surface is moun- 
tainous ; through this town extends 
the Adirondack range, also the 
east branch of the Au Sable river, 
along which there are some exten- 
sive and fertile fiats, rich soil and 
well cultivated. Jay, Au Sable 
and Au Sable Forks are names of 
post offices. 

Jay, v. and p. o. Jay, Essex co. 
is situated on the east branch of 
the Au Sable river; it contains 
about 400 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
houses, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 forge, 
1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 
clothier's works. 



JEFFERSON COUNTY, taken from Oneida in 1805, is centrally 
distant from the city of Albany 160 miles; it is bounded on the north 
by St. Lawrence county ; on the east by Lewis county ; on the south 
by Oswego county, and on the west by Lake Ontario and the St. Law- 
rence river. This is a large and important county; the surface is 
mostly level, or gently undulating, with some few ridges or hills ; the 
soil is generally a sandy loam, rich and very productive, with some 
gravel and clay, yielding large crops of grass and grain. The forest 
trees are numerous and of luxuriant growth, — maple, birch, oak, 
beech, walnut, ash, elm, hemlock and large groves of pine are found 
in abundance. In mineral productions it is undoubtedly one of the 
richest in the state; the ores of iron are of the most important, which is 
found in great quantities. Small quantities of lead and copper ore have 
been found in various parts. To the mineralogist this and the adjoin- 
ing county of St. Lawrence, are of great interest in consequence of 
the crystaline forms which many of its minerals assume ; quartz, crys- 
tals, feldspar and other varieties are found in various locatities. This 



JEFFERSON— JERSEY CITY. 



217 



county is also well watered and well situated, both for commerce and 
manufacturing purposes ; in addition to a river and a lake coast of 
about 100 miles, its streams, some of which are navigable for a short 
distance, afford hydraulic power to an immense extent. Black river 
flows nearly through the centre of the county, while Indian river, 
Chaumont river and Perch river drain it on the north; Stony and Sandy 
creeks run into Lake Ontario on the south-west. In addition to nume- 
rous islands and bays, there are several small lakes in this county. Its 
area is about 1,125 square miles, or 720,000 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Jefferson county, with 
the population in 1840. In 1841, Alexandria was divided and a new 
town formed, named Tlieresa. 



Adams, 2,966 

Alexandria, 3,475 

Antwerp, 3,109 

Brownville, 3,968 

Champion, 2,206 

Clayton, 3,990 

Ellisburgh, 5,349 

Henderson, 2,480 

Houndsfield, 4,1 16 

Le Ray, 3,721 

Lorraine, 1,699 

Jefferson, t. Schoharie co. 
situated 20 miles south-west of the 
village of Schoharie, and distant 
57 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,033 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and mountainous; 
soil, mostly poor sandy loam, ex- 
cept in the valleys ; drained west 
by some of the head branches of 
the Delaware river, and east by the 
tributaries of the Schoharie creek ; 
the high hills forming the water 
6hed between the waters that flow 
into the Delaware from those run- 
ning into the Hudson river. Jef- 
ferson is the name of a post of- 
fice. 

Jefferson, v. Dix, Chemung 
co. is situated at the south end of 
Seneca Lake ; this is a convenient 
steamboat landing and contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
houses, 1 Episcopal church, 3 tav- 
erns, 3 stores and three ware hous- 
es, 1 flouring mill, I steam saw 
mill, 1 plaster mill and 1 ashery. 
Steamboats run daily from this 
place to Geneva, a distance of 40 
miles, affording one of the most 



Lyme, 5,472 

Orleans, 3,001 

Pamelia, 2,104 

Philadelphia, 1,888 

Rodman, 1 ,702 

Rutland, 2,090 

Watertown, 5,027 

Wilna, 2,591 



Total inhabitants, 60,984 

beautiful views to be seen in West- 
ern New-York. The waters of 
this lake never freeze so but it can 
be navigated the whole year 
round. 

Jericho, v. and p. o. Oyster 
Bay, Queens co. is situated near 
the centre of the town 2 miles 
north of the Long Island railroad ; 
it contains about 250 inhabitants, 
40 dwellings, 1 Friends' Meeting 
house, 2 taverns, 3 stores and 1 tan- 
nery. 

Jersey, v. and p. o. Bradford, 
Steuben co. is situated on Mud 
creek; it contains about 150 in- 
habitants, 25 dwelling nouses, 2 
taverns, 2 stores, 1 flouring mill, 
2 saw mills and 1 distillery. 

Jersey City, Hudson co. N. 
J. is advantageously situated on the 
west bank of the Hudson river, 
where it is one mile in width and 
directly opposite the city of New- 
York, with which it is intimately 
connected by two steam ferries, 
running five commodious boats. 
It was first incorporated as a city 
in 1820, and is governed by a 



218 



JERUSALEM— JOHNSON'S CREEK. 



Mayor and board of aldermen; it 
now contains 3,250 inhabitants, 
450 dwelling houses, a lyceum 
building in which are holden the 
county courts, (this county having 
been recently erected and the site 
of the permanent county buildings 
not having yet been decided on ;) 
1 Dutch Reformed, 1 Episcopal, 1 
Methodist, 1 Congregational and 1 
Roman Catholic church ; 1 class- 
ical school and 1 female seminary; 
1 banking house, 5 hotels and tav- 
erns, 40 stores of different kinds ; 

1 extensive glass house, where is 
manufactured every description of 
flint glass ware, 1 pottery, where 
is made white and printed earthen- 
ware similar to the English, and a 
beautiful kind of fancy stone ware 
in large quantities ; an oil and 
sperm candle manufactory ; an ex- 
tensive manufactory of fire works; 

2 iron founderies and machine 
shops, where are manufactured 
locomotive engines and other ma- 
chinery, and 1 railroad car manu- 
factory. The Morris canal termi- 
nates at this place in a commodi- 
ous basin; also, the New-Jersey 
railroad, and the Patterson and 
Hudson River railroad, both ter- 
minate at this point, having sepa- 
rate depots for the accommodation 
of passengers and conveyance of 
merchandise. This city, although 
small, is well laid out, with wide 
and airy streets, well paved, run- 
ning at right angles. From its lo- 
cation and the magnitude of the 
public works terminating at this 
point, Jersey City must fast in- 
crease in importance and numbers, 
being closely allied to the pros- 
perity of the city of New-York. 

Jerusalem, t. Yates co. situ- 
ated 5 miles west of the village of 
Penn-Yan, and distant 192 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,935 inhabitants. The surface is 
somewhat hilly, including Bluff 
Point; soil, clay and gravelly 
loam of good quality, and weil 



cultivated ; it is watered by Crook- 
ed Lake and a small stream run- 
ning into its west branch. Jerusa- 
lem and Branchport are names of 
post offices. This town is celebra- 
ted for having been the favorite 
residence and death place of Je- 
mima Wilkinson, the founder of a 
religious sect, which have now be- 
come nearly extinct. 

Jesup's Landing, v. Corinth, 
Saratoga co. is situated on the 
Hudson river; it contains about 
200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling hous- 
es, 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 
grist mill, 2 tanneries and the 
Corinth post office. 

Jerusalem, v. Hempstead, 
Queens Co.; this is an agricultural 
settlement, containing a Friends' 
meeting house, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
1 lannery and about 20 scattered 
dwellings, mostly inhabited by 
Quakers. 

Jerusalem, South, p. o. 
Hempstead, Queens co. 

Jesup's, or Indian River, 
rises in Hamilton co. and flows 
north-east into Indian Lake, form- 
ing its principal inlet. 

Johnsburgh, t. Warren co. 
situated 23 miles north-west of the 
village of Caldwell and distant 85 
miles from Albany, contained in 
1840, 1,139 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous, be- 
ing in part covered by the Adiron- 
dack range; soil, mostly light 
sandy loam ; well watered by the 
Hudson river and some of its tri- 
butaries, which penetrate the 
mountain ridges. Johnsburg is 
the name of a post office, where is 
a settlement containing 1 Baptist 
church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 2 grist 
mills, 3 saw mills and about 25 
dwellings. 

Johnsonburgh, p. o. Orange- 
ville, Wyoming co. 

Johnson's Creek, rises in 
Niagara co. and flows north-east 
into Orleans county, where it emp- 
ties into Lake Ontario. 



JOHNSTOWN— KAY ADEROSSERAS CREEK. 



219 



Johnstown, t. Fulton co. con- 
tains the county buildings, situated 
in the village of the same name, 
and is distant 45 miles from Alba- 
ny; it contained in 1840, 5,409 in- 
habitants. The surface is hilly; 
soil, argillaceous loam ; drained 
south by the Garoga and Cayudut- 
ta creeks. Johnstown, Glovers- 
ville and Kingsboro' are names of 
post offices. 

Johnstown, v. and p. o. 
Johnstown, Fulton co. is situated 
on elevated ground, 4 miles north 
of the Mohawk river; it was in- 
corporated in 1808, and now con- 
tains about 1,000 inhabitants, 150 
dwelling houses, a court house and 
jail built in 1772, supposed to be 
the only colonial building of a 
similar character now standing in 
the state of New-York ; a county 
clerk's office, an incorporated aca- 
demy, 1 banking house, 1 Luthe- 
ran, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Dutch Re- 
formed, 1 Episcopal and 1 Metho- 
dist church ; 6 hotels and taverns, 
15 stores and groceries, 2 grist 
mills, 1 tannery, 1 gun and rifle 
factory, 1 extensive carriage man- 
ufactory, 2 printing offices, besides 
most every other kind of mecha- 
nic work shops. A sulphur spring, 
which bids fair to become celebra- 
ted, has recently been discovered 
in the vicinity of this village, 
which was originally founded by 
Sir William Johnson, whose resi- 
dence is still standing in good re- 
pair about one mile west of this 
place ; his remains are interred 
under the Episcopal church, which 
was originally built by him about 
the same time the court house and 
jail were erected. A daily line of 
stages run from Johnstowr to the 
village of Fonda, intersecting the 
Utica and Schenectady railroad. 

Johnstown, v. Livingston, 
Columbia co. is an agricultural 
settlement, containing 1 church, 1 
tavern, 2 stores and about 30 dwel- 
ling: houses. 



Johnsville, p. o. Fishkill, 
Dutchess co. 

Jonesville, p. o.Clifton Park, 
Saratoga co. 

Jordan, v. and p. o. Elbridge, 
Onondaga co. is situated on the 
Erie canal ; it was incorporated in 
1S35, and now contains about 1,200 
inhabitants, 175 dwelling houses, 3 
churches, 5 taverns, 10 stores, 3 
flouring mills, 3 saw mills, 1 pump 
factory, 1 wooden ware factory, 1 
sash factory, 1 clothier's works 
and 1 tannery. 

Joslin's Corners, p. o. Sul- 
livan, Madison co. 

Junction, p. o. Schaghticoke, 
Rensselaer co. 

Junction of Erie and 
Champlain Canals. See Co- 
hoes village. 

Junius, t. Seneca co. situated 
8 miles north of the village of 
Waterloo, and distant 173 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,594 inhabitants. The surface is 
varied; soil, of different qualities, 
some of it very fertile. Junius 
is the name of a post office. 

Kaaterskill, rises among 
the Catskill mountains, in Hunter, 
Greene co. and flows north-east in- 
to the town of Catskill, where it 
empties into the creek of the same 
name. On this stream, near the 
Mountain House, on Pine Orchard, 
are a succession of beautiful and 
romantic water falls : the water 
first falls perpendicularly 175 feet, 
then pausing, momentarily, upon 
the ledge of a rock, precipitate 
themselves 85 feet more, making 
the whole descent 260 feet. From 
this point, the water rushes into a 
dark ravine, through which it finds 
the valley of the Catskill. At the 
head of this cieek, are two small 
lakes of considerable interest, each 
about a mile and a half in circum- 
ference. 

Kaatsberg Mountains. Sec 
Catskill Mountains. 

Kayaderosseras Creek 



220 KAYADEROSSERAS MOUNTAINS— KENNEDYVILLE. 



rises in Saratoga county, among: 
the mountains of the same name, 
and (lows south-east into Sara- 
toga lake. This is a large and du- 
rable mill stream, on which are sit- 
uated a number of manufacturing; 
establishments. 

Kayaderosseras Moun- 
tains, extend in a south-west di- 
rection through a part of (he coun- 
ties of Warren, Saratoga and Ful- 
ton, a distance of about 60 miles. 
Between the Schroon branch of the 
Hudson and Lake George, the 
height of this range is from 8 to 
1200 feet ; in Saratoga co. from 5 
to 800. As it approaches the Mo- 
hawk valley it gradually subsides. 

Keene, t. Essex co. situated 
12 miles west of the village of Eliz- 
abeth, and distant 138 mile3 from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 730 
inhabitants. This is a large town, 
in extent of territory, covered in 
part with the highest peaks of the 
Adirondack range of mountains. 
Mount Marcy, on the south-west, 
is elevated 5467 feet above the tide 
waters of the Hudson ; besides 
which there are several other lofty 
summits, abounding with iron ore, 
in inexhaustible quantities. On the 
north border lies Lake Placid ; 
there are also several other lakes of 
less note. The east and west 
branches of the Au Sable river, 
both flow through this town in a 
northerly direction, affording hy- 
draulic power to almost any extent. 
In some of the lakes and streams 
are found trout of a very large size. 
Keene is the name of a post-office, 
where is a small settlement. 

Keeseville, v. and p. o. Au 
Sable and Chesterfield, Clinton and 
Essex counties, is situated on both 
sides of the Au Sable river, 4 miles 
west of' Port Kent. It contains 
about 2,000 inhabitants, 300 dwell- 
ing houses, 1 Congregational, 1 
Baptist, 1 Methodist and 1 Roman 
Catholic church, an incorporated 
academy, 1 banking house, 2 tav- 



erns, and 18 stores and groceries. 
The water power at this place is 
very great, and advantageously 
used by several manufacturing es- 
tablishments. The "Keeseville 
Manufacturing Company" is char- 
tered, with a paid capital of 
,^40,000 : they own, on the north 
side of the river, an extensive wa- 
ter power, on which is situated a 
forge with three fires, a rolling mill 
and nail factory, which manufac- 
ture into roll iron and nails about 
1000 tons of iron annually. The 
" Keeseville Woollen and Cotton 
Company" is also chartered, with 
a paid capital of .$'30,000 : they 
own on the south side a large fac- 
tory building, to which is attached 
a drying house and a dye house, all 
built of stone in the most substan- 
tial manner. There are also 2 flour- 
ing mills, 4 extensive saw mills, 
which make annually about half a 
million of market boards ; 1 fur- 
nace and a machine shop, 1 plas- 
ter mill, 1 brewery, 1 large wheel- 
wright shop, 1 tannery and 1 print- 
ing office. together with most every 
other kind of mechanic work shops. 

Kellocgsville, v. and p. o. 
Niles. Cayuga co. contains about 
200 inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 
1 Presbyterian church, 1 tavern 
and 2 stores. 

Kendall, t. Orleans co. situa- 
ted 12 miles north-east of the vil- 
lage of Albion, and distant 250 
miles from Albany, contained in 
1840, 1692 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is mostly level, gently rising 
on the south from Lake Ontario ; 
soil sandy and gravelly loam. 
Kendall is the name of a post office. 

Kennedy's Mills, p. o. Po- 
land, Chautauque co. 

Kennedyville, v. and p. o. 
Bath, Steuben county, is situated 
on the Conhocton river; it contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Chris- 
tian church; 3 taverns, 2 stores, 1 
woollen factory and 1 saw mill. 



KENT— KINGS. 



221 



Kent, t. Putnam co. situated 4 
miles north of the village of Car- 
mel, and distant 101 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,830 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly and 
mountainous; the soil is well a- 
dapted for gra*.s on the hill sides 
and valleys ; drained south by the 
Croton river. Kent, Boydsville, 
and Farmer's Mills are names of 
post offices. 

Ketchum's Corners, p. o. 
Stillwater, Saratoga co. 

Kili.buck, p. o. Great Valley, 
Cattaraugus co. 

Kill Van Kull, is the name 
of the channel that lies between 
Staten Island and the New-Jersey 
shore on the north ; it extends from 
the bay of New-York to Newark 
bay, a distance of 4 or 5 miles, and 
may be considered as a continua- 
tion of Staten Island Sound. 

Kinderhook, t. Columbia co. 
situated 12 miles north of the city 
of Hudson, and distant 18 miles 
from Albany, contained in 1840 
3512 inhabitants. The surface is 
diversified ; soil, sandy loam and 
clay, srenerally fertile and well cul- 
tivated ; drained by Kinderhook 
creek. Kinderhook and Valatia 
are names of post offices. 

Kinderhook, v. and p. o. 
Kinderhook, Columbia co. is de- 
lightfully situated on a plain, 5 
miles east of the Hudson river, on 
the post road between New-York 
and Albany, being 20 miles south 
of the latter place. This village 
was incorporated in 1838, and now 
contains a population of about 1400 
inhabitants, 200 dwelling houses, 
an incorporated academy, in a 
flourishing condition, 1 Dutch Re- 
formed and 1 Baptist church, 2 
public houses, 1 bank, 14 stores, 
2 extensive coach manufactories, 
2 hat factories, 1 morocco factory 



number of other mechanic shops. 
No place in the vicinity of the 
Hudson exceeds this village for its 
beautiful location, and the salubri- 
ty of its Climate. This is the birth 
place and residence of ex-president 
Van Buren, whose country seat is 
located about two miles south of 
the village. 

Kinderhook Creek rises in 
the east part of Rensselaer county, 
and flows in a south-west direction 
through a part of Columbia county, 
where it empties into the Hudson 
river near the village of Columbia- 
ville. This is a large and impor- 
tant mill stream, on which are lo- 
cated several extensive manufac- 
turing establishments. 

Kinderhook Landing. See 
Stuyvesimt. 

Kingsboro, v. and p. o. Johns 
town, Fulton co. is pleasantly situ- 
ated 5 miles north of the village of. 
Johnstown. It contains about 300 
inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 1 high school, 2 taverns 
and 2 stores. Here are manufac- 
tured large quantities of buckskin 
mittens, gloves and moccasins. 

King's Bridge p. o. West- 
chester, Westchester co. 

Kingsbury t. Washing-ton co 
situated 55 miles north of the city 
of Albany, is a half shire town 
with Salem, the county buildings 
being situated in the village of San- 
dy Hill. It contained in 1840, 
2773 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly level ; soil, sand, clay, and 
sandy loam, generally well cultiva- 
ted and productive ; drained on the 
north by a tributary of Wood 
creek, and watered or. the south- 
west angle by the Hudson river. 
Kingsbury, Adamsville and Sandy 
Hill, are names of post offices. At 
the former is a settlement contain- 
ing 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
and 15 or 20 dwelling's. 



and 1 printing office, besides 

KINGS COUNTY, organized by the colonial assembly in 1683, is 
centrally distant 150 miles from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on 
the north by the East river and harbor of New- York ; on the east by 



222 



KING'S FERRY— KINGSTON. 



Queens county ; on the south by the Atlantic ocean, and on the west by 
the Bay of New-York and the "Narrows." The surface is mostly 
level, with some hills running- nearly through the centre from east to 
west. The soil is principally light and sandy, warm, and when well 
manured and tilled, very productive, and well adapted to horticulture. 
The streams are few and of small size, but on the south there are sev- 
eral indentations and bays of some size ; Gravesend bay and Jamaica 
bay are the principal. Coney island is a great resort for sea bathing. 
Of the mineral productions but little can be said. The Long Island 
Railroad crosses this county, commencing at the city of Brooklyn. 
Its area is about 76 square miles, or 48,800 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in the county of Kings, 
with the population in 1840. 

Brooklyn City, 36,233 I New-Utrecht, 1,283 

Bushwick, 1,295 Williamsburg, 5,094 

Flatbush, 2,099 

Flatlands, 810 Total inhabitants, 47,613 

Gravesend, 799 I 



King's Ferry p. o. Genoa, 
Cayuga co. Here are located 1 
church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 steam 
grist mill, 1 ashery, and about 30 
dwelling houses. 

King's Settlement, p. o. 
Norwich, Chenango co. 

Kingston, t. Ulster co. con- 
tains the county buildings, situated 
in the village of the same name, 
and is distant from Albany 58 
miles : it contained in 1840, 5824 
inhabitants. The surface is rolling; 
soil, sandy loam, underlaid with 
lime and slate, in many places very 
rich and easily tilled, producing 
large crops of grass, grain and In- 
dian corn : it is watered by Esopus 
creek and the Hudson river, which 
bounds it on the east. Kingston 
and Rondout are names of post of- 
fices ; Eddyville and Wilbur are 
villages. 

Kingston, v. and p. o. Kings- 
ton, Ulster co. is delightfully situ- 
ated on a plain, through which 
flows the Esopus creek, three miles 
west of the landing on the Hud- 
son river. It was incorporated in 
1805, and now contains about 
2,300 inhabitants, 300 dwelling 
houses, 1 Reformed Dutch, 1 Epis- 
copal, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church ; a court house and jail, 2 



banking houses, an incorporated 
academy, in a flourishing condi- 
tion, and a female seminary ; 5 
hotels and taverns ; 40 stores and 
groceries, 2 printing offices, 1 iron 
foundery, 2 tobacco factories, 2 
carriage factories and 3 leather 
factories, together with most every 
other kind of mechanic work 
shops. Stages leave this place 
three times a week for Delhi, Del- 
aware county ; a tri-weekly line 
also leaves for Ellenville, and ac- 
commodation stages are in con- 
stant attendance, and run to the 
several steamboats that land and 
receive passengers at Rondout and 
Kingston Landing. Kingston, an- 
ciently called Esopus, was early 
settled by the Dutch, many of 
whose descendants now reside in 
this vicinity. In April, 1777. the 
first convention of the Representa- 
tives of the state of New-York met 
in the village of Kingston, and 
formed the old constitution of the 
state, and on the 16th day of Octo- 
ber following, it was taken and 
burnt by the British army, under 
the command of Gen. Vaughan, 
while marching to the relief of 
Gen. Burgoyne, who was obliged 
to surrender to the American army 
on the following day at Bemus' 



KINGSTON LANDING— LA FARGEVILLE. 



223 



Heights. Immediately after de- 
stroying the village, the British 
troops "precipitately retreated to 
their Vessels Wing in the Hudson 
river, and returned to the city of 
New-York. Some of the ruins of 
the stone buildings were standing 
as late as 1836, when the last of the 
walls were taken down, and the 
Kingston banking house erected on 
the same spot. 

Kingston Landing, Kings- 
ton, Ulster co. is situated on the 
west side of the Hudson River, 90 
miles north of the city of Ne.y- 
York ; this landing was formerly 
called Columbus Point. Here is 
a convenient landing, 2 taverns, 
and about 10 dwelling houses. A 
steam ferrv boat plies across the 
river from "this point toRhinebeck, 
Dutchess co. 

Kinney's Four Corner's 
p. o. Hannibal, Oswego co. 

Kip's Bay is a small indenta- 
tion of the East river, on the east 
side of the Island of New-York, 
opposite the mouth of Newtown 
c re e k . 

Kirklakd t. Oneida co. situa- 
ted 10 miles south-west of the city 
of Utica, and distant 105 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2984 inhabitants. The surface is 
diversified with hills and fertile val- 
leys ; soil, rich calcareous loam ; 
drained by Oriskany creek. Kirk- 
land and Clinton are names of post 
offices ; Franklin and Manchester 
are villages. 

Kirksville, v.andp.o. Man- 
lius, Onondago co. is situated on 
the Erie canal ; it contains about 
150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hous- 
es, 2 taverns and 2 stores. 

Klip's Him. is a spur of the 
Mayfield mountain, at its southern 
termination. Where it intersects 
the Mohawk valley, in the county 
of Montgomery, it is sometimes 
called Anthony's Nose; in the 
rocky cliffs of which, near the 
river, is a somewhat remarkable 



cavern, said to have been first dis- 
covered and explored in 1821, when 
the name of Mitchell's cave was 
o-iven to it. Several apartments 
have been visited ; the ceilings are 
ornamented with stalactites, and 
the walls with incrustations. 

Knowlesville, v. and p. o. 
Ridgeway, Orleans co. is situated 
on the Erie canal . It was incorpo- 
rated in 1836, and now contains 
about 450 inhabitants, 70 dwelling 
houses, 3 churches, 2 taverns, 7 
stores and groceries, 6 warehouses, 
1 tannery and 1 ashery. 

Knox, t. Albany co. situated 18 
miles west of the city of Albany, 
contained in 1S40, 2143 inhabit- 
ants. The surface is rough and 
hilly, being in part covered by the 
Helderberg limestone ridge, in 
which there is a cavern of consid- 
erable extent. The soil is mostly 
of good quality ; drained by the 
Bozakill and a tributary of Foxes 
creek. Knox is the name of a 
post office. 

Knoxville v. Knox, Albany 
co. contains about 150 inhabitants, 
25 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
church, an academy, 1 tavern, 2 
stores and 1 tannery. 

Knoxville p. o. Stockbridge, 
Madison co. 
Knoxville. See Port Barton. 
Kort wright, t. Delaware co. 
situated 15 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Delhi, and distant 68 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2441 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly and mountainous ; soil, fertile 
loam, well adapted to grass ; 
drained by the Delaware river and 
its tributaries. Kortwright, South 
Kortwright and Bloomville, are 
names of post offices. 

Kyserike, p. o. Rochester, 
Ulster co. 
Kyserville,p.o. Sparta,Liv- 

insrston co. 

Lackawack, p. o. Wawar- 
sing, Ulster co. 

La Fargeville, v. and p. o 



224 



LAFAYETTE— LANCASTER. 



Orleans, Jefferson co. is situated on 
Chaumont river. It contains about 
150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 
1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist 
mill and 1 saw mill. 

La Fayette, t. Onondaga co. 
situated 10 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Syracuse, and distant 134 
miles from Albany, contained in 
1840, 2,600 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, clay loam ; 
drained north by Onondaga creek. 
La Fayette and Cardiff are names 
of posjt offices. 

La Fayette, v. and p. o. La 
Fayette, Onondaga co. contains 
about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores 
and 1 tannery. 

La Grange, t. Dutchess co. 
situated 7 miles east of the village 
of Poughkeepsie, and distant 80 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1851 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling and somewhat hilly 
on the east; soil, gravelly loam, 
fertile and well cultivated; drained 
by Sprout and Wappinger's creeks. 
Arthursburgh, Freedom Plain, and 
Sprout Creek, are names of post 
offices. 

La Grange, p. o. Covington, 
Wyoming co. 

Lairdsville, p.o. Westmore- 
land, Oneida co. 

Lake, p. o. Greenwich, Wash- 
ington co. 

Lake Chajiplain. See 
Champlain, Lake. 

Lake Erie. See Erie, Lake. 

Lake George. SeeGeorge, 
Lake. 

Lake Hilt., p. o. Woodstock, 
Ulster co. 

Lake Ontario. See Ontario, 
Lake. 

Lake Pleasant, t. Hamilton 
co. contains the county buildings, 
situated in the village of the same 
name ; distant 72 miles from Al- 
bany. It contained in 1840, 296 
inhabitants. This is a large town 
in extent of territory ; running north 



and south about 50 miles. The 
surface is diversified, covered with 
hills, mountains, valleys and lakes; 
being as yet an almost untrodden 
wilderness. It is becoming a fa- 
vorite resort for the angler and 
huntsman — the streams abounding 
in trout and other fish of large 
size, and the forests in wild game 
of different species. The names of 
the principal lakes are Lake Em- 
mons, Round lake and Lake Pleas- 
ant, the latter of which gives the 
name to the town ; it is drained by 
the Sacandaga river, Indian river, 
and other tributaries of the Hudson. 

Lake Pleasant v. and p. o. 
Lake Pleasant, Hamilton co. is sit- 
uated on the west side of Lake 
Pleasant, near Round Lake. It 
contains a court house and county 
clerk's office, both recently erect- 
ed, the former of wood and the 
latter of brick ; 1 church, 1 tav- 
ern, 1 store and some 10 or 12 
dwelling houses. 

Lake Ridge, p. o. Tompkins 
co. 

Lakes, Mountains, &c. See 
Altitudes and Elevations. 

Lakeville, p. o. Livonia, 
Livingston co. 

Lakeville, North Hemp- 
stead, Queens co. is pleasantly sit- 
uated on a body of water called 
Success Pond. This has long been 
a place much resorted to by lovers 
of natural scenery. Here are 
located an hotel and several private 
dwellings, delightfully situated on 
the margin of the above lake, 
which abounds in perch, originally 
deposited by the late Dr. Samuel 
L. Mitchell. 

Lancaster, t. Erie co. situa- 
ted 12 miles east of the city of 
Buffalo, and distant 272 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,083 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating; soil, clay and calcareous 
loam, producing large crops of 
grass and grain; drained west by 
Ellicott's, Cayuga and Seneca 



LANCASTER— LAURENS. 



225 



creeks. Lancaster and Town Line 
are names of post offices. 

Lancaster, v. and p. o. Lan- 
caster, Erie co. is situated on the 
Cayuga creek ; it contains about 
600 inhabitants, 90 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist, 1 
Lutheran and 1 Catholic church ; 
3 taverns, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 
saw mills, 1 clothier's works, 1 
tannery and 1 ashery. 

Lansing, t. Tompkins co. si- 
tuated 8 miles north of the village 
of Ithaca, and distant 166 from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,672 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
soil, gravelly loam of good quality, 
and mostly well cultivated ; drain- 
ed by Salmon creek and its tribu- 
taries. Lansingville, Ludlowville, 
North Lansing and South Lansing 
are names of post offices. 

Lansingburgh, t. Rensselaer 
county, situated 3 miles north of 
the city of Troy, and distant 9 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 3,330 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly on the east, with an 
extensive plain lying on the bank 
of the Hudson on the west; soil, 
gravelly and clay loam, most of it 
productive when well tilled. 

Lansingburgh, v. and p. o. 
Lansingburgh, Rensselaer county, 
is situated on the east side of the 
Hudson river, at the head of sloop 
navigation, 154 miles north of the 
city of New-York. It was organ- 
ized as a village in 1771, and in- 
corporated in 1787 ; it now contains 
about 3,000 inhabitants, 450 dwel- 
lings; 2 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 
1 Baptist, 2 Methodist and 1 Uni- 
versalist church; 1 public market, 
8 hotels and taverns ; 1 banking 
house, 1 mutual insurance com- 
pany, 9 dry goods stores, S produce 
stores, 20 grocery stores, besides 
several shoe stores, hat stores, &c; 
1 copper and iron foundery and 
scale manufactory, 4 copper, tin 
and sheet iron factories, 2 large 
oil floor cloth factories, 3 brush 
15 



factories, 1 plaster mill, 1 flouring 
mill, 5 cooperages, 2 gun and rifle 
factories, 1 large slaughtering es- 
tablishment, 1 soap and candle 
factory, 6 malt houses, 2 printing 
offices, besides many other kinds of 
mechanic work shops. Several 
sloop and tow boats are also 
owned here. The Lansingburgh 
academy having a male and female 
department, is an old and flourish- 
ing chartered institution. Lansing- 
burgh is one of the oldest, if not 
the oldest, chartered village in 
the state. During the revolution- 
ary war it was a place of consider- 
able importance, having but slowly 
increased since, owing to difficul- 
ties in navigating the river. By 
means of a state dam and lock at 
the upper part of the city of Troy, 
a capacious basin of water is here 
formed, extending to the Union 
bridge, which unites Lansingburgh 
with the village of Waterford. 
About one mile east of this place 
is situated on a range of hills, the 
Diamond Hock, abounding with 
crystalized quartz of the first or- 
der, from which spot there is a de- 
lightful prospect of the Hudson and 
Mohawk rivers, and the surround- 
ing country. 

Lansingville, v. and p. o. 
Lansing, Tompkins county, is an 
agricultural settlement, containing 
about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian church, 1 
tavern and 1 store. 

Laona. v. Pomfret, Chautauque 
county, contains about 400 inhabi- 
tants, 60 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 
woollen factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill, 2 clothier's works and 1 oil 
mill. 

Larned's Corners, p. o. 
Hopewell, Ontario co. 

Lassellville, p. o. Ephra- 
tah, Fulton co. 

Laurens, t. Otsego co. situa- 
ted 15 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Cooperstown, and distant 



226 



LAURENSVTLLE— LENOX. 



84 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,173 inhabitants. The 
surface is high and hilly; soil, fer- 
tile sandy loam, and well cultiva- 
ted ; drained south by Otego creek. 
Laurens and Mount Vision are 
names of post offices. Jacksonville 
and Laurensville are villages. 

Laueensville, v. Laurens, 
Otsego county, is situated in a 
pleasant valley on the Otego creek; 
it was incorporated in 1834, and 
now contains about 400 inhabitants, 
70 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2 
taverns, 7 stores, 1 iron foundery, 
1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 leather 
factory, and a clothier's works. 

Lawrence, t. St. Lawrence 
county, situated 25 miles north- 
east of the village of Canton, and 
distant 230 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 1,815 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is uneven; 
soil, clay loam of good quality; 
drained by Deer and St. Regis ri- 
vers. Lawrenceville and Nicol- 
ville are names of post offices. At 
the former there is a small settle- 
ment. 

Lawyersville, v. and p. o. 
Cobleskill, Schoharie county, con- 
tains about 150 inhabitants, 25 
dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Reform- 
ed and 1 Universalist church; 2 
taverns, 4 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 
saw mills, 1 carding and 1 cloth 
dressing works. 

Lebanon, t. Madison co. situ- 
ated 10 miles south of the village 
of Morris ville, and distant 103 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,794 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly; soil, clay loam; drained 
south by the Chenango river and 
its tributaries. Lebanon is the 
name of a post office. 

Ledyard, t. Cayuga co. si- 
tuated 12 miles south-west of the 
village of Auburn, and distant 16S 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,143 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling; soil, clay loam and 
marl and very productive ; drained 



by several small streams flowing 
into Cayuga lake, which bounds it 
on the west. Ledyard, Aurora 
and Levanna are names of post 
offices. 

Lee, t. Oneida co. situated 22 
miles north-west of the city of 
Utica, and distant 115 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1S10, 2,936 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating; soil, clay and sandy loam; 
drained by Canada and Fish 
creeks. Lee, Delta and Stokes 
are names of post offices. 

Lee, v. and p. o. Lee, Oneida 
county, contains about 150 in- 
habitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 1 tavern and 1 store. 

Leeds, v. and p. o. Catskill, 
Greene county, is situated 4 miles 
west of the village of Catskill, on 
the Catskill creek ; it contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 4 
stores, 2 flouring mills and 1 fur- 
nace. 

Leedsville, p. o. Amenia, 
Dutchess co. 

Leesville, v. and p. o. 
Sharon, Schoharie co. contains 1 
Universalist church, 2 taverns, 
3 stores, and 20 or 25 dwel- 
ling houses. 

Leicester, t. Livingston co. 
situated 5 miles west of the village 
of Geneseo, and distant 232 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,415 inhabitants. The surface is 
divided into terraces, declining to- 
wards the Genesee river, which 
bounds it on the east; soil, of good 
quality. Gibsonville and Moscow 
are names of post offices. 

Lenox, t. Madison co. situated 
12 miles north of the village of 
Morrisville, and distant 125 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
5,440 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating, or level ; soil, various, 
but mostly of good quality, well 
adapted to wheat, and highly pro- 
ductive; drained by Cowasalon 
and Oneida creeks, and is bounded 



LENOX BASIN— LEWIS. 



227 



in part on the north by Oneida lake. 
Lenox, Bennett's Coiners, Canas- 
tota, Clockville, Oneida Lake, 
State Bridge and Wempsville are 
names of post offices. 

Lenox Basin, Lenox, Madi- 
son co. is situated on the Erie 
canal; here are located 1 tavern, 
o stores, and about 20 dwelling 
houses. 

Leon, t. Cattaraugus co. situa- 
ted 18 miles west of the village of 
Ellicottville, and distant 310 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
1,326 inhabitant*. The surface is 
high but mostly level ; soil, clay 
and sandy loam of good quality; 
drained south by the Connewango 
creek and its tributaries. Leon 
and Leon Mills arc names of post 
offices. 

Leonardsville, v. and p. o. 
Brookfield, Madison co. is situated 
on the Unadilla river; it contains 
about 250 inhabitants ; 40 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 4 
stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 saw mill 
and a hoe manufactory. 

Le Ray, t. Jefferson county, 
situated 8 miles north-east of the 
village of Watertown, and distant. 
158 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 3,721 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating ; soil, clay 
and sandy loam, easily tilled and 
very fertile; watered by Black 
river on the south, and Indian river 
on the north. Evan's Mills, Le 
Raysville and We 4 Le Ray are 
names of post offices. 

Le Raysville, v. and p. o. 



I Le Ray, Jefferson co. contains 
! about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
i houses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 1 
! store and 1 saw mill. 

Le Roy, t. Genesee co. situa 
ted 10 miles east of the village of 
Batavia, and distant 234 mile 
from Albany ; contained in 1840 
4,323 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly level ; soil, sandy and gra- 
velly loam, easily tilled, and pro- 
ducing large crops of wheat and 
other grain ; drained by Allen's 
creek. Le Roy and South Le 
Roy are names of post offices. 

Le Roy, v. and p. o. Le Roy, 
Genesee county, is situated on Al- 
len's creek; it was incorporated in 
1834, and now contains about 1,500 
inhabitants, 200 dwelling houses, 1 
bank, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 
1 Baptist and 1 Methodist church; 
a female seminary in a flourishing 
condition ; 3 taverns, 15 stores 
and groceries, 2 flouring mills and 
1 extensive tannery. 

Le Roy, v. Exeter, Otsego co. 
is situated at the outlet of Canade- 
raga lake ; it contains about 200 
inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores and 1 
grist mill. 

Levanna, v. Ledyard, Cayu- 
ga co. is situated on the east side 
of Cayuga lake, where is a steam- 
boat landing ; it contains about 200 
inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 1 tavern, 1 store, and 2 
warehouses for the transhipment of 
grain and other produce, and 1 
steam flouring mill. 



LEWIS COUNTY, taken from Oneida in 1805, is centrally distant 
130 miles from the city of Albany. It is bounded on the north by 
Jefferson and St. Lawrence counties, east by Herkimer, south by 
Oneida, and on the west by Oswego and Jefferson. The surface of this 
county is rather hilly and broken; the soil various, mostly susceptible 
of productive cultivation. The valley of the Black river extends in a 
northerly direction through this county; the alluvial flats along the 
stream are extensive and very fertile. The country east of this valley 
is a wild and unsettled region, covered with extensive forests of hem 
lock, pine, spruce, maple, beech, elm, ash and some oak and walnut 
" The two sides of the Black river strongly contrast with each other 



LEWIS— LEWISTON. 



as to rocks, soil, vegetation and population. The surface of the east 
side or primary division, consists, with few exceptions, of an almost 
unbroken range of forest, spread upon an uneven surface. The western 
side of the river on the contrary is well settled, and exhibits those steps 
or terraces common to the horizontal rocks, or undisturbed mechanical 
deposits, presenting; an almost unbroken outline. Thus it is obvious 
that the county is naturally divided into two geological divisions, the 
eastern formed of primary masses, and the western those of transition 
class." It is supposed to be rich in mineral productions ; the 
cursory examinations which have been made, have resulted in the 
discovery of many valuable specimens ; there are beds of iron ore in 
the town of Watson ; in the vicinity of Martinsburgh and Lowville, 
veins of galena exist, which have been worked to some extent. In 
addition to Black river which flows nearly through the centre of 
this county, it receives Beaver, Independence and Moose rivers 
on the east, besides several large creeks, also several important 
streams on the west ; on the south-west rises Salmon river ; Salmon 
creek and Fish creek running into Lake Ontario, while on the north-east 
it is drained by Indian and Oswegalchie rivers. The Black River Canal, 
when finished, will unite with the Black river below the Hijjh Falls, in 
this county. Its area is about 1,122 square miles, or 718,265 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Lewis county, with 
the population in 1S40. In 1S41, a new town was erected from parts 
of Diana and Watson, and named Croghan. 



Denmark, 2,3S3 

Diana, 883 

Greig, 592 

Harrisburgh, 850 

Leyden, 2,438 

Lowville, 2,047 

Martinsburgh, 2,272 

Lewis, t. Essex co. situated 10 
miles north of the village of Eliza- 
beth, and distant 141 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,505 
inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
hilly and mountainous ; on the east 
it is more level, with a medium 
quality of soil ; drained by the 
Bouquet river and its tributa- 
ries. Lewis is the name ot a post 
office. 

Lewisborough, t. Westches- 
ter co. situated 18 miles north of 
the village of White Plains, and 
distant 119 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 1,619 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is somewhat 
broken; soil, clay and sandy loam ; 
it is drained on the west by the 
Croton river and some of its tribu- 
taries. Cross River, Golden's 



Pinkney, 907 

Turin, 1,704 

Watson, 1,707 

West Turin, 2,042 



Total inhabitants, 17,830 

Bridge, South Salem and Vista are 
names of post offices. 

Lewis Lake, is a small body 
of water lying in the town of Lake 
Pleasant, Hamilton county. 

Lewiston, t. Niagara county, 
situated 15 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Lockport, and distant 295 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1S40, 2,533 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is divided into two plains, by 
a high ridge which extends east 
and west; soil, calcareous and 
sandy loam of good quality; wa- 
tered on the west by Niagara river. 
The Tuscarora Indians have a 
! settlement in this town. Lewis- 
ton and Pekin are names of post 
offices. 

Lewiston, v. and p. o. Lewis- 
ton, Niagara co. is situated on the 



LEXINGTON— LIMA. 



229 



oast side of the Niagara river, at 
the head of steamboat navigation, 
7 miles from Lake Ontario ; it was 
incorporated in 1S22, and now 
contains about 900 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Uni- 
versalis! church; an incorporated 
academy in a flourishing condition ; 
5 hotels and taverns, 10 stores and 
groceries, 1 grist mill and 1 distil- 
lery. Here is a convenient steam- 
boat landing from which boats ply 
to various places on Lake Ontario ; 
a commodious horse ferry boat also 
plies across the Niagara river to 
Queenston, Canada. A branch 
railroad extends from Queenston a 
distance of 3 miles to its junction 
with the Lotkport and Niagara 
Falls railroad, affording a speedy 
communication with Lockport, 
Niagara Falls and Buffalo. The 
railroad, steamboat and canal 
packet boat route from Buffalo to 
Albany, via. Niagara Falls, Lewis- 
ton, Oswego and Syracuse, is a 
desirable, cheap and speedy mode 
of conveyance during the summer 
months. 

Lexington, t. Greene co. si- 
tuated 28 miles west of the village 
of Catskill, and distant 50 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,813 inhabitants. The surface is 
mountainous, the Catskill moun- 
tains extending through this part 
of the county ; drained north by 
the Schoharie creek and some of 
its head branches. Lexington, 
Lexington Heights, East Lexing- 
ton, Sportsville and Westkill are 
names of post offices. 

Lexington, v. and p. o. Lex- 
ington, Greene county, commonly 
known as Lexington Flats, is a 
scattered settlement containing 2 
churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 ex- 
tensive tannery and about 20 dwel- 
lings. 

Lexington Heights, p o. 
Lexington, Greene county; here 
are situated 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 



stores and about 20 dwelling 
houses. 

Leyden, t. Lewis co. situated 
15 miles south of the village of 
Martinsburgh, and distant 116 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,438 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, sandy loam of 
good quality; drained by Moose 
and Black rivers. Leyden and 
West Leyden are names of post 
offices. 

Liberty, t. Sullivan co. situa- 
ted 15 miles north-west from the 
village of Monticello, and distant 
123 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1S40, 1,569 inhabitants. The 
surface is mountainous; soil, prin- 
cipally gravelly loam; drained by 
Callicoon and other small streams 
flowing into the Delaware river, 
which in part bounds it on the 
west. 

Liberty, v. and p. o. Sullivan 
co. is a small agricultural settle- 
ment, containing about 75 inhabi- 
tants, 15 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian and 1 Episcopal church, 
1 tavern and 1 store. 

Liberty, v. Conhocton, Steu- 
ben county, is situated on the 
Conhocton river; it contains about 
300 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Me- 
thodist church, 2 taverns and 3 
stores. 

LlBERTYVILLE, p. O. New 

Palt*z, Ulster co. Here are situa- 
ted 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 
1 fulling mill and carding machine, 
located on the bank of the Wall- 
kill. 

Lima, t. Livingston co. situated 
12 miles north-east of the village 
of Geneseo, and distant 213 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2176 inhabitants. The surface is 
rolling; soil, clay and calcareous 
loam, fertile and well cultivated, 
drained by Honeoye creek and one 
of its tributaries. 

Lima, v. and p. o. Lima, Liv- 
ingston co. is a long, scattered set- 



230 



LIME LAKE— LITTLE FALLS. 



tlement, containing 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Methodist church; the Gen- 
esee Wesleyan seminary, an incor- 
porated institution ; 3 taverns, 4 
stores, 100 dwelling houses, and 
about 600 inhabitants. 

Lime Lake, is a small body 
of water lying in the town of Ma- 
chias, Cattaraugus co. 

Limerick, v. and p. o. Brown- 
ville, Jefferson co. is situated on 
Perch river : it contains about 200 
inhabitants, 35 dwelling houses, 2 
taverns, 2 stores and 1 saw mill. 

Lindley, t. Steuben co- situa- 
ted 25 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Bath, and distant 221 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
638 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly ; soil, clay and sandy loam ; 
drained north by Tioga river. The 
Corning and Blossburg railroad 
runs through this town, which is 
bounded on the south by (he Penn- 
sylvania state line. Lindleylown 
and Erwin Centre are names of post 
offices. 

Linklean, t. Chenango co. 
situated 18 miles north-west of (he 
village of Norwich, and distant 110 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,249 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating ; soil, argilla- 
ceous loam ; drained by some 
branches of the Otselic river. 
Linklean and West Linklean are 
names of post offices. 

Lisbon, t. St Lawrence co. sit- 
uated 10 miles north-west of the 
village of Canton, and distant 211 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1S40, 3,508 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating ; soil, rich loam, 
heavily timbered with oak, pine 
and hemlock; drained by Grass 
river on the east an°;le, and by sev- 
eral small streams flowing into St. 
Lawrence river, which bounds it 
on the north -west. Isle au Gal- 
lope, lying in the St. Lawrence, is 
attached to this town. Lisbon is 
the name of a post office situated 
at Red Mills. 



Lisle, t. Broome co. situated 
18 miles north of the village of 
Binghamton, and distant 140 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,560 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, clay and sandy 
loam, well adapted for grazing; 
drained by the Tioughnioga river, 
and some of its tributaries. Lisle, 
Centre Lisle, and Union village, 
are names of post offices. 

Litchfield, t. Herkimer co. 
situated 10 miles south-west of the 
village of Herkimer, and distant 
83 miles from Albany, contained 
in 1840, 1,672 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, calcareous loam; 
drained south by one of the head 
branches of the Unadilla river, and 
north by two or three small streams 
flowing into the Mohawk river. 
Litchfield and Cedarville are names 
of post offices. 

Lithgow, p. o. Washington, 
Dutchess co. 

Little Au Sable River. 
See Au Sable. 

Little Britain, p. o. Hamp- 
tonhurgh, Orange co. 

Little Chazy River. See 
Chazy. 

Little Delaware Rivjcr, 
rises in the town of Bovina, Dela- 
ware co. and flows west, emptying 
into the Mohawks or west branch 
of the Delaware river. 

Little Falls, t. Herkimer 
co. situated 6 miles east of the vil- 
lage of Herkimer, and distant 73 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 3,881 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly, and in some places 
mountainous ; soil, sandy and ar- 
gillaceous loam, based on lime- 
stone and granite, abounding with 
beautifiil specimens of crystalized 
quartz. It is watered by the Mo- 
hawk river, on the south side of 
which runs the Erie canal, while 
on the north extends the line of the 
Utica and Schenectady railroad. 
Little Falls and Eatonvile are 
names of post offices. 



LITTLE FALLS— LITTLE SODUS BAY. 



231 



Little Falls, v. and p. o. 
Little Falls, Herkimer co. is situa- 
ted on both sides of the Mohawk 
river, 73 miles west of the city of 
Albany. It was first incorporated 
in 1811, and amended in 1827 ; it 
now contains about 2,500 inhabi- 
tants, 300 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 
1 Methodist and 1 Roman Catholic 
church, a large and beautiful aca- 
demy building - , a banking - house, 
5 hotels and taverns, 30 stores and 
groceries, 2 printing offices, to- 
gether with almost every other kind 
of mechanic work shops ; and the 
village is rapidly improving in 
population and business. The Mo- 
hawk river here falls, in the dis- 
tance of half a mile, about 42 feet, 
affording hydraulic power to a large 
extent, only a small portion of 
which is at present occupied for 
manufacturing purposes. There 
are now erected and in operation, 
1 extensive woollen factory, with 
new and improved machinery, 3 
paper mills, 3 flouring mills, 2 saw 
mills, 1 plaster mill, 1 trip ham- 
mer works, 4 furnaces, 1 machine 
shop, 1 distillery, 1 brewery, 1 
sash factory and 1 fulling mill. 
This place and vicinity is justly 
celebrated for its wild and roman- 
tic scenery, and is much resorted 
to by the admirers of nature and 
art. The gap between the moun- 
tains, through which the river lias 
apparently worn for itself a pas- 
sage, though apparently confined, 
is still of breadth sufficient to af- 
ford room for a large town. The 
rock at the river bed is primitive 
granitic gneiss, very hard, but is 
readily quarried and broken into 
building stones. Above this, on the 
mountain sides, lies the and rock, 
and still higher, at the top, are ex- 
tensive beds of blue limestone; 
great quantities of which have been 
used in constructing the locks, and 
for purposes of building, for co- 
ping and for flagging. Through 



this valley passes the Erie canal, 
on the south side of the river; and 
the Utica and Schenectady rail- 
road and the Mohawk turnpike on 
the north; and it constitutes the av- 
enue through which the products 
and travel of the great west must 
from necessity pass to reach tide 
water. An aqueduct crosses the 
Mohawk at this place, communi- 
cating with a feeder on the north 
side of the river, which is a fine 
specimen of masonry. A daily 
line of stages runs between Little 
Falls and Trenton Falls, and seve- 
ral mail routes north and south 
branch off at this place. 

Little Genesee, p. o. Gen 
esee, Allegany co. 

Little Genesee Creek, ri- 
ses in Allegany co. and flows 
south-west into Cattaraugus co. 
where it empties into the Allegany 
river. 

Little Hoosick Cheek, 
rises in the town of Berlin, Rens- 
selaer co. and flows north into the 
Hoosick river. 

Little Lakes, v. Warren, 
Herkimer co. is the name of an 
agricultural settlement, containing 
1 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 25 or 
30 dwellings, and the Warren post 
office. 

Little Neck, lies in the town 
of Huntington, Suffolk co. having 
Great Cow Harbor on the east, and 
Little Cow Harbor on the west. 

Little Neck Bay, lies on 
the north side of Long Island, 
mostly in the town of Flushing, 
Queens co. It is about 3 miles 
long, and 1 mile wide, surrounded 
in part by highly cultivated farms, 
and country residences. 

Little Sonus, p. o. Sterling, 
Cayuga co. Here is a small set- 
tlement on the Little Sodus bay. 

Little Sonus Bay, lies in 
the town of Sterling, Cayuga co. 
and communicates with Lake On- 
tario on the north. It is about 2 
miles long and 1 mile wide. This 



232 



LITTLE VALLEY— LIVINGSTON. 



is a deep body of water, but is ob- 
structed by a bar at its mouth ; into 
it flows the Sodus creek. 

Little Valley, t. Cattarau- 
gus co. situated 10 miles south- 
west of the village of Ellicottville, 
and distant 299 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840,700 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly and somewhat 
broken; soil, various. It is drained 
by Little Valley creek on the 
north, and several streams on the 
south, all flowing into the Allegany 
river, which runs east and west 
nearly through the centre of the 
town, and on which is situated the 
Allegany Indian Reservation. Lit- 
tle Falley and Bucktooth are names 
of post offices. 

Litt Seville, v. Avon, Liv- 
ingston co. is situated on the out- 
let of the Conesus Lake. It pos- 
sesses valuable hydraulic privile- 
ges, and contains about 100 inhab- 



itants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 Con- 
gregational church, 1 store, 2 grist 
mills, 2 saw mills and 1 turning- 
machine. 

Little York, p. o. Homer, 
Cortland co. 

Little York, v. Fowler, St. 
Lawrence co. contains about 150 
inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
tavern, and 2 stores. 

Liverpool, v. and p. o. Sali- 
na, Onondaga co. is situated on 
Onondaga lake, 5 miles north-west 
of Syracase. It was incorporated 
in 1830, and now contains about 
1,000 inhabitants, 150 dwelling- 
houses, 1 church, 3 taverns and 10 
stores. In 1840, here were manu- 
factured 802,954 bushels of fine 
salt, from the saline springs, situa- 
ted in the village, which belong to 
the state. The Oswego canal passes 
through this place, also the stage 
road from Syracuse to Oswego. 



LIVINGSTON COUNTY, erected from Ontario and Genesee coun- 
ties in 1821, is centrally distant from the city of Albany, 224 miles. It 
is bounded on the north by Monroe county, on the east by Ontario, on 
the south by the counties of Allegany and Steuben, and on the west by 
Genesee and Wyoming. The surface of this county is much diversi- 
fied — in some parts hilly, in others undulating or quite level. The soil 
is mostly good and very productive ; rich alluvion flats border the 
Genesee river ; on the upland, a gravelly loam predominates. Wheat 
and other grain of the best quality, is here raised in large quantities ; 
considerable attention is also given to grazing, and fruit is produced in 
abundance. Gypsum and bog iron ore are the most important mine- 
als which are known to exist in large quantities in this county ; a brine 
spring has been found near York, although not of sufficient strength for 
any useful purpose. The Sulphur Springs of Avon have long been cele- 
brated, and their value tested by thousands of invalids ; they deserve 
to be ranked among the most important springs of this class in the Uni- 
ted States. For an analysis, see Avon. Conesus lake lies nearly in 
the centre of this county, and Hemlock lake on the eastern extremity. 
The Genesee liver flows through the north-west part, and receives Can- 
aseraga creek and the outlet of Conesus lake. The outlet of Hemlock 
lake joins the outlet of Honeoye, and flows along the eastern boundary 
into Monroe county, where it empties into the Genesee. The Genesee 
Valley Canal enters this county on the west side of the Genesee river, 
and extends to near Mount Morris, where it crosses the river, running 
up the valley of the Cashaqua creek, while a branch canal extends 
from the Shaker settlement to the village of Dansville, in the town of 
Sparta. Its area is about 509 square miles, or 325,760 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Livingston county, with 
the population in 1840. 



LIVINGSTON— LOCKPORT. 



233 



Avon, 2,999 

Caledonia, 1,987 

Conesus, 1,654 

Gejveseo, 2,892 

Groveland, 2,000 

Leicester, 2,415 

Lima 2,176 

Livingston, t. Columbia co. 
situated 10 miles south of the city 
of Hudson, and distant 3S miles 
froth Albany, contained in 1840, 
•2190 inhabitants. The surface is 
diversified ; soil, clay, loam and 
gravel, underlaid by lime and slate; 
drained by Ancram or Roeliff Jan- 
sen's creek, flowing into the Hud- 
son river, which bounds it on the 
west. Livingston is the name of 
a post office 

Livingstonville, v. and p. 
o. Broome, Schoharie co. contains 
1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodi-t 
church, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 saw 
mill, and 15 or 20 dwelling houses. 

Livonia, t. Livingston co. 
situated 8 miles east of the village 
of Geneseo, and distant 217 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,719 inhabitants. The surface is 
rolling; soil, of good quality, un- 
derlaid with limestone ; drained 
by the outlet of Hemlock lake, and 
some small streams flowing west 
intoConesus lake. Livonia, Lake- 
ville, Hemlock Lake and South Li- 
vonia are names of post offices. 

Lloyd's Neck, lies on the 
north side of Long Island, in the 
town of Oyster Bay, Queens coun- 
ty. It is almost entirely surround- 
ed by water, having Long Island 
Sound on the north, Huntington 
bay on the east, and Oyster bay on 
the west, with a deep indentation 
from Huntington bay on the south, 
called Lloyd's Harbor. 

Locke, t. Cayuga county, si- 
tuated 20 miles south of the village 
of Auburn, and distant 153 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,654 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly; soil, gravelly loam, under- 
laid with slate; drained north by 



Livonia, 2,719 

Mount Morris, 4,576 

Sparta, 5,841 

Springwater, 2,832 

York, 3,049 

Total inhabitants, 35,140 

the Owasco inlet. Locke is the 
name of a post office situated in 
the village of Milan. 

Locke Berlin, p. o. Galen, 
Wayne co. 

Lockport, t. Niagara county, 
contains the county buildings si- 
tuated in the village of the same 
name; it is distant 277 miles from 
Albany, and contained in 1840, 
9,125 "inhabitants. The surface is 
about equally divided by a terrace, 
or range of hills, declining north 
towards the shore of Lake Ontario; 
soil, calcareous and sandy loam ; 
watered on the south by Tonawan- 
da creek, and drained north by a 
tributary of Eighteen Mile creek. 
There is in this town several qua- 
riesof fine building stone, exten- 
sively used in the construction of 
canal locks and aqueducts. Lock- 
port and Hickory Corners are 
names of post offices. 

Lockport, v. and p. o. Lock- 
port, Niagara county, is situated 
on the Erie canal, 31 miles north- 
east of Buffalo, and distant from 
Albany by canal route, 333 miles. 
It was incoporated in 1827, and 
now contains about 6,500 inhabi- 
tants, 800 dwelling houses, a court 
house, jail and county clerk's 
office, 2 Presbyterian, 1 congre- 
gational, 2 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 
Methodist, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 
Lutheran and 1 African church; 
besides an Orthodox and Hicksite 
meeting house ; 2 banking houses, 
16 hotels and taverns, 80 stores 
and groceries, 2 female seminaries, 
4 large flouring mills, 1 grist mill, 
an extensive cotton factory con- 
taining 2,100 spindles, 2 woollen 
factories, 9 saw mills, one of 
which is a large gang mill used 



234 LOCKPORT AND NIAGARA FALLS R. R.— LONG FALLS. 



extensively for sawing ship plank ; 
2 plough factories, 2 plaster mills, 

1 sash factory, 2 furnaces, 1 ma- 
chine shop where is constructed 
steamboat and railroad machinery, 
besides other machine shops ; 4 
cloth dressing establishments, 1 
manufactory of fanning mills, and 

2 for threshing machines, 2 car- 
riage factories and 2 tanneries. 
The hydraulic power derived from 
the surplus waters of the Erie ca- 
nal at this place is immense, afford- 
ing sufficient water power to 
propel at least 300 run of mill 
stones, and is admirably located 
for an extensive manufacturing 
town. In addition to the Erie ca- 
nal which passes through the cen- 
tre of the village, the Lockporl and 
Niagara Falls railroad commences 
at this place, and runs to Niagara 
Falls, a distance of 24 miles ; the 
Buffalo and Niagara Falls railroad 
extends a further distance of 22 
miles to the city of Buffalo, afford- 
ing a speedy communication for 
travellers visiting ihe Falls and 
Buffalo. Here are now re-building 
ten combined locks, to be construc- 
ted of lime rock in the most 
finished style of masonry, to ac- 
commodate the Enlarged Erie 
canal. Lockport has sprung up 
and become one of our largest in- 
land villages since the completion 
of the above canal, deriving its 
name from the above locks. Here 
is the first fall of water between 
this place and Lake Erie, there 
being a descent of about 60 feet. 
A daily line of stages run from this 
place to Batavia, and to Rochester 
by the ridge road, in addition to 
daily lines of canal packet boats 
running east and west. 

Lockport and Niagara 
Falls Railroad, extends from 
Lockport to the village of Niagara 
Falls, a distance of 24 miles; pas- 
ing through the towns of Cambria 
and Lewiston, (where is a branch 
road of 3 miles> running to the vil- 



lage of Lewiston,) thence to the 
Falls, where it terminates. The 
company was incorporated in 
1834, with a capital of $175,000. 
It is contemplated to extend the 
above road from its termination in 
Lockport, to Batavia or Rochester; 
thus uniting with the great line of 
railroads extending from Albany 
to Buffalo. 

Lodi, t. Seneca county, situated 
20 miles south of the village of 
Waterloo, and distant 175 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,236 inhabitants. The surface is 
rolling; soil, clay loam, underlaid 
by slate and lime; drained by some 
small stream flowing into Cayuga 
and Seneca lakes ; the latter bounds 
it on the west. Lodi, Ingersoll and 
Townsendsville are names of post 
offices. 

Lodi, v. and p. o. Lodi, Seneca 
county, is situated on elevated 
ground ; it contain- about 400 in- 
habitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns and 4 stores. 

Lodi, v. Persia and Collins, 
Cattaraugus and Erie counties, lies 
on Cattaraugus creek ; it contains 
about 700 inhabitants, 100 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Me- 
thodist church, 4 taverns. 9 stores 
and groceries, 2 woollen factories, 
1 flouring mill, 3 saw mills, 1 fur- 
nace, 1 pail factory, 1 shingle fac- 
tory, 1 chair factory, and 1 turning 
shop, all using water power, which 
is here very abundant, being only 
in part occupied ; also 1 tannery 
and 1 ashery. Here is situated the 
Persia post office. 

Logan, p. o. Hector, Tomp- 
kins CO. 

Long Falls, of Black River, 
commences at the village of Car- 
thage, Jefferson county, where is 
a descent of about 60 feet in the 
first half mile, below which the 
river is navigable for 4 miles ; it 
then descends about 100 feet in 2 
miles, thence navigable 4 miles to 
the Great Bend, between Cham- 



LONG ISLAND— LONG ISLAND SOUND. 



235 



pion and Le Ray ; then a succes- 
sion of rapids, with few exceptions, 
continue to the villages of Water- 
town and Brownville, from whence 
there are rapids, improved by locks 
and dams, navigable to the head 
of Black River Bay, which com- 
municates with Lake Ontario. See 
High Falls. 

Long Island, including the 
counties of Kings, Queens and 
Suffolk, contained in 1840,110,406 
inhabitants, and may be described 
as the south-easterly portion of the 
State of New-York; it extends 
from Fort Hamilton at, the " Nar- 
rows," to Montauk Point, a dis- 
tance of about 140 miles. Its 
breadth as far east as Peconic 
Bay, varies from 12 to 20 miles, in 
a distance of 90 miles. This bay 
is an irregular sheet of water, ex- 
panding in width as it proceeds 
eastward, until it communicates 
with Gardiner's Bay, being separa- 
ted by Shelter Island, which forms 
a town in Suffolk county. The 
northerly branch of Long Island 
thus formed, terminates at Oyster 
Pond Point, and the southerly 
branch at Montauk ; the latter 
branch being the longest of the 
two by about 20 miles. It is 
bounded on the north by Long 
Island Sound, and on the south by 
the Atlantic Ocean. Estimated 
area of the whole, 1,500 square 
miles, or 960,000 acres. A chain 
of hills or ridge, more or less ele- 
vated, commences on the west and 
extends east to near Oyster Pond 
Point ; the surface north of the 
ridge is in general rough and bro- 
ken, excepting some of the necks 
and points that stretch into the 
Sound, which are, for the most 
nart, level ; while the surface south 
of the ridge is almost a perfect 
plain, declining south towards the 
Atlantic, destitute not only of 
rocks, but even of stones exceed- 
ing in weight a few ounces. On 
both sides *>t the island are nume- 



rous streams, emptying into bays 
and harbors, affording convenient 
sites for various manufacturing 
establishments ; while the bays 
themselves are navigable and 
abound in almost every variety of 
shell and scale fish, which are here 
taken in great abundance. Some 
of the bays also embrace islands 
and extensive tracts of salt marsh, 
furnishing an immense quantity of 
grass annually. Wild fowl of 
many kinds in countless numbers 
are found here, affording a plea- 
sant recreation to sportsmen, and 
a source of profitable employment 
to many hundreds of individuals, 
who pursue it as matter of emolu- 
ment ; finding a ready sale for all 
they can procure in the New-York 
markets. 

Long Island Railroad, 
commences at the south ferry in 
the city of Brooklyn, and runs 
through East New-York and Ja- 
maica to Hicksville, a distance of 
27 miles; from Hicksville eastward, 
the road is under construction, 
and the division extending to near 
Ronkonkoma Pond in the town of 
Smithtown, a further distance of 
20 miles, is finished. The grading 
of a part of the remaining distance 
of 46 miles to Greenport, the final 
termination, is under contract ; 
length of road in operation January, 
1842, 47 miles. This road is in- 
tended to form a line of travel to 
Boston, by means of a ferry across 
Long Island Sound to Stonington, 
a distance of 24 miles, and about 
30 miles to Norwich, Conn.; which 
road, when finished, will connect 
with railroads running from both 
of the above places. 

Long Island Sound, is a 
large and important body of water, 
lying between the state of Con- 
necticut and Long Island; it 
is about 100 miles long and from 
10 to 20 miles wide. Several ri- 
vers flow into it from the north ; it 
communicates with the Atlantic 



230 



LONG LAKE— LOWER REDHOOK. 



ocean on the east, and on the west 
unites with the bay of New-York, 
through the East river, which 
separates Long Island from 
New-York and Westchester coun- 
ties. 

Long Lake, t. Hamilton co. 
situated 35 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Lake Pleasant, and distant 
100 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 59 inhabitants. This is a 
large town in extent of territory, 
extending across the county from 
east to west; it is almost an entire 
wilderness, abounding in lakes and 
numerous streams. This region 
of country, though it can have no 
particular claim to fertility or even- 
ness of surface, yet it is heavily 
timbered, and wherever it is clear- 
ed, produces the most luxuriant 
crops of grass and rooted vegeta- 
bles. 

Long Lake, lies in the northern 
part of the county of Hamilton, sur- 
rounded by a wild and unsettled re- 
gion of the state ; it is IS miles long 
and from 1 to 2 miles wide. This 
lake is one of the largest of the clus- 
ter of lakes in this vicinity, empty- 
ing its waters north into the Racket 
river ; though there is said to be so 
little difference of level at its ex- 
tremities, that it might be made 
to flow southward into the Hud- 
son. The Indian name for this 
body of water, is W eechobadcko- 
nee-puss, — lake abounding in bass 
wood . 

Long Rapids, p. o. Canton, 
St. Lawrence co. 

Long Sault Island, Lower, 
lies in the St. Lawrence river, and 
is attached to the town of Massena, 
St. Lawrence county ; it is 5 miles 
long and about 1 mile wide. Here 
are situated the Long Sault Ra- 
pids, being 12 miles long, with a 
descent of 80 feet ; around which, 
on the Canada side of the river, 
is a canal, in whole or part fin- 
ished. 

Long Sault Island, Upper, 



lies in the St. Lawrence river, and 
is attached to the town of Louis- 
ville, St. Lawrence county ; it is 
3 miles long and from 1 to lj miles 
wide. 

Loon Lake, is a small body 
of water lying in Chester, Warren 
co. 

Lorraine, t. Jefferson county, 
situated 15 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Watertown, and distant 145 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,699 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, clay and sandy 
loam ; drained west by Sandy 
creek and its tributaries. Lor- 
raine is the name of a post of 
fice. 

Louisburgh, v. Diana, Lew- 
is co. is situated on Indian river; 
it contains a large furnace, and 
some 20 or 30 dwelling houses. 

Louisville, t. St. Lawrence 
co. situated 20 miles north of the 
village of Canton, and distant 231 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,693 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, rich loam, 
underlaid by limestone ; watered 
by Grass river and the St. Law- 
rence river, which bound it on the 
north-west. Several islands lying 
in the St. Lawrence river, are at- 
tached to this town. Louisville is 
the name of a post office, where 
is a small settlement on Grass 
river. 

Louisville, v. Butternuts, 
Otsego county, is situated on But- 
ternut creek ; it contains about 350 
inhabitants, 50 dwelling honses, an 
Episcopal church, 3 taverns, 7 
stores, 2 extensive cotton factories, 
1 grist mill and 3 tanneries. 

Louisville Landing, Louis- 
ville, St. Lawrence county, is si- 
tuated on the east side of the St. 
Lawrence, 34 miles below Ogdens 
burgh. Here are situated a public 
house, 2 stores, and some 8 or 10 
dwelling houses. 

Lower Redhook. See Red- 
ttook. 



LOWER SARANAC LAKE— LYNDON. 



237 



Lower Sarakac Lake. 
See Sara?iac Lake. 

Low Hampton, p. o. Hamp- 
ton, Washington co. 

Low Point Landing. See 
Carthage, Dutchess co. 

Lowville, t. Lewis co. situa- 
ted 7 miles north of the village of 
Martinsburgh, and distant 132 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,047 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling; soil, on the uplands 
of good quality, and very rich and 
productive on the lowlands border- 
ing Black river, which bounds it 
on the east. Lowville, Stow's 
Square and West Lowville are 
names of post offices 

Lowville, v. and p. o. Low- 
ville, Lewis co. contains about 
G50 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 

1 Methodist church; 2 taverns; 
an incorporated academy; 1 bank, 
7 stores, 1 flouring mill and 1 saw 
mill. 

Ludlowville, v. and p. o. 
Lansing, Tompkins county, is si- 
tuated on Salmon creek, where is 
a fall of near 100 feet ; it contains 
about 450 inhabitants, 90 dwelling- 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Me- 
thodist church ; 1 tavern, 4 stores, 

2 flouring mills, 1 saw mill, 1 oil 
mill, 1 clothier's works and 1 tan 
nery. 

LUMBERLAND, t. Sullivan CO. 

situated 12 miles south-west of the 
village of Monticello, and distant 
125 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1S40, 1,205 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly ; soil, gravelly 
loam, heavily timbered with oak, 
and different kinds of pine ; drain- 
ed by Mongoup river, and several 
other small streams flowing into 
the Deleware river, which bounds 
it on the south-west. Lumberland 
and Narrowsburgh are names of 
post offices. 

Lunatic Asylums. See 
New- York City, Hudson and 
Utica. 



Luzeune, t. Warren co. situa- 
ted 6 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Caldwell, and distant 55 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1S40, 1284 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly, with the exception of 
the valley of the Hudson, which 
forms the west boundary ; the Pal- 
mertown range of hills covers the 
east. Through this town extends 
a chain of small lakes, connecting 
Lake George with the Hudson riv- 
er, at the village of Luzerne. 

Luzerne, v. and p. o. Luzerne, 
Warren co. is situated on the east 
side of the Hudson river; it con- 
tains about 250 inhabitants, 40 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 tav- 
erns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill, and a cloth dressing estab- 
lishment. 

Lyme, t. Jefferson co. situated 
12 miles west of the village of Wa- 
tertown, and distant 172 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
5,472 inhabitants. The surface is 
gently undulating ; soil, sandy and 
marly loam of excellent quality ; 
watered by Chaumont liver on the 
east, and on the west by the St. 
Lawrence, being bounded on the 
south by Lake Ontario, in which 
are situated Grenadier and Fox 
Islands, belonging to this town. 
Cape Vincent, Chaumont, Miller's 
Bay, Peninsula and Thre^ 1 Mile Bay 
are names of post offices. 

Lyndon, t. Cattaraugus co. sit- 
uated 18 miles east of the village 
of Ellicottville, and distant 274 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 628 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating ; soil, sandy, 
clay and gravelly loam ; drained 
by Ischua and Oil creeks. Hop- 
kins is the name of a post office. 

Lyndon v. Yates, Orleans co. 
is situated on Johnson's creek ; it 
contains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2 tav- 
erns, 3 stores, 1 tannery, 1 large 
flouring mill, 1 saw mill, and 1 
furnace. 



LYONS— MAC HI AS. 



Lyons, t. Wayne co. contains 
the county buildings, situated in 
the village of the same name, and 
is distant from Albany 181 miles ; 
it contained in 1840, 4,302 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is hilly ; soil, 
sandy and calcareous loam of good 
quality ; drained east by Mud 
creek and the Canandaigua outlet, 
which here unite, forming Clyde 
river. Lyons and Alloway are 
names of post offices. 

Lyons, v. and p. o. Lyons, 
Wayne co. is eligibly situated on 
the Erie canal, 181 miles west of 
the city of Albany. It was incor- 
porated in 1S31, and now contains 
about 1,800 inhabitants, 300 dwell- 
ing houses, a court house and jail, 
county clerk's and surrogate's of- 
fice; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 
1 Methodist, 1 Baptist and 1 Lu- 
theran church ; 1 banking house, 
4 hotels and taverns, 20 stores of 
different kinds, 2 ware houses, 2 
flouring mills and 1 saw mill using 
water power ; 1 steam furnace 
and 1 saw mill, 2 tanneries, 1 ash- 
ery, 2 extensive fanning mill man- 
ufactories, and 2 carriage manu- 
factories. Stages leave Lyons 
daily, for Geneva, Rochester, So- 
dus Point and Syracuse, in addi- 
tion to commodious canal packets 
which pass and repass twice daily. 

Lyonsdale, p. o.Greig, Lew- 
is co. 

Lysander, t. Onondaga co. 
situated 15 miles northwest of the 
village of Syracuse, and distant 
158 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 4,306 inhabitants. The 
surface is mostly level; soil of good 
quality ; watered by Seneca river, 
which bounds it on the south. Ly- 
sander, Baldwinsville and Plain- 
ville are names of post offices. The 
former is situated at Bett's corners. 

Mabbittsville, p. o. Wash- 
ington, Dutchess co. 

McConnellsville, p. o. Vi- 
enna, Oneida co. 

MacDonough, t. Chenango 



co. situated 12 miles west of the 
village of Norwich, and distant 
128 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,369 inhabitants. The 
surface is divided into ridges ; soil, 
clay loam, productive in grass; 
drained south by Bowman's and 
Geneganslette creeks. McDo- 
nough and East McDonough are 
names of post offices. 

McDonough, v. and p. o. Mc- 
Donough, Chenango co. situated 
on the Geneganslette creek, con- 
tains about 200 inhabitants, 40 
dwelling houses, 1 Baptist and 1 
Methodist church, 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills and 
1 paper mill. 

Macedon, t. Wayne co. situa- 
ted 20 miles west of the village of 
Lyons, and distant 201 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,396 
inhabitants. The surface is roll- 
ing ; soil, clay and gravelly loam, 
underlaid by lime; drained east by 
Mud Creek. Macedon and Macedon 
Centre are names of post offices. 

MacGrawville, p. o. Cort- 
landville, Cortland co. Here are 
situated 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist 
and 1 Methodist church; 1 tavern, 
3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
tannery, and a number of dwelling 
houses. 

Machias, t. Cattaraugus co. 
situated lo miles north-east of the 
village of Ellicottville, and distant 
283 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,085 inhabitants. The 
surface is high and level ; soil, fer- 
tile, clay and gravelly loam; drain- 
ed south by the Ischua creek, 
while the outlet of Lime lake flows 
north into Cattaraugus creek. It 
has, however, been proposed* to 
turn its waters into Ischua creek, 
for the purpose of feeding the Gen- 
esee Valley canal. 

Machias, v. and p. o. Machias, 
Cattaraugus co. contains about 250 
inhabitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill and 1 tannery. 



McLEAN— MADISON. 



239 



McLean, v. and p. o. Groton, village of Canto^, and distant 184 
Tompkins co. is situated on Fall miles from AlbanV is a new town, 
creek, where is afforded a great formed from the rVwns of Gover- 
amount of hydraulic power. It neurand Monistow^, in 1841. The 
contains about 350 inhabitants, 50 surface is mostly le\M ; soil, gen- 
dwelling houses, 1 Baptist and 1 j erally good; it is -watered by 
Methodist church, 2 taverns, 4 j Black lake on the west, and drained 
stores, 1 extensive flouring mill, 4 north by Beaver creek, a tributary 
saw mills, 1 iron foundery and j of the Oswegatchie river. Lead 
trip hammer works, 1 plaster mill, I mines are found in this town and 
1 tannery and 1 clothing works. I vicinity, producing ore of a good 

Macomb, t. St. Lawrence co. quality. Washburnvilleis the nam^ 
situated 20 miles south-west of the | of a post office. 

MADISON COUNTY, taken from Chenango in 1S06, is centrally 
distant 10S miles west from the city of Albany. It is bounded on the 
north by Oneida county, east by Oneida and Otsego counties, south 
by Chenango, and west by Onondaga county. The surface is muchi 
diversified; the elevated ridge which separates the waters flowingnW 
north from the tributary waters of the Susquehannah river, crosses thed\*\ 



southern part of this county. The middle and southern towns are unehe 
ven and hilly, while the northern portion is more level. The soil idy 
generally fertile, and very productive in the valleys, which are exterae, 
sive. It is drained on the south by the head branches of the Chenangc'a- 
Unadilla, Otselic and Tioughnioga rivers, and on the north by severar, 
small streams, most of which fall into Oneida lake, lying upon its- 
northern boundary. Two very important mineral productions, gypsum 
and water lime stone, were at an early period discovered in this county 
in great abundance, and have been a source of wealth to its citizens ; 
they are located near the Erie canal, affording facilities not often pos- 
sessed, for transporting the surplus to distant markets. Marl is found 
in abundance, and bog iron ore has been found in various parts of the 
county, though not in large quantities. There are two important sul- 
phur springs near the village of Chittenango ; they are highly charged 
with gas, and rank next to the Avon springs. The Erie Canal and the 
Syracuse and Uticu Railroad, both cross the northern part of this 
county. The county buildings are located in the village of Morrisville, 
in the town of Eaton. Its area is about 582 square miles, or 372,000 
acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Madison county, with 
the population in 1840 . 

Lenox, 5,440 






as 



Brookfield, 3,695 

Cazenovia, 4,153 

De Ruyter, 1.799 

Eaton, 3,409 

Fenner, 1,997 

Georgetown, 1 ,130 

Hamilton, 3,738 

Lebanon, 1 ,794 

Madison, t. Madison co. situ- 
ated 8 miles east of the village of 
Morristown, and distant 95 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 



Madison 2,344 

Nelson, 2,100 

Smithfield, 1,699 

Stockbridge, 2,320 

Sullivan, 4,390 



Total inhabitants, 40,008 

2,344 inhabitants. The surface is 
high and rolling ; soil, clay and 
Sfravelly loam ; drained by the 
head waters of the Chenango river 



240 



MADISON— MALONE. 



south, and by the^Jriskany creek 
north, which entities into the Mo- 
hawk river ; her r is the summit of 
the Chenango clnal, which passes 
through this to;-U north and south. 
Madison and ; />uckville are names 
of post off ces. 

Madjon, v. and p. o. Madi- 
son, Madison co. is situated on the 
Cher.y Valley turnpike. It was 
incorporated in 1816, and now con- 
tarns about 500 inhabitants, 90 
d .veiling houses, 1 Baptist and 1 
Universalist church, 2 taverns and 
2, stores. 
, Madison Barracks. See Sack- 
vlt's Harbor. 

Madrid, t. St. Lawrence co 
situated 12 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Canton, and distant 227 
m les from Albany; contained in 
18-10, 4,511 inhabitants. Surface 
ge'ntly undulating ; soil, rich loam ; 
drained by Grass river and several 
sr'nall streams flowing into the St. 
[Lawrence river, which bounds it 
on the north-west. The Isle au 
Rapid Plat and several lesser 
islands belong to this town. Mad- 
rid, Ruthersville and Waddington 
are names of post offices. The 
former is situated in the village of 
Columbiaville. 

Magnolia, p. o. Chautauque, 
Chautauque co. 

Mahopack Lake, is a beau- 
tiful sheet of water lying in the 
town of Carmel, Putnam co.; it is 
about I mile in diameter, in which 
are embosomed two or three small 
islands. The waters abound with 
various kinds offish of fine flavor, 
which are taken in great quanti- 
ties. 

Maine, v. and p. o. Union, 
Broome county, contains about 
300 inhabitants, 50 dwellins: hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist 
church; an incorporated acade- 
my; 1 tavern, 2 stores and 1 tan- 
nery. 

Malden, v. and p. o. Sauger- 
ties, Ulster county, is situated on 



the west bank of the Hudson river, 
1 12 miles north of the city of New- 
York; it contains 1 church, 1 ta 
vern and 2 stores. This is a regu- 
lar steamboat landing, from which 
are also shipped large quantities of 
leather, and flagging stones. — 
This place is some times called 
Bristol. 

Malden Bridge, v. and p. 
o. Chatham, Columbia county, is 
an agricultural settlement, situated 
on Kinderhook creek; it contains 
about 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 3 stores, 1 pub- 
lic house, 1 flouring mill, 1 exten- 
sive cabinet, manufactory, and 1 
tannery and harness making estab- 
lishment. 

Malone, t. Franklin county, 
contains the county buildings situa- 
ted in the village of the same name, 
and is distant from Albany 212 
miles; it contained in 1840, 3,229 
inhabitants. The surface is level ; 
soil, sandy loam of good quality; 
drained by Salmon and Trout ri- 
vers, both of which flow into Ca- 
nada, which bounds it on the 
north. 

Malone, v. and p. o. Malone, 
Franklin county, is situated on 
both sides of Salmon river, where 
is erected a substantial stone 
bridge of one arch, 80 feet wide, 
and 65 above the surface of the 
stream. It contains about 750 in- 
habitants, 100 dwelling houses; a 
court house, jail and county clerk's 
office; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist 
and 1 Methodist church; the 
Franklin Academy ; a state arse- 
nal; 3 public houses, 8 stores of 
different kinds, 1 extensive cotton 
factory, containing 5,000 spindles 
and 80 looms; 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill, 1 pail factory, 1 scythe fac- 
tory, 1 fulling mill, 2 pocket fur- 
naces, 1 distillery and 2 large tan- 
neries. This village is abundantly 
supplied with water power, and 
is surrounded by a fertile country, 
where is also to be found iron ore 



MALTA— MANCHESTER. 



241 



in great quantities, of the finest 
quality. 

Malta, t. Saratoga county, 
situated 6 miles south-east of the 
village of Ballston Spa, and distant 
24 miles from the city of Albany ; 
contained in 1840, 1,457 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is undulating; 
soil, clay loam and light sand ; 
Saratoga lake lies on the north- 
east, and Round lake on the south- 
east part of the town; it is drained 
east by the outlet of Ballsion or 
Long lake and Anthony's Kill, the 
outlet of Round lake. Malta and 
Maltaville are names of post offi- 
ces. At the former there is a small 
settlement, called Dunning Street, 
where are located 2 taverns, 1 
store, and some 12 or 15 scattered 
dwelling houses. 

Maltaville, v. and p. o. 
Malta, Saratoga county, is situated 
near the Round lake ; it contains 
1 church ; 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 
woollen factory, 1 grist mill, and 
about 15 or 20 dwelling houses. 

Mamakating, t. Sullivan co. 
situated 12 miles east of the village 
of Monticello, and distant 101 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 3,418 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous, 
having the Shawangunk mountain 
on the east, and a high ridge on 
the west; through the intervening 
valley flows Bashe's Kill, and the 
Delaware and Hudson canal. 
Bloomingburgb, Burlingham, Phil- 
lipsport, Westbrookville and 
Wurtzboro' are names of post 
offices. 

Mamaroneck, t. Westchester 
county, situated 7 miles south of 
the village of White Plains, and 
distant 138 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 1,416 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is hilly ; soil, 
sandy loam and clay, mostly well 
cultivated ; drained south by Ma- 
maroneck creek flowing into Long 
Island Sound, which bounds it on 
the south. 

16 



Mamaroneck, v. and p. o. 
is situated on the north side, of 
Long Island Sound ; it contains 
about 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
houses, 1 Episcopal and 1 Metho- 
dist church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
and 1 manufactory of salamander 
safes. Here are owned 2 or 3 
sloops plying to and from the New- 
York market. 

Mamaroneck Creek, rises 
in the town of White Plains, West- 
chester county, and runs south into 
Long- Island Sound, at the village 
of Mamaroneck. 

Manchester, t. Ontario co. 
situated 8 miles north-east of the 
village of Canandaigua, and distant 
201 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1S40, 2,912 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating ; soil, sandy 
loam and clay, underlaid by lime, 
and very fertile ; drained by Ca- 
nandaigua outlet. Manchester, 
Manchester Centre and Port Gib- 
son are names of post offices. At 
Clifton Springs, on the east part of 
this town, is a sulphur spring of 
some celebrity. 

Manchester, v. and p. o. 
Manchester, Ontario county, is si- 
tuated on the outlet of Canandaigua 
lake ; it contains about 200 inha- 
bitants, 25 dwelling houses, 
2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 
woollen factory, and 1 furnace ; 
and in the vicinity are an extensive 
flouring mill, a paper mill and a 
distillery. 

Manchester, v. Kirkland, 
Oneida county, is situated on Oris- 
kany creek ; it contains about 350 
inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 large 
cotton factory, 1 flouring mill and 
1 grist mill. 

Manchester, v. Poughkeep- 
sie, Dutchess county, is a small 
manufacturing village, situated on 
Wappinger's creek. Here is a cot- 
ton factory, containing 2,000 spin- 
dles, and 66 power looms, giving 
employment to upwards of 100 



242 



MANCHESTER CENTRE— MARBLETOWN. 



operatives; some 20 or 30 dwelling 
houses, and about 250 inhabi- 
tants. 

Manchester Centre, p. 
o. Manchester, Ontario co. 

Mandana, p. o. Skaneateles, 
Onondaga co. 

Manhasset, r. and p. o. 
North Hempstead, Queens co. is 
situated at the head of Cow Neck ; 
it contains 1 Dutch Reformed, and 
1 Episcopal church, and 1 Friend's 
meeting- house ; an academy ; 1 
public house, 1 store, and some 10 
or 15 dwellings. 

Manhattan Island. See 
New- York. 

Manhattanville, v. New- 
York co. is situated on the east 
bank of the Hudson river, 8 miles 
north of the City Hall; it contains 
about 500 inhabitants, 70 dwelling- 
houses, 1 Episcopal church, 1 ta- 
vern, 4 stores, and 1 white lead, 
paint and color manufactory. 
Here is a convenient landing 
and wharf. About half^ a 
mile south of this place is situa- 
ted, on elevated ground, the New- 
York Lunatic Asylum. 

Manheim, t. Herkimer coun- 
ty, situated 10 miles east of the 
village of Herkimer, and distant 
70 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,095 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly; soil, clay and 
calcareous loam of good quality ; 
drained by East Canada creek 
flowing into the Mohawk river, 
which bounds it on the south. 
Manheim and Manheim Centre are 
names of post offices. 

Manlius, t. Onondaga county, 
situated 10 miles east of the village 
of Syracuse, and distant 120 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
5,509 inhabitants. The surface is 
in part rolling ; soil, clay and san- 
dy loam of superior quality, under- 
laid by sand aril limestone ; 
drained by Limestone and Chitte- 
nango creeks. Manlius, Fayett- 
ville, Hartville, Kirkville and 



Manlius Centre are names of post 
offices. 

Manlius, v. and p. o. Manlius, 
Onondaga co. is situated on the 
Cherry Valley turnpike ; it was 
incorporated in 1813, and now 
contains about 1,200 inhabitants, 
200 dwelling houses, 5 churches, 
1 incorporated academy, 3 taverns, 
7 stores, 3 cotton factories, 3 grist 
mills, 1 fulling mill, 2 saw mills, 
1 tannery, 2 carriage manufacto- 
ries, and 1 plaster mill. 

Manlius Centre, v. and p. 
o. Manlius, Onondaga county, is 
situated on the Erie canal. Here 
are located 1 church, 2 taverns, 3 
stores, 40 dwelling houses, and 
about 300 inhabitants. 

Mannsville, v. and p. o. 
Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, con- 
tains about 150 inhabitants, 25 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 1 ta- 
vern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
mills, 1 carding and fulling mill, 
and 1 tannery. 

Mansfield, t. Cattaraugus 
county, situated 5 miles west of 
the village of Ellicottville, and dis- 
tant 297 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 942 inhabitants. 
The surface is undulating ; soil, 
sandy and gravelly loam, adapted 
to grass or grain ; drained north by 
streams flowing into Cattaraugus 
creek, and south by streams run- 
ning: into the Allegany river. 
Mansfield is the name of a post 
office. 

Maple Grove, p. o. Butter- 
nuts, Otsego co. 

Marathon, t. Cortland co. 
situated 15 miles south-east of the 
village of Cortland, and distant 145 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,063 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, sandy 
loam; drained by the Tioughnioga 
river, and some of its tributaries. 
Marathon is the name of a post 
office. 

Marbletown, t. Ulster co. 
situated 7 miles south-west of the 



MARCELLUS— MARSH ALL . 



243 



village of Kingston, and distant 
65 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 3,813 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly ; the Shawangunk 
mountain extending to the south 
boundary; soil, fertile loam; 
drained by the Esopus and Rondout 
creeks. Marbletown, High Falls 
and Stone Ridge are names of post 
offices. 

Maecellus, t. Onondaga co. 
situated 10 miles south-west of the 
village of Syracuse, and distant 
140 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1S40, 2,726 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly; soil fertile 
loam; drained south by Nine Mile 
creek. Marcellus, Marcellus 
Falls, Marietta and South Marcel- 
lus are names of post offices. 

Marcellus. v. and p. o. is 
situated on Nine Mile creek ; it 
contains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 
1 Episcopal, and 1 Methodist 
church, 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 wool- 
len factory, 2 paper mills, 1 flour- 
ing mill and 1 saw mill. 

Marcellus Falls, v. and 
p. o. Marcellus, Onondaga county, 
is situated on Nine Mile creek, 
about 1 mile below the village of 
Marcellus. Here are located 1 
woollen factory, 1 flouring mill, 1 
saw mill, 1 clock factory, 1 ta- 
vern, 1 store, and 15 or 20 dwel- 
ling houses. 

Marcy, t. Oneida county, si- 
tuated 6 miles north of the city of 
Utica, and distant 100 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1S40, 1,799 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
being covered in part by the Has- 
sencleaver mountain ; soil, clay 
and sandy loam, underlaid mostly 
by graywacke slate and sandstone; 
drained by Nine Mile creek, flow- 
ing into the Mohawk river, which 
bounds it on the south. J farcy is 
the name of a post office. 

Marengo, p. o. Galen, Wayne 

CO. 

Maria Lake, is a small body 



of water lying in the town of 
Duanesburgh, Schenectady co. 

Mariaville, p. o. Duanes- 
burgh, Schenectady co. 

Marietta, p. o. Marcellus, 
Onondaga co. 

Marine Hospital. See 
Quarantine Ground and Tornp- 
kinsville. 

Marine Pavilion. See Far 
Itockaway. 

Marion, t. Wayne co. situated 
14 miles north-west of the village 
of Lyons, and distant 195 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,903 inhabitants. The surface is 
somewhat broken by hills and 
ridges; soil, well adapted for 
grain; drained south by a branch 
of Mud creek. 

Marion, v. and p. o. Marion, 
Wayne co. contains about 250 in- 
habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Baptist church; 
1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 steam furnace 
and machine shop, 1 grist mill, 1 
tannery and 1 ashery. 

Marlborough, t. Ulster co. 
situated 20 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Kingston, and distant 88 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,523 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly; soil, clay loam, un- 
derlaid with slate; drained by Old 
Man's Kill, flowing into the Hudson 
river, which bounds it on the east. 
Marlborough and Milton are names 
of post offices. 

Marlborough, v. and p. o. 
Marlborough, Ulster county, is si- 
tuated about half a mile west of 
the Hudson river, on Old Man's 
Kill, affording an abundant supply 
of water power ; it contains about 
400 inhabitants, 60 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
church, and a Friends' meeting 
house; 1 tavern, 3 stores, 2 paper 
mills, 2 woollen factories and 1 
clothier's works ; 2 grist mills, and 
1 saw mill. 

Marshall, t. Oneida co. si- 
tuated 12 miles south-west of the 



244 



MARTINSBURGH— MASSENA. 



city of Utica, and distant 106 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,251 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling; soil, fertile sandy 
loam, much of it highly cultivated; 
drained north by the Oriskany 
creek. Through this town runs 
the Chenango canal. Marshall 
and Deansville are names of post 
offices. 

Martinsburgh, t. Lewis co. 
contains the county buildings, sit- 
uated in the village of the same 
name, and is distant 142 miles from 
Albany ; it contained in 1840, 
2,272 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, fertile loam, 
yielding large crops of wheat and 
other grain ; drained through the 
centre by Martin's creek, flowing 
into Black river, which bounds it 
on the east. Martinsburgh and 
West Martinsburgh are names of 
post offices. 

Martinsburgh, v. and p. o, 
Martinsburgh, Lewis co. is situa- 
ted on the post road between Utica 
and Ogdensburgh. It contains 
about 600 inhabitants, 100 dwell- 
ing houses, 3 churches, a court 
house and jail, 1 banking house, 2 
taverns, 6 stores and a female 
academy ; 1 flouring mill, 2 saw 
mills, and 1 woollen factory. Here 
is located a lead mine, which bids 
fair to become of value ; as yet it 
has only been worked to a very 
small extent. 

Martin's Hill, p. o. Catlin, 
Chemung co. 

Martville, v. and p. o. Ster- 
ling, Cayuga co. is situated on So- 
dus creek. It contains about 200 
inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
tavern, 1 store, 1 flouring mill, 1 
saw mill and 1 distillery. 

Maryland, t. Otsego co. sit- 
uated 12 miles south of the village 
of Cooperstown, and distant 66 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,085 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly, with fertile valleys ; 
soil, sandy loam ; drained by 



Schenevas creek. The Crumhorn 
mountain, as it is called, lies on 
the west part of this town. Mary- 
land and Jacksonboro' are names 
of post offices. At the former 
there is a settlement, containing 1 
Presbyterian church, 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
distillery, and about 20 dwelling 
houses. 

Mary's Lake, is a small body 
of water lying in the town of Pa- 
rish, Oswego co. 

Masonville, t. Delaware co. 
situated 23 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Delhi, and distant 105 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,420 inhabitants. The sur 
face is hilly and mountainous, cov- 
ered with a large growth of pine 
and other timber ; drained by some 
small streams flowing west into the 
Susquehanna, and south into the 
Delaware river. 

Masonville, v. and p. o. Ma 
sonville, Delaware county, con- 
tains about 200 inhabitants, 35 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Methodist church, 1 tavern 
and 3 stores. 

Maspeth, or Newtown 
Landing, Newtown, Queens co. 
is situated at the head of Newtown 
creek. Here are located 1 tavern, 
1 store, and some 12 or 15 dwell- 
ing houses. 

Massena, t. St. Lawrence co. 
situated 28 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Canton, and distant 236 
miles from Albany, is the north- 
westernmost town in the state, and 
embraces two large islands in the 
St. Lawrence river ; it contained 
in 1840, 2,726 inhabitants. The 
surface is gently rolling; soil, rich 
loam, underlaid with lime ; wa- 
tered by the Racket, Grass and St. 
Lawrence rivers. Near the Racket 
river, is a sulphur spring of consid- 
erable celebrity, which evolves 
large quantities of sulphuretted hy- 
drogen gas, and contains carbon- 
ates of soda, lime, magnesia and 



MASSENA— MAYFIELD LOWER CORNER. 



245 



sulphur. Massena and Racket 
River are names of post offices. 

Massena, v. and p. o. Masse- 
na, St. Lawrence co. is situated on 
Grass river. It contains about 300 
inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
Baptist church, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 
2 grist mills, 3 saw mills, 1 cloth- 
ier's works, and 2 tanneries ; also 
an extensive manufactory of water 
cement, the material being - found 
in abundance in the immediate vi- 
cinity. The Massena Springs are 
situated on Racket river, about one 
mile south of the village. Here 
are located 2 public houses, for 
the accommodation of visiters, and 
some 10 or 12 dwelling houses, most 
of whom accommodate boarders, 
who resort here to enjoy the benefit 
of these waters, which are found 
beneficial in most cutaneous dis- 
orders. 

Matildaville, p. o. Parish- 
ville, St. Lawrence co. 

Matteawan, v. Fishkill, 
Dutchess co. is situated on the 
Fishkill, li miles from Fishkill 
Landing on the Hudson river. 
This is a large manufacturing vil- 
lage, containing about 1,800 in- 
habitants, 200 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 1 public house, and six 
stores. Here are located 2 exten- 
sive factories for manufacturing 
moleskin, beaverteens, and fus- 
tians, so celebrated for their use- 
fulness and durability ; this being 
the only establishment in the coun- 
try at which these heavy cotton 
cloths are made. As the manufac- 
turing these heavy goods requires 
more manual labor than the ordina- 
ry cotton fabrics, this circumstance 
accounts for the large population 
here employed, these works alone 
requiring about 600 laborers. 
There is also 1 large iron foundery 
and machine shop, in connection 
with the above factories, in which 
are made every description of iron 
and brass castings, and machinery 
for cotton and woollen factories, 



steam engines, sugar mills and mill 
gearing ; employing, when in full 
operation, 400 mechanics who, in 
consequence of the long estab- 
lished temperance principles, for 
which this place is so justly cele- 
brated, own the houses which they 
occupy, all of which are neatly 
painted and standing back from 
the street, with shrubbery in front. 
Here is also 1 manufactory for ma- 
king machine cards, one for reeds 
for looms, and bobbins of every 
description, and a flouring mill 
with three run of stones. At this 
village, the creek has a fall of 
about 40 feet, affording abundant 
water power during the whole year. 
There is still another of 40 feet un- 
occupied, a short distance below 
these works. At this place is lo- 
cated the Highland Gymnasium, a 
somewhat celebrated boarding 
school for boys ; there are also 
other schools for the children con- 
nected with the factories. 

Matte aw an, or Fishkill 
Mountains. See Highlands. 

Mattituck, p. o. Southold, 
Suffolk co. Here are located a 
church and some 20 or 25 scattered 
dwelling houses. 

Mayfield, t. Fulton, co. situ- 
ated 8 miles north-east of the vil- 
lage of Johnstown, and distant 52 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,615 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous, hav- 
ing on the north a range of hills, 
here called the Mayfield mountains; 
soil, sandy and clay loam, adapted 
to grass and summer crops ; drain- 
ed north-east by several streams 
flowing into the Sacandaga river. 
Mayfield Lower Corner, Cranberry 
Creek and Riceville, are names of 
post offices. 

Mayfield, v. and p. o. May- 
field, Fulton co. contains about 150 
inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 1 tavern and 1 store. 

Mayfield Lower Corner, 
p. o. Mayfield, Fulton co. 



246 



MAYFIELD MOUNTAIN— MENDON. 



Mayfield Mountain, as it 
is called, lying in Fulton and Mont- 
gomery counties, may be consid- 
ered as the southern termination of 
the Clinton or Adirondack range. 
At its final termination, at the val- 
ley of the Mohawk, it is termed 
Klip's Hill, or Anthony's Nose. 

Mayville, v. and p. o. Chau- 
tauque, Chautauque county, is sit- 
uated on the north end of Chautau- 
que Lake, and contains the county 
buildings. It was incorporated in 
1830, and now contains about 500 
inhabitants, 80 dwelling houses, 4 
churches, 5 taverns, 8 stores, a 
wharf and store house, and an in- 
corporated academy ; a court 
house and jail, both built of stone 
and brick, and finished in a good 
style of architecture. The situa- 
tion of this village is delightful, 
commanding a view of the lake 
and its cultivated shores, for seve- 
ral miles in extent. A steam boat 
plies daily between Mayville and 
Jamestown, a distance of 22 miles, 
during the season of navigation. 

Mead's Creek, p. o. Orange, 
Steuben co. 

Mechanictown, v. Walkill, 
Orange co. is a manufacturing set- 
tlement, situated on a tributary of 
the Walkill. It contains about 
160 inhabitants, 20 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 tavern, 1 store, and 2 exten- 
sive woollen factories. About one 
mile east of this place is situated 
Phillipsburg, with which it is 
closely connected. 

Mechanicville, v. and p. o. 
Stillwater, Saratoga county, is sit- 
uated on the west side of the Hud- 
son river. It contains about 500 
inhabitants, 80 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 3 public houses, 5 stores, 
an extensive cotton factory, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, 1 plaster mill, 
and a manufactory of loco foco 
matches, all situated on Anthony's 
Kill, the outlet of Round Lake. 
The Champlain canal, the Rensse- 
laer and Saratoga railroad, and the 



Waterford and Whitehall turnpike, 
all pass through this place. 

Mecklenburgh, v. and p. o. 
Hector, Tompkins co. contains 
about 350 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
houses, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church, and 1 Presbyterian con- 
gregation, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
grist mill, 3 saw mills, 1 clothier's 
works, 1 tannery, 1 ashery, 1 pump 
factory, and 1 buckskin mitten 
and glove factory. 

Mecock Bay, lies on the south 
side of Long Island, in Suffolk co. 
It is about 4 miles long, and from 
1 to 2 miles wide. 

Medina, v. and p. o. Ridge- 
way, Orleans co. is situated on the 
Erie canal, at the junction of the 
Oak Orchard creek, which is used 
as a feeder. It was incorporated 
in 1832. and now contains about 
800 inhabitants, 130 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 
Baptist, 1 Catholic and 1 Metho- 
dist church, 3 taverns, 15 stores 
and groceries, 6 warehouses, 3 
flouring mills, 3 saw mills, 1 tan- 
nery, 1 brewery, 1 furnace, and 1 
clothier's works. 

Mkllexville, v. and p. o. 
Claverack, Columbia co. is a small 
manufacturing settlement, contain- 
ing 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 2 
flouring mills, 1 carpet factory, 
and a few dwelling houses. 

Mendon, t. Monroe co. situa- 
ted 12 miles south of the city of 
Rochester, and distant 209 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
3,435 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, argillaceous and 
calcareous loam ; drained by Ho- 
neoye, and Irondequoit creeks. 
Mendon, North Mendon and Hone- 
oye Falls, are names of post of- 
fices. 

Mendon, v. and p. o. Mendon, 
Monroe co. is situated on the Iron- 
dequoit creek. It was incorpora- 
ted in 1833, and now contains 
about 250 inhabitants, 35 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 



MENTZ— MIDDLEBURY. 



247 



tist church, an incorported acade- 
my, 2 taverns, 3 stores and 1 grist 
mill. 

Mentz, t. Cayuga co. situated 
8 miles north of the village of Au- 
burn, and distant 156 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 4,215 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating ; soil, gravelly and sandy 
loam, very fertile ; watered by the 
Owasco outlet and the Seneca riv- 
er, which bounds it on the west and 
north. The Erie canal passes near- 
ly through the centre of this town, 
from east to west, passing by a 
stone aqueduct over the Owasco 
outlet. The Montezuma salt 
springs and works lie a short dis- 
tance north of the canal, to which 
extends a side cut. Montezuma, 
Port Byion and Throopsville, are 
names of post offices. 

Meredith, t. Delaware co. 
situated 6 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Delhi, and distant 77 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,040 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly and somewhat broken ; soil, 
well adapted for grazing ; drained 
by Oleout creek, running west into 
the Susquehannah river, and seve- 
ral small streams flowing east into 
the west branch of the Delaware. 
Meredith and West Meredith are 
names of post offices. 

Meredith, v. and p. o. Mere- 
dith, Delaware co. is situated on 
elevated ground ; it contains about 
100 inhabitants, 20 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist 
church, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 

Merrillsville,p. o. Frank- 
lin, Franklin co. 

Mexico, t. Oswego co. situated 
16 miles east of the village of Os- 
wego, and distant 152 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,729 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating ; soil, clay and gravelly 
loam of good quality ; drained by 
Salmon creek, flowing into Lake 
Ontario, which bounds it on the 
north. Mexico, Colosse, Texas 



and Union Square, are names of 
post offices. 

Mexico, v. and p. o. Mexico, 
Oswego co. is situated on Salmon 
creek. It contains about 500 in- 
habitants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Meth- 
odist church, an incorporated aca- 
demy, 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 2 saw mills, 1 oil mill, 2 tan- 
neries and 1 clothier's works. 

Mexico Bay, lies at the east 
end of Lake Ontario, opposite the 
mouth of Salmon river, in Oswego 
county. 

Middleburg, t. Schoharie 
co. situated 6 miles south of the 
village of Schoharie, and distant 
37 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 3,843 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly ; soil, in the val- 
leys, alluvial and calcareous loam, 
in many places very rich and pro- 
ductive. In this town is an exten- 
sive pond or marsh, called The Vly, 
which sends forth a smart mill 
stream, to the Schoharie Kill, on 
the north, and from the south-east 
flows the head branch of the Cats- 
kill creek. Middleburg, Frank- 
lintown and Hunter's Land, are 
names of post offices. 

Middleburg, v. and p. o. 
Middleburg, Schoharie co. situ- 
ated on the east side of the Scho- 
harie creek ; contains about 300 
inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
Dutch Reformed and 1 Lutheran 
church, 3 taverns, 5 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 2 saw mills, 2 tanneries, 1 
furnace, and 1 clothier's works. 

Middleburgh, v. Ulysses, 
Tompkins co. contains about 200 
inhabitants, 30 dwellings, 1 tavern, 
1 store, 1 grist mill and 1 saw mill. 

Middlebury, t. Wyoming co. 
situated 6 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Warsaw, and distant 248 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,445 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling ; soil, sandy and 
clay loam of excellent quality, 
well adapted for grass or grain ; 



MIDDLEFIELD— MILFORD. 



drained by Allen's creek and a 
tributary of the Tonawanda. Mid- 
dlebury and Wyoming are names 
of post offices. 

MlDDLEFIELD, t. OtSCgO CO. 

situated 3 miles east of the village 
of Cooperstown, and distant 59 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 3,319 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, sandy calcare- 
ous loam ; it is bounded on the 
west by Otsego lake and its outlet, 
and drained on the east by Cherry 
Valle}' creek. 3Iiddlejield and 
Middlejield Centre are names of 
post offices. 

Middle Granville, v. and 
p. o. Granville, Washington co. 
Here are situated 2 Presbyterian 
churches, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 cot- 
ton factory, 1 grist mill, 1 tannery, 
and about 50 dwelling houses. 

Middle Hope, p. o. New- 
burgh, Orange co. 

Middle Island, p. o. Brook- 
haven, Suffolk co. 

Middleport, v. and p. o. 
Royalton, Niagara co. is situated 
on the Erie canal. It contains 
about 400 inhabitants, 65 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 9 
stores and groceries, 3 warehouses, 
2 flouring mills, 2 saw mills, 1 fur- 
nace, 1 ashery, 2 tanneries and a 
clothier's works. 

Middlesex, t. Yates co. situ- 
ated 12 miles west of the village of 
Penn-Yan, and distant 194 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,439 inhabitants. The surface is 
somewhat hilly ; soil, gravelly 
loam of excellent quality, produ- 
cing large crops of wheat and other 
grain ; drained by West creek, 
flowing into the head of Canandai- 
gua lake, which bounds it on the 
west. Middlesex and North Mid- 
dlesex are names of post offices. 

Middletown, t. Delaware 
co. situated 16 miles south-east of 
the village of Delhi, and distant 79 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
.1840, 2,608 inhabitants. The sur- 



face is mountainous ; soil, mostly 
sandy loam, arable and produc- 
tive; drained south-west by the Pa- 
pacton branch of the Delaware 
river. Middletown, Arkville, 
Clovesville and Halcottsville are 
names of post offices. 

Middletown, v. Walkill, 
Orange co. is a new and flourishing 
place ; it now contains about S0O 
inhabitants, 125 dwelling houses, 
1 Presbyterian, 1 Congregational, 
and 1 Methodist church, 1 bank, 3 
public houses, 15 stores and groce- 
ries, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
iron foundery and 1 tannery. The 
New-York and Erie railroad pass- 
es through this place, where is sit- 
uated the South Middletown post 
office. 

Middleville, v. and p. o. 
Fairfield, Herkimer co. is situated 
on both sides of West Canada 
creek. It contains about 300 in- 
habitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 2 cotton 
factories, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
and an extensive chair and cabinet 
factory. 

Milan, t. Dutchess co. situated 
18 miles north of the village of 
Poughkeepsie, and distant 66 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,725 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly ; soil, clay and gravelly 
loam, resting on slate and lime- 
stone ; drained north by a branch 
of Roeliff Jansen's creek, and west 
by the Sawkill. Milan, Jackson 
corners, and Rock City are names 
of post offices. 

Milan, v. Locke, Cayuga co. 
contains about 350 inhabitants, 60 
dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2 tav- 
erns, 3 stores, 2 flouring mills, 1 
saw mill, and the Locke post of- 
fice. 

Milford, t. Otsego county, si- 
tuated 13 miles south of the village 
of Cooperstown, and distant 73 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,095 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and somewhat broken ; 



MILFORD— MILTON. 



249 



soil in the valleys, a strong rich 
loam, with some alluvion ; drained 
south hy the Susquehanna river and 
some of its tributaries. Milford, 
Milford Centre and Colliers ville 
are names of post offices. Port- 
landville is the name of a settle- 
ment. 

Milford, v. and p. o. Milford, 
Otsego county, is pleasantly situa- 
ted on a plain, and contains about 
250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
church; 1 tavern, 6 stores, 2 ex- 
tensive tanneries, 1 saw mill and 1 
fulling-mill. 

Milford Centre, p. o. Mil- 
ford, Otsego co. 

Military Academy, Uni- 
ted States. See West Point. 

Military Road, p. o. The- 
resa, Jefferson co. 

Miller's Bay, p. o. Lyme, 
Jefferson co. 

Miller's Place, p. o. 
Brookhaven, Suffolk co. 

Millgrove, p. o. Port ville, 
Cattaraugus co. 

Millport, v. and p. o. Vete- 
ran, Chemung county, is situated 
on Catharine's creek, and on the 
line of the Chemung canal ; it con- 
tains about 340 inhabitants, 50 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Methodist church ; 1 tavern, 
2 stores, 2 flouring mills, 10 saw 
mills, 1 plaster mill, 1 clothier's 
works, 1 sash factory, 1 tannery 
and a boat yard for building and 
repairing canal boats. The water 
power at this place is very great, 
here being a succession of falls of 
about 100 feet descent. 

Mill's Corners, p. o. Broad- 
albin, Fulton co. 

Mill's Island, so called by 
Spafford and Gordon, and described 
as lying in the Hudson immediate- 
ly below the city of Albany ; from 
what authority cannot be ascertain- 
ed from the Albany burgomasters. 
See Westerlo Island. 

Milltown, v. and p. o. Kent, 



Putnam co. is situated near the 
Dutchess county line; it contains 
about 40 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 1 tavern, 4 stores, 1 iron 
foundery, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
and 1 clothier's works. 

Millville, p. o. Shelby, 
Orleans county. Here are situated 
1 church and 1 Friends' meeting 
house; an incorporated academy; 
1 tavern, 2 stores, 2 saw mills, 1 
tannery, 1 ashery and 12 or 15 
dwelling houses. 

Millville, v. Brunswick, 
Rensselaer county, is situated on 
the Poestenkill, 4 miles east of the 
city of Troy ; it contains about 125 
inhabitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
tavern, 1 store, 1 flouring mill, 1 
saw mill and 1 carriage manufac- 
tory. 

Milo, t. Yates co. contains the 
county buildings, situated in the 
village of Penn-Yan, distant 189 
miles from Albany ; it contained 
in 1840, 3,986 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating ; soil, gra- 
velly and clay loam, of an excel- 
lent quality ; drained east by the 
outlet of Crooked lake, which lies 
partly in this town, bounding it on 
the west. Milo, Milo Centre and 
Penn-Yan are names of post 
offices. 

Milo Centre, p. o. Milo, 
Yates county. Here are situated 
1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, and 
about 30 dwelling houses, sur- 
rounded by a rich agricultural 
country, celebrated for producing 
abundant crops of wheat. 

Milton, t. Saratoga county, 
contains the county buildings si- 
tuated in the village of Ballston 
Spa, and is distant 30 miles from 
the city of Albany ; it contained 
in 1840, 3,166 inhabitants. The 
surface is mostly level, or gently 
rolling; soil, clay loam and sandy 
loam, with some light sand, cover- 
ed with pine timber ; drained east 
by the Kayaderosseras creek and 
its tributaries. Ballston Spa and 



250 



MILTON— MOHAWK. 



West Milton are names of post 
offices. 

Milton, v. and p. o. Marlbo- 
rough, Ulster county, is situated 
about half a mile west of the land- 
ing on the Hudson river ; it con- 
tains about 450 inhabitants, 70 
dwelling houses, 1 Methodist 
church and 2 Friends' meeting 
houses ; 2 taverns, 6 stores and 2 
grist mills. Two freight barges 
run between this landing and New- 
York, carrying to market annually 
a large amount of produce. 

Milton, v. Rye, Westchester 
co. situated on the north side of 
Long Island Sound. Here is a 
convenient landing for sloops, 3 
stores, 1 tavern and about 30 dwel- 
ling houses. 

Mina, t. Chautauque co. situa- 
ted 15 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Mayville, and distant 348 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 871 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is uneven ; soil, clay and 
gravelly loam ; it contains a small 
lake called Finley's lake, and 
is drained south by French 
creek. Mina is the name of a post 
office. 

Minaville, p. o. Florida, 
Montgomery co. 

Minden, t. Montgomery co. 
situated 15 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Fonda, and distant 67 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
3,507 inhabitants. The surface is 
diversified by hills and fertile val- 
leys ; soil, argillaceous and calca- 
reous loam, with some rich allu- 
vial flats in the Mohawk valley ; 
drained by the Otsquake creek and 
the Mohawk river, which bounds 
it on the north. Minden, Fort 
Plain and Hallsville are names of 
post offices. 

Mineral Springs, analy- 
sis of. See Avon, Ballston Spa, 
Saratoga Springs, New- Lebanon 
Springs, Chiltenango, Rosendale 
and Sharon. 

Minerva, t. Essex co. situa- 



ted 30 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Elizabeth, and distant 92 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 455 inhabitants. The surface 
is hilly and mountainous, being 
in part covered by the Adirondack 
mountains ; the valleys afford some 
fertile land ; drained south by the 
Hudson river and some of its tri 
butaries. Minerva is the name of 
a post office. 

Minisink, t. Orange county, 
situated 10 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Goshen, and distant 116 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 5,093 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly on the west, and on 
the cast is an extensive valley co- 
vered in part by the " Drowned 
Lands," through which sluggishly 
flows the Wallkill. The soil is va- 
rious; here is said to be a copper 
mine, which was formerly exten- 
sively worked. Minisink, Dolsen- 
town, Graham, Ridgeberry, Slate- 
hill, Unionville, Well's Corners 
and Westown are names of post 
offices. 

Mitchell's Cave. See 
Klips Hill. 

Mixville, v. and p.o. Hume, 
Allegany county, is situated on the 
West Kov creek, where is a suc- 
cession of falls of 73 feet, affording 
a great amount of durable water 
power. Here are located 1 grist 
mill, 2 saw mills and 15 or 20 
dwelling houses. 

Modena, p. o. Plattekill, Ul- 
ster co. 

Moffit's Store, p. o. New- 
Lebanon, Columbia co. 

Mohawk, t. Montgomery co. 
contains the county buildings si- 
tuated in the village of Fonda, and 
distant 42 miles from Albany ; it 
contained in 1840, 3,112 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is hilly on the 
north, with a level and fertile val- 
ley on the Mohawk river, which 
bounds it on the south. Fonda is 
the name of a post office. Caugh- 
na\vag;a is the name of an old set- 



MOHAWK— MONROE. 



251 



tlement in the valley of the Mo- 1 Hudson, but since the completion 
hawk. I of the Erie canal, its waters have 

Mohawk, v. and p. o. German been used to feed that great work 
Flats, Herkimer county, is situated and propel machinery of different 
on the south side of the Mohawk | kinds. At the village of Little 



river, on the line of the Erie canal ; 
it contains about 700 inhabitants, 
120 dwelling houses, 1 church, 1 
banking house, 4 taverns, 10 stores 
and groceries, and an extensive 
malt house. 

Mohawk and Hudson 
Railroad, extends from the ci- 
ty of Albany to the city of Sche- 
nectady, a distance of nearly 16 
miles. This was one of the first rail- 
roads constructed in the state ; 
the company having been charter- 
ed in 1826, with a capital of 
$'600,000 ; the road, however, cost 
to construct it, $1,100,000, or up- 
wards of §"70,000 per mile, for a 
double track ; it has two inclined 
planes which are entirely unneces- 
sary. The deepest excavation is 47 
feet ; and the highest embankment 



Falls there is a fall of about 40 
feet within a short distance, and at 
the Cohoes Falls there is a perpen- 
dicular descent of 70 feet, afford- 
ing altogether hydraulic power to 
an immense extent. Its whole 
length is about 140 miles. 
The Valley of the Mohaxvk, which 
extends for upwards of one hundred 
miles through a fertile and inte- 
resting region of country, has be- 
come one of the most important 
thoroughfares in America; it at- 
tains its highest elevation at the 
city of Utica, there being elevated 
425 feet above the tide waters of 
the Hudson at Albany. From 
thence, by an almost continued le- 
vel, is the great thoroughfare by 
canal and railroad, extended to 
Lakes Ontario and Erie, and 



44 feet ; greatest elevation 335 feet thence to Canada and the Far 



above the tide waters of the Hud- 
son, at Albany. 

Mohawk River, rises in the 
county of Oneida, and passes 
through the counties of Herkimer, 
Montgomery, Schenectady and 
north part of Albany, emptying into 
the Hudson by several mouths, 8 or 
10 miles above the city of Albany. 
This is an important stream, passing 
through one of the richest val- 
ues in the Union ; on its banks are 
located several cities and villages 
of large size. Formerly this river 
was much used for transporting 
produce and merchandize to and 
from the navigable waters of the 



West, by means of lake and river 
navigation. 

Moira, t. Franklin co- situated 
13 miles west of the village of Ma- 
lone, and distant 225 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 962 
inhabitants. The surface level ; 
soil, sandy loam; drained north by 
Little Salmon river. Moira is the 
name of a post office, where is a 
small agricultural settlement, con- 
taining a free church, 1 store, 2 
taverns, and 15 or 20 dwelling 
houses. 

Mongaup Creek, or Ri- 
ver, rises in Sullivan county, and 
flows south into Delaware river. 



MONROE COUNTY, formed from Ontario and Genesee in 1821, 
is centrally distant 218 miles west from the city of Albany. It is 
bounded on the north by Lake Ontario, east by Wayne county, south 
by the counties of Ontario and Livingston, and west by Genesee and 
Orleans. The surface is mostly level, or gently undulating; the 
Mountain Ridge, and also the Alluvial Way or Ridge Road, extends 
across this county, running parallel with Lake Ontario. The soil is 
generally a rich mould, and very productive; wheat is extensively 



252 



MONROE— MONTAUK POINT. 



cultivated, and the superiority of the Genesee flour is proverbial. It 
is watered by the Genesee river, flowing nearly through the centre 
from south to north, and by several other small streams, all flowing into 
Lake Ontario, which lies on the north. The falls on the above river, 
at the city of Rochester, are objects of great attraction, furnishing an 
immense amount of hydraulic power, which is here advantageously and 
extensively used in milling, and for other manufacturing purposes. Of 
mineral productions there are several interesting localities; iron ore, 
gypsum and marl are abundant; and no county in the state is more 
abundantly supplied with sulphur springs. The Erie, canal passes 
through this county, greatly enriching this region, in connection with 
the Genesee Valley canal, which unites with the above at Rochester. 
Here also unites the Auburn and Rochester railroad with the Tona- 
wanda railroad, passing through the county from east to west. Its 
area is about 607 square miles, or 388,900 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Monroe county, with the 
population in 1840. 



Brighton, 2,336 

Chili, 2,174 

Clarkson, 3,486 

Gates, 1,728 

Greece, 3,669 

Henrietta, 2,085 

Irondequoit, 1 ,252 

Mendon, 3,435 

Ogden, 2,404 

Parma, 2,652 

Penfield, 2,842 

Monroe, t. Orange co. situa- 
ted 14 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Goshen, and distant 117 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 3,914 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is broken and hilly, the 
Highland range covering it in 
part, abounding in many places 
with iron ore, which is here some- 
what extensively worked into mar- 
ketable iron; soil, various; drain- 
ed south by the Ramapo river, 
which empties into the Passaic in 
New-Jersey. Monroe, Monroe 
Works and Highland Mills are 
names of post offices. 

Monroe, v. and p. o. Monroe, 
Orange county, is situated on the 
Ramapo river; it contains about 
450 inhabitants, 60 dwelling hou- 
ses; 1 Presbyterian and 1 Metho- 
dist church ; an academy; 1 tavern, 
4 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
and 1 fulling mill and carding 



Perrinton, 2,513 

Pittsford, 1,983 

Riga, 1,984 

Rochester, 20,191 

Rush, 1,929 

Sweden, 3,133 

Webster 2,235 

Wheatland, 2,871 



Total inhabitants, 64,90fl 

machine. The New-York and 
Erie railroad passes through this 
place. 

Monroe Works, p. o. Mon- 
roe, Orange county. Here are lo- 
cated in this vicinity extensive 
veins of iron ore of a superior qua- 
lity, which is extensively worked. 
At this place there are now in ope- 
ration 1 blast furnace, 1 machine 
shop, and 1 grist mill; the set- 
tlement consists of 1 tavern, 3 
stores and about 40 dwelling 
houses. 

Montauk Point, is situated 
on the extreme east end of Long 
Island, 140 miles east of the city of 
New-York. " Here are high and 
rugged cliffs,against whose base the 
waves of the Atlantic dash with al- 
most continued violence ; any 
thing like a perfect calm here 
bein°" a rare occurrence. There 
is a sublimity and wildness as well 



MONTEZUMA— MONTGOMERY. 



253 



Montezuma, v. Mentz, Cayu- 
ga county, is situated at the junc- 
tion of Cayuga and Seneca canal 
with the Erie canal; it contains 
about 600 inhabitants, 1 church, 3 
taverns and 5 stores. Here are lo- 
cated a number of saline springs, 
from which salt has been manufac- 
tured ever since the earliest settle- 
ment of this part of the country ; 
the salt made from this water is of 
the best and purest quality. " The 
specific quality of this brine is 
1.09767; and 1,000 parts of it 
contain 129.33 parts of dry solid 
matter, or 1293, in 100 parts of 
brine. This is within one per 
cent, of the strength of much of 
the brine now worked in Onon- 
daga county." 

Montezuma, or Cayuga 
Marshes, commence at the foot 
of Cayuga lake, and extend along 
the outlet and Seneca river 14 
miles, with a breadth of from 2 to 
3 miles. This tract is usually co- 
vered with rank grass from 3 to 4 
feet high, and assumes in summer 
the appearance of a cultivated 
meadow. 

MONTGOMERY COUNTY, taken from Albany in 1772, has since 
been materially reduced by the formation of new counties ; it is now 
bounded on the north by Fulton county, east by Saratoga and Schenec- 
tady counties, south by Schenectady and Schoharie and west by Her- 
kimer ; centrally distant 45 miles west from the city of Albany. This 
county is hilly and mountainous in pari ; the ridge called the Klips, a 
continuation of the Mayfield mountain, terminating in the valley of the 
Mohawk on the north, while a range of highlands extend south. The 
soil is generally good and productive ; along the Mohawk river, and 
some of its large tributaries, are rich and fertile alluvial flats, celebra- 
ted for their productiveness. It is watered by numerous streams flow- 
ing north and south into the Mohawk river, the most important of 
which are East Canada, Otsquake and Schoharie creeks. Large quan- 
tities of fine building stone are quarried in this county, and extensively 
used in the construction of locks and other structures on the Enlarged 
Erie canal, which passes on the south side of the Mohawk, while the 
Utica and Schenectady railroad extends along the north side. The 
county buildings are located in the village of Fonda, in the town of 
Mohawk. Its area is about 356 square miles, or 221,000 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Montgomery county, 
with the population in 1840 : 



as solitariness here, which leave a 
powerful impression on the heart. 
In a storm, the scene which the 
ocean presents is awfully grand 
and terrific. On the extreme point 
stands the tall white column erected 
by the government, for a light- 
house, in 1795, at an expense ot 
$22,300. It is constructed of 
stone in the most substantial man- 
ner, and would seem almost to bid 
defiance to time and the elements. 
There is a public house near by, 
much resorted to in the warm sea- 
son by strangers, from every quar- 
ter of the country." The follow- 
ing beautiful and descriptive lines, 
written by Mrs. Sigourney, in 
1837, are well worthy of preserva- 
tion : 

" Ultima Thule '. of this ancient isle, 
Against whose breast the everlasting 

surge 
Long travelling on, and ominious of 

wrath, 
For ever beats. Thou lift'st an eye of 

light 
Unto the vex'd and storm-toss'd mariner, 
Guiding him safely to his home again. 
So teach us, 'mid our own sore ills, to 

wear 
The crown of mercy, and with changeless 
Eye, look up to Heaven.'' 



254 



MONTGOMERY— MORAVIA. 



Amsterdam, 5,333 

Canajoharie, 5,146 

Charleston, 2,103 

Florida, 5,214 

Glenn, 3,678 

Mohawk, 3,112 

Montgomery, t. Orange co. 
situated 10 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Goshen, and distant 95 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 4,100 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, clay and gravel- 
ly loam, fertile in grass and grain, 
and mostly well cultivated ; drain- 
ed north-east by the Wallkill. 
Montgomery, St. Andrews and 
Walden are names of post offices. 

Montgomery, v. and p. o. 
Montgomery, Orange co. is situated 
on the east bank of the Wallkill ; 
it was incorporated in 1810, and 
now contains about 1,000 inhabi- 
tants, 160 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian, 1 Dutch Reformed and 1 
Methodist church, an incorporated 
academy, 4 taverns, 8 stores, 1 
grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 iron foun- 
dery and 1 tannery. 

Mosticeli.o, v. and p. o. 
Thompson, Sullivan co. is situated 
on elevated ground, 110 miles 
southerly from the city of Albany, 
on the Newburgh and Cochecton 
turnpike, 38 miles west of New- 
burgh. It was incorporated in 
1830, and now contains about 500 
inhabitants, 90 dwelling houses, a 
court house and jail, and county 
clerk's office; 1 Presbyterian and 
1 Episcopal church, 2 taverns, 5 
stores and 1 tannery, 

Monticello, v. Richfield, 
Otsego co. contains about 200 in- 
habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 

Mojvtville, v. Moravia, Cay- 
uga co. is a small settlement where 
are located 1 tavern. 1 store, 1 
grist mill and 8 or 10 dwellings. 

Mooers, t. Clinton co. situated 
18 miles north of the village of 
Plattsburgh, and distant 182 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 



Minden, 3,507 

Palatine, 2,823 

Root, 2,979 

St. Johnsville, 1,923 



Total inhabitants, 35,818 
[ 1,703 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly and broken; the Chateaugay 
range extend across it; soil, vari- 
ous; drained east by Chazy river 
and north by English river, flowing 
into Canada, by which it is bound- 
ed. 

Mooers, v. and p. o. Mooers, 
Clinton co. is situated 2 miles south 
of the Canada line, on the north 
side of Chazy river, 12 miles 
west of Lake Champlain; it con- 
tains about 150 inhabitants, 25 
dwelling houses, 1 Congregational 
and 1 Methodist church, 2 stores, 
2 temperance taverns, 1 grist mill, 
2 saw mills, 1 cloth dressing and 
carding machine, and 1 chair fac- 
tory. 

Moose Lake, lies in the town 
of Wilmurt, Herkimer co. sur 
rounded by a wild and uninhabited 
region of the state. 

Moose River, rises in Ham- 
ilton co. and flows west across 
Herkimer into Lewis co. where it 
empties into the Black river, a 
short distance above the High 
Falls. 

Moravia, t. Cayuga co. situa- 
ted 16 miles south of the village 
of Auburn, and distant 160 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,010 inhabitants. The surface is 
somewhat hilly, with a broad val- 
ley, through which flows the Owas- 
co inlet, on which are some fine 
mill privileges ; the valleys are 
very fertile, but the soil of the up- 
lands is indifferent; watered by 
Owasco lake on its north-west an- 
gle. 

Moravia, v. Moravia, Cayuga 
co. was incorporated in 1S37, and 
now contains about 600 inhabi- 
tants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Episcopal 



MOREAU— MORRIS CANAL. 



255 



church ; 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 cot- 
ton factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
and 1 tannery. Here is located 
the Moravian Institute, a chartered 
institution of some celebrity. 

Moreau, t. Saratoga eo. situa- 
ted "20 miles north of the village of 
Balls ton Spa, and distant 4S miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
1,576 inhabitants. The surface 
mostly level, with some hills on the 
east; soil, diversified, consisting 
of sand loam and clay, generally 
of good quality; watered by the 
Hudson river, which here takes a 
great bend and bounds it on the 
north and east. Moreau and Forts- 
ville are names of post offices. 

Morehouse, t. Hamilton co. 
situated 20 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Lake Pleasant, and distant 
82 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 169 inhabitants. The 
surface is diversified; soil, mostly 
sandy loam, well adapted to gra- 
zing and summer crops; it is dot- 
ted with numerous lakes and ponds, 
forming the source of a number of 
streams. This is as yet an almost 
uninhabited region of country ; to 
the north it is a perfect wilderness. 
Morehouseville is the name of a 
post office. 

Morehouse Lake, is a small 
body of water lying in the town of 
Morehouse, Hamilton co. It 
abounds with trout, and is the 
head source of the East Canada 
creek. 

Morehouseville, v. and p. 
o. Morehouse, Hamilton co. ; here 
is an agricultural settlement, con- 
sisting of some 10 or 15 dwellings, 
surrounded by a fine grazing coun- 
try, mostly covered with a heavy 
growth of timber. About half a 
mile north of this place, on West 
Canada creek, are situated 3 saw 
mills. 

Morelaxd, p. o. Dix, Che- 
mung co. 

Moresville, v. and p. o. 
Roxbury, Delaware co contains 



about 100 inhabitants, 20 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 3 stores 
and 1 tannery. 

Morgan ville, v. Stafford, 
Genesee co. is situated on Black 
creek; it contains about 200 in- 
habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 1 tavern, 4 stores, 1 
flouring mill and 1 plaster mill. 

Mokiah, t. Essex co. situated 
10 miles south of the village of 
Elizabeth, and distant 114 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,595 inhabitants. The surface is 
in part mountainous, having the 
Adirondack mountains on the west, 
where are to be found inexhaustible 
beds of iron ore ; the valleys have 
a good soil, underlaid in many 
places with limestone, producing 
marble of a good quality. It con- 
tains several small lakes, and is 
drained south by the Schroon 
branch of the Hudson river, while 
other streams flow into Lake 
Champlain, which bounds it on the 
east. Moriah, Pondsville and Port 
Henry are names of post offices. . 

Moriah,v. and p. o. Moriah, 
Essex co. is situated about 3 miles 
west of Lake Champlain, on eleva- 
ted ground, overlooking the lake 
and a part of Vermont ; it con- 
tains about 800 inhabitants, 120 
dwelling houses, 1 Congregational 
and 1 Baptist church, an incorpo- 
rated academy in a flourishing 
condition ; 1 tavern and 4 stores. 
West of this place are large for- 
ests, affording an abundant supply 
of timber, in which trade most of 
the inhabitants are engaged. 

Moriches, p. o. Brookhaven, 
Suffolk co. here is a scattered set- 
tlement, containing 1 church, 2 
mills and about 25 dwelling houses. 

Morley, p. o. Canton, St. 
Lawrence co. 

Morris Caxal, commences 
at Jersey City, opposite the city of 
New-York, and extends westward, 
a distance of 101 miles, to the 
Delaware river, opposite Easton, 



MORRISANIA— MOUNT DEFIANCE. 



Pennsylvania. It has a total rise 
and fall of 1,674 feet, which is 
overcome by locks and inclined 
planes ; the latter consists of an 
ingenious apparatus for the purpose 
of conveying the boats from one 
level of the canal to another. The 
original cost of this important 
work, was $3,100,000; it has re- 
cently been enlarged and improv- 
ed — now bringing to the New- 
York market, annually, an im- 
mense amount of coal and other 
products. 

Morrisania, Westchester, 
Westchester co. is a scattered 
settlement situated on the north 
side of Harlem river, opposite the 
village of Harlem, with which it is 
connected by two bridges ; here 
are located 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 
store, 1 iron foundery and some 12 
or 15 dwellings. 

Mokristown. t. St. Lawrence 
co. situated 25 miles south-west of 
the village of Canton, and distant 
194 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,809 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating; soil, mostly 
clay loam; watered by Black Lake 
on the south-east, and by the St. 
Lawrence river on the north-west. 
Morristown and Edwardsville are 
names of post offices. 

Morristown, v. and p. o. 
Morristown, St. Lawrence co. is 
situated on the east side of the St. 
Lawrence river, nearly opposite 
Brock ville, Can., 11 miles above 
Ogdensburgh. It contains about 225 
inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores and 
2 storehouses; 1 steam gristmill, 
1 ashery and 2 tanneries. This is 
a regular landing place for passage 
boats passing up and down the St. 
Lawrence ; the stage road between 
Utica and Ogdensburgh also passes 
through this place. 

Morrtsville, v. and p. o. 
Eaton, Madison co. is situated on 
the Cherry Valley Turnpike ; it 
was incorporated in 1819, and now 



contains about 700 inhabitants, 130 
dwelling houses, a court house, jail 
and clerk's office ; 3 churches, 4 
public houses, an incorporated 
academy, 5 stores, 1 woollen fac- 
tory, 1 grist mill and 1 saw mill. 

Morseville, p. o. Schoharie 
co. 

Moscow, v. and p. o. Leices- 
ter, Livingston co. is situated on 
elevated table land about one mile 
west of the Genesee flats ; it con- 
tains about 400 inhabitants, 50 
dwelling houses, 3 churches, 2 
taverns, 4 stores and 1 grist mill. 

Mott's Corners, p. o. Caro- 
line, Tompkins co.; here are situ- 
ated 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 flouring 
mill, 2 saw mills, 1 ashery, 1 
clothier's works, 1 tannery, 1 
plaster mill, 1 extensive cooperage 
and 40 or 50 dwellings. 

Mottsville, v. and p. o. 
Skaneateles, Onondaga co. is situ- 
ated on the Skaneateles outlet, 2 
miles north of the village of Ska- 
neateles; it contains about 300 in- 
habitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 flour- 
ing mill, 1 iron foundery and 1 ma- 
chine shop. 

Mountain Ridge, as it is 
called, lies south of Lake Ontario, 
over which the Niagara river pours 
its accumulated floods, and once 
no doubt formed the southern shore 
of the above lake, as is demonstra- 
ted from several striking features; 
the most important proof is the 
Alluvial Way, or Ridge Road, 
which runs parallel with the whole 
southern border of the lake, distant 
from 6 to 8 miles. 

Mountains, Lakes, &c. See 
Altitudes and Elevations. 

Mount Cambria, p. o. Cam- 
bria, Niagara co. 

Mount Defiance, situated 
in the south part of the town of 
Ticonderoga, Essex co. is a high 
eminence on the west side of Lake 
Champlain, overlooking and com- 
manding; the site of old Fort Ticon ■ 



MOUNT EMMONS— MOUNT MORRIS. 



257 



deroga. Gen. Burgoyne, when on 
his march to Saratoga, in 1777, as- 
cended this mountain from the 
west, with some pieces of artille- 
ry, and obliged the Americans to 
evacuate Fort Ticonderoga, which 
was before considered almost im- 
pregnable. Since then it has been 
considered useless, in a military 
point of view, and suffered to goto 
decay. On the top of this moun- 
tain are still to be seen the remains 
of JBurgoync's Block House, 
which commands a noble and ex- 
tensive view of Lake Champlain 
and the surrounding country. 

Mount Em m on s, lying most- 
ly in the town of Gilman, Hamil- 
ton co. is an insolated peak, eleva- 
ted about 4,500 feet above the tide 
waters of the Hudson. 

Mount Hope, t. Orange co. 
situated 11 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Goshen, and distant 112 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,565 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, gravelly loam; 
drained north by the Shawangunk 
creek. Mount Hope, Finchville, 
New Vernon and Otisville are 
names of post offices. 

Mount Hope, v. and p. o. 
Mount Hope, Orange co. contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 2 public hous- 
es and 3 stores. 

Mount Hope Furnace, p. 
o. Fort Ann, Washington co. 

Mount Ida, is a beautiful and 
commanding eminence, within the 
city of Troy, situated about half a 
mile east of the Hudson river. 

Mount McIntyre, lies in 
Essex co. and constitutes one of 
the lofty peaks of the Adirondack 
group; it is elevated 5,183 feet 
above the tide waters of the Hud- 
son. 

Mount Marcy, lies in the 
town of Keene, Essex co. and is 
the highest eminence as yet ascer- 
tained of the Adirondack group, 
or Clinton range of mountains ; 
17 



being elevated 5,467 feet, or up- 
wards of one mile above the tide 
waters of the Hudson — overlook- 
ing several other peaks in the vi- 
cinity, of nearly the same height. 
The view of this cluster of moun- 
tains from Lake Colden, is tru- 
ly grand and picturesque, there be- 
ing several lofty peaks in full view, 
surrounded by dense forest scenery 
of the most solitary appearance — 
conveying a just conception of the 
magnificence of nature, with the 
loneliness of the vast wilderness. 

Mount Misery, lies on the 
north side of Long Island, in the 
town of Brookhaven, Suffolk co. 
overlooking Long Island Sound 
and the adjacent country. 

Mount Morris, t. Living- 
ston co. situated 10 miles south of 
the village of Geneseo, and dis- 
tant 236 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 4,576 inhabitants. 
The surface is varied ; in the centre 
is high table land ; soil, clay loam 
of good quality ; drained south by 
the Genesee river, which in part 
bounds it on the west. Mount 
Morris, Brushville, Brook's Grove, 
Ridge, River Road and St. Hele- 
na are names of post offices. 

Mount Morris, v. and p. o. 
Mount Morris, Livingston co. is 
situated on elevated table land 
about half a mile south-east of the 
Genesee river ; it was incorpora- 
ted in 1835 and now contains about 
1,200 inhabitants, 200 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
pal, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church ; 3 public houses, 20 stores 
and groceries; 1 furnace and a 
pottery; 2 flouring mills and 2 saw 
mills, propelled by water taken 
from the Genesee by means of a 
dam thrown across the river, thence 
conveyed through a race way up- 
wards of half a mile. This place 
is finely situated, overlooking the 
rich valley of the Genesee and the 
meanderings of the river and ca- 
nal for a number of miles. 



258 



MOUNT PLEASANT— NANTICOKE. 



Mount Pleasant, t. West- 
chester co. situated 6 miles north- 
west of the village of White Plains, 
and 125 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1840, 7,307 inhabit- 
ants. The surface is mostly hilly; 
soil, productive and well cultiva- 
ted. This town has the reputation 
of being rich in mineral produc- 
tions ; a copper mine was formerly 
worked to some extent, and mar- 
ble of good quality is extensively 
quarried by the state prison con- 
victs in the vicinity of Sing Sing, 
where is located the Mount Pleas- 
ant State Prison. A mineral 
spring of some reputation is situa- 
ted about 3 miles east of the vil- 
lage of Sing Sing. It is watered 
by the Bronx river on the east, 
Saw mill river in the centre, and 
by the Hudson on the west, where 
the river expands 10 its greatest 
width, forming Tappan Bay. 
Pleasantville and Sing Sing are 
names of post offices ; Beekman- 
town and Sparta are villages. 

Mount Pleasant State 
Prison. See Sing Sing. 

Mount Seward, is the name 
given to one of the lofty group of 
the Adirondack mountains ; it lies 
in the south-east part of the county 
of Franklin, elevated 4,800 feet 
above the Atlantic ocean. This is 
not an insulated peak, but a cluster 
of mountains, which, as a whole, 
presents a very imposing appear- 
ance. 

Mount Upton, v. and p. o. 
Guilford, Chenango co. is situated 
on the west side of the Unadilla 
river. It contains about 22.5 inhab- 
itants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 Epis- 
copal church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 ashery. 

Mount Vision, p. o. Laurens, 
Otsego co. is situated in the village 
of Jacksonville. 

Mount Washington, p. o. 
Urbano, Steuben co. 

Mud Creek, rises in Ontario 
co. west of Canandaigua Lake, and ' 



flows north-east into Wayne coun- 
ty, where it unites with the Canan- 
daigua outlet ; which united 
streams are then called Clyde riv- 
er, the latter emptying into Seneca 
river, after a course of about 20 
miles. 

Mud Creek, rises in the south 
part of Yates co. and flows south 
into Steuben, where it empties into 
the Conhocton river. 

Mud Creek, p. o. Bath, Steu- 
ben co. 

Mud Lake, is a small body of 
water, lying mostly in the town of 
Tyrone, Steuben co. through which 
flows Mud creek. 

Munfordville, v. Wheat- 
land, Monroe co. contains about 
300 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
ses, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 
1 saw mill, 1 brewery and 1 dis- 
tillery. 

Munnsville, v. and p. o. 
Stockbridge, Madison co. contains 
about 350 inhabitants, 60 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 
stores and 1 flouring mill. 

Murderer's Creek, rises in 
Orange county, and flows cast into 
the Hudson river in the town of 
New Windsor. 

Murray, t. Orleans co. situa 
ted 8 miles east of the village of 
Albion, and distant 245 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1S40, 2,675 
inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
level ; soil of good quality ; drain- 
ed by sandy creek, which flows 
north-east into Lake Ontario. Mur- 
ray, Hindsburgh, Holley and Hub- 
berton, are names of post offices. 

Muscoot Creek, rises in 
Putnam county, and flows south 
into Westchester, where it empties 
into the Croton river. 

Nanticoke, t. Broome co. 
situated 14 miles north-west of the 
village of Binghamton, and distant 
144 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 400 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating ; soil, well a- 
dapted for grass ; drained south by 



NAPLES— NASSAU. 



299 



Nanticoke creek, which flows 
into the Susquehanna river. Nan- 
ticoke Springs, is the name of a 
post office, where is a sulphur 
spring, much resorted to for its 
medicinal properties. Here are sit- 
uated an hotel for the accommoda- 
tion of visitors, and several dwell- 
ing houses. 

Naples, t. Ontario co. situated 
18 miles south of the village of 
Canandaigua, and distant 211 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1340, 
2,345 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly ; soil, clay loam, underlaid 
by slate ; drained north by the in- 
lets of Canandaigua and Honeoye 
lakes. 

Naples, v. and p. o. Naples, 
Ontario county, is situated on the 
inlet of Canandaigua lake ; it con- 
tains about 1,000 inhabitants, 125 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Congregational and 1 Methodist 
church, 3 taverns, 7 stores, 1 wool- 
len factory, 3 flouring mills, 3 saw 
mills, 2 clothier's works, 2 ashe- 
ries, 2 tanneries, 2 distilleries, 2 
chair and cabinet factories and 1 
furnace. 

Napoli, t. Cattaraugus co. sit- 
uated 12 miles west of the village 
of Ellicottville, and distant 307 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,145 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is high and rolling ; soil of 
good quality ; drained south by 
Coldspring creek. Napoli and 
Seelysburgh are names of post of- 
fices. 

Naponoch, v. Wawarsing, 
Ulster co. is situated on the Ron- 
dout creek, about half a mile west 
of the Delaware and Hudson ca- 
nal ; it contains about 500 inhabit- 
ants, 70 dwelling houses, 1 church, 
2 taverns, 2 stores, 2 tanneries, 1 
ed&re tool manufactory, and 1 grist 
mill. The hydraulic power at this 
place is immense ; the Rondout, 
immediately above the village, de- 
scends in a succession of falls, a 
total distance of about 150 feet; 



most of which power is still unoc- 
cupied. 

Narrows, lying between Long 
Island on the east, and Staten Isl- 
and on the west, is the great chan- 
nel, through which passes most of 
the numerous vessels arriving at 
and departing from the harbor of 
New-York, when bound on foreign 
or distant voyages. The Hudson 
river or Bay of New-York, here 
contracts to about 1 mile in width, 
with bold and commanding shores 
on both sides, where are erected 
the principal forts and batteries for 
the defence of the harbor and city 
of New-York, from an invading 
foe ; it is distant 8 miles south of 
the city , communicating with the 
Lower Bay of New-York. 

Narrows, or Chimney 
Narrows, situated on the Che- 
mung river, are formed by high 
rocky and stony cliffs on the north 
side of the stream, near the village 
of Corning, in Steuben co. Here 
are to be seen rocks left bare by 
the action of water descending 
from above, presenting the appear- 
ance of rude chimneys, from which 
circumstance they derive their 
name. A road has been construct- 
ed along the narrow pass with great 
labor, and is attended with some 
danger to the traveller. 

Narrowsburgh, p. o. Lum- 
berland, Sullivan co. 

Nashville, p. o. Hanover, 
Chautauque co. 

Nassau, t, Rensselaer co. situ- 
ated 16 miles south-east of the city 
of Troy, and distant 12 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 3,236 
inhabitants. The surface is some- 
what hilly ; soil, gravel and warm 
loam, underlaid with slate and 
limestone, mostly very productive ; 
drained south by Kinderhook creek 
and its tributaries. Nassau, Alps, 
Hoag's Corners, East Nassau, and 
Brainard's Bridge are post offices. 

Nassau, v. and p. o. Nassau, 
Rensselaer co. is handsomely situ- 



*60 



NATURAL BRIDGE— NEW ALBION. 



ated on a plain, llj miles east of 
the city of Albany. It was incor- 
ported in 1819, and now contains 
about 400 inhabitants,50 dwellings, 
2 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
church, 2 taverns, 5 stores, an aca- 
demy, 1 grist mill, and an exten- 
sive carriage manufactory. 

Natural Bridge, p. o. 
Wilna, Jefferson county ; here are 
situated 1 Presbyterian and 1 
Methodist church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
1 flouring mill, 1 saw mill, and 
about 20 dwelling houses. At this 
place is a natural bridge over In- 
dian river, which gives the name 
to this settlement. It is regarded 
as a great natural curiosity, being 
about 15 feet wide, and elevated 6 
feet above the water. 

Natural Canal, connecting 
the waters of the Oswegatchie and 
Grass rivers, in the town of Can- 
ton, St. Lawrence co. is a curiosity 
of some interest ; it is 6 miles long, 
and from 10 to 20 rods wide, very 
straight, and navigable at high wa- 
ter, for boats of 10 tons burthen. 

Navarino, p. o. Onondaga, 
Onondaga co. 

Near Rockaway, v. Hemp- 
stead, Queens co. is situated on the 
Rockaway bay, near the Atlantic 
ocean ; it contains about 200 in- 
habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
Methodist church, 2 taverns, 2 
stores, 1 grist mill, 1 ship yard and 
1 lumber yard. Here are owned 
several coasting sloops and schoon- 
ers. At this place, near the church, 
is erected a monument to the mem- 
ory of those who perished by ship- 
wreck from on board the ships 
Bristol and Mexico, in 1836-7. 

Neil's Creek, p.o. Howard, 
Steuben co. 

Neil's Creek, rises in Steu- 
ben co. and flows east into the Con- 
hocton river. 

Nelson, t. Madison co. situa- 
ted 5 miles west of the village of 
Morrisville, and distant 106 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 



2,100 inhabitants. The surface is 
high and gently undulating ; soil, 
clay and calcareous loam ; drained 
north by Chittenango creek, and 
south by the head branches of 
the Chenango river. Nelson and 
Erieville are names of post offices. 

Nelson, v. and p. o. Nelson, 
Madison co. contains about 225 
inhabitants, 35 dwellings, 2 church- 
es, 1 tavern and 1 store. 

Nesaquake River, rises in 
the town of Smithtown, Suffolk co. 
and flows north into Long Island 
Sound ; the tide flows up this 
stream for about 5 miles from its 
mouth, being navigable that dis- 
tance. 

Nettle Hill, p.o. Westfield, 
Chautauque co. is situated in the 
south part of the town, where is a 
small settlement. 

NEVERSiNK,t. Sullivan co. sit- 
uated 15 miles north of the village 
of Monticello, and distant 100 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,681 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous ; 
drained south by the Neversink 
river, and east by the Ron- 
dout creek. Neversink and Gra- 
hamsville are names of post 
offices. 

Neversink River rises in 
Ulster county, and runs through 
Sullivan county and a part of Or- 
ange, where it empties into the 
Delaware, at the village of Port 
Jervis. This stream affords a num- 
ber of good mill sites. There are 
now erected on its banks several 
extensive tanneries and saw mills. 

New Albion, t. Cattaraugus 
county, situated 11 miles west of 
the village of Ellicottville, and dis- 
tant 306 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1840, 1,016 inhabitants. 
The surface is high and somewhat 
broken ; soil, well adapted to grass 
or grain; drained east, west, north 
and south by streams running into 
Cattaraugus creek on the north, 
and the Allegany river on the 



NEWARK— NEW BRIGHTON. 



261 



south. Nm-Jllbion and Sociality 
are names of post offices. 

Newark, t. Tioga co. situa- 
ted 8 miles north of the village of 
Owego, and distant 161 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,616 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly, with fertile valleys; soil, 
gravelly loam ; drained south by 
East and West Owego creeks. 
Newark Valley is (he name of a 
post office. 

Newark, v. and p. o. Arca- 
dia, Wayne county, is situated on 
the Erie canal; it contains about 
1,200 inhabitants, 200 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Metho- 
dist and 1 Universalist church ; 3 
taverns, 12 stores, 2 warehouses, 1 
extensive steam flouring mill and 
distillery; 2 steam furnaces, 1 
tannery, 1 ashery and 2 carriage 
manufactories. 

Newark Valley, v. and p. 
o. Newark, Tioga county, is situa- 
ted on the East Owego creek ; it 
contains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Methodist church ; a high 
school, 1 tavern, 5 stores, 1 grist 
mill and 1 saw mill. 

New Baltimore, t. Greene 
co. situated IS miles north of the 
village of Catskill. and distant 15 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,306 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is broken and hilly ; soil, 
clay and sandy loam, fertile, and 
mostly highly cultivated ; drained 
by Dieppe and Haivnakraus 
creeks flowing into the Hudson, 
which bounds it on the east. 

New Baltimore, v. and p. 
o. Greene county, is situated on 
the west side of the Hudson river ; 
it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
50 dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Re- 
formed church, 1 tavern, 4 stores, 
and 2 warehouses, 2 brick yards, 
2 dry docks and ship yards for 
building and repairing vessels. 
Here are owned, and sail from this 
place, 6 sloops, which trade with 



the Albany and New-York mar- 
kets; it is also a convenient steam- 
boat landing. 

New Berlin, t. Chenango 
county, situated 8 miles north-east 
of the village of Norwich, and dis- 
tant 100 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1840, 3,086 inhabitants. 
The surface is undulating ; soil, 
moist clay loam, well adapted to 
grass, with portions productive in 
grain and Indian corn ; drained 
south by the Unadilla river. New 
Berlin and South New Berlin are 
names of post offices. 

New Berlin, v. and p. o. 
New Berlin, Chenango county, is 
handsomely situated on the west 
bank of the Unadilla river. It 
was incorporated in 1816, and now 
contains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
dist church ; 2 taverns, 8 stores of 
different kinds ; 1 large cotton 
factory, 1 grist mill, 1 extensive 
tannery, 1 rope walk, 1 oil mill, 

1 carding machine, 1 trip hammer 
works and 1 brewery. 

New Boston, v. Sullivan, 
Madison county, is situated on the 
Erie canal; it contains about 160 
inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 

2 taverns, 3 stores and 1 plaster 
mill. 

New Brighton, v. Castle- 
ton, Richmond county, is most de- 
lightfully situated on the north end 
of Staten Island, facing the city of 
New-York, distant about 6 miles, 
with which it is connected by a 
commodious steam ferry. Here 
are located a number of beautiful 
summer residences, 2 extensive 
hotels kept open during the sum- 
mer months ; 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
and a seminary for young ladies. 
No place in the vicinity of New- 
York exceeds this spot for beauty 
of surrounding scenery ; being in 
full view of the bay and harbor of 
New-York, where are constantly 
passing ships and steam vessels to 



NEW BRITAIN— NEWBURGH. 



and from the city of New-York. 
The " Sailor's Snug Harbor," 
is handsomely situated about 1 
mile west of this place. 

New-Britain, p. o. New- 
Lebanon, Columbia co. 

Newburgh, t. Orange co. 
is a half shire town with Goshen, 
situated 20 miles south-west, near 
the centre of the county ; it is dis- 
tant 86 miles from Albany, and 
contained in 1840, 8,933 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is hilly and 
somewhat broken and stony, con- 
taining however, much arable land ; 
soil, clay and sandy loam, well 
adapted to grass, much of it well 
cultivated and productive; drained 
by two or three small streams flow- 
ing into the Hudson river, which 
bounds it on the east. Newburgh, 
Coldenham and Middle Hope are 
names of post offices. 

Newburgh, v. and p. o. 
Newburgh, Orange county, is 
pleasantly situated on rising 
ground, on the west bank of the 
Hudson river, 60 miles north of 
the city of New-York, and 85 
miles south of the city of Albany. 
It was incorporated in 1800, and 
now contains about 6,000 inhabi- 
tants, 1,000 dwelling houses, a 
court house and jail, this being a 
half shire village with Goshen; a 
theological seminary under the di- 
rection of the Associate Reformed 
Presbyterian denomination ; an 
incorporated academy; a high 
school, 2 female seminaries and a 
number of select schools, all in a 
flourishing condition ; 2 large pub- 
lic libraries ; 2 Presbyterian, 2 
Associate Reformed, 1 Baptist, 1 
Methodist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Dutch 
Reformed, 1 Reformed Presbyte- 
rian, 1 Roman Catholic, and 1 
African church; 3 banking houses; 
14 hotels and taverns; 150 stores 
of different kinds ; 9 store houses, 
5 ' freighting establishments, 4 
steamboats and 2 freight barges, 
running to and from the city of 



New-York, and 1 steamboat run- 
ning to the city of Albany, besides 
a number of sloops trading to dif- 
ferent places on the Hudson river, 
and schooners and other craft run- 
ning to southern and eastern ports, 
altogether transporting an immense 
amount of lumber, coal, plaster 
and agricultural and manufactured 
products; 2 good steamboats also 
are attached to the ferry between 
this place and Fishkill on the op- 
posite side of the river, which is 
here about 1 mile in width. There 
are now erected and in operation, 
3 flouring mills, 3 plaster mills, 1 
extensive brewery, 1 rotary pump 
manufactory, 1 floor cloth iactory, 
2 soap and candle factories, 1 mo- 
rocco factory, 2 buckskin facto- 
ries, 2 tanneries, 3 plough factories, 
1 comb factory, 3 tobacco facto- 
ries, 3 chair factories, 6 carriage 
manufactories, 1 gun factory, 1 
whip factory, 3 sash and blind fac- 
tories, 4 lumber yards, 6 coal 
yards, 2 rope-walks, 2 freestone 
and marble yards, 2 iron founde- 
ries, 1 steam engine factory and 
general machine shop ; 1 steam 
boiler factory, 2 ship yards, and 1 
marine railway, 1 extensive brick 
yard, and 3 printing offices; be- 
sides almost every other kind of 
mechanic work shops. The lo- 
cation of Newburgh, in addition to 
its romantic beauty and healthy 
situation, is peculiarly favor- 
able as a place of business, 
being surrounded by a rich gra- 
zing and agricultural region of 
country, celebrated for the produc- 
tion of large quantities of superior 
butter, and the excellence of its 
live stock. The Delaware and 
Hudson railroad, the route of 
which is located and partly gra- 
ded, commences at the village of 
Newburgh, and runs through the 
county of Orange into the state of 
New-Jersey. It is intended to tap 
the coal beds of Pennsylvania, in- 
tersecting: the New- York and Erie 



NEW CASTLE— NEW HARTFORD. 



263 



railroad at or near Goshen. This 
place was for a period the head- 
quarters of Gen. Washington, and 
at the close of the revolutionary 
war, the army was heredishanded, 
June 23, 1783. The celebrated 
Newburgh letters, of revolutionary 
memory, were also hete written. 
The house is still standing in good 
repair, in which Washington and 
his family resided. 

New Castle, t. Westchester 
co. situated 10 miles north of the 
village of White Plains, and dis- 
tant 121 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840,1,529 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly ; soil, gravel- 
ly, clay and sandy loam ; drained 
by branches of Croton and Saw- 
mill rivers. New- Castle and New- 
Castle Comer are names of post 
offices. 

New City, v. Clarkstown, 
Rockland co. is situated 4 miles 
west of the Hudson river; it con- 
tains a court house and jail, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 1 store, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, and 12 or 15 
dwelling houses. 

Newcomb, t. Essex co. situa- 
ted 30 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Elizabeth, and distant 92 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 74 inhabitants. The surface 
is mountainous, and as yet an al- 
most perfect wilderness. Here, 
and in the adjoining town of 
Keene, are centred the Adirondack 
group of mountain peaks ; they are 
filled with inexhaustible quantities 
ofironoreof a fine quality. No 
region of the state, if the Union, 
exceeds this town and immediate 
vicinity, in mineral wealth. It 
also abounds in several beautiful 
lakes and picturesque water falls, 
whose waters constitute t'.ie head 
sources of the Hudson river, the 
main branch of which rises in 
this county. Adirondack is the 
name of a settlement, which is 
described under its appropriate 
head. 



New Concord, p. o. Chat- 
ham, Columbia co. 

Newfane, t. Niagara co. si- 
tuated 10 miles north of the village 
of Lockport, and distant 287 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,277 inhabitants. The surface is 
a gently inclined plane, dipping 
towards Lake Ontario, which 
bounds it on the north ; soil, sandy 
and argillaceous loam ; drained 
north by Eighteen Mile creek. 
Newfanef Olcott and Wright's 
Corners are names of post offices. 

Newfield, t. Tompkins co. 
situated 6 miles south-west of the 
village of Ithaca, and distant 175 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 3,567 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly, and in the centre is 
much broken; soil, gravelly loam 
of good quality, underlaid with 
slate and lime ; drained south by 
Cayuta creek, and north by the 
inlet of Cayuga lake. 

Newfield, v. and p. o. New- 
field, Tompkins county, contains 
about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian church, 1 
tavern, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
mills, 1 clothier's works and 1 
ashery. 

New Hackensack, p. o. 
Fishkill, Dutchess co. 

New Hamburgh, p. o. 
Poughkeepsie, Dutchess co. Here 
is a landing place situated on the 
east side of the Hudson river, near 
the mouth of Wappinger's creek. 
There is a ferry boat running 
across the river to Hampton, 
Orange county. 

New Hartford, t. Oneida 
co. situated 4 miles south of the 
city of Utica, and distant 98 miles 
from Albanv; contained in 1840, 
3,819 inhabitants. The surface is 
diversified, consisting of gently 
rising hills and beautiful valleys, 
all highly cultivated and very pro- 
ductive ; soil, rich calcareous 
loam ; drained north by the Sada 
quada creek, one of the finest mill 



264 



NEW HARTFORD— NEW LEBANON. 



streams in the state, on which are 
situated in this town a great num- 
ber of manufacturing establish- 
ments. 

New Hartford, v. and p. 
o. New Hartford, Oneida co. is 
situated on the Sadaquada creek ; 
it contains about 800 inhabitants, 
100 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyte- 
rian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist and 

1 Universalist church; a female 
seminary; 2 taverns, 6 stores, Scot- 
ton factories, two of whichftre very 
extensive establishments ; 1 grist 
mill, 1 trip hammer works, 1 
bleaching and dying establishment, 
and 1 tannery. 

New Haven, t. Oswego co. 
situated 10 miles east of the village 
of Oswego, and distant 157 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,738 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating; soil, sandy loam, very 
productive in grass ; drained by 
Catfish creek flowing into Lake 
Ontario, which bounds it on the 
north. New Haven and Butterfly 
are names of post offices. 

New Haven, v. and p. o. 
New Haven, Oswego co. is situa- 
ted on Catfish creek ; it contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 2 churches, 

2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 
saw mill, and 1 clothier's works. 

New Hudson, t. Allegany co. 
situated 14 miles west of the village 
of Angelica, and distant 270 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,502 inhabitants. The surface is 
high and undulating; soil, well 
adapted to grass ; drained by Black 
creek and some other small 
streams. New Hudson and Black 
Creek are names of post offices. 

New Hurley, p. o. Shawan- 
gunk, Ulster county. Here are 
situated 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 
stores, and a scattered settlement 
of about 20 dwelling houses. 

New Jersey Railroad, 
forms one of the great links in the 
line of railroads, extending from 
the city of New- York to the city 



of Washington, and thence farther 
south. It commences in Jersey 
city, directly opposite New-York, 
and extends to New-Brunswick on 
the Raritan river, a distance of 30 
miles. From New-Brunswick, the 
Trenton and New-Brunswick rail- 
road extends to the city of Tren- 
ton on the Delaware river, 28 
miles. From thence after crossing 
the Delaware river, the Philadel- 
phia and Trenton railroad extends 
to the city of Philadelphia, a fur- 
ther distance of 28 miles : making 
the total distance between the ci- 
ties of New-York and Philadel- 
phia by a continous railroad com- 
munication 86 miles. 

Newkirk's Mills, p. o. 
Bleecker, Fulton co. 

New Lebanon, t. Columbia 
co. situated 25 miles north-east of 
the city of Hudson, and distant 24 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,536 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous. On 
the east runs the Taghkanic moun- 
tain, and on the west the Peterbo- 
rough hills, stretching across the 
south part of the town, forming an 
extensive and rich valley. Here 
are situated the celebrated New 
Lebanon Springs, also a large 
Shaker settlement. It is drained 
east by Lebanon and Kinderhook 
creeks, which here unite. New 
Lebanon, New Lebanon Springs, 
Moffit's Store and New Britain are 
names of post offices. 

New Lebanon, v. and p. o. 
is situated lfc miles south-west of 
the Springs, on the turnpike road 
running from Albany to Pittsfield, 
Mass. It contains 1 Presbyterian 
church, an academy; 1 tavern, 1 
store and 12 or 15 dwelling houses. 

New Lebanon Shaker 
Settlement, New Lebanon, 
Columbia county, is situated 2 
miles south of New Lebanon 
Springs. This settlement contains 
about 600 inhabitants, 1 church, 
10 large dwelling houses occupied 



NEW LEBANON SPRINGS— NEW PALTZ 



265 



in common by the United Society 
of .Believers, or Shakers. The so- 
ciety also own 1 woollen factory, 
1 grist mill, 5 saw mills, 1 iron 
foundery, 3 machine shops, 1 ex- 
tensive tannery and some 20 or 30 
work shops, where are manufac- 
tured brooms, sieves, tubs, pails, 
&c. Also, 3 extensive dairies. 
The grounds belonging to this so- 
ciety are highly cultivated ; the 
gardens yield large quantities of 
seed, herbs, and other products, 
which are sent to different parts of 
the Union for sale, and are in high 
reputation. 

Neav Lebanon Springs, v. 
and p. o. New-Lebanon, Columbia 
co. is delightfully situated near the 
Massachusetts state line, 25 miles 
from Albany. Here are located 5 
hotels and boarding houses, 1 Bap- 
tist church, 4 stores, 2 woollen 
factories, some 20 or 25 dwellings 
and about 200 inhabitants. Leba- 
non Springs has long been celebra- 
ted as a fashionable watering place 
of great resort. The spring is 10 
feet in diameter, and discharges a 
large quantity of water sufficient to 
propel several mills in the vici- 
nity; it is highly esteemed for its 
medicinal qualities, particularly in 
the cure of rheumatic complaints 
and the scrofula. This place and 
vicinity is justly celebrated for its 
beautiful scenery and the salubrity 
of its climate. The Albany and 
West Stockbridge and the Hudson 
and Berkshire railroads, both run to 
within a few miles of the Springs ; 
being connected by a line of stages 
during the summer months. 

The following is the late Dr. 
Meade's analysis of the waters of 
Lebanon Spring. 

Two qts. water contain, gr. 

Muriate of lime, 1 

Muriate of soda, 1| 

Sulphate of lime, 1£ 

Carbonate of lime, | 



Of gases. cub. in. 

Nitrogen gas, 13 

Atmospheric air, 8 

21 

New Lisbon, t. Otsego co. 
situated 13 miles south-west of the 
village of Cooperstown, and distant 
82 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 1,909 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly, with broad valleys 
on the east and west ; soil, sandy 
loam ; drained south by Butternut 
and Otego creeks. New Lisbon, 
Garretsville and Noblesville are 
names of post offices. 

New London, v. and p. o. 
Verona, Oneida cc. is situated on 
the Erie canal; it contains about 
200 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 
ses, 2 taverns, 6 stores and gro- 
ceries, and an extensive boat yard 
for building and repairing canal 
boats. 

New Milford, p. o. War- 
wick, Orange co. 

New Ohio, p. o. Colesville, 
Broome co. 

New Paltz, t. Ulster co. si- 
tuated 14 miles south of the village 
of Kingston, and distant 75 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
5,408 inhabitants. The surface is 
somewhat hilly, and on the west 
covered in part by the Shawangunk 
mountain ; soil, various, mostly 
loam on slate, lime and gray- 
wacke, and generally productive ; 
it is watered by the Wallkill, and 
bounded by the Hudson on the 
east. The inhabitants are mostly 
descendants of the primitive Dutch 
settlers. New Paltz, New Paltz 
Landing, Libertyville and Tuttle- 
town are post offices. Dashville 
is the name of a settlement. 

New Paltz, v. and p. o. New 
Paltz, Ulster county, is situated on 
the Wallkill, 9 miles west of the 
landing on the Hudson river ; this 
is a scattered agricultural settle- 
ment, surrounded by a rich farm- 
ing country; it contains 250 inha 



266 



NEW PALTZ LANDING— NEW SCOTLAND. 



bitants, 40 dwelling 1 houses, 2 
churches, 2 taverns, 4 stores, and 
an incorporated academy in a 
nourishing condition. 

New Paltz Landing, p. o. 
New Paltz, Ulster co. is situated on 
the west bank of the Hudson river, 
opposite the village of Poughkeep- 
sie ; here is a scattered settlement 
containing 1 church, 3 taverns, 4 
stores, 1 grist mill, 1 tannery and 
about 40 dwelling houses. 

Newport, t. Herkimer co. 
situated 10 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Herkimer, and distant 88 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,020 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly with fertile valleys; 
soil, sandy and calcareous loam, 
well adapted to grass; drained 
south by West Canada creek. 

Newport, v. and p. o. New- 
port, Herkimer co. is situated on 
the West Canada creek; it con- 
tains about 450 inhabitants. 60 
dwelling houses, 1 Episcopal and 
1 Baptist church, 2 taverns, 3 
stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 saw mill 
and 1 distillery. This is a hand- 
some and nourishing place of busi- 
ness. 

New Roads, p. o. Sidney, 
Delaware co. 

New Rochelle, t. West- 
chester co. situated 8 miles south 
of the village of White Plains, and 
distant 140 miles from Albany ; 
contained in 1840, 1,816 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is undulating 
or level; soil, clay loam, adapted 
to grass and mostly well cultiva- 
ted; it is watered on the south by 
Long Island Sound. 

New Rochelle, v. and p.o. 
New Rochelle, Westchester co. is 
handsomely situated on the Byram 
turnpike, extending to Long Island 
Sound on the south, where there is 
a convenient steamboat landing, 
distant 18 miles from the city of 
New-York. It contains about 800 
inhabitants, 125 dwelling houses, a 
to^ft ih<?we, a mutual fire insurance 



company, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Epis- 
copal and 1 Methodist church; 3 
hotels and several extensive board- 
ing houses ; 1 boarding school for 
males and 2 for females ; 9 stores, 
1 grist mill, 1 extensive bone but- 
ton factory, 1 manufactory of 
printers' ink, and a carriage facto- 
ry. Here are owned two sloops 
trading with the New-York mar- 
ket, in addition to a steamboat that 
plies daily between this place and 
the city of New-York ; stages abo 
run twice dail) r . No place in the 
vicinity of the city of New-York, 
exceeds the village of New-Ro- 
chelle, as a fashionable place of 
resort during the summer months, 
being situated a convenient dis- 
tance from and overlooking Long 
Island Sound. The hotels and 
boarding houses are also large and 
well kept ; it has long been a favo- 
rite residence for families of wealth 
and taste, and was early settled by 
the Huguenots, who gave it the 
name it now bears in remembrance 
of their native residence, Rochelle 
in France; many of their descend- 
ants now reside in this place and 
vicinity. 

New Salem, p. o. New Scot- 
land, Albany co.; here are situated 
1 Dutch Reformed church, 2 ta- 
verns, 2 stoies, 1 tannery and about 
15 dwellings. 

New Scotland, t. Albany 
co. situated 8 miles west of the 
city of Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,912 inhabitants. The sulfate is 
hilly; soil, sand, loam and clay, 
underlaid with slale and limestone; 
drained by Coeyman's creek and a 
branch of Normanskill. New- 
Scotland, New Salem, Clarksville 
and Union Church are names of 
post offices. 

New Scotland, v. and p. o. 
New Scotland, Albany co. is an 
agricultural settlement, situated 8 
miles west of the city of Albany ; 
it contains about 125 inhabitants, 
20. dwelling houses, 1 Presby- 



NEWSTEAD— NEW WINDSOR. 



267 



terian church, 2 taverns and 2 
stores. 

Newstead, t. Erie co. situa- 
ted 20 miles north-east of the city 
of Buffalo, and distant 264 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,6;53 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, clay, gravelly 
and calcareous loam; drained by 
Ellicott's creek and some tributa- 
ries of the Tonawanda creek. 
Neivstead and Akron are names of 
post offices. 

New Sweden, v. and p. o. 
Au Sable, Clinton co. is situated 
on the north side of the Au Sable 
river, it contains about 250 inhabi- 
tants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 stores, 1 
forge with two fires and 5 saw mills. 

Newton's Corners, p. o. 
Northampton, Fulton co. 

Newtown, t. Queens co. situat- 
ed 12 miles west of the Hempstead 
court house, and distant 153 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
5,054 inhabitants. The surface is 
various, being- in some places hilly 
and stony ; soil, sand and clay 
loam, mostly productive and well 
cultivated, adapted to fruit; it is 
drained west by Newtown creek, 
and watered on the norlh by the 
East river, or Long Island Sound, 
where are two or three islands at- 
tached to this town. Newfown 
and Astoria are names of post 
offices; Maspeth and Ravens- 
wood are names of settlements. 

Newtown, v. and p. o. New- 
town, Queens co. is situated on the 
turnpike leading from Flushing to 
Williamsburgh and Brooklyn; it 
contains about 500 inhabitants, 80 
dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Reform- 
ed, 1 Episcopal and 2 Methodist 
churches ; a large hotel and town 
house, and 4 stores. 

Newtown Creek, rises in 
Newtown, Queens co. and flows 
west into the East river, opposite 
the city of New-York. 

Newtown Creek, rises in 
the town of Erin, Chenango co. 



and empties into the Chemung ri- 
ver at the village of Elmira ; this 
is a rapid stream affording nume- 
rous fine mill sites. 

New Utrecht, t. Kings co. 
situated 6 miles south of Brooklyn 
and distant 152 miles from Alba- 
ny ; contained in 1840, 1,283 in- 
habitants. The surface on the 
north is somewhat hilly, and the in- 
terior and south level ; soil, lig-ht 
sand or loam. The town is loca- 
ted on the extreme west end of 
Long Island, being separated from 
Staten Island by the " Narrows." 
New Utrecht and Fort Hamilton 
are names of post offices. 

New Utrecht, v. and p.o. 
New Utrecht, Kings co. is plea- 
santly situated about. 1 mile east of 
the beach, where is situated the 
Bath House, a fashionable resort 
during the summer months, for 
those fond of sea bathing ; it con- 
tains about 175 inhabitants, 30 
dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Reform- 
ed church, 2 taverns and 3 stores. 
This place is mostly inhabited by 
farmers, and in this vicinity are a 
number of beautiful country resi- 
dences. 

New Vernon, p. o. Mount 
Hope, Orange co. 

New Village, p. o. Brook- 
haven, Suffolk co. 

Newville, v. and p. o. Dan- 
ube, Herkimer co. contains about 
200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hous- 
es, 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 
grist mill, 1 tannery and 1 cloth- 
ier's works. 

New Windsor, t. Orange co. 
situated 3 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Newburgh, and distant 89 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,482 inhabitants. The sujr 
face is uneven and hilly, but most- 
ly arable and well cultivated ; soU, 
loam, underlaid by slate, limestone 
and grass ; .drained by Murderer's 
creek flowing into the Hudson ri- 
ver which bounds it on the east. 

New Windsor, v. and p. o. 



268 NEW WOODSTOCK— NEW-YORK. 



Orange co. is situated on the west 
side of the Hudson river, 2 miles 
below Newburgh ; it contains 
about 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling- 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Epis- 
copal church, 2 taverns, 1 store 
and 2 storehouses ; and 1 ship yard 



was the birth place of De Witt 
Clinton, and the house is still stand- 
ing in good repair in which his fa- 
ther resided. 

New Woodstock, v. Caze- 
novia, Madison co. contains about 
300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hous- 



and railway. Here is owned 1 es, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
freight barge and 2 sloops, trading 1 woollen factory, 1 grist mill and 
with the New-York market. This 1 1 saw mill. 

NEW-YORK CITY AND COUNTY, embraces the Island of 
New-York, formerly called Manhattan Island; Governor's Island, Bed- 
low's Island and Ellis' Island, situated in the bay or harbor of New- 
York, at the mouth of the Hudson river, and Blackwell's Island, Great 
Barn Island and Little Barn Island or Randel's Island, together with 
some smaller islands, situated in the East river. The three first are at- 
tached to the 1st ward of the city, and the latter to the 12th ward. The 
county may be said to be bounded on the north by Westchester county, 
cast by Westchester county and Long Island, south by Long Island and 
the waters of the bay of New-York, and on the west by New-Jersey, 
as the city authorities claim jurisdiction to low water mark on the op- 
posite shore of the waters which surround them. It was originally or- 
ganized in 1683, and is centrally distant 140 miles south of the city of 
Albany. The surface and soil are much diversified. The northern 
part of New- York Island is hilly and broken; the soil is principally 
sandy or gravelly alluvion, based on rock granite or gneiss, most of it 
far from being fertile. The minerals found in this county are nume- 
rous, although but few specimens belong to the class usually denomi- 
nated useful ; — of dolomite or carbonate of lime, generally called mar- 
ble, there is an abundance ; bog iron ore and the oxide of manganese 
also occur, but in quantities too small to answer any valuable purpose. 
The New- York and Harlem Railroad extends for a distance of 8 miles 
on the island of New-York, commencing near the City Hall and runs 
north, crossing the Harlem river at the village of Harlem, where it en- 
ters Westchester co. The line of the Croton Aqueduct, one of the 
most magnificent and costly works of its kind ever attempted in this or 
any other country, enters this county on the north, and extends south 
through the island, being calculated, when completed, to supply the 
city of New-York with pure and wholesome water. Other railroads 
and canals diverge from Brooklyn and Piermont, Rockland Co.; Jersey 
City, Elizabethport, South Amboy and New Brunswick, New Jersey, 
all concentrating their accumulating trade into the lap of this highly 
favored city and county. The navigable waters which surround New- 
York, stand unrivalled as to the facilities they afford for commercial 
operations ; the Hudson river, the East River and the bay of New- 
York, the two latter communicating with the Atlantic ocean, afford 
natural advantages, which few, if any other place on the globe posses - 
ees. The area of the county is about 22 square miles, or 14,080 acres. 
The following are the wards in the city and county of New York, 
with the population in 1840- 



NEW-YORK CITY. 



269 



First Ward, 10,629 

Second Ward, 6,394 

Third Ward, 11.5S1 

Fourth Ward, 15,770 

Fifth Ward, 19,159 

Sixth Ward, 17,198 

Seventh Ward, 22,982 

Eighth Ward, 29,073 

Ninth Ward, 24,795 

Tenth Ward, 29,026 

New-York City, the com- 
mercial emporium and most popu- 
lous city in the United States, is 
situated on New-York or Manhat- 
tan Island, at the junction of the 
Hudson and East rivers, sixteen 
miles from the Atlantic ocean on 
the south, with which it communi- 
cates by two spacious bays, con- 
nected by a strait called "the Nar- 
rows." In latitude, (City Hall,) 
40° 42 J 43" north ; longitude west 
from Greenwich, England, 73° 59 J 
46". East from Washington City, 
3° 1' 13" ; being distant from the 
latter place 220 miles, by one con- 
tinuous line of railroads. The Is- 
land is 13i miles long from north 
to south, with an average breadth 
of I3 miles; its greatest breadth is 
2£ miles. The city and county 
are co-extensive, embracing the 
whole island, including the post 
village of Harlem, Yorkville, 
Bloomingdale and Manhattanville, 
together with sundry islands in the 
East and Hudson rivers. The 
Island of New-York, is sepa- 
rated from the main on the north- 
east by Harlem river and Spyten- 
Duyvel creek, which unite their 
waters and form a continuous 
stream about 8 miles in length be- 
tween East river and the Hudson 
river. East river separates it from 
Long Island on the east, and the 
Hudson from New- Jersey on the 
west. The island terminates in a 
point on the south, formerly the 
site of fortified works, whence it is 
still called the Battery, although 
converted into a delightful prome- 



Eleventh Ward, 17,052 

Twelfth Ward, 11,652 

Thirteenth Ward, 18,517 

Fourteenth Ward, 20,235 

Fifteenth Ward, 17,755 

Sixteenth Ward, 22,273 

Seventeenth Ward, 18,619 



Total inhabitants, 312,710 

nade. East river, sixteen miles in 
length, flows from Long Island 
Sound into the harbor of New- 
York ; about midway of its course, 
near the mouth of Harlem river, is 
the rocky shoal and whirlpool cal- 
led by the Dutch Helk-gat. The 
width of East river opposite the 
city varies from one-third to half a 
mile. The tide flows through it 
from the Sound with great force 
and rapidity, and reaches the har- 
bor in advance of the tide from the 
south. Hudson river on the west 
side of the city is from one mile 
to one and a half miles in breadth; 
on the opposite shore are Jersey 
City, (formerly Paulus Hook,) and 
the village of Hoboken. The har- 
bor or upper bay extends eight 
miles south of the city to Staten 
Island and the south-western ex- 
tremity of Long Island ; it is from 
1| to 5j miles in width, and has 
great depth of water, sufficient for 
the largest ships of war. Being 
land-locked, it affords entire secu- 
rity from winds and storms, as 
well as ample space for any num- 
ber of vessels. It is very rarely 
frozen over in winter, being kept 
open by the strong and rapid cur- 
rents that sweep into it. The low- 
er bay, extending from the Nar- 
rows to Sandy Hook, is obstructed 
with shoals, but the channels are 
deep enough even at low water for 
vessels of the largest class. 

Manhattan Island derives its 
name from the savages who inhabi- 
ted it when discovered by Hudson, 
in 1609. De Laet, a distinguished 



270 



NEW- YORK CITY. 



Dutch author, whose description of 
New Netherlands, (New- York,) is 
supposed to be the earliest extant, 
says, "On the right or eastern 
bank of the river from its mouth 
dwell the Manatthans, a fierce na- 
tion and hostile to our people, from 
whom, nevertheless, they purchas- 
ed the island or point of land 
which is separated from the main 
by Helle-gat, and where they laid 
the foundation of a city called 
New Amsterdam."* In 1610, the 
year after the discovery, a Dutch 
ship was sent out to open a traffic 
with the natives ; and in 1613, 
Capt. Samuel Arg-all, of the Vir- 
ginia Colony, (afterwards Sir Sam- 
uel,) on his return from an expe- 
dition against the French of Aca- 
dia, landed on Manhattan Island, 
where he unexpectedly found four 
houses and a resident Dutch super- 
intendent of trade. This is the 
earliest notice, it is believed, on 
record, of any European settle- 
ment within the present limits of 
this state. Having exacted sub- 
mission to the English crown, 
which his armed equipments en- 
abled him to enforce for the time, 
Argall pursued his course to Vir- 
ginia. Forts were soon after erec- 
ted on Manhattan Island and at Al- 
bany, and provided with ordnance 
for the protection of trade, and of 
the Dutch title to the country. A 
new and more substantial fort was 
built on the southern extremity of 
the island in 1623, called Fort Am- 
sterdam, which stood, with various 
alterations, until 1790. A house 
for the governor or director gene- 
ral and a stone church were built 
within the fort at an early date. A 
stadt house or city hall, erected 
about the year 1640, on Pearl- 
street, at the head of Coenties' 
slip, continued to be used for pub- 



* Collections N. Y. Historical Soc. New 
Series, i. 308. Helle-gat here means the 
East river. 



lie putposes till 1699, when its 
place was supplied by a new build- 
ing on Wall at the head of Broad- 
street, in which Congress after- 
wards held its sessions. Some of 
the oldest streets now bear names 
corresponding to those given them 
by the Dutch; as Pearl-street, ori- 
ginally written Paerl-straat ; 
Bridge, formerly Brug ; Market- 
field, Marcve.lt; Beaver, Bevcr; 
Broadway, Brecde-weg, &c. The 
first wharf was situated where 
Whitehall-street now is; and a 
market house stood near the pre- 
sent corner of Pearl and Broad- 
streets. The trade was chiefly in 
peltries, which was monopolized 
by the Dutch West India Compa- 
ny, to whom the country was grant- 
ed by the States General of Hol- 
land. Tabular statements of the 
amount of exports and imports in 
the Company's ships from 1624 to 
1635, are given by De Laet* The 
city retained the name of New- 
Amsterdam till the conquest by 
the English in 1664, when it was 
first called New-York. On there- 
conquest by the Dutch in 1673, it 
was named New-Orange ; but pos- 
session being again given to the 
English in 1674, by virtue of a 
treaty between the two govern- 
ments, the city at once resumed its 
present name. The municipal au- 
thority of New Amsterdam was 
vested in two Burgomasters or Al- 
dermen, five Schepens or Assist- 
ants, and a Schout or Sheriff. The 
English changed the original form 
of government to that now in use, a 
charter having been granted in 
1665 by Governor Nicholls. A 
new city charter was granted by 
Governor Dongan, in 1686, confer- 
ring additional privileges ; and an- 
other in 1730, by Governor Mont- 
gomerie, with further powers, to 
meet the wants of a growing com- 
munity. By these charters the 

* Ibid. 315. 



NEW-YORK CITY. 



271 



mayor was to be appointed by the 
governor, and the aldermen and 
assistants were elective. The 
charter of 1730, as amended by 
acts of the legislature, is still in 
force. 

The city was originally built in 
an irregular manner, with narrow 
and crooked streets, running from 
the fort, (now the Battery,) along 
upon East river, and west to Broad- 
way. In 1728 it had reached as 
far north as Fair (now Fulton) 
street, with a few scattered hous- 
es beyond, on the east side of 
Broadway; three or four streets 
had been opened on the west side, 
but the King's farm covered most 
of that part of the island north of 
Crown (now Liberty) street. As 
late as 17S2, Chambers-street was 
the limit of the city on the west, 
and Catharine street on the east. 
The farm of Alderman Bayard, 
lying along the centre of the is- 
land, half a mile north of Cham- 
bers-street, had been disposed into 
city lots a few years before, and 
Vested in a lottery lor the purpose 
of being sold. Numerous streets 
were regularly laid out on the plan 
of this estate, situated between 
Broadway and the Bowery, which 
remain unaltered. But at that 
period few inhabitants were found 
so far out of town. The anticipa- 
ted growth of the city, however, 
soon led to public improvements, 
which were conducted in a syste- 
matic manner, and were greatly 
facilitated by the extraordinary 
powers lodged in the. corporate au- 
thorities for the assessment of pri- 
vate property. Wide and commo- 
dious avenues and streets have 
thus taken the place of the narrow 
and irregular thoroughfares of the 
olden times. Hills have been 
levelled, rough inequalities in the 
surface of the ground removed, 
arid bogs and marshes filled up, 
until the city now presents a uniform 
grade throughout. It extends 



about three miles from the Battery 
towards the north, and across the 
island from river to river. The 
style of building has improved 
from time to time, and within the 
last ten years has reached a high 
degree of elegance and conven- 
ience. The upper or north part of 
the city has been laid out into spa- 
cious streets, with wide and con- 
venient trottoirs or sidewalks, form- 
ed of large flag-stones; and the 
houses, built of brick in uniform 
blocks, with marble steps, (here 
called stoops from the Dutch,) and 
highly ornamented balustrades of 
cast-iron in front, present an im- 
posing and agreeable appearance 
to the eye. This is now the fash- 
ionable quarter, the lower part of 
the city being comparatively de- 
serted even by old residents, whose 
former mansions are converted 
into boarding houses, or have given 
place to shops or stores. 

The principal street is Broad- 
way, extending in a northerly di- 
rection from the Battery a distance 
of 2| miles along the centre of the 
city, and intersected at right an- 
gles by streets that slope gradually 
to each river. It is 80 feet wide, 
with spacious side-walks that af- 
ford a favorite promenade in fine 
weather for the gay and fashiona- 
ble. Here are to be found the 
most extensive hotels, dry goods 
stores, fancy shops, confectiona- 
ries, jewellers, booksellers, gro- 
cers, tailors, milliners, and in gene- 
ral all the various establishments 
that furnish the elegancies and luxu- 
ries of life in the greatest perfection. 
The Bowery is about two-thirds 
the length of Broadway, but is a 
much wider street. The name is 
derived from the Dutch bouwery, 
signifying a farm, and the street 
was originally called Bowery lane, 
from its leading through the public 
farms. It runs nearly parallel 
with Broadway on the e»st, and 
being chiefly a business street, has 



272 



NEW- YORK CITY. 



a lively and animated appearance 
It is the great thoroughfare for 
country wagons and market people 
from Westchester county, with 
which it communicates by the 
Harlem railroad and Third Ave- 
nue. Chatham-street, (named 
from the Earl of Chatham,) con- 
nects the Bowery with Broadway 
and Nassau-street; an immense 
population pours through it at all 
times from the eastern part of the 
city, and Broadway below its junc- 
tion with this street is often so 
thronged as to render it hazardous, 
if not impracticable for foot pas- 
sengers to cross it. East Broad- 
way is a spacious and elegant street 
on the east side of the town, and 
parallel with it are Henry, Madi- 
son and Monroe-streets, all hand- 
somely built up with private resi- 
dences, in the neighborhood of 
East river. The principal streets 
crossing Broadway and termina- 
ting at East river, are Grand, 
Broome, Houstoun, Fourth and 
Eighth-streets. On the west side, 
Greenwich and Hudson-streets are 
the most spacious and fashionable ; 
they run parallel to the Hudson, 
and are about two miles and a half 
in length. Washington and West 
streets are of the same length, and 
have a parallel course, nearer to 
the river. Between the lower part 
of Broadway and East river are 
Nassau, William, Pearl, Water, 
Front and South-streets, intersec- 
ted by Fulton-street, Maiden Lane, 
Liberty, Cedar, Pine, Wall and 
Broad-streets, all of which are 
occupied with the great commer- 
cial interests of the' city. A con- 
siderable part of this quarter of 
the city was destroyed by the great 
fire of 1835, but it has since been 
entirely rebuilt in a much superior 
style. Wall-street contains the 
Merchants' Exchange, Custom- 
house, and numerous splendid edi- 
fices, recently built, occupied by 
insurance and banking companies. 



The Avenues (so called^ are six- 
teen in number and extend from 
the upper parts of the city to Har- 
lem river ; they are in general 100 
feet wide, as laid out, but are not 
all graded. They are crossed by 
streets running from river to river, 
some of which are of equal width 
with the Avenues. The J'hird 
Avenue leads to Harlem bridge, 
and being macadamized through- 
out its whole extent, (about 7 miles) 
affords a pleasant drive from the 
city. The Harlem railroad is laid 
upon the Fourth Avenue. The 
Bloomingdale road, (a continua- 
tion of Broadway,) is another fa- 
vorite route for drives in pleasant 
weather, leading to the villages of 
Bloomingdale and Manhattanville, 
along the bank of the Hudson. 

Of the public squares the Batte- 
ry is the principal. It affords a fine 
view of the bay and harbor, and of 
the adjacent islands and opposite 
shores. It contains about eleven 
acres of ground, laid out in gravel 
walks and ornamented with trees 
and shrubbery. As a public pro- 
menade it is, probably, not surpas- 
sed in the beauty of its situation 
and general attractions by any 
other in the world. A castle built 
on a mole in the harbor is connec- 
ted with the grounds by a bridge, 
and is now used as a place of 
amusements, and for the exhibi- 
tion of fire works. The Park is 
a triangular area of about ten 
acres, handsomely disposed into 
grass-plots and walks, and con- 
tains the City Hall with other pub- 
lic buildings. It is an ornament 
to the city, and is much thronged 
on gala days, especially on the 
anniversary of American indepen- 
dence. Washington Square, of 
about the same extent as the Park, 
is in the upper part' of the city, 
between Fourth-street and Waver- 
ly Place. The University and a 
new Dutch church in the Gothic 
style, front on this Square. Tomp- 



NEW- YORK CITY. 



273 



kins Square, on the east of the 
Bowery, between Seventh and 
Tenth-streets, is handsomely laid 
out, and affords a fine view of East 
river and the opposite shore of 
Long Island . It is a place of great 
resort during the warm season, es- 
pecially on Sundays, and is a favo- 
rite parade ground for the military 
corps of the city. Stages are con- 
stantly running between this Square 
and the Battery, and improvements 
are rapidly going forward in its vi- 
cinity. Union Place, at the com- 
mon termination of the Bowery, 
Broadway and University Place, 
between 14th and 17th streets, is 
laid out in a tasteful manner, and 
surrounded by an elegant paling 
of cast-iron. Madison, Hamilton 
and Stuyvesant Squares are not yet 
open to the public. Hudson Square 
or St. John's Park, in the central 
part of the city, between Hudson 
and Varick-streets, belongs to 
Trinity church, and is visited only 
by privileged persons. It is a 
beautiful green of about four acres, 
filled with shrubs and flowers, en- 
closed by a high iron paling. St. 
John's church, (a chapel of Trini- 
ty,) with its lofty spire, 240 feet 
high, fronts on the east side of this 
square, and adds to the beauty of 
the situation. 

Numerous omnibusses or stages 
throng the principal streets, espe- 
cially Broadway, and ply between 
the upper and lower parts of the 
city. Hackney coaches are also 
much used, and cabs in great num- 
bers and variety have been intro- 
duced of late. The streets are 
generally paved with stone, but 
blocks of wood have been recent- 
ly used for the purpose, and are 
generally preferred. The streets 
are well lighted at night with lamps 
and gas lights. The want of good 
water in the city has been a seri- 
ous evil, but measures are now in 
progress to supply this deficiency 
by means of the Croton Water 

* 18 



Works. Most of the houses have 
cisterns for rain water, which is 
chiefly used in washing. The ship- 
ping are supplied with good water 
from springs on Long Island. The 
health of the city will -compare 
favorably with that of any other 
large city in the world. Infectious 
diseases rarely occur except among 
the dissolute and debased. The yel- 
low fever has been occasionally 
introduced from abroad ; its last 
appearance was in the year 1822. 
A rigid quarantine is enforced in 
the warm season on vessels from 
unhealthy ports. The Asiatic cho- 
lera made considerable havoc here 
in 1832, when it visited other parts 
of the country. The greatest 
scourge is pulmonary disease, 
which, however, is not more pre- 
valent than in other large cities in 
this country and Europe. The bills 
of mortality for 1838 showed the 
number of deaths in that year to 
be 8,053 ; for 1S39, 7,953 ; during 
which years the least number oc- 
curred in the months of June and 
May, and the most in August, July 
and September. The greatest mor- 
tality was among children under 
two years of age, being more than 
one-third of the whole number in 
both years. 

The provision for affording me- 
dical and surgical aid to the in- 
dustrious classes when disabled by 
sickness or accidental wounds, is 
less ample than the wants of so 
large a population require. The 
inmates of the Almshouse are well 
taken care of in the hospitals con- 
nected with that establishment at 
Bellevue and Blackwell's island; 
but the New-York Hospital is the 
only institution open to the public 
for the reception of a respectable 
class of patients, unable to procure 
at their own expense, the advanta- 
ges of professional skill, and this 
accommodates only about 100 per- 
sons free of charge. It was found- 
ed in 1771, and has been well sus- 



274 



NEW-YORK CITY. 



tained. The whole number of pa- 
tients admitted in 1839, including 1 
those remaining' of the previous 
year, was 2,041. Of these 1,402 
were recovered during- the year, 
and 169 died. The receipts during 
the same year were $33,639 92,— 
the expenditures $33,936 54. A 
new institution, styled the State 
Hospital of the City of New-York, 
chartered in 1839, has received a 
lease from the city corporation, for 
a nominal rent, of the spacious 
block of ground between the Fifth 
and Sixth Avenues, and Forty- 
second and Forty-third-streets, on 
which a suitable building 1 is about 
being completed at an expense of 
$50,000. The term of the lease 
is for so long a time as the premi- 
ses shall be used for a public hos- 
pital, on the condition that a cer- 
tain number of patients to be de- 
signated by the Common Council 
enjoy gratuitously the benefits of 
the institution. The Legislature 
has also granted to it whatever re- 
mains out of the hospital money 
collected from passengers in ves- 
sels from foreign ports after paying 
what is now chargeable upon that 
fund, for twenty years, not to ex- 
ceed, however, $30,000 per an- 
num. There is now every pros- 
pect that this noble charity will 
soon go into successful operation. 
Connected with the New-York 
Hospital, is the Lunatic Asylum 
at Bloomingdale, which accomo- 
dates about 250 patients during the 
year; the receipts in 1839, were 

$48,467 05, the expenditures, 

$48,529 78. No free patients are 
admitted. The buildings were 
erected at an expense of over 
#200,000. The principal edifice 
is of stone, 210 feet long by 60 feet 
wide, and three stories in height. 
The New-York Dispensary, esta- 
blished in 1790, " for the purpose 
of relieving such sick, poor and 
indigent persons as are unable to 
procure medical aid," is support- 



ed by annual subscriptions. The 
Northern Dispensary for the same 
object was established in 1829, and 
the Eastern in 1834. These useful 
establishments answer the purpose 
of hospitals to some extent, by 
sending gratuitous aid to the 
abodes of poverty and disease. 
On Staten Island are three esta- 
blishments for the relief of sick or 
disabled seamen and passengers on 
shipboard. The Marine Hospital, 
under the direction of the Health 
Commissioners appointed by the 
state, is situated on the east side of 
the island, in the village of Tomp- 
kinsville. It consists of three 
spacious buildings, one of which 
receives cases of malignant fever, 
another of small-pox, and the third 
of miscellaneous diseases. The 
Quarantine Ground is adjacent to 
this part of (he island. The Sea- 
men's Retreat, situated half a mile 
to the south of the Marine Hospi- 
tal, is also a state institution, sup- 
ported by the " Hospital monies." 
The "Sailors' Snug Haibor," on 
the north side of the island, is a 
noble institution, founded by the 
late Capt. Randall, who bequeathed 
to it an estate of the present reputed 
value of $1,000,000. The object 
of this establishment is to provide 
a home for aged and decayed sea 
men; it now contains more than 
100 inmates. The United States 
Naval Hospital is situated at 
Brooklyn, in the vicinity of the 
Navy Yard. 

The public buildings are nume- 
rous, and many of them are justly 
admired for their architectural 
beauty and substantial character. 
The new Merchants' Ex- 
change, erected on the site of 
the former, which was destroyed 
by the great fire, is the largest and 
most costly edifice in the city. 
The material of which it is built, 
is the dark blue Quincy granite, 
(sienite ;) no wood is used in any 
part of the building ; the whole is 



NEW-YORK CITY. 



275 



solid masonry. It ocupies an en- 
tire block of ground fronting on 
Wall-street, being about 200 feet in 
length by 171, and 144 feet in depth. 
It is 77 feet high to the top of the 
cornice, and 124 feet from the foun- 
dation to the apex of the dome. 
In front is a recessed portico with 
18 massive columns of granite, 
beautifully wrought in the Ionic 
style. These columns are 38 feet 
in height, and 4 feet 4 inches in 
diameter, each weighing forty -three 
tons. They are said to be the 
largest in the world, excepting 
only the columns of a church at 
St. Petersburgh. The exchange 
room or rotunda is in the centre 
of the building, 100 feet in diame- 
ter, and 90 feet in height to the top 
of the dome. The dome is solid 
masonry, 80 feet in diameter, sup- 
ported in part by eight Corinthian 
columns of beautiful Italian mar- 
ble. These are 41 feet in height, 
and 4 feet S inches in diameter. 
A more magnificent apartment is 
seldom seen. The effect on the 
beholder when first seen, is grand 
and sublime. The entire cost of 
the building, including the ground, 
is stated at $1,800,000; the ori- 
ginal estimate was one-third of that 
sum. It was erected by a com- 
pany called the Merchants' Ex- 
change Company, incorporated in 
1823, with a capital of one million. 
The new Custom House is ano- 
ther recent addition to the public 
edifices of the city. It is modelled 
after the Parthenon at Athens, and 
is nearly of the same size as that 
celebrated temple. The external 
walls and the roof are of white 
marble, and the entire building is 
finished without wood, so as to be 
completely fire proof. It is 200 
feet long by 90 wide, and about 80 
feet in height.* It has two fronts; 
the principal one on Wall street, at 
the head of Broad street, and the 



* The dimensions of the Parthenon were 
317 feet long, 98 broad and 65 high. 



j other on Pine street; each contain- 
| ing a row of finely wrought marble 
columns 32 feet high, of the Doric 
order. The business hall occu- 
pies the centre of the building; 
it is a rotunda surmounted by a 
dome, supported by sixteen beauti- 
ful Corinthian columns 30 feet 
high. The diameter of this room 
is 80 feet. The architectural or- 
naments of the interior are nume- 
rous, beautifully designed, and 
exquisitely finished. This su- 
perb edifice was commenced in 
May, 1834, and finished in May, 
1841. The cost, ground inclusive, 
was $1,175,000— building alone, 
$950,000. The Hall of Jus- 
tice, built in the Egyptian style, 
is a remarkable structure. It 
fronts on Centre street, and oc- 
cupies a block of ground 253 feet 
long by 200 wide, including, how- 
ever, in this space a prison which 
is detached from the main build- 
ing. Its massive Theban columns 
with their gigantic palm-leaved 
capitals, and its cornices, ornamen- 
ted with winged globes encircled 
by serpents, give a singular effect 
to the building. The material is a 
light colored granite, quarried at 
Ha Howell on the Kennebec river, 
(Maine.) The criminal courts of 
the city and the city prison are to 
be found in this gloomy pile, which 
has gained the sobriquet of the 
Egyptian Tombs. The building 
was finished in 1838. The New- 
York University, on Wash- 
ington Square, is built in the 
Gothic style, and has a command- 
ing appearance. It is 180 feet 
long by 100 wide. The front is 
composed of a centre building with 
wings flanked by towers, one on 
each of the four corners of the edi- 
fice. The centre rises above the 
wings, and contains in front a large 
Gothic window of stained edass, 50 
feet high by 24 wide. This part 
of the building contains the Chapel, 
which is much admired for its ar- 



*76 



NEW- YORK CITY. 



chitectural beauty. Its lofty ceil- 
ing adorned with Gothic tracery, 
and the richly carved columns and 
pannelings of oak, give it an an- 
tique air, and produce a striking 
effect. The wings of the edifice 
are four stories high, and the tow- 
ers five; the last are surmounted 
by embattled parapets. The main 
entrance is under the great central 
window, through a deep portal of 
richly moulded stone, and a door 
of massive oak. This building is 
of recent date, having been com- 
pleted in 1836. Among the older 
public edifices, the City Hall 
is pre-eminent. It is situated in 
the Park, and consists of a centre 
building with wings, principally of 
the Ionic and Corinthian orders. 
The entire front is 216 feet long, 
by 105 deep ; the front and ends 
are built of white marble, and the 
rear of free stone. It is chiefly 
occupied by the civil courts, and 
the common council, both branch- 
es of the latter and the mayor hav- 
ing their respective apartments. 
The U. States courts are held in a 
large brick building in the rear of 
the City Hall, originally built and 
occupied as an alms-house. At 
Bellevue on East river, 2\ miles 
from the City Hall, are several 
public buildings, as the new Aims- 
House, a large stone edifice, well 
adapted to the purposes for which 
it is used; a Hospital connected 
with it for the sick and insane 
poor ; the House of Refuge for ju- 
venile delinquents; and a Peniten- 
tiary for the punishment of female 
convicts. An asylum for the in- 
sane poor of the city has been re- 
cently erected on Blackwell's 
Island, where there is also a prison 
for male convicts. Opposite Black- 
well's Island are the Long Island 
Farms, where are schools and nur- 
series for pauper children, liberally 
sustained in connection with the 
alms-house. 

Amons the benevolent institu- 



tions of the city, is the Institution 
for the Blind, situated on the Eighth 
Avenue, having seventy-two pupils; 
the Institution for the Instruction 
of the Deaf and Dumb, incorpora- 
ted in 1817, on Fiftieth street, 3£ 
miles from the City Hall, contain- 
ing by the last report, 152 pupils; 
the Lying-in-Asylum ; the Female 
Assistance Society, for the relief 
and instruction of the sick poor; 
the society for respectable aged 
Indigent Females; the Orphan 
Asylum, established in 1806, situa- 
ted on the Hudson at Blooming- 
dale, five miles from the City Hall, 
where great numbers of indigent 
orphan children are reared and 
educated; the Protestant Half Or- 
phan Asylum on Twelfth street; 
the Roman Catholic Orphan Asy- 
lum on Prince street; the Asylum 
for colored orphans, &c. The 
foreign residents have associations 
for charitable purposes, as the St. 
George's Society, composed of 
Englishmen; St. Andrew's, of 
Scotch; St. David's, of Welch; 
the German, French, Spanish and 
Hebrew Societies ; the St. Nicho- 
las, composed of the descendants 
of the early Dutch inhabitants and 
others, and the New England So- 
ciety. There are also numerous 
religious associations, as Bible, 
Tract, Missionary, Sunday School, 
Education, and Seamen's Friends 
Societies, most of which are sus- 
tained by particular denominations 
or sects, each having its own dis- 
tinct organization. 

Of the literary and scientific in- 
stitutions, Columbia College is the 
oldest and best endowed. It was 
founded in 1754, and was original- 
ly called King's College. It is si- 
tuated on a beautiful square ad- 
joining Park Place, near the City 
Hall, where the college buildings 
were erected in 1760. For a con- 
siderable period there were no 
other buildings of any kind in the 
immediate neighborhood of the 



NEW-YORK CITY. 



277 



college, which Ihus enjoyed an 
extensive and unobstructed view 
of the opposite shore and country 
of New-Jersey, the city and island 
of New-York, Long Island, Staten 
Island, New-York bay, &c. This 
college has always sustained a high 
character as a seminary of learn- 
ing, having from the beginning 
enjoyed the services of eminent 
scholars in the various departments 
of instruction. It is still in a high- 
ly flourishing condition. The 
University of the city of New- 
York, is a youthful institution; it 
was chartered in 1831, and is ra- 
pidly rising into importance and 
favor. Connected with it is a Me- 
dical School of high reputation. 
The General Theological Seminary 
of the Episcopal church, is situated 
on Twentieth street, corner of the 
Ninth Avenue, near the Hudson, 
2£ miles from the City Hall, a part 
of the city known as Chelsea. 
There are two handsome buildings 
of stone for the accommodation 
of the professors and students ; the 
board of trustees consists of all the 
bishops, and one other trustee from 
each diocese in the United States. 
The institution is well endowed, 
and in a flourishing condition. 
The New-York Theological Semi- 
nary near the University, is under 
the direction of the Presbyterian 
church, although open to all chris- 
tian denominations. Its library is 
of great value, consisting of 16,000 
volumes, formerly the property of 
a German clergyman, Rev. Lean- 
der Van Ess, after whose decease 
it was purchased for this institution. 
Extensive grammar schools are 
connected with Columbia College 
and the University, in which boys 
are fitted for college, or for the 
counting room. The common 
schools of the city are under the 
control of the Public School Socie- 
ty, incorporated in 1805, which 
receives for their support the mo- 
neys appropriated by the state to 



common schools. The amount 
expended by the society during the 
year ending May, 1841, was 
0156,857.45. The average num- 
ber of pupils taught was 23,654, 
between the ages of four and six- 
teen ; besides this number, 397 
children under four years of age 
were taught in the primary depart- 
ments. The number of schools 
was seventy-one, including eight 
for colored children. There are 
in the city numerous private semi- 
naries, many of which are of an 
excellent character; and in gene- 
ral, the advantages of education in 
all its stages are as great in this 
city as can be found in any other 
part of the country. Of the literary 
associations, the oldest is the New- 
York Society Library, founded in 
1754, which occupies a new and 
beautiful building recently erected 
on Broadway, corner of Leonard 
street. The library is the largest 
and most valuable in the state, and 
is constantly increasing ; it now 
consists of nearly 40,000 volumes. 
An extensive reading room is con- 
nected with it, in some respects the 
best in the city. The rights of 
membership are $31, annual dues 
$4. The institution is governed 
by a board of twelve trustees, who 
are annually elected by the share- 
holders. The New-York Histori- 
cal Society, formed in 1804, at 
present occupies a suite of rooms 
in the University, where its library, 
comprising about 12,000 volumes, 
is situated. It has published seve- 
ral volumes of historical collec- 
tions, containing materials for 
developing the history of the state. 
The Lyceum of Natural History, 
established in 1818, has done much 
for the promotion of natural science 
in this country. The building in 
which its library and cabinet are 
deposited, is on Broadway, near 
Prince street; it was erected at 
the expense of the Lyceum. The 
Mercantile Library Association is 



278 



NEW-YORK CITY. 



formed chiefly of merchants' 
clerks. Its library consists of 
about 22,000 volumes, connected 
with which there is an excellent 
reading room. The number of 
members in 1840 was over 5,000. 
An annual course of lectures is de- 
livered before this association at 
Clinton Hall, where the library is 
also kept. The Apprentices' Li- 
brary in Crosby street, contains 
about 12,000 volumes. It was es- 
tablished in 1820, by the General 
Society of Mechanics and Trades- 
men. The Mechanics' Institute 
occupies rooms in the basement of 
the City Hall, where it has a libra- 
ry and reading room ; a course of 
lectures is also given under its 
auspices every winter. The Ame- 
rican Institute for the encourage- 
ment of American industry, 
formed in 1828, has a valuable 
library of about 5,000 volumes, 
situated in the spacious building in 
the rear of the City Hall. Under 
the direction of this institute annual 
fairs are held in the city at Nib- 
lo's Garden, for the exhibition of 
American manufactures in every 
department of human industry. 
The Law Institute is an association 
of members of the bar, whose li- 
brary is kept at the City Hall. 
The National Academy of Design, 
established in 1826, for the encou- 
ragement of the fine arts, occupies 
rooms in the Society Library's 
building, where are held its annual 
exhibitions of paintings. The 
Apollo Association, incorporated 
in 1840, for a similar purpose, is a 
popular institution. Other miscel- 
laneous associations, are the 
Sacred Music Society, for the im- 
provement of church music; the 
Chamber of Commerce, formed in 
1768 ; the Board of Trade ; the 
Board of Underwriters ; the Board 
of Stock and Exchange Brokers ; 
the New-York Lyceum, with a li- 
brary and reading room, and annual 
lectures ; the Colonization Society; 



the Anti-Slavery Society ; the So- 
ciety for the encouragement of 
faithful Domestic Servants ; the 
Horticultural Society ; Tempe- 
rance Societies ; Masonic Lodges ; 
Odd Fellows' Society, &c. The 
number of churches is about 160, 
as follows : Presbyterian 37, Epis- 
copalian 26, Methodist 23, Baptist 
16, Dutch Reformed 13, Roman 
Catholic 9, African 10, German 
Lutheran and Reformed 6, Jews' 
Synagogues 4, Quakers or Friends 
4, Universalists 4, Unitarians 2, 
and others 7. Many of the church- 
es are handsomely built; of these 
are the new Dutch Reformed 
churches on Washington Square 
and La Fayette Place ; the Church 
of the Messiah, (Unitarian ;) St. 
Peters, (Roman Catholic ;) French 
Protestant du St. Esprit; the Church 
of the Ascension, St. Paul's and 
St. Peter's, (Episcopalian ;) Pres- 
byterian churches on Duane, Grand 
and Mercer streets ; Baptist on 
Broome street, &c. The metro- 
politan church now building on 
the site of old Trinity at the head 
of Wall street, will far surpass all 
others in the city in its extent and 
architectural splendor; its length 
is 189 feet by 84 in breadth ; height 
64 ; height of tower and spire, 264 
feet. There are congregations of 
French, Germans, and Welch, who 
have religious services conducted 
in their respective languages. 

The Markets are 15 in number, 
of which the principal are the Ful- 
ton, Washington, Catharine, Es- 
sex, Clinton, Tompkins and 
Franklin; all abundantly supplied 
with every variety of meats, fish, 
fruits and vegetables that the coun- 
try affords. The Hotels are nu- 
merous, and those on Broadway 
are of an equal degree of excel- 
lence, as the Astor House, (which 
is the most extensive of all,) the 
American, Globe, Mansion House, 
Carlton, Waverley, City, Howard's, 
Franklin, Atlantic, &c. The 



NEW. YORK CITY. 



279 



United States, Pacific, and Pearl 
street houses are also in good re- 
pute. Restaurateurs or refectories 
are found in great numbers in 
business parts of the city ; most of 
which are supplied with every lux- 
ury of the seasons. There are five 
Theatres, viz., the Park, Bowery, 
Olympic, Chatham, and Little 
Drury. Theatrical entertainments 
are also given during summer at 
Niblo's and Vauxhall gardens. 
The Newspapers are 54 in number, 
of which 14 are daily; periodicals, 
monthly and quarterly, about 30. 
The public Ferries are 15, viz. 4 
to Brooklyn, 3 to Wiliiamsburgh, 
2 to Staten Island, 3 to Hoboken, 
2 to Jersey city, and 1 at Hellgate. 
Steamboats leave the city daily 
during the greater part of the year 
for Albany, Troy, Hudson, Pough- 
keepsie, Newburgh, Peekskill, 
Haverstraw, Nyack, and other 
places on the Hudson ; for Provi- 
dence and Newport in Rhode 
Island; Stonington, Norwich, 
New-London, Hartford, New-Ha- 
ven, Bridgeport, and Stamford, in 
Connecticut, by Long Island 
Sound ; for Elizabethport, New- 
ark, Amboy, New-Brunswick, 
and Shrewsbury, in New-Jersey ; 
and for various landings on Long 
Island. Steamers also ply between 
this city and London, Liverpool, 
and Bristol, England. Lines of 
packet ships sail with great regu- 
larity to various ports in Europe, 
the West Indies, South America, 
and the United States. 

According to the census of 1840, 
there were 417 commercial houses, 
engaged in foreign trade, and 918 
commission houses, with an aggre- 
gate capital of $45,941,200 ; 3,485 
retail dry goods, groceries, and 
other stores, with a capital of $14,- 
509,995 ; 61 lumber yards, and 
trade, with a capital of $731,500. 
The value of machinery manufac- 
tured amounted to $1,150,000, 
giving employment to 1,419 men ; 



the value of hardware, cutlery, 
&c. amounted to $135,300, giving 
employment to 145 men ; the value 
of precious metals manufactured 
amounted to $889,460, giving em- 
ployment to 492 men ; other met- 
als, $131,100, giving employment 
to 848 men ; the value of granite, 
marble, &c. amounted to $263,850, 
giving employment to 332 men ; 
the value of bricks and lime man 
ufactured amounted to $27,000, 
giving employment to 18 men , the 
capital invested $1,907,850 ; the 
value of manufactured cotton a- 
mounted to $150,700, giving em- 
ployment to 290 men, capital in- 
vested, $61, 300 ; the value of to- 
bacco manufactured amounted to 
$1S7,700, giving employment to 
902 men, capital invested $55,055; 
the value of hats, caps, bonnets, 
&c. manufactured, amounted to 
$1,159,446, giving employment to 
1,361 persons, capital invested 
$444,300 ; the value of mixed 
manufactures amounted to $1,201, 
700, giving employment to 1,653 
persons, capital invested $507,050; 
there were 173 manufactories of 
leather, saddleries, &c, the value 
of manufactured products amount- 
ing to $1,522,156, capital invested 
$526,330 ; there were 6,463,700 
pounds of soap manufactured, 
2,003,400 pounds of candles, and 
250,000 pounds of wax and sperm 
candles, giving employment to 229 
men, capital invested, $277,600 ; 
11 distilleries, manufacturing 2,- 
973,278 gallons of liquor ; 15 brew- 
eries, manufacturing 1,205,495 gal- 
lons of ale, giving employment to 
274 men, with an aggregate capi- 
tal of $575,076 ; the value of me- 
dicinal drugs, paints, dyes, &c. 
manufactured, amounted to $225,- 
050, turpentine and varnish $161,- 
360, giving employment to 293 
men, with an aggregate capital of 
$648,650 ; there were 3 glass hou- 
ses, and 4 glass cutting establish- 
ments, giving employment to S3 



280 



NEW-YORK CITY. 



men, the manufactured products 
amounted to $123,671, capital in- 
Tested $42,500 ; 1 pottery, giving 
employment to 12 men, manufac- 
tured products amounted to $14,- 
000, capital invested $3,000 ; 7 
sugar refineries, the value of the 
manufactured products amounted 
to $385,000, confectionary, $249, 
242, giving emyloyment to 327 
men, the aggregate capital invest- 
ed, $425,706 ; 1 paper mill, value 
of manufactured products, $25,- 
000, all other manufactures of pa- 
per, playing cards, &c. $20,137, 
giving employment to 51 men, 
capital invested $27,900 ; 113 
printing offices and 39 binderies, 
giving employment to 2029 men, 
capital invested, $1,285,320; 6 
rope walks, the value of the man- 
ufactured products amounted to 
$92,600, giving employment to 61 
men, capital invested $9,800 ; 4 
furnaces, giving employment to 56 
men, capital invested, $23,000 ; 
the value of musical instruments 
manufactured amounted to $214, 
031, giving employment to 281 
men, capital invested, $338,400 ; 
the value of carriages and wagons 
manufactured amounted to $20S,- 
074, giving employment to 297 
men, capital invested $90,950 ; 6 
grist mills and 8 saw mills, giving 
employment to 104 men, capital 
invested, $183,800; the value of 
ships and vessels built amounted to 
$354,000 ; the value of furniture 
manufactured, $916,675, giving 
employment to 1,319 men, capital 
invested $826,150 ; the number of 
houses erected in 1840, was 601, 
giving employment to 4,023 men, 
value of constructing or building, 
$979,100 ; all other manufactures 
not enumerated, $2,667,958, capi- 
tal invested, $2,409,307. Total 
capital invested in manufactures, 
$10,102,408. The cost of the raw 
materials used in the above manu- 
facturing establishments, amounts 
to several millions of dollars, and the 



manufactured products about dou- 
ble the value of the raw material. 

Foreign commerce and internal 
trade are the great elements in the 
prosperity of the city, for which its 
location presents unrivalled advan- 
tages. The amount of shipping 
owned here in 1839, was 430,300 
tons. The number of vessels en- 
tered from foreign ports during the 
year ending Sept. 30, 1839, was 
2,138; the clearances were 1,680. 
The value of imports during the 
same period was $99.8S2,438 ; of 
exports, $33,268, 099^ The num- 
ber of passengers arriving during 
the same year by shipboard was 
47,479. In 1831, the amount of 
revenue collected here was about 
$18,000,000, but on account of the 
" compromise act," as well as 
other causes, the amount collected 
at the present time is much less. 
For the third quarter of the year, 
ending Sept. 30, 1840, the amount 
was $2,398,058 , and the whole 
amount for the same year, did not 
probably exceed $8,000,000. A 
considerable improvement took 
place in the corresponding quarter 
of 1841, when the amount of du- 
ties received was $3,233,165. The 
entire receipts from customs in the 
United States in the year 1838, 
were $16,158,800, or about two 
millions less than was paid by this 
city alone in 1831. The coasting 
and inland trade is not taken into 
the account in the foregoing state- 
ments. While the imports have di- 
minished, the exports have in- 
creased, owing to the increased fa- 
cilities of communication with the 
interior by railroads and canals. 
Immense quantities of manufac- 
tured articles and country produce 
are brought down the canals to the 
Hudson, and transhipped on board 
of towboats and barges for the city. 
The value of articles of country 
produce brought to market and 
consumed annually by the inhabit- 
ants of the city is estimated at 



NEW-YORK CITY 



281 



$15,500,000. The number of 
wharves or piers for the use of the 
shipping-, on the East river, is 60; 
on the Hudson, 53. The numerous 
packet ships, and most foreign ves- 
sels lie in the East river. The a- 
mount of capital invested in ma- 
rine insurance is over three mil- 
lions of dollars, exclusive of com- 
panies for mutual assurance. There 
are 23 Fire Insurance Companies, 
with an aggregate capital of six 
millions. The number of Banks 
is 33, having a capital of about 
twelve millions. There are two 
Gas Light Companies, with a cap- 
ital of §1,500,000. The Farmers' 
Loan and Trust Company has a 
capital of $2,000,000, and the Life 
Insurance and Trust Company a 
capital of $1,000,000. The rapid 
increase of the city in population, 
wealth, trade and commerce, du- 



ring the last fifteen or twenty years, 
is attributable for the most part to 
the opening of the Erie canal, and 
other internal improvements. At 
the present moment the tide of 
prosperity threatens to be checked 
by the superior enterprise of other 
cities on the seaboard, which are 
beginning to share in the advanta- 
ges of those improvements, and 
thus to draw away much of the 
trade that flowed in this direction. 
Without great outlays of capital 
and enterprise, beyond what has 
been already made, New-York 
must soon lose her proud pre-emi 
nence among the cities of the Un- 
ion, and add another example to the 
many the world has already seen, of 
the rapid decline of a commercial 
mart by the operation of a decayed 
spirit of enterprise, and successful 
competition in other places. 



The city is divided into 17 Wards ; each ward electing one Alder- 
man, one Assistant Alderman, two Assessors, one Collector, &c. The 
following table shows the comparative population of the Wards at dif- 
ferent periods : — 



WARDS. 



1830. 



First, 

Second, 

Third, 

Fourth, 

Fifth, 

Sixth, 

Seventh, .... 

Eighth, 

Ninth, 

Tenth, 

Eleventh, . . . 

Twelfth, 

Thirteenth,* . 
Fourteenth, ■ 
Fifteenth^ .. 
Sixteenth ,j .. 
Seventeenth^ 



9,929 

9,315 

10,201 

12,210 

15,093 

20, 061 

14,192 

24, 285 

10,956 

23, 932 

7; 344 

7,938 



Total, 166,086 



11,331 

8,203 
9,599 
12, 705 
17, 722 
13, 570 
15,873 
20, 729 
22,810 
16,438 
14,915 
11,808 
12,598 
14,288 



202, 589 



10, 380 
7,549 
10,884 
15,439 
18,495 
16,827 
21,481 
28,570 
20,618 
20, 926 
26,845 
24,437 
17, 130 
17,306 
13,202 



270,089 



10,629 
6,394 
11,581 
15, 770 
19, 159 
17, 198 
22, 982 
29,073 
24, 795 
29,026 
17, 052 
11,652 
18,571 
20,235 
17,755 
22,273 
18,619 

312,710 



» These two Wards were constituted in 1826, the 13th being taken from the 10th, 
and the 14th from the 6th and 8th Wards, 
t Taken from the 9th Ward, 1832. 
{ Taken from the 12th or out-ward, 1836. 
$ Taken from the 11th Ward, 1837. 



NEW-YORK CITY. 



TOTAL POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. 



1673 2,500 

1696 4,302 

1731 8,628 

1756 10,381 

1771 21,876 

1786 26,614 



1790 33,131 

1800 60,489 

1810 96,373 

1820 123,706 

1830 202.589 

1S40 312,710 



The assessed value of property in the respective Wards in 1840, was 
as follows : 



WARDS. 


Real Estate. 


Personal Estate. 


Total. 


Third, 


$32, 502, 000 

14,927,000 

12, 105, 500 

8, 485, 005 

9, 460, 250 

7, 735, 600 

10,621,425 

10,908,000 

8,652,450 

6,138,850 

3, 829, 400 

10, 073, 550 

4,247,000 

6,844,800 

14,130,700 

17, 055, 509 

9,402,725 


$27, 276, 549 
1,923,812 
5,155,610 
1,930,550 
3,046,195 
2, 262, 378 
4, 670, 421 
2, 340, 658 
1, 129, 135 

718,800 

68,191 

2,291,800 

307, 054 
1,917,473 
8, 652, 467 

863, 630 
1,161,974 


$59,778,549 
16,855,812 
17 261 110 


Fourth, 


10,415,550 

12, 506, 445 

9, 997, 978 

15,291,846 

13,248,658 

9,781,585 

6, 857, 650 

3 897 591 


Fifth, 


Sixth, 




Eighth, 




Tenth 




Twelfth 


12 365 350 


Thirteenth, 


4, 554, 054 

8, 762, 273 

22,783,167 

17,919,139 

10, 564, 699 




, $187,121,464 


$65,721,699 


$252,843,163 



The aggregate amount of the 
ordinary expenses of the city 
government in 1S39, was $1,352,- 
832; and in 1840, $1,449,779; 
(exclusive of interest of city debt, 
advances on trust accounts, and ex- 
penditures on public works.) The 
city owed on the 1st May, 1841, 
$8,978,167, chiefly incurred in the 
construction of the Croton Water 
Works. The water debt, (as it is 
called,) was then a little less than 
eight millions; it is expected to 
reach twelve millions. The fol- 
lowing are the largest salaries paid 
by the city: — 
Counsel of Corporation, . . . $4,000 

Mayor, 3,000 

District Attorney, 3,000 



Attorney for Corporation,. . 3,000 

Street Commissioner, 3,000 

Recorder, 2,500 

Three Judges Superior Court, 

each,. 2,500 

Comptroller, 2,500 

Three Spe. Justices, each, . 2,000 

Three others, each, 1,600 

Five Assistant Justices, each 1,600 

Clerk Aldermen, 2,150 

Physician Almshouse, 1,500 

Collector city revenues,. . .. 1,500 

Clerk Court Sessions, 1,500 

Keeper Blackwell's island,. 1,000 
Superintendent streets, .... 1,250 

To many of these offices per- 
quisites or fees are attached, ex- 
ceeding the amount of the sala 
ries. 



NEW-YORK CITY. 



283 



The following is a summary of the expenditures for the year 1840 : 

On account of the City Debt, $1,951,969 20 

On account of the City Improvements, 253,714 25 

On account of the Public Works, 1,807,285 98 

Advances on Trust Account, 721 ,242 10 

Public Institution and Charities, 355,332 74 

Public Health, 174,784 39 

Administering the Laws, (salaries, &c.) 64,427 72 

City Police,.. 469,174 24 

County charges, 132,345 94 

Total, $1,196,065 04 



The Fire Department is well or- 
ganized, and cost the city during 
the same year, §76,788 53, (em- 
braced under the head of City Po- 
lice.) In July, 1841, there were 
48 engines, 33 hose carriages, 
48,450 feet hose, 47 ladders, 53 
hooks, and 7 hook and ladder 
trucks, belonging to the Depart- 
ment. The number of engine 
companies was 48, hose compa- 
nies 34, hook and ladder compa- 
nies 7, hydrant companies 3, and 
the number of men in the Depart- 
ment 1639. From 7th May, 1841, 
to 28th December next following, 
there were 128 fires, most of which 
were extinguished with trifling 
damage. During the same year, 
(1S40,) the expense of lamps and 
gas was $120,675 91; city watch, 
$223,950 23 ; cleaning streets, 
$149,930 65. The Police of the 
city depends for its efficiency on 
the personal character of the 
Mayor, its head; at present there 
is no want of proper energy in that 
officer ; but the system is believed 
to be extremely defective. There 
were confined in the Penitentiary 
on Blackwell's island, at the close 
of 1841. 842 convicts — 396 males 
and 446 females. Of this number 
230 were sentenced by the crimi- 
nal courts, and the remainder were 
vagrants, committed by Justices 
of the Police. The number of 
Watchmen employed at night, is 
956, at an average expense of 



over $200,000 per annum. The 
most prolific sources of crime and 
wretchedness are the liquor shops, 
porter houses and taverns, both 
licensed and unlicensed. Of the 
licensed houses of this description 
there were about 3,140, in 1841 — 
an increase of several hundred 
over the former year. The num- 
ber of unlicensed is unknown, but 
believed to be very large. Thus 
while individual exertions are 
made to check so great an evil, the 
fathers of the city are opening 
new facilities for its spread in the 
community. 

The Courts in the chy of local 
jurisdiction, are the following : — 
The Superior Court, composed of 
a Chief Justice and two Justices ; 
the Court of Common Pleas, or 
County Court, consisting of a First 
Judge, and two Associate Judges, 
together with the Mayor, Record- 
er and Aldermen, Judges ex officio ; 
the Vice Chancellor and Assist- 
ant Vice Chancellor's Courts ; the 
Marine Court, (jurisdiction limited 
to $100, except in marine cases,) 
and six Justices' or Ward Courts, 
(limited to $50.) The terms of 
the Superior Court commence on 
the first Monday, and of the Com- 
mon Pleas on the third Monday, of 
every month. The Criminal courts 
are the Court of Oyer and Termi- 
ner, held ordinarily by the Circuit 
Judge and two Aldermen ; the 
Court of General Sessions, held by 



284 



NEW- YORK CITY. 



the Recorder and two Aldermen, 
on the first Monday of each month; 
the Special Sessions, by the same; 
and the Police Court, composed of 
six Magistrates, who have two offi- 
ces, called the Upper and Lower 
Police, at one of which the Watch 
report every morning' at day- 
break. The Surrogate's Court, for 
the proving of Wills, &c. is open 
every day. The Sheriff's Jury 
meet several times every month to 
determine the amount of damages 
on writs of inquiry, &c. The Cor- 
oner's Inquest is held as occasion 
requires. Beside these local 
courts, others of more general ju- 
risdiction have regular terms in the 
city ; as, the Court for the Correc- 
tion of Errors, the Supreme Court, 
the Circuit Court, the Court of 
Chancery, and the United States 
Circuit and District Courts. To 
these may be added the Courts 
Martial, for the imposition of fines 
for the neglect of military duty, 
&c. The Militia of the city con- 
sists of one division of Artillery, 
containing about 4000 men; three 
divisions of Infantry, and part of a 
fourth, containing together about 
9000 men. 

The Bay of New-York, centrally 
distant 4 miles south from the city, 
has long been justly celebrated for 
its unrivalled beauties ; surrounded 
as it is, by cities, villages, and 
highly cultivated and picturesque 
scenery. It is perfectly safe for 
shipping, being protected by the 
high lands in the vicinity. It re- 
ceives the Hudson river on the 
north, and communicates with 
Long Island Sound on the east, 
through an arm of the sea, called 
the East river ; with Newark Bay 
and Staten Island Sound on the 
west, through the Kills, and with 
the Atlantic Ocean through the 
"Narrows." It contains Govern- 
or's, Bedlow's and Ellis' Island, 
all of which belong to the United 
States government and are strong- 



ly fortified ; also Robbins' Reef, 
on which is erected a light-house. 
The Quarantine Ground is on the 
south near Staten Island, where are 
usually to be seen, in warm weath- 
er, a great number of vessels lying 
at anchor, mostly from foreign 
ports, performing sanatary regula- 
tion in order to prevent the diseases 
of distant places from infecting the 
Commercial Emporium of the Un- 
ion. The Lower Bay of New 
York, centrally distant 13 miles 
south of the city, is also a large 
and important body of water. It 
communicates with the bay and 
harbor of New-York through the 
" Narrows." with Raritan Bay on 
the west, and with the Atlantic 
ocean on the south, through the 
Old Channel and Gedneifs Chan- 
nel. The latter affords 24 feet of 
water at the lowest tides, and is of 
immense advantage to the city of 
New-York, and to commerce at 
large. Armed vessels and mer- 
chantmen of the largest class, can 
now, at all times of the tide, be 
safely piloted into the Lower Bay, 
and thence to the wharves at the 
city. 

Table of Distances from the City of 
New- York, to the principal cities and 
towns in the United States, by the 
nearest mail routes. 

Miles. 
Little Rock, Ar. 1293 

Louisville, 816 

Milledgeville, G. 867 

Mobile, 1258 

Montreal, Can. 380- 
Nashville, Ten.. 939 
Natchez, Miss.- 1371 
New Orleans,- • 1428 
New Haven, Ct. 80 
New London, " 120 

Norfolk, 442 

Pensacola, Fl'a, 1306 
Pittsburg, Pa.- 387 
Philadelphia, •• 87 
Portsmouth, ••• 263 
Portland, Me.-- 317 
Providence, R.I. 182 

Quebec, 640 

Richmond, Va.- 347 

St. Louis, 1080 

Savannah, 887 

Tallahassee, F). 1121 
Trenton, N.J. •• 69 
Washington, .-• 226 



Miles. 
Albany, by water, 145 

Alton, 111. — 

Augusta, Me.-- • 
Augusta, Ga.-- • 
Annapolis, Md.- 

Baltimore, 

Boston, by land, 
" tn'a.Ston- 

ington, 

Bridgeport, Ct.- 
Buffalo, via. Al- 
bany, 

Burlington, Vt. 



1073 
37(1 
BOS 
217 
187 
SO? 

60 

46C 
290 



Charleston^. C. 769 
Columbia, " 
Cincinnati, O.-- 
Columbus, " •■ 
Detroit, Mich.-- 
Harrisburg,Pa.- 
Hartford, Ct.--- 
Indianapolis, la. 
Jackson, Miss.- 1260 
Jefferson, Mo.-- 1180 
Kingston. Can.- 390 



DISTANCES BETWEEN NEW YORK AND ALBANY. 285 



TABLES OF DISTANCES. 

Distances of the principal places between Catskill, 

New- York and Albany, on the east Athens, 

side of the Hudson, by mail route. Coxsackie, 

New Baltimore,. 

Coevmans, 



Names of places. 



-s-fLi£>- 

21 Z 



New- York, 

King's Bridge, 

Yonker's, 

Dobb's Ferry, 

Irving, 

Tarrytown, 

Sing Sing, 

Croton River, 

Colleberg, 

Peekskill, 

Phillipsburgh, 

Fishkill, 

Wappinger's Creek, 

POUGHKEEPSIE, 

Hyde Park, 

Rhinebeck, 

Redhook, Lower,.-. 
Redhook, Upper.... 

Clermont, 

Blue Store, ■ 

Johnstown, 

Hudson,.. ... ( 

Stuyvesant Falls,. • 

Kinderhook, 

Schodack Centre,.. 

Greenbush, 

Albany, 



^5 ' Distances of the principal places on the 
_ Hudson, from Albany and New- York- 




13 

4 
5 

5 
1 
C) 
2 
2 
8 
9 

10 
6 
7 
6 

10 
6 
3 
5 
2 



5 Albany,. 



9 


140 


6 


146 


8 


154 


6 


160 


2 


162 


12 


174 



34 
28 
20 
14 
12 





13 
17 
22 
27 
28 
31 
36 
38 
46 
55 
65 
71 
78 
84 
94 
100 
103 
10S 

mi 

113 
121 
12'.! 
131 
114 
153 
154 



154; 

1411 
137 
132 
127 



Names of places. 



\l*\ New- York 

J?0 Weehawken, N,J. 

He Bloomingdale, 

}"£ Bull's Ferry, N. J.. 
J "„ , Manhattanville,.... 
9 Fort Lee, N, J.--- 



!? Fort Washington,. - 
*Z Spuyten Duvel Creek,. 

]?< Yonkers, 

'" Hastings 

°" ! Dobb's Ferry, 

r , Piermont, 

46 Irving 

r: j Tarrytown, 

Y.\ Sing Sins 

tX | Teller's Point 

% 6 .\ Grassy Point ■ 

i,A Verplank's Point, 

J1 Caldwill's Landing,.. 



10 



West Point,. 



Coldspring,. 

— i Cornwall, 

Distances of the principal places b* I £l Wmdsor, . 
tween New- York and Albany, on \ J £ a *f&*S"''i' 
the west side of the Hudson nver, via. j &* Hamburgh,. 
Piermont and Goshen. Mdton,. 



Names of places. 



New- York, 

Piermont, • 

Ramapo, 

Monroe Works, 

Monroe, 

Chester, ■ 

Goshen, 

Montgomery., 

Walden, 

Shawangunk, 

New Hurley, 4 

NewPaltz, | 9 

Rosendale, 

Kingston, 

Glasgow, 9 

Ulster, or Saugerties, . . . . 3 
Maiden, or Bristol, I 3 




24 
43 
51 
59 
05 
70 
80 
81 
87 
91 
100 
108 
116 
125 
128 
131 



131 
123 
115 
109 

101 

01 
90 
87 
83 
71 
66 
58 
49 
46 
43 



Poughkeepsie, 

, >, ! Hyde Park, 

; i j Pelham, 

• =j ! Rhinebeck, 

'^ I Redhook, Lower, 

— ! Glasco, 

174 j Redhook, Upper, 

150 Saugerties, 

Bristol, or Maiden, . . . 

Catskill, 

Hudson, 

Coxsackie, • • • • 

Kinderhook Landing, . 

New Baltimore, 

Coey maris, 

Schodack Landing,.. 

Castleton, 

Overslaugh, 

Albany, 

Troy ; 






145 
144 
140 
139 
137 
135 
134 
132 
128 
125 
125 
121 
119 
118 
112 
110 
106 
104 
44 101 
93 
91 



52 
54 
57 
59 
61 
67 
70 
74 
80 
84 
70 
97 
99 
100 
101 
102 
111 
116 
124 
126 
130 
132 
135 
137 
142 
145 
151 



86 
84 
78 
75 
71 
65 
61 
55 
48 
46 
45 
44 
43 
34 
29 
21 
19 
15 
13 
10 
8 
3 

6 



Note.— Those places in Italic, are the 
usual Steamboat Landings. 



286 



NEW-YORK RAILROADS. 



New-York and Albany 
Railroad, is a projected work 
of much importance ; the line 
commences at the Harlem river, 
connecting with the New-York 
and Harlem railroad at Mor- 
risania. From thence it proceeds 
north through the county of West- 
chester, eastern parts of Putnam 
and Dutchess counties, into Colum- 
bia county, where it intersects the 
line of the Albany and West 
Stockbridge railroad, at Chatham 
Four Corners, and terminates at 
Greenbush. The whole distance 
from the City Hall in New-York to 
Albany is about 148 miles ; it is 
also proposed to continue this road 
from Greenbush to the city of 
Troy, a further distance of 6 
miles. In its course the line of 
this road passes through a rich and 
fertile district of country, and ap- 
proaches very near the western 
boundaries of the states of Connec- 
ticut and Massachusetts. The es- 
timated expense for a single track, 
from Harlem river to Greenbush is 
$2,400,000. 

New-York and Erie Rail- 
road, commences on the west 
side of the Hudson river at the 
village of Piermont, where is erec- 
ted a substantial pier upwards of 
one mile in length, on which are 
situated commodious buildings for 
the use of the railroad company. 
From thence the road extends in a 
north-west direction to the village 
of Goshen in Orange co. a distance 
of 46 miles; to where it was fin- 
ished and put in operation Sept. 
22, 1841. This is a wide and sub- 
stantial road, having been construc- 
ted at a great expense, through a 
hilly and interesting region of 
country. The line of the road ex- 
tends through Rockland and Or- 
ange counties, until it reaches the 
Delaware river, thence up the 
right bank of the above river, 
through the counties of Sullivan 
and Delaware into Broome county ; 



all of which is finished or in pro- 
gress except 40 miles extending 
from Deposit west to Binghamton. 
At the village of Binghamton com- 
mences the Susquehanna division, 
which extends west through the 
counties of Broome, Tioga, Che- 
mung and Steuben to the village 
of Hornellsville, a distance of 117 \ 
miles from Binghamton. This part 
of the road is now, (Jan. 1842,) 
nearly completed. From Hor- 
nellsville the line extends still far- 
ther west, through the counties of 
Allegany, Cattaraugus and Chau- 
tauque ; where terminates this great 
work at the village of Dunkirk on 
Lake Erie. Between Hornellsville 
and Dunkirk, 132 miles, the road 
is advancing with great rapidity. 
The route selected is in all re- 
spects most eligible for a work of 
such extent ; the line has the ad- 
vantage on more than three quar- 
ters of the whole distance, of be- 
ing laid in the valleys of rivers and 
other considerable streams, as tl^ 
Ramapo, Delaware, Susquehanna, 
Chemung, Canisteo, Genesee and 
Allegany rivers, and some of their 
tributaries ; where the grades are 
extremely favorable, and the soil 
in the valleys west of the Dela- 
ware, adapted to the use of piles — 
which mode of construction has 
been adopted on the Susquehanna 
division. The whole length of 
this road from Dunkirk to Pier- 
mont, is 446 miles, thence to the 
city of New-Ycrk by water is 24 
miles, making the total distance 
from Lake Erie to the city of New- 
York 470 miles. 

The New-York and Erie Railroad 
Company was chartered in 1832, 
with a capital of $10,000,000. In 
1834 the route of the road was sur- 
veyed, under the authority and at 
the expense of the state; and in 
1836, the legislature granted to the 
company, in aid of its construc- 
tion, a loan of the credit of the 
state for $3,000,000, subject to 



NEW- YORK RAILROADS— NIAGARA. 



287 



restrictions, which have since heen I tion from June 1st, 1831, to Sept. 



modified. In 1840 the legislature 
authorised the issue to the compa- 
ny of $100,000 of state stock for 
each $ 100,000 previously collect- 
ed on the stock of the company, 
they having- previously received the 
like amount of the state; and the 
corresponding sum of $100,000 
for every $50,000 which should 
thereafter be collected on their 
stock, and expended in the con- 
struction of the road, till the issu- 
es amounted to $'3,000,000. 

New-York and Harlem 
Railroad, commences near the 
City Hall in New- York, and ex- 
tends north through Centre and 
Broome-streets into the Bowery, 
then enters the Fourth Avenue, 
which it pursues to Harlem river, 
a distance of 8 miles ; thence 
across the river by a substantial 
bridge into Westchester county. 
This company was first chartered 
in 1831, with a capital of $350,- 
000, but has since been amended, 
so that by the last amendment pas- 
sed in 1840, they are now authori- 
sed by law to issue stock to the 
amount of $2,950,000, and extend 
their road from the Harlem river, 
through the county of Westchester, 
to the north line of that county, a 
distance of 50 miles, and east- 
wardly to the line of the state of 
Connecticut, and there to intersect 
with a line or lines from that state, 
or from Massachusetts. The total 
amount of moneys received from 
the sale of the above stock in 1841, 

amounted to $1,010,472 92; all of I connection with the above works ; 
which has been expended. The i altogether giving constant employ- 
total expenditures of every descrip- |ment to above 400 persons. 

NIAGARA COUNTY, taken from Genesee in 1808, is centrally dis- 
tant 290 miles west from the city of Albany. It is bounded on the 
north by Lake Ontario, east by Orleans county, south by Erie, and 
west by the Niagara river, which separates it from Canada. From Lake 
Ontario to the foot of the Mountain Ridge, which extends across this 
county from east to west, the surface has a gradual rise towards the south, 
varying from 7 to 12 miles from the lake. The Alluvial Way, or Ridge 
Road, extends from the Genesee to the Niagara river, between the lake 
shore and the Mountain ridge ; it is formed by the deposit of sand and 



1st, 1841, was $1,888,113 23, and 
no dividends have as yet been de- 
clared by the company. The 
route selected for the road has thus 
far presented the most formidable 
natural obstacles, embracing the 
hardest rock excavation, extensive 
tunnelling, high and long embank- 
ments and costly bridges. The 
track is now finished to William's 
bridge, where it crosses Bronx ri- 
ver, a distance of 14j miles from 
the City Hall; and the grading of 
the whole line to White Plains, a 
further distance of 13 miles, is con- 
tracted to be done by the first of 
April, 1842. 

New-York Mills, v. and p. 
o. Whitestown, Oneida co. is an. 
important manufactuiing settle- 
ment, situated on the Sadaquada 
creek, 2 miles south of the village 
of Whitesboro. It contains about 
900 inhabitants, 150 dwelling hou- 
ses, 2 churches, 2 taverns and 3 
stores. Here are two extensive 
factory buildings, constructed of 
stone, each 4 stories high, embra- 
cing a large cotton manufactory, 
in which are in operation about 
400 looms, with the usual machine- 
ry appertaining thereto ; the build- 
ings and machinery were erected 
at a cost of $275,000. This es- 
tablishment is one of the largest of 
its kind in the state, and is justly 
celebrated for the beauty and ex- 
cellence of its manufactured fab- 
rics ; there is also a large bleach- 
ing: and dying establishment in 



288 



NIAGARA— NIAGARA FALLS. 



gravel handsomely arched ; ils surface is elevated aboutl30 feet above 
the surface of the lake. The face of the country on the south is diver- 
sified, and the soil is generally good, producing grass and grain in 
abundance. In addition to Lake Ontario, it is watered on the west by 
the Niagara river, and on the south by the Tonawanda creek, which 
separates it from Erie county. The mineral localities of this county, 
although not numerous, are such as to attract the attention of the trav- 
eller. The most important of these are in the immediate vicinity of the 
Falls of Niagara, and at the deep rock excavation near Lockport. 
Sulphur springs also occur near the above places ; some of them are 
well charged with gas, and hold in solution small quantities of sulphate 
of magnesia. To these may be added, a chalybeate spring and an in- 
flammable spring atGasport on the line of the Erie Canal, which great 
work passes through this county, uniting with the Tonawanda creek at 
the village of Pendleton. The Lock-port and Niagara Falls, and the 
Buffalo and Niagara Falls railroad, here unite at the village of Ni- 
agara Falls. Its area is about 484 square miles, or 309,500 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Niagara county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Cambria, 2,099 

Hartland, 2,350 

Lewiston, 2,533 

Lockport, 9,125 

Newfane, 2,372 

Niagara, 1,277 

Pendleton, 1,098 j 

Niagara, t. Niagara co. situ- 
ated 16 miles west of the village of 
Lockport, and distant 298 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,277 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, calcareous grav- 
elly loam, underlaid by lime and 
gypsum. This town is situated on 
the Mountain Ridge, and declines 
toward the south ; it is drained by 
two or three small streams, and is 
watered on the west by the Niaga- 
ra river, which separates it from 
Canada. Attached to this town is 
Goat Island and some smaller isl- 
ands ; it also embraces a part of 
the celebrated Falls of Niagara. 
Chalmers and Niagara Falls are 
names of post offices. Schlosser 
is the name of a landing which has 
of late acquired much celebrity, 
from the circumstance of its being 
the place where the steamboat Car- 
oline was destroyed bv an armed 
British force, Dec. 29, 1837. 

Niagara Falls, v. and p. o. I 



Porter, 2,177 

Royalton, 3,549 

Somerset, 1,742 

Wheatland, 1,057 

Wilson, 1,753 



Total inhabitants, 31,132 

Niagara, Niagara co. is situated 
on the east side of the Niagara 
river, within full view of Niagara 
rapids and falls. It contains about 
750 inhabitants, 90 dwelling hous 
es, a classical institute aud a select 
school for young ladies, 2 church- 
es, 6 hotels and taverns, 9 stores 
and shops ; 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
mills, 1 woollen factory, 1 paper 
mill, 1 trip hammer works, 1 fur- 
nace, 2 machine shops, 1 railroad 
car manufactory ; all using water 
power taken from the Niagara riv- 
er, which here furnishes an inex- 
haustible amount of hydraulic 
power. The Lockport and Niag- 
ara Falls railroad, and the Buffa- 
lo and Niagara Falls railroad, 
unite at this place, having two sep- 
arate depots, affording a cheap and 
speedy mode of conveyance to 
those visiting the justly celebrated 
Falls of Niagara.' In regard to 
this place and vicinity, a writer 
makes the following: remarks : — 



NIAGARA FALLS. 



2S9 



" Since my last visit, nearly twenty 
years ago, there have been many 
changes, even here, the sublimest 
spot on earth. A bridge has been 
built across to goat Island, and a 
tower, resembling a light house, 
built on the brink of the great cat- 
aract. The spectator is enabled to 
view these wonderful works of na- 
ture from points where formerly 
man was not permitted to visit. 
Table Rock, on the Canada side, 
was always considered the chosen 
point for the view above, and on 
that account most travellers re- 
mained on the British side. The 
construction of the bridge and the 
tower has turned the travel to the 
American side. I shall not attempt 
a description of a scene which has 
so often been attempted by others, 
but which the pen of man is in- 
competent to picture or describe. 
I am happy to say that the number 
of visitors is constantly increasing, 
and unlike other fashionable pla- 
ces, they are not limited to a few 
weeks in the summer months. At 
all seasons, even in the depth of 
winter, pilgrims are found wending 
their way here." 

Niagara Falls, the just ad- 
miration and wonder of all who 
visit them, are thus faithfully de- 
scribed by Horatio Gates Spafford, 
in his Gazetteer of the State of 
New-York, published in 1S24. 
"The Falls of Niagara are about 
equi-distant between Lakes Erie 
and Ontario," and 220 miles west 
of the city of Albany, by the most 
usually travelled route ; " they 
have very deservedly attracted 
much notice, and have been often 
and well described. To conceive 
a just idea of the Falls, it must be 
understood that the level o r Lake 
Erie is elevated above that of Lake 
Ontario 334 feet : and that the sur- 
face of the land is pretty uniformly 
level, from Buffalo to Fort Niag- 
ara, with the exception of 2 steeps 
of unequal descent. These steeps, 
19 



or terraces, extend far from the 
east, and terminate at Black Rock 
and Lewiston, if indeed they are 
not to be traced also info Canada. 
They are not ridges, but rather 
rocky ledges, that bound the north- 
ern extremities of plains, as those 
descend toward the level of Lake 
Ontario. 

" The immense volume of water 
that forms a liver of a mile wide, 
running with a current of more 
than 3 miles an hour, can only be 
conceived by those who have seen 
large rivers, and have indulged in 
some habitual reflection. I had 
enjoyed these advantages, and had 
read many good descriptions of 
Niagara Falls, before I had an op- 
portunity to consult the impressions 
derived from personal inspection: 
and still the scene was altogether 
new to me, when I stood, and 
gazed, and wondered at the sight. 
A broad, rapid river poured at once 
down a precipice of more than 150 
feet, into an awful chasm of about 
3 quarters of a mile wide, and near 
300 feet deep, reckoning from the 
surface of the river bank ! The 
first effect of this sight is absolutely 
indescribable. My head became 
giddy, and it seemed to me that 
every nerve was affected in the 
same way with those of the head : 
nor was it till after some minutes 
that I dare crawl along to the brink 
of the awful precipice, from which 
I designed to take a nearer view. 
This was from the Table Rock, on 
the Canada shore, immediately be- 
low the great Fall. 

" The form of the Fall is nearly 
that of a semi-circle, with the 
longest line on the east side of the 
grand central stream, or Horse- 
shoe Fall. And on the American 
side, the sheet is separated by Goat 
Island, which is about 330 yards 
broad. The Horse-shoe Fall may 
be near 700 yards in circumfer- 
ence ; and the high Fall on the 
American side, including the 



290 



NIAGARA FALLS. 



whole space, about 380 yards. 
Other estimates say less, and some 
also, say more, but until I have an 
opportunity for another admeasure- 
ment, I must compute the whole 
circumference at 1410 yards. On 
the east side of Goat Island, there 
is also another island of perhaps 
20 yards, between which is a small 
sheet of water 8 or 10 yards broad. 
With the exception, then, of 350 
yards, the whole space is occupied 
by sheets of falling' water. The 
height of the Fall on the American 
side, is 164 feet; on the Canada 
side 150, the results of several 
careful admeasurements. At the 
mouth of Chippewa creek, on the 
Canada side, 2j miles above the 
great Fall, the river is near 2 miles 
broad, and from this place the cur- 
rent is very rapid, with a descent 
variously estimated ; probably a- 
bout 80, or perhaps 90 feet. Op- 
posite this rapid, on the American 
side, stands the village of Niagara 
Falls, (formerly called Manches- 
ter,) 100 rods above the Fall. The 
best near view is from Goat Island, 
to which there is a bridge ; but to 
obtain a just idea of the country, 
with a whole view of Niagara, it 
should be approached from Lake 
Ontario. The spray that rises from 
the water, at the foot of the Falls, 
reaches a lofty height, more or less 
curved to the horizon, according 
to the direction and force of the 
wind. But it always serves as the 
medium for beautiful rainbows 
when the weather is fair. The 
sound is heard at various distances; 
extending 20 or 30 miles, when 
wafted by a gentle breeze. I have 
heard it 30 miles, in a direct line ; 
and I once approached within 5 
miles, without hearing any of that 
roar, which soon became tremen- 
dous, from a change of wind. 

" It will be observed that the 
main body of the water descends 
at the Horse-shoe Fall, where it is 
also very deep ; and running with 



a very strong current, it does not 
pitch immediately downward, but 
curves in a white sheet to the level 
of the river below, advancing 
about 50 feet from the perpendicu- 
lar of the cataract. The Fall on 
the American side, on the contra- 
ry, drops almost perpendicularly, 
in a much thinner sheet. Below 
the Falls, the surface exhibits a 
singular unevenness, where the wa- 
ter and foam force up large spher- 
ical figures, that burst on the top, 
discharge a cloud of spray, and 
subside, to be immediately suc- 
ceeded by others, in constant and 
rapid succession This appearance 
is of course the most remarkable, 
just below the centre of the Horse- 
shoe Fall, where the currents 
above, rushing together, have also 
forced down the greater proportion 
of air. 

"I have raid above, that the 
great northern terrace of the high 
plain meets Niagara river at Lew- 
iston, and along the foot of this is 
the Alluvial Way, separately de- 
scribed. Lewiston is just at the 
foot of this terrace, and here must 
have been, originally, the Falls of 
Niagara, now 8 miles higher up 
the stream. The corresponding 
strata of rocks and earths, with ev- 
ery geological feature, carrv irre- 
sistible evidence of this prodigious 
excavation. In the autumn of 
1795, it is said a shock of an earth- 
quake was felt here, when a large 
piece of the rock that formed the 
Cataract, fell, and perceptibly 
changed the form of its curvature. 
Indeed it were altogether incredi- 
ble to suppose this immense body 
of water should descend thus, and 
not be constantly wearing away 
the rocks that lie in its way. How 
long it may have taken to cut out 
this vast chasm, is of no impor- 
tance. 

" Since the above was published, 
I have had a winter view of these 
Falls, under favorable circumstan 



NIAGARA, FORT— NIAGARA RIVER. 



291 



ces. As I approached them by 
sleighing - , on some of the last days 
of January, 1820, turning Sturgeon 
Point, on the shore of Lake Erie, 
at a distance of 2b" miles from the 
Falls, I plainly saw the spray ri- 
sing in splendid columns. It was 
a very cold day, the wind strong 
from the north, and the sun, per- 
fectly unclouded, was near the ho- 
rizon, every circumstance combi- 
ning to favor the view. On the last 
day of January, when every tiling 
that winter could do had been 
done, 1 again saw the Falls, sur- 
rounded by a magnificence that 
summer never exhibits. The wind, 
and spray, and frost, had covered 
the snow with a crust of solid, 
white ice, from 1 to 18 inches in 
thicknes*, on all the approaches to 
the Falls, and the limbs of the 
overhanging trees were bent down 
or broken : the river was closed 
every where, save where tossed 
with the utmost rapidity of motion, 
white with foam, and no water 
could be seen, only at the Rapids 
and Falls. Yet in all this terrific 
array of the majesty of the ele- 
ments, and stupendous work of na- 
ture, myriads of wild dutks were 
seen, sporting on the foaming tor- 
rent. They were descending in 
streams on the wing, and would 
alight on the water in the Rapids, 
float over the perpendicular Fall, 
descend about one-half of the dis- 
tance, take wing, and asjain re- 
mount to the Rapids ! This was 
new to me, but Col. Whitney, who 
keeps an excellent hotel at the 
Falls, and who was with me, told 
me such occurrences were by no 
means rare, for a few weeks, in 
the extreme cold of winter. There 
is now a safe and convenient cov- 
ered stairway, erected close to the 
Falls, by which to descend to the 
foot of the column of water. A 
bridge has also been erected across 
the Rapids, to Goat Island, from 
which the best views may be had 



of the Falls and Rapids, on both 
sides." 

Niagara, Fort. See Fort 
Niagara. 

Niagara River, is the outlet 
of Lake Erie and the upper lakes, 
communicating with Lake Ontario 
and the St. Lawrence river. It is 
36 miles long, and of very unequal 
width, spreading out from half a 
mile to 6 or 7 in width, embosom- 
ing several islands, of which Grand 
and Navy Islands, are the most im- 
portant. "A good description of 
this river would fill a volume. 
From Fort Erie, on the Canada 
shore, at the outlet of Lake Erie, 
to Chippewa, is 18 miles, with a 
height of bank of from 4 to 10 
feet. From Chippewa to the great 
fall, is 2| miles along the Canada 
shore, with a descent of 92 feet. 
Of course the bank along this dis- 
tance is from 10 to 100 feet high, 
and the current of the river so rap- 
id as to keep the surface in a white 
foam the most of this distance. 
From the cataract it is 7 miles to 
the Landing at Lewiston, and near 
here the bank is 310 feet high, 
composed of strata of soft mud 
and sand, clay, gypsum or plaster, 
slate, limestone, and a superstra- 
tum of earth. There is consider- 
able descent in this distance, and 
the fVhirlpool and Devil's Hole. 
From Lewiston to Lake Ontario, is 
also 7 miles, and in this distance, 
the Northern Terrace, or Mountain 
Ridge, crosses the course of the 
river, and the height of the bank 
soon diminishes to 25 or 30 feet, 
holding this height to the lake. 
The mouth of Niagara river is in 
N. lat. 43° 14', and 5° 06' W. 
longitude from New- York. The 
channel of this river is the bound- 
ary between the United States and 
Canada. The length and descent 
of this river are stated as below, 
by the latest estimates : from Lake 
Erie to the head of the rapids above 
Grand Niagara, 21 k miles, descent 



292 



NICHOLS— NORFOLK. 



15 feet ; Rapids \ mile, descent 
51 feet ; Falls, 162 feet ; from the 
Falls to Lewiston, 7 miles, descent 
104 feet ; thence to Lake Ontario, 

7 miles, descent 2 feet : making 
the whole distance 36 miles, and 
the fall 334 feet, which of course 
is the difference of level of Lake 
Erie and Lake Ontario. This river 
affords a great variety offish, such 
as salmon trout, (below the Falls,) 
sturgeon, bass, muscanunge, or 
muscalunga, and many others of 
less note. The white fish weigh 
from 2 to 5 and 6 pounds, and are 
taken in seines from October to 
May, a most delicious fish, pecu- 
liar to this river and the great west- 
ern lakes." 

Nichols, t. Tioga co. situated 

8 miles south-west of the village 
of Owego and distant 175 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,986 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly hilly ; soil, gravelly loam; 
it is watered by the Susquehanna 
river, which bounds it on the north, 
where are extensive and fertile 
flats, under a high state of cultiva- 
tion. Nichols and Canfield's Cor- 
ners are names of post offices. 

Nichols, v. and p. o. Nichols, 
Tioga co. is situated on the south 
side of the Susquehanna liver ; it 
contains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
dwelling houses, 1 Baptist and 1 
Methodist church, an academy, 2 
taverns, 6 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 
saw mill and 1 tannery. This 
place is sometimes called Hush- 
ville. 

Nicholsville, v. and p. o. 
Hopkinton and Lawrence, St. 
Lawrence co. is situated on both 
sides of the east branch of the St. 
Regis river ; it contains about 125 
inhabitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill, and 1 clothier's works. 

Niles, t. Cayuga co. situated 
10 miles south-east of the village 
of Auburn, and distant 160 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 



2,234 inhabitants. The surface is 
rolling ; soil, clay and sandy loam, 
on lime and slate ; drained by 
some small streams, and watered 
on the west by Owasco lake, and 
on the east by Skaneateles lake. 
Niles, West Niles and Kelloggs- 
ville, are names of post offices. 

Nike Mile Creek, rises in 
the south part of Onondaga county, 
and flows north into Onondaga 
lake. 

Ninevah, v. and p. o. Coles- 
ville, Broome co. is situated on 
the west side of the Susquehanna 
river ; it contains about 20 dwell- 
ing houses, 125 inhabitants, 1 tav- 
ern and 2 stores. 

Nipple Top. See Dial Moun- 
tain. 

Niskayuna, t. Schenectady 
co. situated 4 miles east of the city 
of Schenectady, and distant 12 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 693 inhabitants. The surface 
is somewhat hilly on the north, 
along the margin of the Mohawk 
river, but to the south it is more 
level and sandy. The name of this 
town is derived from the Indian ap- 
pellation of Con-nes-ti-gu-ne, sig- 
nifying a "field covered with 
corn." It formerly was applied to 
a much more extensive tract on 
both sides of the Mohawk, and is 
now so understood by the descend- 
ants of the primitive Dutch set- 
tlers, including a part of the town 
of Watervliet, Albany county, 
where is situated a Shaker settle- 
ment. 

Niverville, v. Kinderhook, 
Columbia co. is a small manufac- 
turing settlement, containing 1 cot- 
ton factory, 1 fulling mill, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, 1 store and 12 or 
15 dwelling houses. 

NOBLESVILLE, p. O. NeW- 

Lisbon, Otsego co. Here are sit- 
uated 1 Presbyterian church, 1 tav- 
ern, 1 store, 1 grist mill, and some 
10 or 12 dwelling houses. 

Norfolk, t. St. Lawrence co. 



NORFOLK— NORTH CHATHAM. 



293 



situated 18 4 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Canton, and distant 224 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,72S inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, rich loam; 
drained by Racket river and some 
of its tributaries. Norfolk and 
Raymondsville are names of post 
offices. 

Norfolk, v. and p. o. Nor- 
folk, St. Laurence co. is situated 
on the Racket river, and contains 
about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling- 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Meth- 
odist church, 2 public houses, 3 
stores, 3 extensive furnaces, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery, 2 trip 
hammer works, and 1 satinet fac- 
tory. Here is a descent in the 
river of about 50 feet, affording a 
large amount of hydraulic power. 
It was formerly called slttivaler's 
Falls. 

Normanskill, rises in Sche- 
nectady county, and flows south- 
east through the county of Albany, 
emptying into the Hudson river in 
the town of Bethlehem. 

North Adams, p. o. Adams, 
Jefferson co. 

North Almond, p. o. Al- 
mond, Allegany co. 

North Amenta, v. and p. o. 
North-east, Dutchess co. contains 
1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
church, 1 tavern, 2 stores and 15 
or 20 dwellings. It lies in a val- 
ley, and is surrounded by a rich 
and highly productive country. 

Northampton, t. Fulton co. 
situated 18 miles north-east of the 
village of Johnstown, and distant 
53 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,526 inhabitants. The 
surface is mostly level ; soil, sand 
and. sandy loam of good quality, 
adapted to grass and summer 
crops ; watered by the Sacandaga 
river, which receives from the 
south-west the Vlaie, or Mayfield 
creek ; at the confluence of the 
streams lies the village of Fish 
House. A portion of the Great I 



Fly, ( Vlaie, in Dutch,) or marsh, 
is in the south part of this town, 
affording a valuable range for cat- 
tle, and a favorite resort for the 
angler and fowler. This great 
marsh is frequently overflown by 
the waters of the Sacondaga and 
other streams, covering from 5 to 
20,000 acres. Northampton, Fish 
House, Newton's Corner's, North- 
ville and Osborne's Bridge, are 
names of post offices. 

North Argyle, p. o. Ar 
gyle, Washington co. 

North Bainbridge, p. o. 
Bainbridge, Chenango co. 

North Barton, p. o. Bar- 
ton, Tioga co. 

North Bergen, p. o. Ber- 
gen, Genesee co. 

North Big Flats, p. o. Big 
Flats, Chemung co. 

North Blenheim, p. o. 
Blenheim, Schoharie co. 

North Bloomfield, v. and 
p. o. West Bloomfield, Ontario co. 
is situated on the Honeoye creek ; 
it contains about 200 inhabitants, 30 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 1 tav- 
ern, 2 stores, 1 woollen factory, 2 
flouring mills, 2 saw mills, 1 cloth- 
ier's works, 1 furnace and 2 ma- 
chine shops. 

North Boston, p. o. Boston, 
Erie co. 

North Brookfield, p. o. 
Brookfield, Madison co. 

North Canton, p. o. Can- 
ton, St. Lawrence co. 

North Castle, t. Westches 
ter co. situated 6 miles north of the 
village of White Plains, and dis- 
tant 129 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1840, 2,058 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly and stony ; 
soil, sandy loam and clav ; drained 
south by Byram river. North Cas- 
tle is the name of a post office. 

North Chatham, v. and p. 
o. Chatham, Columbia co. Here 
is an agricultural settlement, con- 
taining about 200 inhabitants, 30 
dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2. 



294 



NORTH CHILI— NORTH HEMPSTEAD. 



public houses, 3 stores, 1 gristmill 
and 1 saw mill. 

North Chili, p. o. Chili, 
Monroe co. 

North Clarence, p. o. Cla- 
rence, Erie co. 

North Clymer, p. o. Cly- 
mer, Chautauque co. 

North Conhocton, p. o. 
Conhocton, Steuben co. 

North East, t. Dutchess co. 
situated 25 miles north-east of the 
village of Poughkeepsie, and dis- 
tant 75 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 1,385 inhabitants. 
The surface is in part covered with 
the Taghkanic mountain ; soil, 
various, abounding with stones, but 
mostly arable and productive in 
grass and grain; drained by Ten 
Mile creek and some of its tribu- 
taries. There are several ponds in 
this town, the principal of which. is 
called Indian Pond ; there is also 
a vein of lead ore, commencing at 
(he south-west corner of the town 
and running northerly into An- 
cram, Columbia county; it was 
worked here previous to the revo- 
lutionary war, and long since in 
Ancram. It is crossed by another 
vein said to contain copper. 
North East, Federal Store and 
North Amenia are names of post 
offices. 

North East, v. and p. o. 
North East, Dutchess co. is situa- 
ted in a valley; it contains about 
150 inhabitants, '25 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Baptist church, 1 tavern and 
3 stores. 

North Easton, p. o. Easton, 
Washington co. 

Northfield, t. Richmond 
co. situated 3 miles north of the 
village of Richmond, and distant 
156 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 2,745 inhabitants. The 
surface and soil are various, with 
some broad marshes on Staten 
Island Sound, and the Kills, by 
which it is bounded on the west 
and north. Chelsea and Port 



Richmond are names of vil- 
lages. 

North Franklin, p. o. 
Franklin, Delaware co. 

North Gage, p. o. Deerfield, 
Oneida co. 

North Galway, p. o. Gal- 
way, Saratoga co. 

North Granville, v. and 
p. o. Granville, Washington co. 
is situated on Pawlet river ; it con- 
tains about 350 inhabitants, 60 
dwelling houses, 1 church, an in- 
corporated academy; 3 taverns, 4 
stores, 2 grist mills and 1 extensive 
wagon manufactory. 

North Greece, p. o. 
Greece, Monroe co. 

North Greenwich, p. o. 
Greenwich, Washington co. 

North Harpersfield, p. 
o. Harpersfield, Delaware co. 

North Hebron, p. o. He- 
bron, Washington co. 

North Hector, p. o. Hec- 
tor, Tompkins co. 

North Hempstead, t. 
Queens co. contains the county 
buildings, situated in the south part 
of the town, on the Middle Post 
road, near the line of the Long 
Island railroad, and is distant 165 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 3,891 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is somewhat hilly, being 
crossed by the ridge which extends 
through Long Island from east to 
west. Harbor Hill, the highest 
point on the island, rises 319 feet 
above the Atlantic ocean, from 
which it is distant 12 miles, and 
can be seen 25 miles at sea. The 
soil is sand and loam, mostly well 
cultivated and fertile. It is bound- 
ed on the north by Long Island 
Sound, where are several bays ; 
Little Neck Bay, Cow Bay and 
Hempstead Harbor, between which 
are Cow Neck and Great Neck. 
Success Pond on the west border 
of the town is a very handsome 
sheet of water, celebrated as being 
stocked with fish, by the late Dr. 



NORTH HEMPSTEAD— NORTH WHITE CREEK. 



295 



Samuel L.Mitchell. North Hemp- 
stead, Hempstead Harbor and 
Manhasset are names of post offi- 
ces. Lakeville is the name of a 
settlement. 

North Hempstead Court 
House, v. North Hempstead, 
Queens county, is situated on the 
north side of the Great Hempstead 
Plains, and about half a mile north 
of the Long Island railroad. Here 
are located a court-house and jail, 
1 tavern, and a few dwelling- 
houses. 

North Hoosick,v. Hoosick, 
Rensselaer co. is situated on the 
Walloomsack creek, 2 miles north 
of Hoosick Falls; this is a manu- 
facturing- settlement containing 1 
woollen factory, 1 scythe factory, 
1 tavern, 1 store and 25 or 30 
dwelling houses. 

North Kortwright, p. 
o. Kortwright, Delaware co. 

North Lansing, p. o. Lan- 
sing, Tompkins co. 

North Mendon, p. o. Men- 
don, Monroe co. 

North Middlesex, p. o. 
Middlesex, Yates co. 

North Norwich, p. o. Nor- 
wich, Chenango co. 

North Penpield, p. o. Pen- 
field, Monroe co. 

North Perrysburgh, p. 
o. Perrysburgh, Cattaraugus co. 

North Plattsburgh, p. o. 
Pittsburgh, Clinton co. 

North Reading, p. o. Read- 
ing, Steuben co. 

North Ridgeway, p. o. 
Ridge way, Orleans co. 

North River. See Hudson 
River. 

North Salem, t. Westchester 
co. situated 24 miles north of the 
village of White Plains, and dis- 
tant 122 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1840, 1,161 inhabitants. 
The surface is somewhat hilly ; 
soil, gravelly and clay loam, well 
adapted to grass and summer 
crops; drained bv Titicus creek 



or river flowing into Croton river, 
which bounds it on the west. 
North Salem and Salem Centre are 
names of post offices. 

North Salem, v. and p. o. 
North Salem, Westchester co. is 
a scattered settlement containing 
about 200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
pal and 1 Universalist church ; 2 
taverns, 3 stores, 1 paper mill, 
1 grist mill and 1 clothier's 
works. 

North Scipio, p. o. Scipio, 
Cayuga co. 

North Shelden, p. o. Shel- 
den, Wyoming co. 

North Shore, p. o. Castle- 
ton, Richmond co. is situated in 
the village of Factory ville. 

North Sparta, p. o. Sparta, 
Livingston co. 

North Stephentown, p. 
o. Stephentown, Rensselaer co. 

North Sterling, p. o. Ster- 
ling, Cayuga co. 

Northumberland, t. Sara- 
toga co. situated 15 miles north- 
east of the village of Ballston Spa, 
and distant 36 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 1,672 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is mostly level ; 
soil, sandy loam; watered on the 
east by the Hudson river. North- 
umberland and Gansevoort are 
names of post offices. 

Northville, p.o. Northamp- 
ton, Fulton co. 

North West Bay, lies on 
the west side of Lake Champlain, 
in the town of Westport, Essex 
co. 

North Wethersfield, p. 
o. Wethersfield, Wyoming co. 

North White Creek, v. 
and p. o. White Creek, Washing- 
ton county, is pleasantly situated 
in the valley of "Old Cambridge;" 
it contains about 500 inhabitants, 
70 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 
5 stores and 1 carriage factory. 
In this vicinity are several horticul 



296 



NORTH WILNA— NUNDA VALLEY. 



tural gardens, where are annually 
raised large quantities of garden 
seeds. 

North Wilna, p. o. Wilna, 
Jefferson co. 

Norway, t. Herkimer co. si- 
tuated 14 miles north of the village 
of Herkimer, and distant 79 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,046 inhabitants. The surface is 
high and hilly ; soil, sand, sandy 
loam and clay, well adapted to 
grass ; drained west by tributaries 
of West Canada creek. 

Norway, v. and p. o. Norway, 
Herkimer county, is an agricultu- 
ral settlement; it contains about 
250 inhabitants, 35 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal 
and 1 Baptist church ; 1 tavern 
and 2 stores. 

Norwich, t. Chenango co. 
contains the county buildings si- 
tuated in the village of the same 
name, and is distant 110 miles from 
Albany; it contained in 1840, 
4,145 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly, with a wide valley extending 
through the town from north to 
south, through which flows the 
Chenango river, bordered by fer- 
tile and highly cultivated fiats. 
The hills are well adapted to gra- 
zing. Norwich, North Norwich, 
King's settlement and White 
Store are names of post offices. 

Norwich, v. and p. o. Nor- 
wich, Chenango co. is beautifully 
situated on the west bank of the 
Chenango river, 110 miles west of 
the city of Albany. It was incor- 
porated in 1816, and now contains 
about 1,500 inhabitants, 200 dwel- 
houses, a stone court-house and jail, 
and a brick county clerk's office; 1 
banking house, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Baptist, 1 Episcopal and 1 Metho- 
dist church ; 5 hotels and taverns, 
20 stores and groceries, 3 forward- 
ing houses, 2 grist mills, 1 saw 
mill, 1 tannery, 1 leather mitten 
and glove factory, 1 oil mill, 1 ful- 
ling mill, 1 piauo forte manufac- 



tory, 1 coach lace manufactory, 1 
furnace and machine shop, 2 prin- 
ting offices, several coach and 
carriage manufactories, besides al- 
most every other kind of mechanic 
work shops. The Chenango ca- 
nal, which passes through the 
Chenango valley, runs through this 
place, communicating with the 
Erie canal at Utica, and with the 
Susquehanna river at Binghamton. 
The village of Norwich is sur- 
rounded by a rich grazing country, 
abounding in fine horses, neat cat- 
tle and sheep; large quantities of 
wool and other produce here find 
a ready market. 

Norwich, v. Oyster Bay, 
Queens co. is situated on the road 
leading from Oyster Bay village to 
Jericho, at the eastern termination 
of the North Hempstead and Flush- 
ing turnpike. It contains about 
200 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Methodist church, 1 hotel 
and 3 stores. 

Nowadaga Creek, rises in 
Warren, Herkimer co. and flows 
north across the town of Danube, 
where it empties into the Mohawk 
river. 

Nunda, t. Allegany co. situa- 
ted 20 miles north of the village of 
Angelica, and distant 225 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,637 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, argillaceous 
loam of good quality and well 
adapted to wheat ; drained by the 
Canaseraga and Cashaqua creeks. 
East Hill and Nunda Valley are 
names of post offices. 

Nunda Valley, v. and p. o. 
Nunda, Allegany co. is situated on 
the Cashaqua creek ; it contains 
about 1,000 inhabitants, 150 dwel- 
ling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Bap- 
tist and 1 Universalist church ; an 
academy; 2 taverns, 10 stores, 1 
woollen factory, 1 grist mill, 1 
machine shop, 1 furnace and 1 tan- 
nery. This place is situated on 
the line of the Genesee Valley Ca- 



NYACK— OGDENSBURGH. 



297 



nal, and is surrounded by a fine 
fertile country. 

Nvack, v. and p. o. Orange- 
town, Rockland co. is pleasantly 
situated on the west side of the 
Hudson river, or Tappan hay. 
It is a thriving village, containing 
about S00 inhabitants, 100 dwel- 
ling houses, 3 churches, 3 taverns, 
5 stores, besides the ordinary me- 
chanic shops. A steamboat and 
several sloops are owned here, car- 
rying: passengers and produce to 
the New-York market. 

Nyack Turnpike, p. o. 
Clarkstown, Rockland co. 

Oak Creek, is the outlet of 
Canaderaga or Schuyler's Lake; 
it Mows south through the town of 
Otsego, Otsego county, into the 
Susquehanna river. 

Oakfielh, p. o. Elba, Gene- 
see co. 

Oakhill, v. and p. o. Durham, 
Greene county, is situated on the 
Catskill creek; it contains about 
200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
1 gristmill, 1 tannery, and 1 fur- 
nace for the manfacture of mallea- 
ble iron and edge tools. 

Oakhill, Landing, Living- 
ston, Columbia county. This is a 
convenient landing, situated on 
the east side of the Hudson ri- 
ver, 5 miles south of the city of 
Hudson. 

Oak Island, lies in the Great 
South Bay of Suffolk county, on the 
south side of Long Island. 

Oakland, v. and p. o. Por- 
tage, Allegany co. is situated on 
Cashaqua creek; it contains about 
200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Methodist meeting house, 1 
tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill, 1 tannery and 1 clothier's 
works. 

Oak Neck, is situated on the 
north side of Long Island, in the 
town of Oyster Bay, Queens co. 

Oak Orchard, p. o. Ridge- 
vray, Orleans co. 



Oak Orchard Creek, rises 
in Genesee county, and flows north 
through Orleans county into Lake 
Ontario. 

Oak's Corners, p. o. Phelps, 
Ontario co. 

Oaksville, v. and p. o. Otse- 
go, Otsego county, contains about 
250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
and 1 cotton factory situated on 
Oak creek. 

Oblong Creek, rises in the 
north-east part of Dutchess county, 
and forms the head branches of 
Ten Mile river, which flows into 
Connecticut, where it empties into 
the Housatonic river. 

O'CoNNELLSVILLE, p. O. 

Chili, Monroe co. 

Ogden, t. Monroe co. situated 
10 miles west of the city of Roches- 
ter, and distant 227 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,404 
inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
level; soil, sandy and gravelly 
i loam ; drained by several small 
streams. The Erie canal passes 
through this town. Adams' Basin 
and Spencerport are names of post 
offices. 

Ogdensburgh, v. and p. o. 
Oswegatchie, St. Lawrence co. is 
situated on the east side of the St. 
Lawrence river, at the mouth of 
the Oswegatchie. It was incorpo- 
rated in 1817, and now contains 
about 3,600 inhabitants, 450 dwel- 
ling houses; 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 
and 1 Roman Catholic church ; 2 
banks, 5 public houses, 80 stores 
and shops of different kinds, 2 
flouring mills and 1 grist mill, 2 
sawmills; 1 clothier's works, 1 
tannery, 2 iron founderies, an ex- 
tensive brewery, 1 distillery and 2 
machine shops. The Ogdensburgh 
Academy is a chartered institution 
in a flourishing condition. This 
place is situated at the foot of sloop 
navigation on the St. Lawrence 
river ; steamboats which pass and 



298 OGDENSBURGH AND CHAMPLAIN R. R.— OLEAN. 



repass Ogdensburgh daily, descend 
the St. Lawrence to the head of 
the Long Sault rapids, a distance 
of about 40 miles, where naviga- 
tion entirely ceases for steam ves- 
sels. A daily line of steamboats 
leave Ogdensburgh, ascending the 
St. Lawrence, and passes through 
Lake Ontario, touching at Pres- 
cott, Morristown, Brockville, 
Alexandria, French Creek, Cape 
Vincent, Kingston, Sackett's Har- 
bor, Oswego, Rochester, Niagara 
and Lewiston. A steam ferry boat 
crosses the St. Lawrence from Og- 
densburgh to Prescott, Canada, a 
distance of l^ miles. 

Ogdensburgh and Lake 
Champlain Railroad. This 
is a projected work of great impor- 
tance, the line extending from the 
village of Ogdensburgh, situated 
on the St. Lawrence river, to (he 
village of Pittsburgh, or some 
other point on Lake Champlain. 
Surveys for Ihis road have been 
made, on two different routes, the 
result of which establishes its entire 
practicability. The length of the 
northern route running through the 
village of Malone, is about 122 
miles; the southern route is some- 
what longer, extending through 
the valley of the Au Sable. Esti- 
mated cost, $'1,500,000. 

Ohio, t. Herkimer co. situated 
20 miles north of the village of 
Herkimer, and distant 90 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
692 inhabitants. The surface is 
high and hilly ; soil, well adapted 
to grass ; drained by West Canada 
creek and some of its tributaries. 
Ohio and West Brunswick are 
names of post offices. 

Oil Spring, p. o. Cuba, Alle- 
gany co. 

Oil Spring Creek, rises 
partly in the counties of Allegany 
and partly in Cattaraugus, and 
flows south-west into the Allegany 
river. 

Oil Spring Reservation, 



situated in Cuba and Hinsdale, 
Allegany and Cattaraugus coun- 
ties, is one mile square, and be- 
longs to the Seneca tribe of 
Indians. The famed Seneca Oil 
Spring, is in the town of Cuba, 
within 80 rods of the county line. 
It is a circular stagnant pool, about 
10 feet in diameter, with no visible 
outlet ; gas is constantly rising, 
which emits an odour perceptible 
at some distance. The water is 
coated with a thin layer of the mi- 
neral oil, giving it a yellowish 
brown color ; the oil is collected 
by skimming it from the fountain, 
and is used for rheumatic com- 
plaints and sores in man and beast. 
It is much prized by the Indians, 
although the oil obtained here is 
said not to be so pure as a similar 
substance found in Oil creek, Ve- 
nango county, Penn. 

Olcott, v. and p. o. Newfane, 
Niagara co. is situated on Lake 
Ontario, at the mouth of Eighteen 
Mile creek ; it contains about 400 
inhabitants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 6 stores and gro- 
ceries, and 1 forwarding establish- 
ment. At this place is a conve- 
nient harbor, which is now being 
improved by private enterprise. 
Salmon trout are taken in great 
abundance near this place, of the 
largest size. 

Old Field Point, is situated 
on the north side of Long Island, 
in the town of Brookhaven, Suf- 
folk co. where is located a light- 
house. 

Old Man's, v. Brookhaven, 
Suffolk co. is situated at the head 
of Old Man's Harbor ; it is an 
agricultural settlement, consisting 
of some 15 or 20 scattered dwelling 
houses. 

Old Man's Kill, rises in the 
town of Plattekill, Ulster co. and 
flows east through Marlborough, 
into the Hudson river in the south 
part of the county. 

Olean, t. Cattaraugus co. si- 



OLEAN— ONEIDA. 



299 



tuated 20 miles south-east of the 
village of Ellicottville, and distant 
288 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1S40, 638 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and broken ; soil, 
sandy loam, mostly covered with 
dense pine forests ; it is watered 
by the Allegany river and some of 
its tributaries. Olean is the name 
of a post village, and Allegany Ci- 
ty is a newly projected place, si- 
situated at the point where the 
proposed line of the New-York 
and Erie railroad first reaches the 
Allegany river, proceeding west- 
ward. 

Oxean, v. and p. o. Olean, Cat- 
taraugus county, is advantageously 
situated on the north side of the 
Allegany river, at (he termination 
of the Genesee Valley canal; it 
contains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Epis- 
copal church; 3 taverns, S stores, 
1 grist mill, 3 saw mills, and 1 tan- 
nery. Large amounts of lumber 
and other products, are annually 
sent down the Allegany, and 
thence to the Ohio river from this 
place, which bids fair to become a 
large inland town. The United 
States government have recently 



made surveys of the river from this 
place some distance below, pre- 
paratory to improving the naviga- 
tion, which, when completed, 
together with the canal, will afford 
uninterrupted boat navigation from 
the city of Rochester to Pittsburg 
in Pennsylvania. The New-York 
and Erie railroad will pass very 
near this place, and will add to its 
facilities of communication. 

Olive, t. Ulster county, situa- 
ted 12 miles west of the village of 
Kingston, and distant 68 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,032 
inhabitants. The surface is gene- 
rally uneven, and on the west 
mountainous; spurs of the Catskill 
mountain running into it; soil, 
gravel and clay loam ; drained 
east by Esopus creek. Olive and 
Caseville are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Omar, v. Villenova, Chautau- 
que county, is situated on the west 
branch of the Connewango creek, 
on the line of the New- York and 
Erie railroad; it contains about 
150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 
ses, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 ful- 
ling; mill. 



ONEIDA COUNTY, taken from Herkimer in 1798, has been since 
much reduced by the formation of other counties ; it is bounded on the 
north by Lewis county, cast by Herkimer, south bv Madison, and west 
by the counties of Madison and Oswego; centrally distant 108 miles 
west from the city of Albany. The surface of this county is much di- 
versified with gently rising hills, and highly cultivated valleys, through 
which flow several important mill streams, fertilizing the lands and af- 
fording valuable mill privileges. The soil is mostly rich, well tilled 
and very productive; producing abundant crops of grass, wheat, In- 
dian corn and other products. In agriculture as well as in manufac- 
tured products, in wealth and in numbers, it ranks as the most important 
inland county in the state. It is drained by Black river, the Mohawk 
river and its tributaries, Oriskany and Sadaquada creeks, and by Fish 
creek, Wood creek and Oneida creek, the latter flowing into Oneida 
lake, which is situated on the north-west boundary. The mineralogy 
of this county is in many respects similar to that of the counties which 
lie west of it; several important useful products occur in it in great 
abundance. Among these may be enumerated argillaceous clay iron 
ore, gypsum, water limestone, peat and marl. It is also abundantly 
supplied with mineral springs of various kinds; sulphur springs are 



300 



ONEIDA CASTLE— ONEIDA LAKE CANAL. 



quite numerous; weak brine springs are occasionally found, and near 
Vernon village carburetled hydrogen g-as issues through a spring at the 
rate of about a gallon in a minute. The great eastern and western line 
of travel passes centrally through this county, making it a great tho- 
roughfare. In addition to the Erie canal, and Utica and Schenectady 
and Syracuse and Utica railroads, the Chenango canal commences at 
this place, and extends south to the village of Binghamton. Its area is 
about 1,101 square miles, or 704,740 acres. The county buildings are 
located in the villages of Whitesboro' and Rome ; some of the county 
courts arc holden in Utica. 

The following are the names of the towns in Oneida county, with the 
population in 1840. 



Annsville, 1,765 

Augusta, 2,175 

Boonville, 5,519 

Bridgwater, 1,418 

Camden, 2,331 

Deerfield, 3,120 

Florence, 1,259 

Floyd, 1,742 

Kirkland, 2,9S4 

Lee, 2,936 

Maicy, 1,799 

Marshall, 2,251 

New Hartford, 3,819 

Paris, 2,844 

Oneida Castle, v. and p. o. 
Vernon, Oneida county, is situated 
on both sides of Oneida creek; it 
was incorporated in May, 1841, and 
now contains about 400 inhabi- 
tants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian and 1 Baptist church ; an 
academy ; 2 taverns and 2 stores. 
One mile south of this place now 
resides a remnant of the Oneida 
tribe of Indians, amounting to about 
300 souls. 

Oneida Creek, rises in the 
county of Madison, and flows north- 
west, emptying into Oneida Lake; 
for a considerable distance it di- 
Tides the counties of Madison and 
Oneida; on it and its tributaries, 
are situated a number of factories 
and mills. It is also used as a fee- 
der to the Erie canal, and is navi- 
gable to the village of Oneida 
Castle, a distance of 3 miles. 

Oneida Depot, p. o. Verona, 
Oneida co. Here are situated on 
the line of the Syracuse and Utica 



Remsen, 1,638 

Rome, 5,680 

Sangerfield, 2,251 

Steuben, 1,993 

Trenton, 3,178 

Utica, 12,782 

Vernon, 3,043 

Verona, 4,504 

Vienna, 2,530 

Western, 3,488 

Westmoreland, 3,105 

Whitestown, 5,156 



Total inhabitants, 85,310 

railroad, a public house and a 
small settlement. 

Oneida Lake, is surrounded 
by the counties of Oneida, Madi- 
son, Onondaga and Oswego; it 
is 22 miles long, and from 4 to 6 
miles wide, presenting a large ex- 
panse of water. It receives Wood 
creek and its tributaries, Oneida 
creek and Chittenango creek, be- 
sides some smaller streams. On 
the east end there is a beautiful 
shelving beach, which is much re- 
sorted to for fishing with seines; 
white fish, pike, pickerel, perch 
and catfish, are caught in great 
abundance. 

Oneida Lake, p. o. Lenox, 
Madison co. • 

Oneida Lake Canal, ex- 
tends from the Erie canal at Hig- 
gins, four miles west of the vil- 
lage of New-London, Oneida co. 
to the Oneida Lake, a distance of 
about 6 miles. Wood creek, for 
2 or 3 miles, has a towing path to 



ONEIDA RIVER— ONONDAGA. 



301 



the lake, which is also considered extensive and fertile flats along the 
a part of the above canal. banks of the Susquehanna river, 

Oneida River, is formed by which flows through this town, re- 
the outlet of Oneida lake ; it runs ceiving in its course Charlotte riv- 
west in a circuitous route, for about er and Otego creek. Oneonta and 
20 miles, when it unites with the ; West Oneonta are names of post 
Seneca river ; these united streams offices. 

then take the name of Oswego i Oneonta, v. and p. o. Oneonta, 
river, which flows north into Lake Otsego co. is situated on the Sus- 
Ontario. The navigation of this quehanna river; it contains about 
stream is now being improved by 500 inhabitants, 90 dwelling hou- 
the state, which when finished, will | ses, 3 churches, 3 taverns, 10 
afford a navigable communication [ stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 iron 
through Oneida lake, between the foundery, 1 tannery, 1 grist mill, 
Erie canal and the Oswego canal ; : 1 saw mill, and 1 distillery. Four 
a total distance of about 40 miles, i turnpike roads centre in this vil- 



Oneonta, t. Otsego co. situa 
ted 20 miles south of the village of 
Cooperstown, and distant SO miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,936 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly and somewhat broken ; with 



lage : stages from Albany and 
Catskill pass through it on their 
way to Ithaca ; stages also run 
from this place to Cooperstown, 
&c. on the north, and Unadilla on 
the south. 



ONONDAGA COUNTY, taken from Herkimer in 1794, has since 
been modified by the formation of new counties ; it is centrally distant 
135 miles west from the city of Albany, and bounded on the north bv 
Oswego county, east by Madison, south by Cortland and Cayuga, and 
west by Cayuga. The south part of this county, although somewhat 
hilly, is arable, while on the north it is level. The soil is principally 
calcareous loam, intermixed with vegetable mould, and very produc- 
tive. This county is well watered ; on the north-east lie-; Oneida lake, 
near the centre Onondaga lake, and on the west Cross lake, Skaneate- 
les lake and Otisco lake ; there are also several other small lakes or 
ponds, in this county, scarcely any of which have inlets or outlets, and 
yet they all abound in pickerel, brook trout, &c. Some of them are 
almost entirely surrounded by perpendicular ledges, varying from 40 to 
100 feet in height. Seneca river flows on the north, uniting with Onei- 
da river, forming Oswego river ; there are also several fine mill streams 
of less note. But by far the most important feature in this county are 
its brine springs, which here abound in great quantities, and in differ- 
ent localities ; affording a fine illustration of the influence which im- 
portant mineral productions exert upon the prosperity of a people — 
building up whole villages, and givinsf profitable employment to hun- 
dreds and thou c ands of individuals. The villages of Salina, Syracuse, 
Liverpool and Geddes are examples in point. These springs are owned 
by the state, from which a large revenue is derived, annually. In 1840, 
there was manufactured and inspected in the above villages, two mill- 
ion, six hundred and twenty -iwo thousand, three hundred and thirty-five 
bushels of salt, yielding a revenue of $162,404 92. Besides the inval- 
uable brine springs, there are many other useful mineral productions, 
viz : oxide of iron, gypsum, marl and water limestone, are all found in 
abundance. Here are also several sulphur springs, one of which has 
acquired some celebrity. The Oswego Canal commences at the vil- 
lage of Syracuse, and extends to Oswego on Lake Ontario, in addition 



302 



ONONDAGA— ONONDAGA SALT SPRINGS. 



to Ihe Erie Canal, which passes centrally through the county, from 
east to west. The Syracuse and Utica and the rfuburn and Syracuse 
railroads also here unite, running nearly parallel with the Erie canal. 
The county buildings are located in the village of Syracuse in the town 
of Salina. Its area is about 711 square miles, or 455,100 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Onondaga county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Camillus, 3,957 

Cicero, 2,464 

Clay 2,852 

De Witt, 2,802 

Elbridge, 4,647 

Fabius, 2,562 

La Fayette, 2,600 

Lysander, 4,306 

Manlius, 5,509 

Marcellus, 2,726 

Onondaga, t. Onondaga co. 
situated 5 miles south of the village 
of Syracuse, and distant 135 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
5,658 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly ; soil, clay loam of a good 
quality, very fertile and mostly 
well cultivated ; drained north by 
Onondaga creek. Onondaga, On- 
ondaga Hollow, Howlett's Hill, 
Navarino and South Onondaga, are 
names of post offices. 

Onondaga, v. and p. o. Onon- 
daga, Onondaga co. is situated on 
Onondaga West Hill ; it was for- 
merly the seat of justice for the 
county, and is distant 4 miles from 
the village of Syracuse. It now 
contains about 300 inhabitants, 50 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Episcopal church, 1 tavern 
and 2 stores. There is a fine view 
of the surrounding country from 
this place, which is inhabited most- 
ly by old and respectable inhabit- 
ants of the county. 

Onondaga Creek, rises in 
the south part of Onondaga co. and 
flows north into Onondaga lake. 

Onondaga Hollow, v. and 
p. o. Onondaga, Onondaga co. is 
pleasantly situated on the jjreat 
western turnpike, 4 miles south of 
Syracuse ; it contains about 800 
inhabitants, 100 dwelling houses, 



Onondaga, 5,658 

Otisco, 1,906 

Pompey, 4,371 

Salina, 11,013 

Skaneateles, 3,981 

Spafford, 1,873 

Tully, 1,663 

Van Buren, 3,021 



Total inhabitants, 67,911 

1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 flour- 
ing and 1 plaster mill. The Onon- 
daga academy, situated here, is a 
chartered institution, in a flourish- 
ing condition, where are educated 
male and female scholars. This 
village is surrounded by a rich ag- 
ricultural country ; about 3 miles 
south of which is located the tribe 
of Onondaga Indians, now num- 
bering about 350 persons. 

Onondaga Lake, is situated 
in the northern part of this county. 
It is about 8 miles long and from 2 
to 4 miles wide. This lake abounds 
in pike, pickerel, bass and catfish. 
On its banks are the villages of Sa- 
lina, Geddes and Liverpool. Many 
have supposed that the water at the 
bottom of this lake was salt, from 
the fact that the salt springs are lo- 
cated on its borders ; but from ex- 
periments made some two or three 
years since, it has been ascertained 
that such is not the fact. 

Onondaga Salt Springs, 
are situated in the town of Salina. 
Onondaga co. and belong to the 
State ; they are located mostly on 
the " Onondaga Salt Spring Reser- 
vation," consisting of detached 
lots of various dimensions, situated 
promiscuously in the town of Sa- 
lina. The salt is made at four dif- 



ONTARIO. 



303 



ferent places in the town, viz. in 
the villages of Salina, Syracuse, 
Liverpool and Geddes. The water 
is pumped from wells, varying - 
from 100 to 2G5 feet in depth ; the 
dfrpest of these, situated in the 
village of Syracuse, terminates in 
a bed of gravel, furnishing - brine 
of a superior quality, ranging from 
75° to 78°, which is equal or su- 
perior to the brine found at the 
village of Salina. The coarse salt 
here made by solar evaporation is 
uniformly good ; but the process 
of making fine salt is different, be- 
ing boiled in kettles arranged for 
the purpose, and the manufacture 
is attended with some uncertainty. 
The quantity of salt manufactured 



from these springs in 1840, amount- 
ed to 2,622,305 bushels ; on which 
the state received a duty of six 
cents per bushel, from the manu- 
facturers, amounting to $157,- 
388 30 ; besides a further sum of 
$5,066 received for pumping 
brine. The manufactories now 
erected in the town of Salina, are 
sufficient for the production of at 
least t\\e millions of bushels of salt 
annually ; and plenty of brine of 
a superior quality can undoubtedly 
be furnished to make double that 
quantity, if a market could be 
found for so large an amount. 
About forty-five gallons of the wa- 
ter are required for making one 
bushel of salt. 



ONTARIO COUNTY, was taken from Montgomery in 1789; it 
then extended from its present eastern termination, one mile east of 
Geneva, to the northern, southern and western bounds of the state — be- 
ing then called the " Genesee country" — now termed Western New- 
York, and forming fourteen important counties. It is now bounded 
on the north by Monroe and Wayne counties, east by Seneca county, 
south by Yates and Steuben, and west by Livingston and Monroe; cen- 
trally distant 195 miles west from the city of Albany. The surface of 
this county is agreeably diversified. The soil is various; but a warm 
rich loam or mould predominates, yielding large crops of wheat and 
other kinds of grain, fruit, &c. Seneca Lake lies on the east, Cana- 
dice, Honeoye and Hemlock lakes on the west, and Canandaigua 
Lake near the centre; most of these are important bodies of water, 
constituting in part the group of Central Lakes of Western New-York. 
The outlet of Canandaigua lake flows north-east into Seneca river, 
while the outlet of the lakes on the west run north-west into the Genesee 
river. Iron ore, gypsum and marl are here very abundant, but one of 
the most interesting features in the mineralogical history of this coun- 
ty, is the abundant evolution of inflamable gas, or carburetted hydro- 
gen; there are also some sulphur springs of some importance. Here 
commences at the village of Geneva, the Cayuga and Seneca canal, 
while tlie Erie canal just touches the north bounds of this county at 
Port Gibson. The Auburn and Rochester railroad also passes from 
cast to west in a circuitous route. Its area is about 617 square miles, 
or 395,107 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Ontario county, with the 
population in 1840. 



304 



ONTARIO— ORAN 



Bristol, 1,953 

Canadice, 1,341 

Canandaigua, 5,652 

East Bloomfield, 1,986 

Farmington, 2,122 

Gorham, 2,779 

Hopewell, 1,976 

Manchester, 2,912 

Naples, 2,345 

Ontario, t. Wayne co. situa- 
ted 22 miles north-west of the vil- 
lage of Lyons, and distant 208 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,889 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is level; soil, gravelly and 
sandy loam, drained by some small 
streams flowing into Lake Ontario, 
which bounds it on the north. On- 
tario and West Ontario are names 
of post offices. 

Ontario Lake, the most east- 
ern of the great chain of lakes of 
North America, lies nearest to the 
Atlantic Ocean. The river St. 
Lawrence, which is its outlet, and 
flows from its eastern extremity, 
has a course of nearly one-thou- 
sand miles before reaching- the 
ocean. It is 180 miles in length, 
and 60 miles in extreme breadth, 
being about 485 miles in circum- 
ference. Through the middle runs 
the boundary line between the 
United States and the British pos- 
sessions in Canada, which is con- 
tinued down the St. Lawrence to 
the 45th degree of north latitude, 
where the above river enters Cana 
da. This lake is navigable through- 
out its whole extent for vessels of 
the largest size; and it is said to 
be, in some places, upwards of 
600 feet in depth. Its surface is 
elevated 231 feet above the Atlan- 
tic, and lies 334 feet lower than 
Lake Erie, with which it is con- 
nected by the Niagara river and 
by the Welland canal in Canada ; 
it has also been proposed to con- 
struct a ship canal on the Ameri- 
can side. The trade of Lake On- 
tario, from the great extent of in- 
habited country surrounding it, is 



Phelps, 5,563 

Richmond, 1,937 

Seneca, 7,073 

South Bristol, 1,375 

Victor, 2,393 

West Bloomfield, 2.094 



Total inhabitants, 43,501 

very considerable, and is rapidly 
increasing. Many sail vessels and 
splendid steamers are employed in 
navigating its waters ; which, ow- 
ing to its great depth, never free- 
zes, except at the sides, where the 
water is shallow; so that its navi- 
gation is not so effectually inter- 
rupted by ice as some of the other 
large lakes. The most important 
places on th - Canadian or British 
side ol Lake Ontario, are Kingston, 
which is the newly selected site for 
the capitol of Canada, Toronto, 
Niagara and Coburgh ; and on the 
American shore, the villages of 
Sackett's Harbor, Oswego and 
Charlotte or Port Genesee. This 
lake is connected with the naviga- 
ble waters of the Hudson river, by 
means of the Oswego canal and 
Erie canal. It receives numerous 
streams, both from the Canadian 
and the American sides, and 
abounds with a great variety of 
fish of an excellent flavor; the bass 
and salmon in particular, have a 
high reputation and are taken in 
large quantities. 

Oppenheim, t. Fulton co. sit- 
uated 14 miles west of the village 
of Johnstown, and distant 63 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,169 inhabitants. The surface is 
in part hilly and soil various ; it is 
drained by several small streams 
flowing south, and bounded on the 
west by East Canada creek. Op- 
penheim and Brockett's Bridge are 
names of post offices. 

Oran, v. and p. o. Pompey, 
Onondaga co. contains 1 church, 1 
store, 2 taverns and 20 dwellings, 
and about 125 inhabitants 



ORANGE— ORANGEVILLE. 305 

ORANGE COUNTY, originally organized in 1683, since material- 
ly modified, is centrally distant 100 miles south from the city of Alba- 
ny ; it is bounded on the north by Ulster county, east by the Hudson 
river, south by Rockland county and the New-Jersey state line, and 
west by the county of Sullivan and the Delaware river, which separates 
it from Pennsylvania. A portion of this county is rugged and moun- 
tainous; on the south-east are the range denominated the" Highlands," 
while on the west are the Shawangunk mountains; the intervening ter- 
ritory is beautifully diversified *vith gently rising hills and extensive 
plains or valleys. No county in the state or probably in the Union, 
exceeds this in its live stock or productiveness of its dairies, both be- 
ing justly celebrated for their superiority. It is watered by the Dela- 
ware river and its tributaries on the west, the Wallkill in the centre 
and the Hudson on its east boundary, besides the head branches of the 
Ramapo river, which flows south into New-Jersey. In mineral pro- 
ductions this county is rich; there are vast beds of magnetic iron ore 
chiefly in the town of Monroe; in no part of the state, is there in an 
equal area, a greater quantity of this important mineral; there is also 
a bed near the village of Canterbury. Besides the above, hematic ore 
is also found in abundance, and it will, no doubt, be of great value, 
whether used separately or in mixtures with the magnectic ores. There 
are also several other deposites of minerals found here, one of which is 
Ilmenite, a rare mineral, found in two or three different localities. In 
addition to the Delaware and Hudson canal, which crosses the west 
part of this county, the line of the New- York and Erie railroad extends 
across it in its circuitous route westward. Its area is about 760 square 
miles, or 4S6,500 acres. Goshen and Newburgh are half shire 
towns . 

The following are the names of the towns in Orange county, with the 
population in 1840. 

Blooming Grove, 2,396 1 Montgomery, 4,100 

Cornwall , 3,925 Mount Hope, 1,565 

Crawford, 2,075 Newburgh, S,933 

Deerpark, 1,607 f New Windsor, 2 482 

Goshen, 3,889 Wallkill, 4',268 

Hamptonburgh, 1,379 j Warwick, 5,113 

Minisink, 5,093 j — L_. 

Momoe, 3,914 1 Total inhabitants, 50,739 

Orange, t. Steuben co. situa- I in 1840, 2,771 inhabitants. The 
ted 16 miles east of the village of I surface is hilly ; soil, clay, blend- 
Bath, and distant 205 miles from I ed with red shale ; drained south 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,824 I by the Hackensack river, and 



inhabitants. The surface, high and 
rolling; soil, well adapted to grass 
or grain ; drained south by Mead's 
creek. Orange, Sugar Hill and 
Mead's creek are names of post 
offices. 

Orangetown, t. Rockland 
situated 8 miles south of the 



watered on the east by the Hudson. 
Blauveltville, Nyack, Piermont 
and Tappantown are names of post 
offices. 

Orangeville, t. Wyoming 
co. situated 7 miles west of the 
village of Warsaw, and distant 
254 miles from Albany; contained 



village of New City, and distant! in 1840, 1,949 inhabitants. The 
123 miles from Albany ; contained ' surface is hilly ; soil, clay loam, 



306 



OREGON— ORLEANS. 



well adapted to grass ; drained 
north by the Tonawanda creek and 
some of its tributaries. Orange- 
ville, East Orangeville and John- 
sonsburgh are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Oregon, p. o. Stockton, Chau- 
tauque co. 

Orient, p. o. Southold, Suffolk 
co. See Oyster Pond. 

Oriskany, v. and p. o. Whites- 
town, Oneida co. is a large manu- 
facturing - place, situated on Oriska- 
ny creek ; it contains about 1,200 
inhabitants, 200 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 4 public houses and 4 
stores; here are 2 large factory 
buildings, known as the "Oriskany 
Manufacturing Company," which 
annually manufacture into broad- 
cloths and cassimeres about 200,- 
000 pounds of wool, giving em- 
ployment to about 150 men, wo- 
men and children ; the buildings, 
grounds and machinery of this es- 
tablishment cost $-200,000. The 



Erie canal and Utica and Syracuse 
railroad both pass through this 
place. 

Oriskany Creek, rises in 
Madison co. and empties into the 
Mohawk river, at the village of 
Oriskany in Oneida county. This 
is an important mill stream, afford- 
ing a great amount of hydraulic 
power, much of which is used in 
propelling machinery of different 
kinds ; on this stream are now 
erected a number of extensive 
woollen and cotton factories, and 
flouring and saw mills. 

Oriskany Falls, v. and p. o. 
Augusta, Oneida co. is situated on 
both sides of the Oriskany creek, 
where is a fall of about 30 feet, 
and on the line of the Chenango 
canal; it contains about 600 in- 
habitants, 90 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 wool- 
len factory, 2 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 
1 distillery, 1 carding machine and 
1 chair factory and turning shop. 



ORLEANS COUNTY, taken from Genesee in 1824, is centrally dis- 
tant 255 miles west from Albany; it is bounded on the north by Lake 
Ontario, east by Monroe county, south by Genesee, and west by Niaga- 
ra county. The surface of this county is generally level or gently 
undulating, with the exception of the Mountain Ridge, which extends 
across it from east to west. The soil, loam or gravel, intermixed with 
clay and sand ; it is well adapted to grass or grain. Drained north by 
several streams flowing into Lake Ontario, the largest of which are 
Oak Orchard creek and Johnson's creek. Its mineral productions are 
limited ; there are a few brine and sulphur springs and some deposits 
of bog iron ore ; but there is only one locality of the latter known, 
where the mineral is in sufficient quantity to be of any use in the manu- 
facture of iron. The Erie canal passes centrally through this county 
from east to west. Its area is about 372 square miles, or 238,154 
acres. The county buildings are located in the village of Albion, in 
the town of Barre. 

The following are the names of the towns in Orleans county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Barre, 5,539 

Carlton, 2,275 

Clarendon, 2,251 

Gaines, 2,268 

Kendall, 1,692 

Murray, 2,675 



Ridgeway, 3,554 

Shelby, 2,643 

Yates, 2,230 



Total inhabitants, 25,127 



ORLEANS— OSWEGO. 



307 



Orleans, t. Jefferson co. situ- 
ated 12 miles north of the village 
of Watertown, and distant 172 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 3,001 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is gently undulating; ; soil, 
clay and loam, generally rich and 
productive, underlaid by lime- 
stone; drained by Chaumont and 
Perch rivers La Fargeville and 
Stone's Mills are names of post 
offices. 

Orleans, v. and p. o. Phelps, 
Ontario co. is situated on Flint 
creek; it contains about 300 in- 
habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
flouring mill, 1 saw mill, 1 plaster 
mill, 1 distillery, 1 tannery and 1 
clothier's works. 

Orrington, p. o. Sheridan, 
Chautauque co. 

Orwell, t. Oswego co. situa- 
ted 10 miles east of the village of 
Pulaski, and distant 139 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, SOS 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
soil, gravelly loam, underlaid with 
slate ; drained west by Salmon 
river and some of its tributaries. 
Orwell is the name of a post of- 
fice. 

Osborn's Bridge, p. o. 
Northampton, Fulton co. 

Osborn's Hollow, p. o. 
Chenango, Broome co. 



Ossian, t. Allegany co. situated 
20 miles north-east of the village 
of Angelica, and distant 233 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
938 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, argillaceous 
loam of good quality ; drained by 
Canaseraga creek and some of its 
branches. Ossian and Ossian 
Centre are names of post offices. 

Ossian, v. and p. o. Ossian, 
Allegany co. contains about 250 
inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 saw 
mill and 1 tannery. 

Oswegatchie, t. St. Law- 
rence co. situated 16 miles west of 
the village of Canton, and distant 
200 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1S40, 5,719 inhabitants. The 
surface is gently undulating ; soil, 
clay loam, mostly well cultivated. 
Black Lake lies partly in this town 
and it is drained by the Oswegat- 
t hie river, flowing into the St. 
Lawrence river, which bounds it 
on the north-west. Huevelton and 
Ogdensburgh are names of post 
offices. 

Oswegatchie River, rises 
in Herkimer co. and flows into St. 
Lawrence county, through which 
it pursues a circuitous route in a 
north-west direction, until it falls 
into the St. Lawrence river at the 
village of 0°;densbur°h. 



OSWEGO COUNTY, taken from Oneida and Onondaga counties in 
1816, is centrally distant 150 miles north of west from the city of Al- 
bany ; it is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario and the county of 
Jefferson, east by the counties ol Lewis and Oneida, south by Madison 
and Onondaga counties, and on the west by Lake Ontario and Cayuga 
county. The surface is level or gently undulating. The soil is well 
adapted to grass, with a portion of fine grain land ; also producing 
fruits in abundance. In this county there are but few minerals worthy 
of mentioning; in addition to some weak brine springs, there is an un- 
important locality of bog iron ore. It is watered by Oswego river, 
Salmon river and numerous small streams flowing into Lake Ontario. 
Oneida Lake lies on its south-east border and receives a few small 
streams. The Oswego canal passes down the east bank of the Oswego 
river, much of the way being identified with that stream, on which is 
constructed a tow path for a considerable distance. Its area is about 
923 square miles, or 580,978 acres. The* county buildings are situated 



308 



OSWEGO. 



in the village of Oswego and in the village of Pulaski ; the latter in 
the town of Richland ; they being half shire villages. 

The following are the names of the towns in Oswego county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Albion, 1,503 

Amboy, 1,070 

Boylston, 481 

Constantia, 1 ,476 

Granby, 2,385 

Hannibal, 2,269 

Hastings, 1,983 

Mexico, 3,729 

New-Haven, 1,738 

Orwell, 808 

Oswego, 4,665 

Palermo, 1,928 

Oswego, t. Oswego co. con- 1 
tains a part of the county build- 
ings situated in the village of the 
same name, and is distant from the 
village of Pulaski 30 miles and from 
Albany 167 miles; it contained in 
1840, 4,665 inhabitants. The sur- ■ 
face is mostly level ; soil, sandy 
loam of medium quality ; watered 
by Oswego river and some other ' 
small streams flowing into Lake 
Ontario, which bounds it on the | 
north. 

Oswego, v. and p. o. Oswego 
and Scriba, Oswego county, is sit- j 
uated on both sides of the Oswego 
river, at its entrance into Lake 
Ontario ; it is a port of entry and 
was incorporated in 1828, now I 
containing about 4,500 inhabitants, 
500 dwelling houses, 2 Presbyte- ' 
rian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 , 
Methodist and 1 Catholic church, ; 
besides a Bethel congregation; a! 
custom house, a court house, 2 
banking houses, an insurance 
company, an incorporated acade- 
my and a female seminary, 16 ho- 
tels and taverns, 50 stores and gro- 
ceries, besides mechanic shops of 
almost every kind. Here are situ- 
ated 2 large cotton factories, 7 ex- 
tensive flouring mills containing 
47 run of stones, 1 tannery, 1 mo- 
rocco factory, 1 iron foundery, 6 
machine shops, 1 snuff factory, 1 



Parish, 1,543 

Redfield, 507 

Richland, 4,050 

Sandy Creek, 2,420 

Schroeppel, 2,098 

Scriba, 4,051 

Volney, 3,155 

West Monroe, 918 

Williamstown, 842 



Total inhabitants, 43,619 

plaster mill, 1 planing mill and 1 
saw mill, all propelled by water 
taken from the Oswego river, which 
affords hydraulic power almost in- 
exhaustible, many of the mill sites 
being still unoccupied; also an iron 
foundery propelled by steam, a 
marine railroad, 2 ship yards and 
an establishment for building and 
repairing canal boats. The num- 
ber of vessels which arrive and de- 
part from this port annually are 
very great; there being owned at 
this place alone 6 steamboats and 
70 schooners, averaging about 
100 tons burthen, besides a large 
number of canal boats. The har- 
bor is capacious and safe, being 
protected by two large stone piers, 
constructed by the United States 
government ; on the end of the 
west pier is situated a light house ; 
about half a mile above is a bridge 
extending across the river, 600 
feet in length. An extensive for- 
warding business is done at this 
place by means of lake, river and 
canal navigation ; daily lines of 
steamboats for the conveyance of 
passengers run between Oswego 
and Lewiston, Oswego and Kings- 
ton, and Oswego, Sackett's Har- 
bor and Ogdensburgh, stopping at 
the intermediate ports ; connected 
with the above line of steamboats 
are canal packet lines and stages. 



OSWEGO— OSWEGO RIVER. 



309 



During the winter months daily 
lines of stages run from Oswego 
north-east to Sackett's Harbor, 
Watertown and Ogdensburgh, east 
to Rome and Utica, south to Syra- 
cuse, south-west to Auburn and 
west to Rochester. Oswego is ad- 
mirably situated for trade and com- 
merce, and is no doubt destined to 
become a large and important 
place of business, being connect- 
ed with the city of New-York by 
means of canal and river naviga- 
tion ; with Montreal by the St. 
Lawrence river, and the western 
lakes through the Welland canal. 
Most of the Onondaga salt and a 
large amount of merchandise for 
the Canadian and western markets 
pass through Oswego. A railroad 
is also to be constructed to extend 
from this place to Syracuse, a dis- 
tance of 36 miles. The promon- 
tory on the east side of the Oswego 
river, at its mouth, has been ceded 
to the United States government, 
where is situated old Fort Ontario. 
which has recently undergone ex- 
tensive repairs, affording protection 
to the harbor and village of Oswe- 
go. A writer makes the follow- 
ing remarks in relation to this im- 
portant military position : — " This 
ancient work is within the pre- 
cincts of our village, situated on 
the right bank of the Oswego ri- 
ver, at the point of confluence 
with Lake Ontario. It was one of 
the old north-western posts, the 
continued occupation of which by 
the British after the peace of '83 
caused so much indignation on the 
part of the government and peo- 
ple of the United States, during 
the period of the Washington ad- 
ministration. It was evacuated by 
Col. Grant, in 1795. The works, 
including the glacis and the out- 
posts, were extensive, and very 
considerable remains of them ex- 
ist. Old Fort Oswego, which was 
situated on the left bank of the 
river, immediately opposite, is 



completely levelled and occupied 
by warehouses and manufactories, 
a ship yard and marine railway. 
It is a matter of much satisfaction 
that the care of the government is 
at last extended to Fort Ontario. 
In connexion with the navigation 
of Lake Ontario and the commu- 
nications with the interior of the 
state and the Hudson river, it is 
probably the most important mili- 
tary position on the northern fron- 
tier." 

Oswego Canal, 3S miles in 
length, is the channel of naviga- 
tion, between Lake Ontario and 
the Erie canal at Syracuse. It 
runs on the east side of Onondaga 
lake and the Oswego river, through 
the villages of Salina, Liverpool, 
Phenix and Fulton, thence to the 
village of Oswego; for a conside- 
rable part of the distance the Os- 
wego river is identified with the 
canal, the towing path being on 
the east bank. There is also a 
towing path extending west along 
the Seneca river to the village of 
Baklwinsville in Onondaga county, 
and the Oneida river is being im- 
proved so as to render a communi- 
cation for canal boats through 
Oneida lake, and thence by the 
Oneida lake canal, communicating 
with the Erie canal in the county 
of Oneida. There are on this ca- 
nal 18 lift locks, 6 guard locks, 8 
dams, 18 road bridges, 2 farm 
bridges, 12 towing path bridges, 8 
culverts and 1 aqueduct. It was 
commenced in 1826 and comple- 
ted in 1828 ; at a cost of $-525,115. 
Oswego River, enters Lake 
Ontario at the village of Oswego, 
in the county of the same name; 
this is a large stream and demands 
some minuteness of detail, for 
though short, it forms the outlet to 
several important lakes, receiving 
the surplus waters of a large region 
of country. The largest of these 
lakes, known as the Central Lakes 
of Western New-York, are Seneca 



310 



OTEGO— OTSDAWA CREEK. 



lake, Cayuga lake, Crooked lake, 
Canandaigua lake, Owasco lake, 
Skaneateles lake, Cross lake and 
Onondaga lake, all of whose out- 
lets first flow into the Seneca river ; 
the Oneida lake, situated to the 
east of the above, sends forth Onei- 
da river, which unites with the 
S'.neca river at the northern limits 
of the county of Oswego ; the 
united streams then take the name 
of Oswego river, which flows 24 
miles north, when it empties its 
accumulated waters into Lake On- 
tario. Its width is about 200 
yards, discharging a powerful 
stream, collected from an area of 
about 7,000 square miles, in the 
very heart of a rich and flourishing 
country. Being fed by lakes, its 
volume is pretty uniform, subject 
to very slight rise or fall, which 
renders it more safe and valuable 
for mill privileges. Its whole de- 
scent in 24 miles is about 100 feet, 
there being at intervals of every 
few miles natural falls, admirably 
calculated for hydraulic purposes. 
Near the village of Oswego, there 
are rapids in the river, which pre- 
vents its being navigable for any 
considerable distance, but the wa- 
ter is here taken out of the river 
by means of an artificial canal, 
and brought into the very centre 
of the place, being used in propel- 
ling flouring mills and factories of 
different kinds to a large extent. 
This river also in part forms the 
Oswego canal, for a considerable 
distance on its east bank extends 
the tow path, the falls being passed 
by a succession of locks. At its 
mouth there is a commodious and 
safe harbor, having been greatly 
improved by the construction of 
piers and a light house, erected by 
the United States government. 

Otego, t. Otsego co. situated 
22 miles south-west of the village 
of Cooperstown, and distant 86 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,919 inhabitants. The sur- 



face is in part hilly, with extensive 
flats along the Susquehanna ; soil, 
clay and sandy loam, adapted to 
grass or grain; drained by the 
Otsdawa creek and Susquehanna 
river. Otego and Otsdawa are 
names of post offices. 

Otego, v. and p. o. Otego, Ot- 
sego co. contains about 300 inhabi- 
tants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 Bap- 
tist church, 3 taverns, 7 stores and 
1 tannery. 

Otego Creek, rises in the 
town of Burlington, Otsego co. 
and empties into the east branch 
of the Susquehanna river; on this 
stream there are a number of fac- 
tories and mills. 

Otisco, t. Onondaga co. situa- 
ted 15 miles south of the village 
of Syracuse, and distant 134 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1S40, 
1,906 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly ; soil, clay loam, mostly well 
cultivated. On the west border of 
the town lies Otisco lake, the out- 
let of which forms Nine Mile 
creek and flows north. Otisco and 
Amber are names of post offices. 
At the former there is a settlement 
containing 1 Presbyterian church, 
1 tavern, 2 stores and 15 or 20 
dwellings. 

Otisco, v. and p. o. Otisco, On- 
ondaga co. contains about 100 in- 
habitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 

Otisco Lake, lies in the west- 
ern part of Onondaga co. and is 
about five miles long by two miles 
wide. This is a beautiful sheet of 
water, and the scenery about it in 
many places truly romantic. 

Otisville, p. o. Mount Hope, 
Orange co. 

Otsdawa, p. o. Otego, Otsego 
co.; here are located 1 tavern, 1 
store, 1 tannery, 1 fulling mill, 2 
saw mills and 15 or 20 dwellings. 

Otsdawa Creek, rises in the 
town of Laurens, Otsego co. and 
flows south into Susquehanna river 



OTSEGO— OTSEL1C. 



311 



OTSEGO COUNTY, taken from Montgomery in 1791, is centrally 
distant 68 miles west from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the 
north by Oneida, Herkimer and Montgomery counties, east by Scho- 
harie and Delaware, south by Delaware, and west by the counties of 
Chenango and Madison. The surface of this county is elevated, hilly, 
and somewhat mountainous, diversified with rich valleys. The soil is 
various ; the larger proportion, however, rich and productive, affording 
fine tracts of pasturage. Its agriculture is of the first respectability, 
and its manufactured products are very valuable and extensive. Of its 
mineral resources there cannot much be said ; it contains, however, 
abundance of good marble, and several sulphur springs. Otsego Lake, 
a most beautiful sheet of water, and Canaderaga or Schuyler's lake, 
both lie on the north, and both send forth a stream of water, forming 
the head branches of the Susquehanna river, which flows south-west. 
There are also numerous other streams, the most important of which 
are Cherry Valley creek, Otego creek, Butternut creek, and the Una- 
dilla river, which bounds it on the west. Its area is about 892 square 
miles, or 570,90CT acres. The county buildings are located in the vil- 
lage of Cooperstown, in the town of Otsego. 

The following are the names of the towns in Otsego county, with the 
population in 1840. 



Burlington, 2,154 

Butternuts, 4,057 

Cherry Valley, 3,923 

Decatur, 1,071 

Edmeston, 1 ,907 

Exeter, 1,423 

Hartwick, 2,490 

Laurens, 2,173 

Maryland, ... 2,085 

Middlefield, 3,319 

Milford, 2,095 

New Lisbon, 1,909 

Otsego, t. Otsego co. contains 
the county buildings, located in the 
village of Cooperstown ; it is dis- 
tant 66 miles from Albany, and 
contained in 1840, 4,120 inhabit- 
ants. The surface is hilly, but 
generally arable ; soil, clay, grav- 
elly and sandy loam, adapted to 
grass and most kinds of grain. On 
the east border of this town lies 
Otsego Lake, and on the north- 
west lies Canaderaga lake, they 
being the head sources of the Sus- 
quehanna river. Oak creek, the 
outlet of the latter, flows across 
the town, and is a fine mill stream. 
Cooperstown and Oaksville are 
names of post offices. Le Roy is 
the name of a village. 



Oneonta, 1,936 

Otego, 1,919 

Otsego, 4,120 

Pittsfield, 1,395 

Plainfield, 1,450 

Richfield, 1,680 

Springfield, 2,382 

Unadilla, 2,272 

Westford, 1,478 

Worcester, 2,390 



Total inhabitants, 49,628 

Otsego Lake, in which the 
Susquehanna takes its rise, is situ- 
ated in the north part of the county 
of Otsego. It is a beautiful col- 
lection of clear water, abounding 
with a great variety of fish of a 
fine flavor ; it is 9 miles long, and 
from 1 to 2 miles wide, surrounded 
by an interesting and beautiful re- 
gion of country. At its outlet, on 
the south lies the flourishing vil- 
lage of Cooperstown, which, in 
connection with the lake and vi- 
cinity, has long been a favorite 
resort of the sportsman and an- 
gler. 

Otselic, t. Chenango co. situ- 
ated 15 miles north-west of the vil- 
lage of Norwich, and distant 105 



312 



OTSELIC RIVER— OWASCO LAKE. 



miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,621 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and somewhat broken; 
soil, clay loam, heavily timbered, 
and well adapted to grass ; drained 
south by the Otselic river. Otselic J 
and South Otselic are names of i 
post offices ; at both of which there 
are small settlements. 

Otselic River, rises in Mad- 
ison county, and passes through a 
part of the counties of Chenango, 
Cortland and Broome, where it 
empties into the Tioughnioga river. 
On this stream are a number of 
good mill privileges, many of 
which are now occupied ; it also 
abounds in trout of a fine flavor. 

Otsquaga Creek, rises in 
the south part of Herkimer county, 
and flows north-east into Mont- 
gomery county, where it empties 
into the Mohawk river. 

Otter Creek, rises in Her- 
kimer county, and flows west into 
Lewis county, where it empties in- 
to Black River. 

Otto, t. Cattaraugus co. situa- 
ted 10 miles north-west of the vil- 
lage of Ellicottville, and distant 
300 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,133 inhabitants. The 
surface is high and much broken ; 
soil, gravelly and clay loam, well 
adapted to grass or grain ; drained 
west by Cattaraugus creek and its 
tributaries, by which it is bound- 
ed on the north. Otto, East Otto 
and Waverly are names of post 
offices. 

Overslaugh, in the Hudson 
river, 3 miles below the city of 
Albany, has heretofore formed the 
principal obstruction to the free 
navigation of the Hudson on its 
tide waters. Here are a succession 
of bars or flats, through which 
there were narrow channels, af- 
fording at low tides but a small 
depth of water ; this obstruction, 
however, has of late been mostly 
removed by an expenditure by the 
United States government, where- 



by the depth of water is materially 
increased, and the navigation much 
improved. 

Ovid, t. Seneca co. contains a 
part of the county buildings, situ- 
ated in the village of the same 
name, and is a half shire town with 
Waterloo ; it is 171 miles from 
Albany, and contained in 1840, 
2,721 inhabitants. The surface is 
high in the centre, declining east 
and west toward Cayuga and Sen- 
eca lake, lying between the above 
bodies of water ; the soil is of a 
good quality, well adapted to grass 
or grain ; it is drained by several 
small streams, on which are fine 
mill privileges a"nd a number of 
beautiful falls. Ovid and Farmer 
are names of post offices. Farm- 
erville and Port Kidder are names 
of settlements. 

Ovid, v. and p. o. Ovid, Seneca 
co. is situated on elevated ground; 
equi-distant between Cayuga and 
Seneca lakes ; this is a half shire 
village with Waterloo, and was in- 
corporated in 1816. It now con- 
tains about 700 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling-;, a court house and jail, 
1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 
Methodist church, an incorporated 
academy, 3 hotels and taverns, and 
8 stores of different kinds. 

Ovvasco, t. Cayuga co. situated 
3 miles south-east of the village of 
Auburn, and distant 164 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,319 
inhabitants. The surface is roll- 
ing ; soil, rich loam and highly 
cultivated. Owasco lake lies on 
the west, into which flow two or 
three small streams. 

Owasco. v. and p. o. Owasco, 
Cayuga co. contains about 150 in- 
habitants, 25 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 1 tavern and 1 store. 

Owasco Lake, is situated in 
Cayuga county ; it is 12 miles 
long, and about 1 mile wide, a- 
bounding with trout and other fish. 
The water is very transparent, and 
the banks rather rugged, being 



OWASCO OUTLET— OXBOW. 



313 



celebrated for its picturesque 
scenery 

Owasco Outlet, commences 
about 2 miles south of the village 
of Auburn, running through the 
town, anil empties into Seneca 
river, in the town of Mentz ; this 
is a steady and valuable mill 
stream, affording a great amount of 
hydraulic power, much of which 
is still unoccupied, although there 
are already erected many exten- 
sive manufactories on its banks. 

Owego, t. Tioga co. contains 
the county buildings, located in 
the village of the same name ; it 
is distant 167 miles from Albany, 
and contained in 1840, 5,340 in- 
habitants. The surface is in part 
hilly, with extensive flats along 
the Susquehanna river ; the soil is 
of good quality, and mostly well 
cultivated ; it is drained by Owego 
creek and several small streams 
flowing into the Susquehanna. 
Owego, Apalachin, Campville, 
Flemingville and South Owego, 
are names of post offices. 

Owego, v. and p. o. Owego, 
Tioga co. is pleasantly situated on 
the north side of the Susquehanna 
river, 167 miles south-west of the 
city of Albany. It was incorpo- 
rated in 1827, and now contains 
about 1,800 inhabitants, 300 dwell- 
ing houses, a court house and jail 
and county clerk's office ; an in- 
corporated academy in a flourish- 
ing condition ; 1 banking house, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Bap- 
tist and 1 Methodist church, 4 ho- 
tels and taverns, 30 stores, of dif- 
ferent kinds, 1 steam furnace and 
machine shop, and 2 printing offi- 
ces, besides most other kinds of 
mechanic work shops. On the 
Owego creek, which empties into 
the Susquehanna at this place, are 
situated 1 woollen factory, 1 large 
flouring mill, 4 saw mills, 1 axe 
factory, 1 plaster mill, 1 tannery, 
and 1 pail and tub factory. The 
water power is derived by means 



of an hydraulic canal, supplied 
from the Owego creek, which is an 
important and never failing mill 
stream : a large proportion of this 
water power is still unoccupied. 
A bridge constructed of wood, 
with stone abutments, crosses the 
Susquehanna river at this place, 
one-'ourth of a mile in length ; the 
Ithaca and Owego railroad termi- 
nates in the centre of the village, 
and the New-York and Erie rail- 
road passes through the north part 
of it, winch, when finished from 
the Hudson river to Lake Erie, 
will increase the travel through 
this place, which is already a great 
thoroughfare. There is annually 
sent from Owego, down the Sus- 
quehanna, by means of arks, a 
large amount of lumber, plaster, 
salt, and other commodities, which 
finds a ready cash market in the 
slates of Pennsylvania, Maryland 
and Virginia. The lumber trade 
alone from this place and vicinity, 
is immense, giving employment to 
a great number of persons. From 
present appearances, Owego is 
destined soon to become a large 
and important inland town. 

Owego Creek, rises in Cort- 
land and Tompkins counties, and 
flows through the county of Tioga, 
emptying into the Susquehanna 
river at the village of Owego. 
This stream and its branches af- 
fords a large amount of hydraulic 
power, and on its banks are now 
erected a number of factories and 
mills. In the valley of this creek, 
are situated several handsome vil- 
lages, surrounded by rich and 
highly cultivated lands. 

Oweksville, p. o. Somers, 
Westchester co. Here arc situated, 
on the Croton river, 1 paper mill, 
1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 clothier's 
works, 1 tavern, 1 store, and 15 or 
20 dwellings. 

Oxbow, v. and p. o. Antwerp, 
Jefferson co. is situated on the Os- 
wegatchie river, which here takes 



314 



OXBOW LAKE— OYSTER POND. 



a great bend. It contains about 
200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 
1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 pock- 
et furnace. 

Oxbow Lake, lying in the 
town of Lake Reasant, Hamilton 
co. is a small but beautiful sheet of 
water; its waters abound with 
trout of a fine flavor. The outlet of 
this lake empties into Piseco lake, 
affording valuable water power. 

Oxford, t. Chenango co. situ- 
ated 10 miles south of the village 
of Norwich, and distant 118 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
3,179 inhabitants. The surface is 
rolling ; the soil is highly fertile 
and well cultivated. The Chenan- 
go river flows through this town, 
along the valley of which extends 
the Chenango canal. Oxford and 
South Oxford are post offices. 

Oxford, v. and p. o. Oxford, 
Chenango co. is handsomely situa- 
ted on both sides of the Chenango 
river. It was incorporated in 1808, 
and now contains about 1,300 in- 
habitants, 180 dwelling houses, an 
old and flourishing academy, in- 
corporated in 1794 ; 1 Episcopal, 
1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Meth- 
odist and 1 Universalist church ; 4 
hotels and taverns, 21 stores of dif- 
ferent kinds, 2 forwarding houses, 
1 grist mill, 1 plaster mill, 1 iron 
foundery, 1 tannery, several car- 
riage manufactories, and 2 printing 
offices, besides many other kinds 
of mechanic work shops. The 
Chenango canal passes through the 
centre of this place, afforu\ng a 
water communication with the 
Erie canal at the city of Utica, on 
the north, and with the Susquehan- 
na river at Binghamton, on the 
south. Oxford is surrounded by a 
rich agricultural and grazing coun- 
try, abounding with fine horses, 
neat cattle and sheep ; the products 
of the dairy here find a ready mar- 
ket, and are mostly re-shipped to the 
city of New-York. 



Oxfordville, p. o. Oxford, 
Chenango co. 

Oyster Bay, t. Queens co. 
situated 10 miles east of the North 
Hempstead court house, is a larere 
town extending across Long Island 
from north to south ; it is distant 
175 miles from Albany, and con- 
tained in 1840, 5,865 inhabitants. 
The surface on the north is some- 
what hilly, with loam and stony 
soil, while on the south it is level 
and sandy. On the north lies a 
large and important body of water, 
giving the name to this town; on 
the south it is watered by the Great 
South bay. 

Oyster Bay, v. and p. o. 
Oyster Bay, Queens co. is very 
pleasantly situated at the head of 
0y.4er Bay ; it contains about 400 
inhabitants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 
Baptist church, and 1 Friends' 
meeting house, an academy, 3 tav- 
erns, 4 stores and 1 grist mill. 
Here arc owned several sloops tra- 
ding with the New-York market; 
steamboats also, occasionally run 
to this place during the summer 
months. Few places on Long Isl- 
and exceeds this village for beauty 
of location, and as a desirable 
place of residence ; it is also much 
resorted to by strangers during the 
summer months. 

Oyster Bay, is situated on 
the north side of Long Island, in 
the town of the same name ; it is 
an important and beautiful body of 
water, connected with Oyster Bay 
Harbor, and Cold Spring Harbor, 
all of which abound with wild 
fowl, shell and scale fish. 

Oyster Pond, v. Southold, 
Suffolk co. is situated on Oyster 
Pond Harbor ; it contains about 
300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hous- 
es, 2 churches, several stores and 
mechanic shops, and convenient 
wharves. Here are owned several 
sloops and schooners, trading with 
the New-York market. Orient is 
the name of the post office. 



PAGE'S CORNERS— PALISADES. 



315 



Page's Corners, p. o. War- 
ren, Herkimer co. 

Paine's Hollow, p. o. Ger- 
man Flats, Herkimer co. 

Painted Post, t. Steuben co. 
situated 22 miles south-east of the 
village of Bath, and distant 210 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,674 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly; soil, gravelly loam, 
in the valleys and flats highly pro- 
ductive; watered by the Chemung 
river. In this town commences 
the navigable feeder of the Che- 
mung canal; it is crossed by the 
New-York and Erie railroad. 
Corning and East Painted Post 
are names of post offices. Centre- 
ville and Port Barton are names of 
settlements. 

Painted Post, v. and p. o. 
Erwin, Steuben co. is situated at 
the junction of the Conhocton river 
with the Tioga, which united 
streams then take the name of the 
Chemung river; it contains about 
450 inhabitants, 60 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian church; 1 ta- 
vern, 8 stores of different kinds ; 1 
flouring mill, 1 saw mill, 1 plaster 
mill, 1 tannery and 1 brick kiln 
The New-York and Erie railroad 
passes through this place ; also, 
several important roads here con- 
centrate, which render it an impor- 
tant point of trade. Here are two 
falls which afford a large amount 
of hydraulic power, but little of 
which is as yet occupied. There 
also stands in this village a painted 
post, on the spot where originally 
stood one erected by the Indians in 
memory of a distinguished chief 
who died here, this being a bury- 
ing ground for their dead. The 
above circumstance gives name to 
this place and an adjoining town. 
Three miles north of Painted Post, 
is a mineral spring of some cele- 
brity . 

Palatine, t. Montgomery co. 
situated 10 miles west of the village 
of Fonda, and distant 52 miles 



from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,823 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly ; on the north side of the 
Mohawk river, is the promontory 
called "Anthony's Nose." The 
soil is mostly very fertile, and in 
some places exceedingly rich and 
productive ; it is drained by Garo- 
ga creek, flowing into the Mo- 
hawk, which bounds it on the south. 
Palatine, Palatine Bridge and 
Stone Arabia are names of post 
offices. At the former are situa- 
ted 1 Lutheran church, 1 tavern, 1 
store, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
plaster mill, 1 lead pipe factory, 
and 12 or 15 dwelling houses. 

Palatine Bridge, v. and p. 
o. Palatine, Montgomery co. is si- 
tuated on the north side of the Mo- 
hawk river, opposite the village of 
Canajoharie, with which it is con- 
nected by a bridge ; it contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, 3 taverns, 3 
stores and groceries. Here is si- 
tuated a stone quarry, from which 
are quarried a fine quality of build- 
ing stone. 

Palermo, t. Oswego co. situa- 
ted 15 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Oswego, and distant 162 
miles from Albanv; contained in 
1840, 1,928 inhabitants. The sur 
face is undulating; soil, sandy 
loam ; drained north by Catfish 
creek. Palermo is the name of a 
post office. 

Palisades, area lofty range 
of precipitous rocks, extending 
along the west bank of the Hudson 
river for a distance of about 20 
miles. At Fort Lee, in New-Jer- 
sey, they first approach the imme- 
diate margin of the river, varying 
from 300 to 500 feet in almost per- 
pendicular height, extending north 
to Piermont at the commencement 
of Tappan Bay. " The definition 
of a palisade is ' pales set out for 
an enclosure;' and these giant 
rocks stand, and will stand as long^ 
as the sea knows its bounds, and 



316 



PALMERTOWN MOUNTAIN— PARISH. 



the earth keeps its foundation, to 
restrain on one side the majestic 
waters that are rolling- onward to 
the ocean." 

Palmertown Mountain, 
is a range so called, commencing 
in the north-west part of Washing- 
ton county, and extending in a 
southerly direction between Lake 
Champlain and Lake George, 
through a part of Warren into Sa- 
ratoga county; running parallel to 
the Kayadero^seras range. In 
Washington and Warren counties, 
they rise to a height of from 1,000 
to i,200 feet. 

Palmyra, t. Wayne co. situa- 
ted 12 miles west of the village of 
Lyons, and distant 196 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,549 
inhabitants. The surface is gently 
undulating; soil, calcareous loam 
of good quality, well adapted to 
most kinds of grain ; drained east 
by Mud creek. Palmyra and 
East Palmyra are names of post 
offices. 

Palmyra, v. and p. o. Palmy- 
ra, Wayne co. is situated on the 
Erie canal ; it was incorporated in 
1828, and now contains about 
2,000 inhabitants, 400 dwelling 
houses, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, 
1 Baptist and 1 Presbyterian 
church ; an incorporated academy; 
6 hotels and taverns, 18 dry goods 
stores, 3 hardware stores, 10 gro- 
cery stores, 3 drug stores, and 2 
book stores; 1 steam grist mill, 1 
furnace, 2 carriage manufactories, 
besides many other kinds of me- 
chanic shops. Palmyra is situated 
on an elevated and dry piece of 
ground, in the midst of a delight- 
ful wheat growing country. The 
main street is over one mile and a 
quarter in length, and at the upper 
and lower end of the street it 
touches the canal ; it is intersected 
by cross streets of ample width, 
many of which are ornamented by 
beautiful shade trees ; this being i 
considered as handsome a village 



as can be found on the line of the 
Erie canal. 

Pamelia, t. Jefferson co. si- 
tuated 4 miles north of the village 
of Watertown, and distant 168 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,104 inhabitants. The 
surface is mostly level ; soil, of 
good quality, and highly cultiva- 
ted; watered by Perch river on 
the north, and Black river on the 
south. Pamelia Four Corners is 
the name of a post office. 

Panama, p. o. Harmony, 
Chautauque co. 

Papacton River, is the 
name given to the east branch of 
the Delaware ; it rises in the north 
part of Delaware county, and flows 
south-west, uniting with the Mo- 
hawks or west branch in the town 
of Hancock. 

Paradox, p. o. Schroon, Es- 
sex co. 

Paradox Lake, lies in the 
town of Schroon, Essex co. It is 
4 miles long, and from a half to 
one mile wide, and is surrounded 
by an interesting region of coun- 
try, abounding in numerous small 
lakes filled with trout and other 
fish. 

Paris, t. Oneida co. situated 
8 miles south of the city of Utica, 
and distant 100 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 2,844 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is high and 
undulating; soil, sandy and cal- 
careous loam, mostly well culti- 
vated ; drained north by the Sada- 
quada creek, which is an important 
mill stream, and rises in the south 
part of this town. Paris, Paris 
Furnace, Paris Hill, Cassville 
and Sauquoit .are names of post 
offices. 

Paris Hill, v. and p. o. Paris, 
Oneida co. is situated on elevated 
ground ; it contains about 150 in- 
habitants, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Epis- 
copal and 1 Methodist church ; 2 
taverns and 2 stores. 

Parish, t. Oswego co. situated 



PARISH— PATTERSON. 



317 



22 miles east of the village of Os- 
wego, and distant 145 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,543 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating; soil, sandy loam of good 
quality ; drained by Salmon creek 
and its tributaries. 

Parish, v. and p. o. Parish, 
Oswego co. is an agricultural set- 
tlement, containing about 150 in- 
habitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 1 tavern, 1 store, and 1 
grist mill. 

Parishville, t. St. Lawrence 
county, situated 15 miles east of 
the village of Canton, and distant 
226 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,250 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly on the south, and 
rolling on the north; soil, mostly 
warm sandy loam ; well adapted to 
grass, corn and rye ; watered by 
the St. Regis, Racket, Grass and 
Oswegatchie rivers, all of which 
traverse this town, which extends 
north and south about 40 miles. 
Parishville and Matildaville are 
names of post offices. 

Parishville, v. and p. o 
Parishville, St. Lawrence co. is 
situated on the St. Regis river; it 
contains about 300 inhabitants, 40 
dwelling houses, 1 Congregational 
and 1 Baptist church; 1 hotel, 3 
stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 2 
clothier's works, 1 pocket furnace 
and 1 tannery. 

Parma, t. Monroe county, si- 
tuated 10 miles north-west of the 
city of Rochester, and distant 226 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,652 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is mostly level ; soil, sandy 
and gravelly loam; drained by 
Salmon and Little Salmon creeks, 
and other small streams flowing 
into Lake Ontario, which bounds 
it on the north. Parma, and Par- 
ma Centre are names of post offi- 
ces. At the latter there is a small 
settlement. 

Parma, v. and p. o. Parma, 
Monroe co. is situated on the Ridge 



road ; it contains about 200 inha 
bitants, 30 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 2 taverns and 3 stores. 

Partridge Island, p. o. 
Hancock, Delaware co. 

Patchik's Mills, p. o. Con- 
hocton, Steuben co. 

Patchogue, v. and p. o. 
Brook haven, Suffolk co. is the 
most compact and populous settle- 
ment on the south side of Long 
Island, in the above county; it 
contains about 500 inhabitants, 80 
dwelling houses, 1 Congregational 
and 1 Methodist church; 3 taverns, 
5 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 paper mill, 
2 cotton factories, 1 woollen fac- 
tory^ tanneries, and several minor 
mechanical establishments. The 
stream which passes through this 
village, affords an abundant supply 
of water power, capable of propel- 
ling much more machinery than it 
now does. It is a pleasant place, 
and from its being in the vicinity 
of the Great South Bay, it is much 
resorted to by strangers on account 
of the abundance and variety both 
of fish and fowl. It is distant 60 
miles from New-York, and 55 from 
Sag Harbor, on the great thorough- 
fare through Long Island. Con- 
tiguous to the above place, extend- 
in? south to the bay, is a settlement 
called Blue Point. 

Patten's Mills, p. o. Fort 
Ann, Washington co. 

Patterson, t. Putnam co. 
situated 6 miles north-east of the 
village of Carmel, and distant 102 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,349 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly, with rich and fertile 
valleys ; the soil is generally good, 
and most of it well cultivated ; 
drained south by the Croton ri- 
ver. Patterson, Haviland's Hol- 
low and Towners are names of post 
offices. 

Patterson, v. and p. o. Pat- 
terson, Putnam co. is situated on 
the Croton river; it contains about 
150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 



318 



PAULINIA— PEEKSKILL. 



ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Episco- 
pal church ; an academy; 1 grist 
mill, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 

Paulinia, v. Hancock, Dela- 
ware co. is situated on a small 
creek, 2 miles north of the Dela- 
ware river ; it is an agricultural set- 
tlement, where are situated 1 store, 
1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 stave 
machine, and some 12 or 15 dwel- 
ling houses. 

Pavilion, t. Genesee co. si- 
tuated 12 miles south-east of the 
village of Batavia, and distant 2*32 
miles from Albany. This is a new 
town erected on the division of 
the county in 1841 ; it formerly 
constituted a part of the town of 
Covington, which is now attached 
to Wyoming county. The surface 
i9 rolling ; soil, clay loam, well 
adapted to wheat ; drained north 
by Allen's creek. 

Pavilion, v. and p. o. Pavi- 
lion, Genesee county, is situated 
on Allen's creek; it contains about 
200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
ses ; 1 Baptist and 1 Universalist 
church ; 1 tavern, 2 stores, and 1 
clothier's works. 

Pawlet River, rises in Ver- 
mont, and flows west into Wash- 
ington co. thence north-west into 
Wood creek, which falls into Lake 
Champlain. On this stream are 
situated several villages, and ma- 
nufacturing establishments. 

Pawlings, t. Dutchess co. si- 
tuated 20 miles south-east of the 
village of Poughkeepsie, and dis- 
tant 95 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840,1,571 inhabitants. 
It is somewhat hilly, with an ex- 
tensive valley extending from north 
to south; the Fishkill mountains 
enter this town from the south-west 
and run north. In this town is 
found iron ore of a good quality. 
It also has several small lakes and 
large swamps, being the head 
source of the Croton river and 
Swamp creek, which streams pur- 
sue diametrically opposite direc- 



tions. The soil, though not of the 
best quality, repays the husband- 
man when well cultivated. Paw- 
lings, Pawlingsville and Quaker 
Hill are names of post offices. At 
both of the former there is a small 
settlement. 

Paynesville, p. o. Lysander, 
Onondaga co. 

Peckville, p. o. Fishkill, 
Dutchess co. 

Peconic Bay, Great, lies 
on the east end of Long Island, 
being separated from Gardiner's 
Bay by Shelter Island ; it is 14 
miles long and from 4 to 5 miles 
wide, showing a large expanse of 
water. Robbins' Island is situated 
near its centre ; there are also se- 
veral projecting necks and indent- 
ations on its sides. Great Hog 
Neck separates it from Southold 
Harbor, and Little Peconic Bay 
extends inland some 4 or 5 miles ; 
on the head of which is situated 
the village of River-Head, the seat 
of justice for the county of Suf- 
folk, to which there is sloop navi- 
gation. 

Peconic River, rises in the 
town of Brookhaven, Suffolk co. 
and flows east into Little Peconic 
Bay, which communicates with 
Great Peconic Bay. 

Peekskill, v. and p. o. 
Cortland, Westchester co. is situ- 
ated on the east side of the 
Hudson river, 46 miles north of 
the city of New- York; it was in- 
corporated in 1827, and now con- 
tains about 2,000 inhabitants, 250 
dwelling houses, 1 bank, 8 church- 
es of different denominations ; 6 
hotels and public houses ; 30 
stores, 2 tanneries and 6 iron foun- 
deries, some of which are very 
extensive, and manufacture large 
quantities of stoves and plough 
castings. There are owned in this 
village 1 steamboat, engaged in 
transporting passengers and pro- 
duce ; 6 sloops, besides a steam- 
boat which runs daily to and from 



PEKIN— PENFIELD. 



319 



the city of New-York, landing at 
Sing-Sing', Tarry town, &c. The 
Hudson river steamboats also land 
passengers several times daily 
at Caldwill's Landing, opposite 
Peekskill, affording almost hourly 
communication with the city of 
New-York, by the aid of a steam 
ferry boat. The Peekskill Acade- 
my is a flourishing chartered in- 
stitution, delightfully situated on 
Oak Hill, near which is the tree 
still standing on which was hung 
during the revolutionary war, two 
noted British spies, Strang and 
Palmer. This place for a time was 
the head quarters of the American 
army under Gen. Putnam. It was 
here that he dated his laconic re- 
ply to Sir Henry Clinton, who 
commanded the British forces in 
the city of New- York, and sent up 
a flag of truce, demanding the re- 
lease of Edmund Palmer, a lieute- 
nant of a tory regiment, who had 
been detected in the American 
camp. The following was the re- 
ply sent back by Putnam : 

" Head- Quarters , ? 
1th Jug. 1777. 5 
" Edmund Palmer, an officer in 
the enemy's service, was taken as 
a spy, lurking within the American 
lines ; he has been tried as a spy, 
condemned as a spy, and shall be 
executed as a spy, and the flag is 
ordered to depart immediately. 
" ISRAEL PUTNAM. 
" P. S. He has been according- 
ly executed." 

Pekin, p. o. Lewiston, Niaga- 
ra co. 

Pelham, t. Westchester co. 
situated 10 miles south of the vil- 
lage of White Plains, and distant 
140 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 7S9 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is mostly level ; soil, clay and 
sandy loam, generally well culti- 
vated. To this town are attached 
several islands, lying in the East 
river, the largest of which are City 



Island, Hart's Island and Hunter's 
Island. 

Peltonville, p. o. Pultney, 
Steuben co. 

Pembroke, t. Genesee co. sit- 
uated 12 miles west of the village 
of Batavia, and distant 257 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,970 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly level ; soil, clay and grav- 
elly loam ; drained north-west by 
the Tonawanda creek and its trib- 
utaries. Pembroke, East Pem- 
broke and Corfu are names of post 
offices. Richville is the name of 
a village, in which is located the 
Pembroke post office. 

Pendleton, t. Niagara co. 
situated 7 miles south-west of the 
village of Lockport, and distant 
284 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,098 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating ; soil, cal- 
careous loam of good quality ; 
watered by the Tonawanda creek, 
which bounds it on the south. 

Pendleton, v. and p. o. Pen- 
dleton, Niagara co. is situated on 
the Erie canal ; it contains 2 
taverns, 4 stores and groceries, 
and about 30 dwelling houses. In 
this town about three miles east 
of the village is a sulphur spring 
of eome celebrity. 

Penfield, t. Monroe co. si- 
tuated 8 miles east of the city of 
Rochester, and distant 211 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,842 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating; soil, sandy and gra- 
velly loam, blended on the south 
with clay; drained north by Iron- 
dequoit creek and some other 
small streams. Penfield and 
West Penfield are names of post 
offices. 

Penfield, v. and p. o. Pen- 
field, Monroe co. is situated on the 
Irondequoit creek ; it contains 
about 700 inhabitants, 100 dwel- 
ling houses; 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Baptist and 1 Methodist church ; 
2 taverns, 3 stores ; a select school 



320 



PENN-YAN— PERRYSBURGH. 



called the Penfield Lyceum; 1 
woollen factory, 2 flouring' mills, 
1 carding machine and fulling 
mill ; 1 chair factory, 1 stave ma- 
nufactory, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery, 
1 ashery and 1 brick yard. 

Penn-Yan, v. and p. o. Milo, 
Yates co. is situated on the outlet 
of Crooked Lake, one mile from 
the foot of the lake, and 185 miles 
west of the city of Albany. It was 
incorporated in 1833, and now con- 
tains about 1,800 inhabitants, 300 
dwelling houses, a court house, 
jail, and county clerk's office; an 
incorporated academy ; a banking- 
house; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
pal, 1 Baptist, 1 Congregational 
and 1 Methodist church ; 3 public 
houses, 24 stores of different kinds, 
and 2 warehouses ; a boat yard for 
building and repairing canal boats; 

2 flouring mills, 2 saw mills, 1 fur- 
nace and plough factory, 1 tannery, 
1 clothier's works, 2 asheries, 3 
brick yards, 2 printing offices and 

3 carriage factories; besides many 
other kind of mechanic work 
shops. On the outlet of Crooked 
lake, which feeds the Crooked 
Lake canal; both of which run 
through this place, are situated 
many very valuable mill sites, and 
other hydraulic privileges; only a 
part of which are as yet occupied. 
This village derives its name from 
the first settlers emigrating part 
from the state of Pennsylvania, and 
a part from New-England, hence 
the compound name of Penn- 

Yan. 

Peoria, p. o. Wyoming co. 

Pepacton, p. o. Colchester, 
Delaware co. 

Pepacton River. See Dela- 
ware River. 

Perch Lake, lies in the town 
of Orleans, Jefferson county. It is 
3 miles long, and from a half to 1 
mile wide. 

Perch River, p. o. Brown- 
ville, Jefferson co. 

Perch River, rises in the 



town of Orleans, Jefferson county, 
and flows south-west into Black 
river bay at the village of Dexter. 
Perrintojv, t. Monroe co. si- 
tuated 10 miles east of the city of 
Rochester, and distant 209 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,513 inhabitants. The surface is 
somewhat hilly; soil, of good qua- 
lity ; drained north by the Ironde- 
quoit creek and some of its 
branches. Perrinton, Bushnell's 
Basin and Egypt are names of post 
offices. Fairport is the name of a 
village. 

Perry, t. Wyoming co. situa- 
ted 7 miles east of the village of 
Warsaw, and distant 239 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
3,082 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating; soil, sandy and clay 
loam, well adapted to grass or 
grain; drained east by the outlet 
of Silver lake, which lies partly in 
this town. Perry and Perry Cen- 
tre are names of post offices. At 
the latter there is a settlement con- 
taining 1 Presbyterian church, 1 
tavern, 2 stores and 25 or 30 dwel- 
ling houses. 

Perry, v. and p. o. Perry, 
Wyoming county, is situated on 
the outlet of Silver lake; it was 
incorporated in 1830, and now con- 
tains about 1,200 inhabitants, 180 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Baptist, 1 Methodist and 1 Univer- 
salist church ; 2 taverns, 15 stores 
and groceries, 2 printing offices, 4 
flouring mills, 2 saw mills, 1 oil 
mill, 1 ashery, 2 clothier's works, 
1 tannery, and 2 furnaces, besides 
many other kind of mechanic work 
shops, this being an active and 
thriving place of business. 

Perrysburgh, t. Cattarau- 
gus co. situated 20 miles north- 
west of the village of Ellicottville, 
and distant 306 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 1,660 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is broken, 
having on the north boundary Cat- 
taraugus creek ; soil, gravelly and 



PERRY'S MILLS— PETERSBURGH. 



321 



clay loam, productive in grain ami 
grass ; drained by several small 
streams running north into Catta- 
raugus creek. Perrysbargh, North 
Perrysburgh and Versailles are 
names of post offices. 

Perry's Mills, v. and p. o. 
Champlain, Clinton co. is situated 
on the Chazy river, 1 mile south 
of the Canada line ; it contains 
about 100 inhabitants, 20 dwelling 
houses, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
mills, 1 oat mill, and 1 cloth dres- 
sing and carding machine. This 
place on the county maps of the 
slate is called Perrysville. 

Perryville, v. and p. o. 
Fenner, Madison county, contains 
about 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
1 flouring mill, 1 tannery and 1 
distillery. 

Persia, t. Cattaraugus co. situa- 
ted 16 miles north-west of the vil- 
lage of Ellicottville, and distant 300 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 892 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, clay and 
gravelly loam of good quality; 
drained by the tributaries of Cat- 
taiaugus creek, which bounds it 
on the north. Persia is the name 
of a post office which is situated in 
the village of Lodi. 

Perth, t. Fulton co. situated 
10 miles east ot the village of 
Johnstown, and distant 40 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
737 inhabitants. The surface is 
rolling; soil, clay loam ; drained 
south by Chuctenunda creek. 
Perth is the name of a post 
office. 

Peru, t. Clinton co. situated 10 
miles south-west of Pittsburgh, 
and distant 153 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 3,134 inhabi- 
tants. The surface on the east is 
level or undulating, and on the 
west hilly; the soil is mostly sandy 
and clay loam, of good quality ; 
drained by Little Au Sable river 
flowing -uto Lake Champlain, 
21 



which bounds it on the east, where 
is a convenient landing ; it is also 
watered by the Great Au Sable on 
a part of its south boundary. 

Peru, v. and p. o. Peru, Clin- 
ton co. is situated on both sides of 
the Little Au Sable river, 4 miles 
west of Lake Champlain ; it con- 
tains about S00 inhabitants, 125 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Methodist church ; 2 ta- 
verns, 6 stores, 1 woollen factory, 
1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 
tannery. 

Peru Landing, Peru, Clin- 
ton co. is situated at the mouth of 
Little Au Sable river, on the west 
side of Lake Champlain, where is 
a convenient landing and a few 
dwelling houses. 

Peruville, v. and p. o. 
Groton, Tompkins co. contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian church; 1 
tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
mills and 1 tannery. 

Peterboro', v. and p. o. 
Smithfield, Madison co. contains 
about 350 inhabitants, 60 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 
tist church ; 2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 
grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 clo- 
thier's works. 

Petersburgh Mountain, 
is the name of the range of hills 
extending' from Washington coun- 
ty south, through Rensselaer and 
a part of Columbia county. They 
are not remarkable for their eleva- 
tion, being in many places quite 
low and broken by streams. 

Petersburgh, t. Rensselaer 
co. situated 20 miles east of the 
city of Troy, and distant 26 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,901 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly, and in part mountainous, 
with a fertile valley extending north 
and south, through which flows 
Little Hoosick creek; soil, mostly 
loam, on slate and limestone. Pe- 
tersburgh and Petersburgh Four 
Corners are names of post offices. 



322 



PHARAOH LAKE— PHCENIX. 



At the former is a small settle- 
ment. 

Pharaoh Lake, is a small 
body of water lying in the town of 
Schroon, Essex co. 

Pharsalia, t. Chenango co. 
situated 12 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Norwich, and distant 124 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,213 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, argillaceous 
loam; drained by the Genegans- 
lette creek and the Otselic river. 
Pharsalia and East Pharsalia are 
names of post offices. 

Phelps, t. Ontario co. situated 
15 miles east of the village of Ca- 
nandaigua, and distant 185 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
5,563 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating; soil, clay loam under- 
laid with lime, and is very fertile ; 
drained by the Canandaigua out- 
let and Flint creek, which here 
form a junction. Gypsum abounds 
in this vicinity, and the quarries 
are extensively worked. Phelps, 
Oak's Corners, Orleans and Vienna 
are names of post offices. 

Philadelphia, t. Jefferson 
co. situated 16 miles north-east of 
the village of Watertown, and dis- 
tant 177 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1840, 1,888 inhabitants. 
The surface is rolling ; soil, clay 
and sandy loam; drained by Indian 
river and some of its tributaries. 
Philadelphia and Sterlingville are 
names of post offices. 

Philadelphia, v. and p. o. 
Jefferson county, is situated on 
Indian river; it contains about 125 
inhabitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
Friends' meeting house, 1 tavern, 

1 store, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
and 1 ashery. 

Phillipsburgh, p. o. Wall- 
kill, Orange co. Here are situated 

2 woollen factories, 1 wool carding 
machine, 1 grist mill, 1 distillery, 
1 tavern, 1 store, and some S or 
10 dwelling houses. 

Phillipsport, v. and p. o. 



Mamakating, Sullivan co. is situa- 
ted on the line of the Delaware and 
Hudson canal ; it contains about 
100 inhabitants, 20 dwelling hou 
ses, 1 Methodist church, 1 tavern, 
1 store and 1 grist mill. 

Phillipstown, t. Putnam co. 
situated 14 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Carmel, and distant 96 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 3,814 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is mountainous, comprising 
some of the highest and most rug- 
ged peaks of the Highlands, as 
Breakneck Hill, Bull Hill, Sugar 
Loaf. &c. ; drained by two or three 
small streams flowing into the 
Hudson, which bounds it on the 
west. Cold Springs is the name 
of a post office, and of a thriving 
manufacturing village, situated on 
the east bank of the Hudson, nearly 
opposite West Point. The hills in 
this vicinity abound with iron ore, 
which is extensively manufactured 
into iron of a good quality, and 
much of it used in the vicinity, for 
different kinds of castings and ma- 
chinery. 

Philipsville, v. Granby, 
Oswego county, is situated on the 
west side of Oswego river; it con- 
tains about 175 inhabitants, 25 
dwelling houses, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
and 2 saw mills. Here is an im- 
mense water power, formed by a 
descent in the river of about 
20 feet, known as the Oswego 
falls. 

Philipsville, v. and p. o. 
Amity, Allegany co.is situated on 
the Genesee river, and on the line 
of the New-York and Erie rail- 
road ; it contains about 250 inha- 
bitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 grist 
mill and 1 saw mill. 

Phosnix, v. and p. o. Schroep- 
pel, Oswego co. lies on the west 
side of the Oswego river, on the 
line of the Oswego canal; it con- 
tains about 300 inhabitants, 50 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 



PIERMONT— PINE PLAINS- 



323 



verns, 6 stores and groceries, 1 
[louring mill, and 6 saw mills. 

Piermont, v. and p. o. 
Orangetown, Rockland co. situated 
on the west side of the Husdon ri- 
ver, 24 miles north from the city 
of New-York ; contains about 
L000 inhabitants, 140 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 3 public hou- 
ses, 5 stores, 1 woollen factory, 
and a grist and saw mill on Spar- 
kill creek, which flows through a 
narrow valley, affording room for a 
street, on which are situated most 
of the stores and dwellings, 
and the track of the New-York 
and Erie railroad, which great 
work commences at this point. 
The long pier at this place extends 
from the main land about one mile 
in length, over which runs the rail- 
road cars to the extreme end; thus 
communicating with steamboats 
and freight barges, which cm at 
all times of the year run to and 
from the city of New-York. Here 
terminates the Palisades, towards 
the north, in an abrupt hill, from 
which circumstance together with 
the surrounding scenery and piers, 
this place has very appropriately 
been called Piermont. 

PiERREroxT, t. St. Lawrence 
co. situated 8 miles east of the vil- 
lage of Canton, and distant 213 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,430 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is diversified and soil various, 
this town extending about 40 miles 
north and south. It i; drained by 
the Oswegatchie and Grass rivers; 
the Racket crosses its north-east 
angle. Pierrepontand East Pierre- 
pont are names of post offices, at 
bo tli of which there are small set- 
tlements. 

PlFFARDIANA, p. O. Living- 

ston co. 

Pike, t. Allegany co. situated 
20 miles north of the village of An- 
gelica, and distant 255 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,176 
inhabitants. The surface is rolling; 



soil, fertile mould ; drained south- 
east by Eastkoy and Westkoy 
creeks. Pike, East Koy, and East 
Pike are names of post offices. 

Pike, v. and p. o. Pike, Alle- 
gany co. is situated on the West- 
koy creek ; it contains about 600 
inhabitants, 90 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Meth 
odist church, 3 taverns, 8 stores, 1 
grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 oil mill, 1 
turnace, 2 tanneries and 2 cloth- 
ier's works. 

Pillar Point, p. o. Brown- 
ville, Jefferson co. 

Pjnckney, t. Lewis co. situa- 
ated 16 miles north-west of the 
village of Martinsburgh, and dis- 
tant 156 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1S40, 907 inhabitants. 
The surface is level ; soil, sandy 
and clay loam of good quality ; 
drained north by Deer river, and 
west by Sandy creek. Pinckney 
is the name of a post office. 

Pine, p. o. Vienna, Oneida co. 

Pine Grove, p. o. Tyrone, 
Steuben co. 

Pine Hill, v. Elba, Genesee 
•.ounty, contains about 200 inhab- 
itants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
dist church, 2 taverns, 3 stores and 
1 tannery. 

Pine Hill, p. o. Shandaken, 
Ulster co. 

Pine Plains, t. Dutchess co. 
situated 25 miles north-east of the 
village of Poughkeepsie, and dis- 
tant 69 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1840, 1,334 inhabitants. 
The surface is in part hilly and 
mountainous ; having high hills on 
the east and west, with an exten- 
sive and fertile intervening plain, 
which gives name to the town ; 
soil, sandy and gravelly loam ; it 
contains two or three small lakes or 
ponds, the principal of which is 
called Stissing's, which is the head 
source of Wappinger's creek, flow- 
ing south ; it is also drained north- 
west by the Chicomeco creek, a 



324 



PINE PLAINS— PITCAIRN. 



tributary of Roeliff Jansen's creek. 
Pine Plains and Pulver's corners 
are names of post offices. Ham- 
mertown is the name of a manu 
factoring settlement. 

Pine Plains, v. and p. o. Pine 
Plains, Dutchess co. contains about 
250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling- hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian church, 2 tav- 
erns and 4 stores. 

Pine Ridge p. o. Oswego co. 

Pine's Bridge, p. o. York- 
town, Westchester co. 

Pine Orchard, forming a 
part of the Catskill mountain range, 
is situated 12 miles south-west of 
the village of Catskill, Greene co. 
It is elevated 3,000 feet above the 
tide waters of the Hudson, which 
noble stream, and the surrounding 
country, it overlooks for a great 
distance, affording a varied and ex- 
tensive view of the greatest inter- 
est. On the summit is erected a 
large and commodious public 
house, called the Mountain House, 
for the accommodation of visitors, 
who resort here in great numbers 
during the summer months. In 
this vicinity are other mountain 
peaks, of still greater elevation, 
and waterfalls of the most wild and 
romantic character, altogether 
forming unrivalled attractions, 
which are well worthy of a visit 
" From this lofty eminence all ine- 
qualities of surface are overlooked. 
A seemingly endless succession of 
woods and waters — farms and vil- 
lages, towns and cities, are spread 
out as upon a boundless map. Far 
beyond rise the Taghkanic moun- 
tains, and the highlands of Con- 
necticut and Massachusetts. To 
the left, and at a still greater dis- 
tance, the Green mountains of Ver- 
mont stretch away to the north, and 
their blue summits and the blue sky 
mingle together. The beautiful 
Hudson, studded with islands, ap- 
pears narrowed in the distance, 
with steamboats almost constantly 
in sight ; while vessels of every 



description, spreading their white 
canvass to the breeze, are moving 
rapidly over its surface, or idly loi- 
tering in the calm. These may be 
traced to the distance of nearly 
seventy miles with the naked eye ; 
and again at times all below is en- 
veloped in dark clouds and rolling 
mist, which, driven about by the 
wind, is constantly assuming new, 
wild and fantastic forms. From 
the Pine Orchard, a ride or walk of 
a mile or two brings you to the 
Kaaterskill falls. Here the outlet 
of two small lakes leaps down a 
perpendicular fall of 130 feet, then 
glides away through a channel 
worn in the rock, to a second fall 
of 80 feet. Below this it is lost in 
the dark ravine through which it 
finds its way to the valley of the 
Catskill." 

Pineville, p. o. Steuben co. 

Pjseco, v. and p. o. Arietta, 
Hamilton co. is situated at the 
north end of Piseco lake. This is 
a new settlement, containing about 
100 inhabitants, 15 dwelling hous- 
es, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 
2 saw mills, and 1 machine shop. 
This place is situated at the head 
of a beautiful lake, and is sur- 
rounded by a fine tract of land, 
well adapted to grazing and most 
kinds of grain. The water power 
is also abundant in this vicinity, 
but little of which is as yet used. 

Piseco Lake, lies in the town 
of Arietta, Hamilton co. It is 6 
miles long, and 2 miles wide for 
most of its length, abounding in 
salmon and brook trout, of a large 
size and delicious flavor. This lake 
and vicinity is resorted to by per- 
sons fond of hunting and fishing, 
this region abounding in wild game 
in great abundance. The outlet of 
Piseco lake forms the west branch 
of the Sacondaga river, a tributary 
of the Hudson. 

Pitcairn, t. St. Lawrence co. 
situated 30 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Canton, and distant 180 



PITCHER— PITTSTOWN. 



325 



miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 396 inhabitants. Tbe sur- 
face is moderately uneven ; soil, 
clay loam, well adapted to grasj ; 
drained south by the west branch 
of the Oswegatchie river. 

Pitcher, t. Chenango co. sit- 
uated 16 miles wesi of the village 
of Norwich, and distant 127 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
1,562 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly ; soil, argillaceous loam ; 
drained south by the Otselic river 
and some of its tributaries. Pitch- 
er, Pitcher Springs and west Pitch- 
er are names ol post offices. 

Pitcher, v. and p. o. Pitcher, 
Chenango co. is situated on the Ot- 
selic river. It contains about 200 
inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Baptist church, 
1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 
saw mill, 1 tannnery, and 1 cloth- 
ier's works. 

Pitcher Springs, v. and p. 
o. Pitcher, Chenango county. Here 
are situated 2 or 3 sulphur springs 
of some celebrity, commonly called 
the " Sylvan Springs ;" 2 public 
houses, 1 store, an academy and 
about 30 dwelling houses. 

Pittsfie},d, t. Otsego co. sit- 
uated 18 miles west of the village 
of Cooperstown, and distant 87 
miles from Albany ', contained in 
1840, 1,395 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly, with fertile valleys ; 
soil, sandy loam ; drained by Una- 
dilla river, and some of its tributa- 
ries. Pittsficld is the name of a 
post office. 

Pittsfield, v. and p. o. Berk- 
shire co. Mass. is situated on the 
Housatonic river, and on the line 
of the Western railroad, distant 
150 miles west of Boston, and 49 
miles east of Albany, by railroad 
route. It contains about 2.500 in- 
habitants, 350 dwelling houses, a 
town hall, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Epis- 
copal, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church ; the Berkshire Medical In- 
stitution ; a flourishing boarding 



school for boys, and an incorpora- 
ted female seminary, besides other 
select schools ; 1 banking house, 3 
hotels, 18 stores of different kinds, 
and an extensive carriage manu- 
factory, besides most other kinds 
of mechanic work shops. The 
east and west branches of the Hou- 
satonic river here u'dte, affording 
at this place an immense amount ol 
hydraulic power ; there are now 
erected on the above streams, and 
in successful operation, 5 extensive 
woollen factories, 1 large cotton 
factory, 2 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 
and a large manufactory of mus 
kets, where are annually made a 
large number, exclusively for the 
United States government. This 
is a thriving place, where centres 
the main business of this part of 
Berkshire county, which has long 
been celebrated for its agriculture 
and manufactured products. 

Pittsforp, t. Monroe co. sit- 
uated 6 miles east of the city of 
Rochester, and distant 213 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,983 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, calcareous and 
argillaceous loam ; drained north 
by the Irondequoit creek and some 
of its tributaries. 

Pittsford, v. and p. o. Pitts- 
ford, Monroe co. is situated on the 
Erie canal, and on the line of the 
Auburn and Rochester railroad ; it 
was incorporated in 1827, and now 
contains about 700 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Methodist church, 3 taverns, 
4 stores, 2 forwarding houses, and 
2 asheries. 

Pittstown, t. Rensselaer co. 
situated 12 miles north-east of the 
city of Troy, and distant 18 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
3,784 inhabitants. The surface is 
uneven ; soil, clay, gravel and 
loam, productive when well culti- 
vated ; drained by Tomhannock 
creek and the Hoosick river, which 
bounds it on the north. Pittetown, 



PLACID LAKE— PLATTSBURGH. 



Prospect Hill, Raymertown and 
Tomhannock, are names of post 
offices. At the former there is a 
settlement containing 1 Baptist 
church, 1 (avern, 2 stores, and 
about 20 dwelling houses. 

Placid Lake, lies in the 
north part of Essex co. mostly in 
the town of Keene ; it is 4 miles 
long, and from 1 to 1£ wide, sur- 
rounded by a wild and interesting 
region of country. 

Plainfield, t. Otsego co. sit- 
uated 15 miles north-west of the 
village of Cooperstown, and dis- 
tant 75 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1840, 1,450 inhabitants. 
The surface is undulating and hilly; 
soil, sandy and calcareous loam, 
very fertile ; drained south by the 
Unadilla river and its tributaries. 
Plainfield, Plainfield Hill, and 
Unadilla Forks are names of post 
offices. 

Plainville, p. o. Lysander, 
Onondaga co. Here is an agricul- 
tural settlement, containing 1 
church, 1 tavern, 1 store and about 
30 dwelling houses. 

Plato, p. o. Ellicottville, Cat- 
taraugus co. 

Plattekill, t. Ulster co. sit- 
uated 20 miles south of the village 
of Kingston, and distant 79 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,125 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating and hilly, underlaid 
with slate and limestone ; soil, clay 
and gravelly loam ; drained east 
by Old Man's Kill, flowing into the 
Hudson river, and west by some 
tributaries of theWallkill. Platte- 
kill and Modena are names of post 
offices : at the former are situated 
2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 stores, and 
about 20 dwelling houses. 

Plattsburgh, t. Clinton co. 
contains the county buildings, situ- 
ated in the village of the same 
name ; it is distant 162 miles from 
Albany, and contained in 1840, 
6,416 inhabitants. The surface on 
the east is level or gently undula- 



ting, and hilly on the west ; soil, 
mostly clay loam, of a good qual- 
ity, adjoining the lake ; it is wa- 
tered by the Saranac river, which 
flows east, here emptying into 
Cumberland bay ; it is also drained 
by Salmon creek on the south. 
Plattsburgh, North Plattsburgh, 
Cadysville and Schuyler's Falls are 
names of post offices. 

Plattsburgh, v. and p. o. 
Plattsburgh, Clinton co. is situated 
on both sides of the Saranac river, 
on the west shore of Lake Cham- 
plain, 162 miles north of the city 
of Albany. It was incorporated in 
1815, and now contains about 2,600 
inhabitants, 350 dwelling houses, 
a court house, jail and county 
clerk's office ; 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Episcopal, 1 Methodist and 1 Ro- 
man Catholic church ; an incorpo- 
rated lyceum and an incorported 
academy, 1 banking house, 5 ho- 
tels and taverns, 30 stores and gro- 
ceries, 1 flouring mill, 1 grist mill, 
2 cotton factories, 3 woollen facto- 
ries, 2 marble mills, 2 fulling mills, 
2 saw mills, 2 tanneries, 1 machine 
shop, 1 soap manufactory, and 2 
printing offices, together with al- 
most every other kind of mechanic 
work shops. The water power at 
this place is very great, the Sara- 
nac river here having a succession 
of falls, making a total descent of 
about 40 feet ; only a part of which 
is now occupied for manufacturing 
purposes. The suTounding coun- 
try is rich in agricultural and min- 
eral productions, and Plattsburgh 
is the proposed termination of the 
Ogdensburgh and Lake Champlain 
railroad, which, when completed, 
will greatly tend to develope the 
resources of the whole northern 
part of the state of New-York. 
This is an United States military 
post, where the government are 
now erecting extensive stone bar- 
racks, near the lake shore, south of 
the village, and a permanent break- 
water for the protection of the har- 



PLEASANT LAKE— POESTENKILL. 



327 



bor. Plattsburgh was Hie scene of 
an important engagement between 
the British and American armies, 
in Sept. 1814, which resulted in the 
defeat of the British, under the 
command of Sir George Prevost, 
and the capture of the British fleet 
under Com. Downie, who was 
killed in the action. The Ameri- 
can army was commanded byMaj. 
Gen. Macomb, and the fleet by 
Com. McDonough. 

Pleasant Lake, lies in the 
town of Lake Pleasant, Hamilton 
co. This is a beautiful sheet of 
water, 3 miles long, and from 1 to 
lg miles wide ; its waters abound 
in trout and other fish of fine fla- 
vor. It is surrounded by a new 
and interesting region of country, 
abounding in numerous small lakes, 
all well stocked with fish ; also the 
favorite resort of water fowl, and 
other wild game. 

Pleasant Plains, p. o. Clin- 
ton, Dutchess co. 

Pleasant Valley, t. Dutch- 
ess co. situated 7 miles north-east 
of the village of Poughkeepsie, 
and distant 82 miles from Albany ; 
contained in 1840, 2,219 inhabit- 
ants. The surface is diversified ; 
soil, clay, sandy and gravelly loam, 
generally well cultivated ; drained 
by Wappinger's creek. Pleasant 
Valley and Salt Point are names of 
post offices. 

Pleasant Valley, v. and 
p. o. Pleasant Valley, Dutchess co. 
is handsomely situated on Wappin- 
ger's creek. It was incorporated 
in 1814, and now contains about 
650 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Metho- 
dist church, and a Friend's meet- 
ing house ; 2 public houses, 5 
stores, 1 cotton factory, containing 
3,000 spindles and 72 power looms, 
and 1 saw mill. 

Pleasant Valley, v. 
Whitestown, Oneida co. is a man- 
ufacturing settlement, situated on 
Oriskany creek, about 1 mile south 



of the village of Oriskany. It 
contains 2 large woollen factories, 
known as the Dexter Manufactur 
ing Company, where are annually 
manufactured about 100,000 lbs. 
fleece and 80,000 lbs. foreign wool, 
which is made into broadcloths, 
cassimeres and carpeting. This 
village is small, being altogether 
dependent on the above factory, 
which gives constant employment 
to upwards of 100 men and children. 

Pleasantville, p. o. Mount 
Pleasant, Westchester county ; 
here are situated 1 church, 2 stores 
and about 15 dwelling houses. 

Plesis, p. o. Alexandria, Jef- 
ferson co. Here are situated 1 
church, I tavern, 1 store, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery and 1 
ashery. 

Plumb Gut, is the passage be- 
tween Oyster Pond Point, on the 
east end of Long Island, and Plumb 
Island. 

Plumb Island, lies one mile 
east of Oyster Pond Point, on 
Long Island ; it is 3 miles long and 

1 mile wide ; on the west end there 
is situated a light house/ 

Plymouth, t. Chenango co. 
situated 7 miles north-west of the 
village of Norwich, and distant 
118 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,625 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating; soil, argil- 
laceous loam of good quality ; 
drained south-east by the Canasa- 
wacta creek. Plymouth is the 
name of a post office. 

Poestenkill, v. and p. o. 
Sand Lake, Rensselaer co. con- 
tains about 100 inhabitants, 20 
dwelling houses, 1 Lutheran and 1 
Dutch Reformed church, 2 taverns, 

2 stores, 2 factories, 1 grist mill, 
and 1 saw mill. 

Poestenkill, rises in Grafton 
and Sand Lake, Rensselaer co. and J 
flows west into the Hudson rirer at 
the city of Troy. This is a good 
mill stream, on which are situated: 
a number of factories and mills. 



328 



POINT PENINSULA— PORTAGEVILLE. 



Point Peninsula, p. o. 
Brownville, Jefferson co. 

Poland, t. Chautauque, co. sit- 
uated 22 miles souih-east of the 
village of Mayville, and distant 
317 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,087 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly ; soil, sandy and 
gravelly loam ; drained by the Con- 
newango creek and Chautauque 
outlet. Poland Centre, Ivesville, 
Kennedy's Mills and Waterboro' 
are names of post offices. 

Poland, v. and p. o. Russia, 
Herkimer co. is situated on West 
Canada creek. It contains about 
250 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 tavern, 1 store, 2 cotton fac 
lories, 1 flouring mill, and 2 trip- 
hammer works, where are made 
edge tools. 

Pollopel's Island, is a 
mass of rock lying in the Hudson 
river, near its east shore, opposite 
Breakneck Hill, at the northern en- 
trance into the Highlands, 6 miles 
above West Point. 

Pomfret, t. Chautauque co. 
situated 12 miles north-east of the 
village of Mayville, and distant 
315 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 4,566 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly, declining towards 
Lake Erie, which bounds it on the 
north ; soil, argillaceous, sandy 
and gravelly loam, very fertile ; 
drained north-west by several small 
streams flowing into Lake Erie, 
and south by the Cassadaga creek 
and its tributaries, running into the 
Allegany river. The New-York 
and Erie railroad terminates in this 
town in the village of Dunkirk. 
Cassadaga, Dunkirk, Fredonia and 
Van Buren Harbor are names of 
post offices. 

Pompey, t. Onondaga co. si- 
tuated 14 miles south-east of the 
village of Syracuse, and distant 
132 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 4,371 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly; soil, sandy and 
clay loam, fertile aud mostly well 



cultivated ; drained north by Lime- 
stone creek, and south by the head 
blanches of the Tioughnioga river. 
Pompey, Pompey Centre, Delphi, 
Oran and Watervale are names of 
post offices. 

Pompey Hill, v. Pompey, 
Onondaga county, is situated on 
the highest point of land in this 
region of country ; it contains about 
450 inhabitants, 75 dwelling hou- 
ses, 2 churches; 1 incorporated 
academy; 2 taverns and 5 stores. 
The view from this point is very 
extensive, overlooking the sur- 
rounding country as far as the eye 
can reach. 

Pondsville, p. o. Moriah, 
Essex co. 

Poolville, v. and p. o. Ha- 
milton, Madison co. contains about 
250 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
ses, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 
1 woollen factory, 1 grist mill, and 
1 leather manufactory. 

Poplak Ridge, p. o. Venice, 
Cayuga co. 

Portage, t. Allegany co. si- 
tuated 18 miles north of the village 
of Angelica, and distant 247 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
4,721 inhabitants. The surface is 
high and rolling on the east and 
west, with a fertile valley between, 
extending north and south, through 
which flows the Genesee river and 
Genesee Valley canal. On the 
above stream there is situated in 
the north part of this town the far 
famed Genesee Palls, where, with- 
in the space of two miles, the river 
has a descent of about 300 feet, 
affording an inexhaustible amount 
of water power. The soil is very 
productive and well adapted to 
wheat and other grain. Hunt's 
Hollow, Portageville and Oakland 
are names of post offices. 

Portageville, v. and p. o. 
Portage, Allegany co. is situated on 
the west side of the Genesee river, 
and on the line of the Genesee 
Valley canal ; it contains about 



PORT BARTON— PORT GIBSON. 



329 



700 inhabitants, 100 dwelling- hou- 
ses ; 1 Presbyterian, 2 Baptist, 1 
Methodist and 1 Universalis! 
church j 3 taverns, S or 10 stores 
and groceries; 1 grist mill, 5 saw 
mills, 1 sash factory, 1 tannery and 
1 clothier's works. This place is 
situated in a romantic and interest- 
ing region of country, near where 
the Genesee enters the rocky gorge 
and plunges down a succession of 
highly picturesque falls. The Ge- 
nesee Valley canal passes diagon- 
ally through the town, crossing the 
river in an aqueduct at Portage - 
ville, and thence running northerly 
one and a half miles contiguous to 
and parallel with the high banks of 
the river, affording to the traveller 
a full view of the " Genesee Falls/ ' 
and the majestic scenery in the vi- 
cinity ; it then enters the open 
country through a tunnel about a 
quarter of a mile in length. The 
" Falls " consist of three perpen- 
dicular descents, amounting in all 
to 300 feet, and with the high 
banks through which the river pas- 
ses, presents one of the most grand 
and sublime views which our coun- 
try can boast ; and are already 
becoming the fashionable resort of 
many lovers of natural scenery as 
exhibited in its most rugged aspect. 

Pout Barton, v. Painted 
Post, Steuben co. is situated on 
the north side of the Chemung ri- 
ver, at the head of the feeder of 
the Chemung canal, opposite the 
village of Corning, with which it 
is connected by a bridge ; it con- 
tains about 500 inhabitants, 70 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
church; 3 taverns and 1 store. 
This place is sometimes called 
Knoxville. 

Port Byron, v. and p. o. 
Mentz, Cayuga co. is situated on 
the Erie canal; it was incorpora- 
ted in 1837, and now contains 
about 1,000 inhabitants, 150 dwel- 
ling houses, 3 churches, 4 public 
houses, 10 stores, 1 extensive flour- 



ing mill, in which are 12 run of 
stone, being one of the largest es- 
tablishments of the kind in the 
state ; 2 tanneries, 4 saw mills and 
1 clothier's works. 

Port Chester, v. and p. o. 
Rye, Westchester, co. situated on 
the west side of By ram river, 
which here forms the boundary 
line between New-York and Con- 
necticut ; it was incorporated in 
1833, and now contains about 800 
inhabitants, 100 dwelling houses, 

1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
church; 2 boarding schools, one 
for young ladies and one for boys ; 

2 taverns, 20 stores of different 
kinds; 1 dye wood mill, 1 iron 
foundery, 1 hat manufactory, and 
2 carriage manufactories. Here 
are owned 6 sloops and schooners, 
and a steamboat plies between 
this place and the city of New- 
York. 

Port Douglass, Chesterfield, 
Essex county. Here is a conve- 
nient landing on the west side of 
Lake Champlain, 4 miles east of 
the village of Keeseville. 

Porter, t. Niagara co. situated 
16 miles north-west of the village 
of Lockport, and distant 300 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,177 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly level; soil, sandy and ar- 
gillaceous loam ; drained by Tus- 
carora creek, flowing into Lake 
Ontario, which bounds it on the 
north, while the Niagara separates 
it from Canada on the west. — 
On the extreme north-west 
part of this town at the mouth 
of the Niagara river, is situa- 
ted old Fort Niagara ; directly 
opposite on the Canada side stands 
Fort George. Ransomville and 
Youngstown are names of post 
offices. 

Porter's Corners, p. o. 
Greenfield, Saratoga co. 

Port Genesee. See Char- 
lotte. 

Port Gibson, v. and p. o. 



330 



PORT GLASCOW— PORTLANDVILLE. 



Manchester, Ontario co. is situa- 
ted on the Erie canal ; it contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 25 dwelling' 
houses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 4 
stores, 1 warehouse and 1 distil- 
lery. 

Port Glascow, p. o. Huron, 
Wayne co. 

Port Henry, v. and p. o. 
Moriah, Essex co. is situated on 
the west side of Lake Champlain, 
where is a convenient steamboat 
landing ; it contains about 250 in- 
habitants, 35 dwelling- houses, 1 
church, 1 female seminary, 1 ta- 
vern and 3 stores. The Port 
Henry Iron Oompanj/,incorporated 
in 1840, with a capital of $70,000, 
with liberty to increase to $150,- 

000 own and occupy at this place a 
fine water privilege, on which are 
erected 2 extensive blast furnaces, 

1 cupola furnace and a machine 
shop. There are located in this 
vicinity two or three iron ore beds, 
belonging to the above company, 
which is used in the works, and is 
of a fine quality. 

Port Jackson, v. and p. o. 
Florida, Montgomery co. is situa- 
ted on the south side of the Mo- 
hawk river, on the line of the Erie 
canal; it contains about 250 inha- 
bitants, 40 dwelling - houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns, and 5 stores and 
groceries. 

Port Jackson, Peru, Clinton 
county, is situated about 2 miles 
north of the Peru landing, on the 
north side of Lake Champlain. 
Here is a convenient landing and 
a small settlement. 

Port Jefferson, v. and p. 
o. Brookhaven, Suffolk co. (for- 
merly called Drowned Afeadoiv,) 
is pleasantly situated at the head 
of the bay ; it contains about 300 
inhabitants and 50 dwelling houses. 
The inhabitants are principally 
engaged in ship building and na- 
vigation. Here are several ship 
yards, rail-ways, hotels and stores. 

Port Jf.rvis, v. and p. o. ( 



Deerpark, Orange co. is situated 
on the north-east side of the 
Delaware river, on the line of the 
Hudson and Delaware canal. It 
contains about 250 inhabitants, 30 
dwelling houses, 2 churches, 3 
taverns, 4 stores and 1 grist mill. 

Port Kendall, p. o. Ken- 
dall, Orleans co. 

Port Kent, v. and p. o. Ches- 
terfield, Essex co. is advantage- 
ously situated on the west side of 
Lake Champlain, 12 miles south 
of the village of Plattsburgh ; it 
contains about 250 inhabitants, 30 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
verns, 3 stores and 2 warehouses. 
The site of this place is beautiful, 
commanding one of the finest 
views on Champlain, extending 
to the opposite shore of Vermont. 
It is contemplated to construct a 
railroad f;om Port Kent to the 
Au Sable Forks, a distance of 16 
miles, passing through the villages 
of Keesevillc and Clintonville. Im- 
mediately south of the landing at 
this place, lies Treinbleu Point. 

Port Kidder, Ovid, Seneca 
county. Here is a convenient 
landing, and some mills, situa- 
ted on the west side of Cayuga 
lake. 

Portland, t. Chautauque co. 
situated 7 miles north of the village 
of Mayville, and distant 331 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,136 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly, declining towards Lake Erie, 
which bounds it on the north-west; 
soil, argillaceous and sandy loam ; 
drained by several small streams 
flowing into Lake Erie. Portland, 
Centreville and Salem Cross Roads 
are names of post offices. 

PORTLANDVILLE, V. MUford, 

Olsego co. is situated on the Sus- 
quehanna river; it contains about 
175 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Baptist and 1 Unitarian 
church ; 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery and 1 
woollen factory. 



PORT OGDEN— POUGHKEEPSIE. 



331 



Port Ogden, Genoa, Cayuga 
county, is situated on the east side 
of Cayuga lake ; there is a ferry 
across the lake from this place to 
Port Kidder, Seneca co. 

Port Ontario, v. and p. o. 
Kirkland, Oswego co. is situated 
at the mouth of the Salmon river, 
on the east end of Lake Ontario. 
It was incorporated in 1S37, and 
now contains about 300 inhabitants, 
40 dwelling houses, 1 church. 2 
taverns, 1 store and 3 forwarding 
houses. This is a port of entry 
and has a good harbor, which is 
rendered perfectly safe by means 
of a pier built by the United 
States government. 

Port Richmond, v. North- 
field, Richmond county, is situated 
on the north shore of Staten Island, 
9 miles south-west of the city of 
New-York, with which it is con- 
nected by a commodious steam 
ferry ; it contains about 300 inha- 
bitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
bank, 1 Reformed Dutch and 1 
Methodist church; 2 taverns, 6 
stores and 2 ship yards. Here is 
situated a valuable granite quarry, 
owned by an incorporated compa- 
ny under the title of the " Rich- 
mond Granite Company." 

Port Schuvlek. See West 
Troy. 

Portville, t. Cattaraugus 
co. situated 24 miles south-ea^t of 
the village of Ellicottville, and 
distant 296 miles from Albany ; 
contained in 1840,462 inhabitants. 
The surface is broken ; soil, sandy 
loam, mostly covered with dense 
pine forests ; drained by several 
small streams running into the Al- 
legany river, which enters this 
town on the south boundary from 
Pennsylvania. Mill Grove and 
Riceville are names of post 
offices. 

Post's Corners, p. o. South- 
pOrt, Chemung co. 

Postville, p. o. Russia, Her- 
kimer county. Here are situated 



2 saw mills, 1 tannery, 1 tavern, 
1 store and about 20 dwelling 
houses. 

Potsdam, t. St. Lawrence co. 
situated 8 miles north-east of the 
village of Canton ; contained in 
1840, 4,473 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating ; soil, sandy 
loam and very productive, under- 
laid by limestone and red sand 
stone ; watered by Racket and 
Grass rivers. Potsdam and Bucks- 
bridge, are names of post offices. 

Potsdam, v. and p. o. Pots- 
dam, St. Lawrence co. is situated 
on the Racket river. It was incor- 
porated in 1831, and now contains 
about SIX) inhabitants, 120 dwelling 
houses, 4 churches, 2 taverns, 10 
stores, 1 satinet factory, 1 grist 
mill and saw mill, 2 clothier's 
works, 1 oil mill, 2 machine shops, 
1 pocket furnace, 1 trip hammer 
works and forge. The St. Law- 
rence academy located in this vil- 
lage, is a flourishing chartered in- 
stitution; the buildings consist of 
two large stone edifices, 4 stories 
high, accommodating male and 
female students. 

Potter, t. Yates co. situated 
8 miles north of the village of 
Penn-Yan, and distant 200 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,245 inhabitants. The surface is 
somewhat hilly ; soil, gravelly 
loam of excellent quality ; drained 
north by Flint creek. Potter, 
Rushville and Yatesville are names 
of post offices. 

Potter's Hollow, v. and p, 
o. Rensselaerville, Albany co. is 
an agricultural settlement ; it con- 
tains about 125 inhabitants, 20 
dwelling houses, 1 Friend's 
meeting house, 2 taverns and 2 
stores. 

Pottersville, p. o. Chester, 
Warren co. 

Poughkeepsie, t. Dutchess 
county, contains the county build- 
ings situated in the village of the 
same name ; it is distant 73 miles 



332 



POUGHKEEPSIE. 



from Albany, and contained in 
1840, 10,006 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating and in some pla- 
tes broken; soil, sand, clay and 
loam, underlaid by lime, which is 
extensively manufactured in the 
south part of this town ; it is drain- 
ed on its eastern boundary by Wap- 
pinger's creek, and Fall creek emp- 
ties into the Hudson at the village 
of Poughkeepsie. Poughkcepsie, 
New Hamburgh, and Wappinger's 
creek, are names of post olfices. — 
Barnegat, Chauningville, Ednam 
and Manchester, are names of set- 
tlements. 

Poughkeepsie, v. and p. o. 
Poughkeepsie, Dutchess co. is 
handsomely situated on the east 
side of the Hudson river, about 
equi-distant between the cities of 
New-York and Albany. It was 
incorporated in 1 801, and now con- 
tains about 7, 50 3 inhabitants, most- 
ly engaged in mercantile and man- 
ufacturing pursuits ; 1000 dwelling 
houses, many of them tasty edifi- 
ces ; a court house and jail and 
county poor house ; a splendid col- 
legiate building ; the Dutchess 
academy; 2 female seminaries, be- 
sides several select schools; a ly- 
ceum and reading room ; 2 public 
markets ; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Con- 
gregational, 2 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 
2 Methodist, 1 Dutch Reformed, 1 
Universalist, 1 Roman Catholic, 
and 1 African church and 2 Friend's 
meeting houses ; 3 banking houses 
and a saving's institution ; an in- 
corporated company for the growth 
and manufacture of silk, who have 
erected extensive buildings for the 
manufacture thereof ; an incorpo- 
rated company for the manufacture 
of locomotive engines and railroad 
machinery, having already erected 
large buildings, not surpassed by 
any in the state ; an incorporated 
company called the " Dutchess 
Whaling Company," who own 5 
ships engaged in the whale trade ; 
10 hotels and taverns ; 25 dry good 



stores, 50 groceries, 4 drug stores, 

2 bookstores, besides a large num- 
ber of other different kind of stores 
and shops ; 2 breweries, one of 
which is very extensive, perhaps 
the largest in the state, being ca- 
pable of making 30.000 barrels of 
beer annually ; 2 carpet factories, 

3 flouring mills, 3 plaster mills, 2 
saw mills, 1 dye-wood null, 2 turn- 
ing and sawing establishments, 3 
sash and blind factories, 3 brick 
yards, where are manufactured the 
finest kind of bricks in large quan- 
tities, 1 sperm oil and candle fac- 
tory, 2 soap and candle factories, 
3 pump lactones, 2 pin factories, 
one of which is very extensive, 2 
brass founderies, 2 gun factories, 3 
iron founderies, 2 stone and earth- 
en ware factories, 3 machine shops, 
2 tanneries, 3 plough factories, 1 
paper hanging establishment, 3 to- 
bacco and segar factories, 9 car- 
riage and wagon manufactories, 1 
rope walk, 1 hay press, 6 lumber 
yards, 2 ship yards, 5 coal yards, 
and 2 marble yards ; 3 printing of- 
fices and 1 bindery, besides most 
every other kind of mechanic work 
shops. In addition to the above 
whale ships, here are owned 3 
steamboats, 3 freight barges, and 8 
sloops, engaged in transporting pro- 
duce and merchandise to and from 
the New-York market, and other 
places on the river. No place on 
the Hudson, exceeds this village 
for beauty of location and pre-emi- 
nence in refinement and wealth of 
its inhabitants ; surrounded as it 
is, by one of the richest agricultu- 
ral districts in the Union, it may 
justly be ranked as the queen of 
villages in the empire state. The 
Poughkeepsie collegiate school, 
situated on College Hill, about 
half a mile northeast of the com- 
pact part of the village, is unrival- 
led in its location commanding an 
extensive prospect of the river and 
surrounding country, which can- 
not fail to excite the admiration of 



POUGHQUAG— PREBLE. 



333 



every lover of picturesque scenery; 
in addition to the collegiate build- 
ing, which is a splendid edifice, 
here has recently been erected an 
extensive gymnasium. This is a 
well established and flourishing in- 
stitution, conducted on philosophi- 
cal principles. Poughkeepsie, is 
a corruption of the Indian word 
rfpokeepsing, signifying safe har- 
bor. It was early settled, and in 
1733 the state convention met here 
to ratify the federal constitution of 
the United States ; previous to that 
date the state legislature frequently 
convened in this village, which has 
long been considered a favorite 
place of residence. 

Poughquag, p. o. Beekman, 
Dutchess co. 

Poultney River, rises in 
Vermont, and flows in a westerly 
direction into the head of Lake 
Champlain ; this stream for a con- 
siderable distance forms the divid- 
ing line between the states of New- 
York and Vermont. 

Poundridce, t. Westchester 
co. situated 15 miles north-east of 
the village of White Plains, and 
distant 139 miles from Albany ; 
contained in 1340, 1,407 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is hilly and 
stony ; soil gravelly loam ; drain- 
ed south-east by two or three 
streams flowing into Connecticut. 
Poundridge, is the name of a post 
office, where is situated a small 
settlement, containing 3 churches, 
2 stores and 15 or 20 dwellings. 

Prattsburgh, t. Steuben co. 
situated 12 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Bath, and distant 202 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,455 inhabitants. The surface is 
somewhat hilly ; soil, good for 
wheat but better for grass ; drain- 
ed south by several small tributa- 
ries of the Conhocton river. 

Prattsburgh, v. and p. o. 
Prattsburgh, Steuben co. contains 
about 400 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian church, an 



incorporated academy, 2 taverns, 
4 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 
and 1 tannery. 

Pratt's Hollow, p. o. Ea- 
ton, Madison co. 

Prattsville. t. Greene co 
situated 38 miles west of the vil 
lage of Catskill, and distant 50 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,613 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is generally broken and moun- 
tainous, but the soil on the flats of 
the Schoharie creek, which passes 
through the centre of the town, is 
very fertile, and the uplands are 
good for grazing. 

Prattsville, v. and p. t< 
Prattsville, Greene co. is hand- 
somely situated on the north-east 
side of the Schoharie creek, 36 
miles west of Catskill; it contains 
1,000 inhabitants, 150 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Reformed Dutch and 1 Me- 
thodist church ; 1 academy, 1 
printing office and stereotype foun- 
dery,3 tanneries, manufacturing an- 
nually 110,000 sides sole leather, a 
larger amount than is manufactu- 
red in any other town in the Uni- 
ted States; 2 furnaces, 2 machine 
-hops, 1 woolen factory, 2 match 
factories, 6 stores, 3 groceries, 3 
grist mills, 3 hotels, and almost all 
kinds of mechanic's shops. The 
turnpike of the Schoharie Kill 
Bridge Company, passes through 
the village, on which a daily mail 
passes each way, to and from Cats- 
kill to Ithaca. 

Preble, t. Cortland co. situa- 
ted 9 miles north of the village of 
Cortland, and distant 136 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1 ,247 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly ; soil calcareous gravel and 
argillaceous loam, very productive 
in grass and grain ; drained south 
by a branch of the Tioughnioga ri- 
ver. 

Preble v. and p. o. Preble, 
Cortland co. contains about 300 in- 
habitants, 45 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 2 taverns and 3 stores. 



334 



PRESTON— PURVIS. 



Preston, t. Chenango co. situ- 
ated 5 miles west of the village of 
Norwich, and distant 11'') miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1117 inhabitants. The surface is 
somewhat uneven ; soil, well 
adapted to grass or grain, and is 
mostly covered with a heavy growth 
of timber ; drained by 2 or 3 small 
streams flowing south into the Che- 
nango river. Preston, is the name 
of a post office. 

Preston Hollow, v. and p. 
o. Rensselaerville, Albany co. con- 
tains about 250 inhabitants, 40 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 tav- 
erns, 4 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill, 1 tannery and 1 fulling mill. 

Prince's Bay, lies on the 
south-east side of Staten Island, 
and is famous for containing oys- 
ters of a fine quality, which are ta- 
ken in this vicinity in great abun- 
dance. 

Princeton, t. Schenectady co. 
situated 8 miles west of the city of 
Schenectady, and distant 23 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,201 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly ; soil, clay, sand and loam ; 
drained south-east by Norman's 
kill. Princeton, is the name of a 
post office. 

Prospect, p.o. Remsen, Onei- 
da co. 

Prospect Hill, p. o. Pitts- 
town, Rensselaer co. 

Providence, t. Saratoga co. 
situated 15 miles north-west of the 
village of Ballston Spa, and distant 
43 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 1,507 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly; being in part co- 
vered by the Kayaderosseras 
mountain; soil, clay and loam, 
well adapted to grass; watered 
by the Sacondaga river on 
its north-west angle, and drain- 
ed by two or three small streams. 
Providence is the name of a post 
office. 

Provost Creek, rises in Al- 
bany county, and flows south into 



Greene county, where it empties 
into the Catskill creek. 

Pulaski, p. o. Charlotte, 
Chautauque co. 

Pulaski, v. Richland, Oswego 
co. is situated on Salmon river, 
three miles from Lake Ontario ; it 
was incorporated in 1832, and is a 
half shire town for the county of 
Oswego. It now contains about 
700 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hou- 
ses; a court-house and jail; 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Me- 
thodist church; an academy; 2 
public houses, 8 stores and groce- 
ries ; 1 woollen factory, 1 paper 
mill, 2 grist mills, 1 trip-hammer 
works ; 1 furnace, 2 tanneries, 
and a large carriage manufactory. 
Here is an extensive water power 
which is but partially improved. 
The Richland post office is loca- 
ted in this place. 

Pultney, t. Steuben co. situa- 
ted 15 miles north-east of the vil- 
lage of Bath, and distant 208 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,784 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly level, except on the east 
where it declines towards Crooked 
lake; soil, clay and calcareous 
loam ; drained by some small 
streams flowing into Crooked lake, 
which bounds it on the east. Pult- 
7iey, Peltonville and South Pultney 
are names of post offices. 

Pultneyville, v. and p. o. 
Williamson, Wayne co. is situated 
on the shore of Lake Ontario; it 
contains about 350 inhabitants, 50 
dwelling houses, 1 tavern, 5 stores, 
2 warehouses, 2 saw mills and 1 
tannery. This is a convenient 
landing for steamboats and sail 
vessels. 

Pulver's Corners, p. o. 
Pine Plains, Dutchess co. 

Punciikill, p. o. Cobleskill, 
Schoharie co. 

Purdy Creek, p. o. Hor- 
nellsville, Steuben co. 

Purvis, p. o. Rockland, Sulli- 
van co. 



PUTNAM— QUARANTINE GROUND. 



335 



PUTNAM COUNTY, taken from Dutchess in 1812, is centrally 
distant GO miles from the city of New-York, and 100 from the city of 
Albany ; it is bounded on the north by Dutchess county, east by the 
Connecticut state line, south by Westchester county, and on the west 
by the Hudson river. The surface is hilly and mountainous, more so 
than any connty in the state, if we except Essex county ; the soil is 
productive in the valleys, but much of the high lands are entirely va- 
lueless for agricultural purposes; it is, however, exceedingly rich in 
mineral productions. The following; is an extract from a late, geologi- 
cal report of Putnam county : " Putnam is one of the most, if not 
the most , mountainous county in the state. It is literally ' Pelion upon 
Ossa/ But many of the mountain slopes and valleys are in a good 
state of cultivation, especially in the eastern part ; and the egricultu- 
rist, although he has to labor hard, receives a good return." As 
might be inferred from the geological character of this region, the 
mineral productions of this county are of much interest. The iron ore 
found here is abundant and rich; of carbonate of lime there are several 
localities. Another very valuable mineral product of Putnam county 
is serpentine, which is found in vast quantities, and is susceptible of 
fine polish. This county has for many years been visited by mineralo- 
gists, chiefly on account of the interesting- localities which occur at 
Coldspring, Philipstown and Carmel. Its area is about 216 square 
miles, or 13S,300 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Putnam county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Carmel, 2,263 

Kent, 1,830 

Paterson, 1,349 

Phillipstown, 3,814 

Putxah, t. Washington co. 
situated 36 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Sandy Hill, and distant 90 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 784 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is mountainous, mostly unfit 
for cultivation, being covered by 
the Palmertown range extending 
from Lake Champlain to Lake 
George. Some of the peaks rise 
to the height of 1,500 feet. Put- 
nam is the name of a post 
office. 

Putnam Valley, t. Putnam 
co situated 9 miles west of the 
village of Carmel, and distant 100 
miles from Albanv; contained in 
1840, 1,659 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is mostly mountainous, being 
covered by the Highlands, with a 
broad and fertile valley extending 
north and south, which gives name 
to the town. There are several 



Putnam Valley, 1,659 

South-East, 1,910 



Total inhabitants, 12,825 

small lakes or ponds in this town, 
abounding in trout and other fish ; 
it is drained south by the Peeks- 
kill, the outlet of Redfire lake. 
There are also extensive beds of 
iron ore and other minerals in this 
vicinity. Putnam Valley is the 
name of a post office. 

Quaker Hill, p. o. Paw- 
lings, Dutchjess co. 

Quaker Springs, p. o. Sara- 
toga, Saratoga co. 

Quaker Street, p. o. 
Duanesburgh, Schenectady co. 

Quantuck Bay, is a body of 
water so called, lying at the ex- 
treme east end of the Great South 
Bav, in the town of Southampton, 
Suffolk county, being separated 
from Shinnecock bay on the east 
by Quogue Neck. 

Quarantine Ground, lies 
on the south-west part of the bay 



336 



QUEENS— RACKET LAKE. 



of New-York, opposite the village 
of Tompkinsville, on Staten Island, 
where is located a Marine Hospi- 
tal. The organization of this in- 
stitution is made up of a resident 
physician and commissoner of 
health, residing in the city, and a 
health officer, who resides during 
the summer months at the Quaran- 
tine — all of whom must be phy- 
sicians. The Quarantine establish- 
ment opens by statute on the first 



of April, and closes on the first of 
November, of each year ; between 
which periods may at all times be 
seen numerous vessels, mostly 
from foreign ports, riding at an- 
chor in compliance with the sana 
tary regulations, in order to prevent 
the diseases of distant parts in- 
fecting the commercial empo- 
rium. For a particular description 
of the buildings, &c. see 2'omp- 
kinsville. 



QUEENS COUNTY, originally organized in 1683, is centrally dis- 
tant 20 miles east from the city of New-York, and 155 miles south 
from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the north by Long Island 
Sound and the East river, east by Suffolk county, south by the Atlantic 
ocean, and west by Kings county. The surface of this county is hilly 
or undulating on the north, while on the south it is mostly level, with a 
slight declivity towards the Atlantic ocean. The soil on (he south is a 
ligjht sand, and on the north loam prevails ; it is all of a warm charac- 
ter, and when well manured and properly tilled, it is very productive. 
It is drained by several small streams, some flowing into the ocean on 
the south, and others into Long Island Sound on the north, both sides 
of the county being deeply indented by bays and inlets. The Long 
Island railroad extends across it in an easterly direction. Its area 
is about 396 square miles, or 253,100 ?"<*res. 

The following are the names of tne low'ns in Queens county, with the 
population in 1S40. 



Flushing, 4,124 

Hempstead, 7,609 

Jamaica, 3,781 

North Hempstead,. . . 3,891 

Queensbury, t. Warren co. 
situated 7 miles south-east of the 
village of Caldwell, and distant 53 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 3.7S9 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating and hilly on the 
west, being covered by the Palmer- 
town mountains; soil, sand and 
productive loam ; drained north- 
east by Wood creek, and watered 
on the south by the Hudson river. 
Queensbury and Glen's Falls are 
names of post offices. 

Quincy, v. Ripley, Chautauque 
county, is situated about one mile 
east of Lake Erie , it contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 
tist church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 



Newtown, 5,054 

Oyster Bay, 5,865 



Total inhabitants, 30,324 

nic shops. The Ripley post office 
is located in this place. 

Quoge, v. and p. o. Southamp- 
ton, Suffolk co. is situated on the 
south side of Long Island; it con- 
tains 1 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 
2 stores and a number of scattered 
dwelling houses. This place is 
much resorted to in summer for its 
pure air, and the abundance and 
excellence of the game that is 
found in its vicinity. 

Racket Lake, lies in the 
north part of Hamilton co. sur- 
rounded by numerous other lakes 
and ponds, which send forth 
streams east, west, north and south. 
It is situated on the table land of 
Northern New- York, being eleva- 



tannery, and a number of mecha- 1 ted 1,731 feet above the ocean. 



RACKET RIVER— RAVENSWOOD 



337 



This is an irregular body of water 
14 miles long and from 2 to 5 
miles wide, abounding with trout 
and other fish of the largest size, 
peculiar to the waters of this part 
of the country, surrounded by a 
wild and highly interesting region. 
Racket River, rises in Ha- 
milton co. and flows in a northerly 
direction through the county of 
St. Lawrence, emptying into the 
St Lawrence river at the northern 
boundary of the state, opposite the 
island of Cornwall in Canada ; it 
being the middle one of three im- 
portant streams which empties into 
the above river within the distance 
of six miles. Its length is 145 
miles ; at its head are numerous 
lakes and ponds which might be 
rendered navigable for many 
miles, for boats of a small draft of 
water. 

Racket River, p. o. Masse- 
na, St. Lawrence co. 

Railroads. See Hailm^ds^ 
finished or in progress. Page 48. 
Ramapo, t. Rockland co. si- 
tuated S miles west of the village 
of New City, and distant 132 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1S40, 
3,222 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly and mountainous; soil, va- 
rious, being productive in the val- 
leys ; drained south by the Ramapo 
and Saddle rivers, both of which 
empty into the Passaic in New- 
Jersey. The New-York and Erie 
railroad extends through this town. 
Ramapo Works, Scotland and 
West Hempstead are names of post 
offices. 

Ramapo River, rises in 
Orange county, and flows in a 
southern direction through a part 
of Rockland county, into the state 
of New-Jersey, where it empties 
into the Passaic river. On this 
stream, which abounds with trout, 
pickerel and other fish, there are a 
number of fine mill sites, many of 
which are unoccupied. 
Ramapo Works, v and p. o. 
22 



Ramapo, Rockland county. Here 
are situated 1 rolling mill, 1 nail 
factory, 1 iron foundery, 1 screw 
manufactory, 1 cotton factory, 1 
grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 church, 1 
store, and about 60 dwelling hou- 
ses. Most of the inhabitants are 
engaged in the above manufactu- 
ring establishments, situated on the 
Ramapo river, which are princi- 
pally owned by Jeremiah H. Pier- 
son, Esq. 

Randolph, t. Cattaraugus co. 
situattd 20 miles south-west of 
the village of Ellicottville, and dis- 
tant 312 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1S40, 1,2S3 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly, and the soil 
well adapted to grazing; drained 
south by Allegany river and some 
of its tributaries. Randolph and 
West Randolph are names of post 
offices. 

Randolph, v. and p. o. Ran- 
dolph, Cattaraugus co. is situated 
on 1 he post road from Ellicottville 
to Jamestown, and on the line of 
the New-York and Erie railroad ; 
it contains about 250 inhabitants, 
35 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 
taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill and 
several saw mills, situated on the 
Little Connewango creek. 

Ransom ville, p. o. Porter, 
Niagara co. 

Rathbunville, p. o. Addi- 
son, Steuben co. 

Rattlesnake Island, lies 
in the Niagara river, 4 miles be- 
low Black Rock; it contains 50 
acres of low land covered with 
grass. 

Ravenswood, v. Newtown, 
Queens co. is delightfully situated 
on the East river, opposite Black 
well's island ; it is a scattered set- 
tlement, containing about 125 
inhabitants, and 20 dwelling hou- 
ses ; most of them situated near 
and overlooking the river. A 
steamboat running to and from the 
city of New-York, stops here se- 
veral times daily. 



338 



RAWSONVILLE— RED MILLS. 



Rawsonville, v. Broadalbin, 
Fulton co. is situated on Fonda's 
Bush creek ; it was incorporated 
in 1815, although no attention is 
now paid to the act of incorpora- 
tion. It contains about 400 inhabi- 
tants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
dist church, 3 taverns, 5 stores, 1 
grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 fulling 
mill and carding machine, 1 fur- 
nace, 1 paper mill, 2 tanneries, 4 
wagon manufactories, and the 
Broadalbin post office. 

Raymertown, p. o. Pitts- 
town, Rennselaer co. 

Raymondville, p. o. St. 
Lawrence co 

Raynortown, v. Hempstead, 
Queens co. is situated near Hemp- 
stead bay ; it contains about 200 
inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian church, 4 taverns, 2 
grist mills and 1 saw mill. 

Reading, t. Steuben co. situa- 
ted 21 miles east of the village of 
Bath, and distant 186 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,541 
inhabitants. The surface is high 
and rolling ; soil, clay and calca- 
reous loam, well adapted to wheat ; 
drained by two or three small 
streams flowing into Seneca Lake, 
which bounds it on the east. — 
Reading and North Reading are 
names of post offices. 

Readsville, p. o. Bern, Al- 
bany co. ; here are situated 1 
church, 1 tavern, 1 store, and about 
15 dwellings. 

Red Creek, p. o. Wolcott, 
"Wayne co. 

Redfield, t. Oswego co. situ- 
ated 15 miles east of the village of 
Pulaski, and distant 131 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
507 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, moist loam, well 
adapted to grass ; drained south- 
west by Salmon river and some of 
its tributaries. Redfield is the 
name of a post office. 

Redford, v. and p. o. Sara- 



nac, Clinton co. is situated on the 
north side of Saranac river ; it 
contains about 500 inhabitants, 80 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
verns and 3 stores. Here is situa- 
ted an extensive glass manufacto- 
ry, established by the " Redford 
Crown Glass Company," where is 
made a superior article cf crown 
glass in large quantities. The 
principal materials used in the 
manufacture are found here in 
great abundance ; iron ore of a 
good quality is also found in this 
vicinity. 

Redhook, t. Dutchess co. 
situated 22 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Poughkeepsie, and distant 
51 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,829 inhabitants. The 
surface is rolling ; soil, clay loam 
and loam, variously blended ; 
drained by two or three small 
streams flowing into the Hudson 
river, which bounds it on the west. 
Barrytown, Redhook, Upper Red- 
hook and Tivoli, are names of post 
offices. Lower Redhook Landing 
and Upper Redhook Landing, are 
the names most generally given to 
the landings on the river. 

REDHoort, Lower, v. Red- 
hook, Dutchess co. is situated 3 
miles from the landing, on the post 
road between New-York and Alba- 
ny. It contains 1 Dutch Reformed 
church, 2 public houses, 4 stores, 
50 dwellings and about 350 inhabi- 
tants. 

Redhook, Lower Land- 
ing. See Rarrylown. 

Redhook, Upper, v. and p, 
o. Redhook, Dutchess co.is situa- 
ted 4 miles east of the landing ; it 
contains about 300 inhabitants, 40 
dwellings, 2 public houses, 3 
stores, 1 Dutch Reformed church, 
and a chartered institution called 
" The Redhook Academy." 

Redhook, Upper Landing 
See Tivoli. 

Red Mills, p. o. Carmel, Put- 
nam co. 



RED ROCK— RENSSELAER AND SARATOGA R. R. 



339 



Red Rock, p. o. Canaan, Co- 1 and distant 96 miles from Albany ; 

contained in 1840, 1,638 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is hilly ; soil 
of medium quality ; drained west- 
erly by Black river and some of its 
tributaries. Remson and Prospect 
are names of post offices. 

Remsen, v. and p. o. Remsen, 
Oneida co. is situated on Cincinna- 
ti creek ; it contains about 450 in- 
habitants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Baptist church, 
2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 grist mil] 
and 2 saw mills. 



lumbia co. 

Redwood, v. and p. o. Alex- 
andria, Jefferson co. is situated at 
the head of Butterfield lake ; it 
contains about 200 inhabitants, 35 
dwelling- houses, 2 taverns, and 2 
stores ; 1 extensive glass factory, 
1 grist mill, 2 saw mills and 1 
ashery. 

Reed's Corners, p. o. Can- 
andaigua, Ontario co. 

Remsen, t. Oneida co. situated 
18 miles north of the city of Utica 

RENSSELAER COUNTY, taken from Albany in 1791, is central- 
ly distant 12 miles east of the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the 
north by Washington county, east by the states of Vermont and Massa- 
chusetts, south by Columbia county, and west by the Hudson river, — ■ 
The surface of this county is diversified ; on the west it rises from the 
Hudson with a gentle acclivity, when it is undulating until you ap- 
proach the eastern boundary, where it is hilly and mountainous, al- 
though not very lofty ; interspersed with extensive valleys, which are 
warm and fertile. The soil is various, but generally productive when 
well tilled, and well adapted to the various purposes of g-razing and 
agriculture. It cannot boast much of its mineral productions ; marl, 
however, is found in the towns of Schaghticoke and Sand Lake ; there 
are also some sulphur springs. It is drained by the Hoosick river on 
the north ; the Poestenkill and Wynantskill in the centre, all flowing 
west into the Hudson river, which waters it on its west boundary. The 
Albany and West Stockbridge Railroad, commences at the village of 
Greenbush, extending south-east into Columbia county. It is intended to 
construct a branch railroad along the east bank of the Hudson, from 
Greenbush to the city of Troy, a distance of 6 miles, connecting with 
the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad, and with the Schenectady and 
Troy Railroad. Its area is about 626 square miles, or 400,700 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Rensselaer county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Berlin, 1,794 

Brunswick, 3,051 

Grafton, 2,019 

Greenbush, 3,701 

Hoosick, 3,539 

Lansingburgh, 3,330 

Nassau, 3,236 

Petersburgh, 1,901 

Rensselaer, v. Sand Lake, 
Rensselaer co. is situated on the 
Troy and Eastern turnpike, 11 
miles south-east of the city of Troy; 
it contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Bap- 
tist and 1 Methodist church, 2 ta- 
verns, 3 stores, 1 cylinder glass 



Pittstown, 3,784 

Sand Lake, 4,303 

Schaghticoke, 3,389 

Schodack, 4,125 

Stephentown, 2,753 

Troy, 19,334 



Total inhabitants, 60,259 

factory, and a number of saw mills 
in the vicinity. 

Rensselaer and Sarato- 
ga Railroad, extends from the 
city of Troy to the village of Ball- 
ston Spa, a distance of 23| miles, 
where it connects with the Sarato- 



340 



RENSSELAER VILLE— RENSSELAERWYCK. 



ga and Schenectady railroad. It 
crosses the Hudson river, as it 
leaves Troy, from the foot of Fede- 
ral street, by means of a substan- 
tial bridge, 1512 feet in length ; 
from thence it runs north across 
Green Island and Van Schaick's 
Island, to the village of Waterford, 
and extends along the west bank 
of the Hudson to Mechanicsville, 
where it crosses the Champlain ca- 
nal and diverges to the north-west, 
running through the town of Malta 
and a part of Ballston ; passing in 
its route a portion of country re- 
markable for its beauty, and the 
variety of its scenery. This com- 
pany was chartered in 1832, with a 
capital of $300,000, which was 
subsequently increased to $450,- 
000. 

Rensselaerville, t. Alba- 
ny co. situated 24 miles south-west 
of the city of Albany ; contained in 
1840, 3,705 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly, spurs of the Catskill 
mountain extending into it from the 
south ; soil, sandy loam, most of it 
very fertile, drained south-east by 
the Catskill creek and north by 
Foxes creek. Rensselaerville, 
Cooksburg, HalPs mills, and 
Preston Hollow, are names of post 
offices. 

Rensselaerville, v. and p. 
o. Albany co. is situated on Foxes 
creek ; it contains about 1,000 in- 
habitants, 150 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Bap- 
tist and 1 Methodist church, 2 ta 
verns, 7 stores, 3 grist mills, 1 saw 
mill, 1 carding machine and cloth- 
ing works, 1 tannery, 1 furnace, 
and 1 machine shop. 

Rensselaerwyck, or the 
manor of Rensselaer, is a very ex- 
tensive tract of land lying on both 
sides of the Hudson river, compri- 
sing most of the counties of Alba- 
ny and Rensselaer, with the excep- 
tion of the city of Albany, and the 
towns of Schaghticoke, Pittstown 
and Hoosick. This princely estate 



extends 24 miles north and south, 
and 48 miles east and west, with the 
noble Hudson pouring its flood of 
navigable waters through the centre 
of the territory. The manor was 
purchased in 1630, from the abori- 
gines, by Killian Van Rensselaer, 
under the provisions of a very libe- 
ral charter granted by the Dutch 
East India Company, in 1629. — 
His title was subsequently confirm- 
ed by several successive grants by 
the government of Holland, dating 
back as far as the year 1641, and 
by the English government by let- 
ters patent bearing date March 4, 
1685. Authority was given to the 
proprietor of the manor to elect a 
representative to the legislative as- 
sembly, uniting the freeholders and 
inhabitants with him in the elec- 
tion. From the first provincial as- 
sembly held after the accession of 
William III. in 1691, down to the 
last in 1775, when the revolution 
broke out — a period of 84 years — 
the place of representative from the 
manor, was always filled ; fre- 
quently by the proprietor himself, 
and if not by him, by reason of his 
minority or other disability, then 
always by some member or some 
friend of the family. Upon the 
decease of its late distinguished 
and benevolent proprietor, Ste- 
phen Van Rensselaer, who 
was the third only in the direct 
line of descent from the first pro- 
prietor, the manor was divided, and 
is now held, the part on the west 
side of the river, by his eldest son 
Stephen Van Rensselaer, 
and that on the east side, by his 
second son William P. Van 
Rensselaer. The lands lying 
in the manor are generally held by 
tenants under durable leases, sub- 
ject to the payment of rent in kind 
and to the performance of certain 
services, which however have very 
seldom, if ever, been exacted. — 
All mill sites, mines and minerals 
within the manor are reserved by 



REPUBLICAN— RICHFIELD. 



341 



the terms of the leases. Recently 
much dissatisfaction has existed in 
the south-western towns of Albany 
county, arising; out of the reserva- 
tions and exactions contained in 
the leases ; the payment of the 
rents has been resisted, and an 
armed force has twice been called 
out to aid the sheriff in enforcing 
legal process issued against the 
tenants. The subject has been be- 
fore the legislature, and the pre- 
sent proprietor has endeavored sat- 
isfactorily to arrange the difficul- 
ties, but as yet nothing definite has 
been done to effect so desirable an 
object. 

Republican, p. o. Westmore- 
land, Oneida co. 

Reservation, p. o. Alden, 
Erie co. 

Rexford Flats, p. o. Clif- 
ton Park, Saratoga co. 

Reynoldsville, v. and p. o. 
Hector, Tompkins co. contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling- 
houses, 1 Methodist church, 1 ta- 
vern, 1 store, 1 saw mill and 1 tan- 
nery. 

Rhinebeck, t. Dutchess co. 
situated 17 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Poughkeepsie, and distant 
57 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,659 inhabitants. The 
surface is mostly level on the west, 
and rolling on the east, ; the flats 
near the centre, are easily cultiva- 
ted and very productive ; drained 
south-west by Landtman's creek, 
and watered on the west by the 
Hudson river. 

Rhinebeck, v. and p. o. 
Rhinebeck, Dutchess co. is plea- 
santly situated two miles from the 
landing on the Hudson river. — 
This place was incorporated in 
1826, and contains about 1,200 in- 
habitants, 200 dwelling houses, 3 
churches, 3 public houses, 12 
stores, 1 iron foundery, 1 paper 
mill and 1 grist mill, situated on 
Landtman's creek, which flows 
through the town. There are also 



located at this place, many dif- 
ferent kinds of mechanic work 
shops; and the Rhinebeck Acade- 
my, which is a chartered and flour- 
ishing institution, is a beautiful 
building and handsomely located. 
This neighborhood was very early 
settled by the Dutch, many of 
whose descendants now reside in 
the town of Rhinebeck, retaining 
the original Dutch habits and lan- 
guage. 

Rhinebeck Landing, Rhine- 
beck, Dutchess co. is situated on 
the east side of the Hudson river, 
100 miles north of the city of New- 
York. Here are two docks a short 
distance apart, from each of which 
departs weekly, a steamboat with 
freight barges, carrying large 
amounts of produce to the New- 
York market. Passage boats to 
and from New-York and Albany, 
land several times daily at this 
place. A horse ferry boat, also 
crosses the Hudson from the long 
dock to Kingston landing, on the 
opposite side of the river. Here are 
situated 2 public houses, 2 stores, 
and about 30 dwellings. In this vi- 
cinity are located a number of beau- 
tiful country residences, overlook- 
ing the river, surpassed by no 
other point on the Hudson. 

Rhodes, p. o. Skaneateles, On- 
ondaga co. 

Ricevillle, p. o. Mayfield, 
Fulton co. 

Richburgh, p. o. Wirt, Alle- 
gany co. 

Richfield, t. Otsego co. situ- 
ated 13 miles north-west of the vil- 
lage of Cooperstown, and distant 
69 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,680 inhabitants. The 
surface is high and somewhat hilly; 
soil, sandy and calcareous loam of 
good quality, mostly well cultiva- 
ted ; on the east boundary of the 
town lies Canaderaga lake, into 
which flow several small streams. 
Richfield, East Richfield and West 
Richfield, are names of post offices. 



342 



RICHFIELD SPRINGS— RICHMOND. 



Monticello and Richfield Springs, 
are names of settlements. The 
former post office is situated in the 
village of Monticello. 

Richfield Springs, v. Rich- 
field, Otsego co, is situated near 
the head of Canaderaga lake ; it 
contains about 250 inhabitants, 40 
dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2 ta- 
verns, 3 stores and 1 grist mill. — 
Here is situated a celebrated sul- 
phur spring, which is much re- 
sorted to by invalids, and is noted 
for the cure of all cutaneous disor- 
ders. 

Richfoed, t. Tioga co. situa- 
ted 17 miles north of the village of 
Owego, and distant 151 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 939 
inhabitants. The surface is some- 
what hilly, with rich intervening 
valleys ; drained south by East and 
West Owe™ creeks. 



Richford, v. and p. o. Rich- 
ford, Tioga co. is situated on East 
Owego creek ; it contains about 
250 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Episco- 
pal church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
grist mill and 2 saw mills. 

Richland, t. Oswego co. con- 
tains a part of the county buildings, 
situated in the village of Pulaski, 
this being a half shire town, distant 
153 miles from Albany ; in 1840, 
it contained 4050 inhabitants. The 
surface is somewhat uneven, being 
handsomely diversified ; soil, moist 
sandy loam, better adapted to grass 
than grain ; drained by Salmon ri- 
ver and some other small streams 
flowing into Lake Ontario, which 
bounds it on the west. Richland 
and Port Ontario, are names of post 
offices. The former is situated in 



the village of Pulaski. 

RICHMOND COUNTY, originally organised in 1683, comprises the 
whole of Staten Island ; it is centrally distant 158 miles south from the 
city of Albany, and is bounded on the north by Newark Bay and Kill 
Van Kull, east by the bay of New-York and the Narrows, south by 
New- York lower bay and Raritan bay, and west by Staten Island 
Sound, which separates it from the state of New-Jersey. The surface 
of this county is broken and hilly ; Richmond hill, the highest point, is 
elevated 307 feet above the Atlantic ocean. It however possesses much 
good land, and its fisheries are valuable. This county is exceedingly 
interesting to the mineralogist ; here are found a variety of interesting 
specimens of minerals, somewhat similar to those found in Putnam 
county. Near the central part are several important beds of hematic 
iron ore, and a granite quarry is extensively worked in the vicinity of 
Port Richmond. Its area is about 63 square miles, or 40,300 acres. — 
The county buildings are situated in the village of Richmond, in the 
town of Westfield. 

The following are the names of the towns in Richmond county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Castleton, 4,275 

Northfield, 2,745 

Soulhfield, 1,619 

Richmond, t. Ontario co. situ- 
ated 14 miles west of the village of 
Canandaigua, and distant 209 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
1,937 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly; soil, clay loam, underlaid 
by slate and lime ; Honeoye lake 
lies partly in the south part of this 



Westfield, 2,326 



Total inhabitants 10,965 

town, which is drained north by 
its outlet. Allen's Hill, Honeoye 
and West Richmond are names of 
post offices. 

Richmond, v. and p. o. West- 
field, Northfield and Southfield, 
Richmond co. is pleasantly situated 
near the centre of Staten Island : it 



RICHMOND VALLEY— RIVERHEAD. 



343 



contains about 200 inhabitants, 30 
dwelling houses, a court house and 
jail, both small, but of sufficient 
size for the wants of the county ; 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Episcopal 
church, 3 taverns and 3 stores. 

Richmond Valley, p. o. 
Westfield, Richmond co. 

Richmondville, v. and p.o. 
Cobleskill, Schoharie co. contains 
about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
houses, 1 tavern, 3 stores and 1 
carding and cloth dressing works. 

Richville, v. and p. o. De 
Kalb, St. Lawrence co. contains 
about 150 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 1 
store, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 

1 clothier's works. 
Richville, v. Pembroke, 

Genesee county, contains about 
250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
houses, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 
flouring mill, 1 saw mill and 1 fur- 
nace. 

Ridge, p. o. Mount Morris, 
Livingston co. 

Ridgebury, v.and p. o. Mini- 
sink, Orange co. is an agricultural 
settlement; it contains about 180 
inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
church; an incorporated academy; 

2 public houses and 3 stores. 
Ridge Road. See diluvial 

Way. 

Ridgeville, p. o. Lenox, 
Madison co. 

Ridgeway, t. Orleans co. si- 
tuated 10 miles west of the village 
of Albion, and distant 262 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
3,554 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly level; soil, of good quality; 
drained north by Oak Orchard 
creek. Ridgeway, North Ridge- 
way, Knowlesville, Medina and 
Oak Orchard are names of post 
offices. 

Riftoiv, v. Esopus, Ulster co. 
is situated on the Wallkill. Here 
are located 1 cotton factory, 1 grist 
mill, 1 machine shop, 1 store, and 
about 20 dwelling houses. This 



: place is some times called Ar- 
l ?ioldville. 

Riga, t. Monroe co. situated 14 
miles south-west of the city of 
Rochester, and distant 239 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,984 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating, and soil of good qua- 
lity ; drained east by Black creek. 
Through this town passes the To- 
nawanda railroad. Riga and 
Churchville are names of post 
offices. 

Ripley, t. Chautauque co. si- 
tuated 10 miles west of the village 
of May ville, and distant 336 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,197 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly; soil, mostly clay loam, va- 
riously mixed with sand, and of 
good quality; drained by Twenty 
Mile creek and several other small 
streams flowing into Lake Erie, 
which bounds it on the north, 
while the Pennsylvania state line 
bounds it on the west ; this being 
the extreme westernmost town in 
the state, situated on Lake Erie. 
Ripley is the name of a post office, 
which is located in the village of 
Quincy. 

Riverhead, t. Suffolk county, 
contains the county buildings si- 
tuated in the village of the same 
name, and is distant 90 miles from 
the city of New-York, and 235 
miles from Albany; it contained 
in 1840, 2,449 inhabitants. The 
surface is mostly level, but some- 
what broken by a range of cliffs 
running east and west, about one 
mile south of Long Island Sound, 
which bounds it on the north ; 
the soil is mostly sandy loam ; 
drained by Peconic river flowing 
east into Little Peconic bay. 
Aquebogue, Baiting Hollow, Up- 
per Aquebogue, Success, Wading 
River and Suffolk Court House are 
names of post offices. The latter 
is situated in the village of River- 
head. 

Riverhead, v. Riverhead, 



344 



RIVER ROAD FORKS— ROCHESTER. 



Suffolk co. is situated at the head 
of navigation on Peconic bay, and 
where the county hall and sur- 
rogate's office are established. 
This settlement began in 1690, and 
the first grist mill erected in 1695 ; 
but it was 100 years from that time 
ere it contained more than half a 
dozen dwelling houses. The courts 
have set here for more than a cen- 
tury, and it now contains a hand- 
some collection of well built hou- 
ses, stores and mechanic shops. 
There are now here several dry 
goods and grocery stores ; a drug 
shop, grist mill, saw mill, fulling 
mill, and a due proportion of 
mechanics and artizans. Three 
public houses; a handsome fe- 
male academy; 1 New Jerusalem, 
and 1 Congregational church. It 
contains about 70 dwelling houses 
and 450 inhabitants. This place 
is a considerable depot for wood 
from the adjacent country, which 
is carried down in lighters to 
Jamesport, 5\ miles below, where 
larger vessels take it on board. 

River Road Forks, Mount 
Morris, Livingston co. 

Roanoke, v. and p. o. Staf- 
ford, Genesee county, is situated 
on Allen's creek ; it contains 
about 150 inhabitants, 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 saw mill, 
1 plaster mill and 1 furnace. 

Robbins' Island, lies in 
Great Peconic bay, and is attached 
to the town of Southold, Suffolk 
co. 

Rochester, City, Monroe 
co. is advantageously situated on 
both sides of the Genesee river, 
and on the line of the Erie canal, 
6 miles south of Lake Ontario, and 
distant by railroad 251 miles from 
Albany. The Genesee affords 
good water communication for 
steamboats and schooners from the 
landing at Carthage, two and a 
half miles below the centre of the 
city, between which points is con- 
structed a railroad. It was char- 



tered as a city in 1834, and is 
divided into 5 wards, being go- 
verned by a mayor, recorder and 
board of aldermen ; it contained in 
1840, 20,202 inhabitants, being 
mostly engaged in mercantile and 
manufacturing pursuits ; about 
2,000 dwelling houses ; a court 
house, jail and county clerk's 
office; 2 public markets, 6 bank- 
ing houses, 1 savings bank, 1 
mutual insurance company ; 5 
Presbyterian, 2 Episcopal, 2 Bap- 
tist, 2 Methodist, 2 Roman Catho- 
lic, 1 Covenanters, 2 Friends' 
meeting houses, 1 Universalist, 1 
Lutheran and 1 Christian church ; 
a museum ; a collegiate institute ; 
2 female seminaries ; 2 orphan 
asylums; 1 arcade building, con- 
taining the post office ; a mecha- 
nic's literary association, and a 
young men's association, and 
atheneum; 24 hotels and taverns, 
35 dry goods stores, 85 wholesale 
and retail grocery and provision 
stores; 6 drug stores, 6 hardware 
and stove stores ; 5 book stores, 
8 jewelry stores, besides many 
other kinds of fancy and other 
shops ; 7 printing offices, 4 binde- 
ries, 10 cabinet and chair factories; 
1 carpet factory ; 22 clothing es- 
tablishments and tailors shops ; 8 
hat and cap factories and stores ; 
20 boot and shoe stores; 9millina- 
ry shops ; 10 copper, tin and sheet 
iron factories; 11 carriage and 
wagon factories; 20 carpenters 
and joiners shops ; 8 extensive 
boat-yards ; a great number of 
coopers, besides almost every 
other kind of mechanic work 
shops. To the immense water 
privilege which Rochester posses- 
ses, by means of a succession of 
falls in the Genesee river at this 
point, may be justly ascribed her 
pre-eminence in rapid growth and 
substantial wealth. Here are now 
erected within the limits of the 
city, all using water power, 21 
flouring mills, with 108 run of 



ROCHESTER— ROCK CITY. 



345 



stones; 2 woollen factories, 1 cot- 
ton factory, 1 wrought iron forge, 
4 iron founderies, 11 machine 
shops, 2 brass founderies, 1 plan- 
ing- and flooring mill, 1 veneering 
mill, 2 paper mills, 1 oil mill, 4 
tobacco and snuff factories, 7 saw 
mills, 1 pail factory, 3 pump fac- 
tories, 2 shoe peg factories, 2 edge 
tool factories, 1 threshing ma- 
chine and fanning mill factory, 1 
chair factory, 2 last factories, 2 
stave manufactories, 1 sash factory, 
3 wood turning establishments, 4 
tanneries, 3 distilleries and 3 
breweries. Within the limits of 
the city, a distance of 3 miles, the 
total fall of water is nearly 300 
feet, affording an almost inexhaust- 
ible supply of water power, which 
is but partly used. The immense 
amount of flour manufactured at 
this place alone, gives employment 
to a great number of persons. 
These mills are capable of making 
5,000 barrels of flour per day, con- 
suming, when under full headway, 
about 25,000 bushels of wheat 
daily. There are upwards of 
twenty forwarding establishments 
connected with the trade of the 
Erie and Genesee Valley canal, 
besides a limited shipping inte- 
rest on Genesee river and Lake 
Ontario. Steamboats arrive and 
depart daily during the season of 
navigation from the landing on the 
south of the city, and from Char- 
lotte at the mouth of the river. 
The Auburn and Rochester rail- 
road, extending a distance of 79 
miles, having been recently finish- 
ed ; and the Tonawanda railroad, 
extending from Rochester to Ba- 
tavia, a distance of 32 miles, form 
one uninterrupted line of railroad 
communication in connection with 
other railroads, from Albany to 
this place, thence to Batavia. 
Besides the steamboat, canal and 
railroad routes, diverging from 
this place, several lines of daily 
stages also centre here, running to 



different places for the accommo- 
dation of travellers. The natural 
and artificial curiosities of Roches- 
ter and its vicinity are well worthy 
of notice ; the most important of 
which are the Genesee Falls, 
which are seen to the greatest ad- 
vantage from the east side of the 
river, a short distance below the 
railroad bridge; the noble aque- 
duct now constructing for the en- 
larged canal, is a splendid speci- 
men of mason work ; in addition 
to which, other falls and bridges, 
together with the Mount Hope Ce- 
metery, on the south of the city, 
give to Rochester many points of 
attraction, well worthy the attention 
of the traveller. 

Rochester, t. Ulster county, 
situated 16 miles south-west of the 
village of Kingston, and distant 74 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,674 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous, 
being in part covered by the Sha- 
wangunk mountain ; soil, clay and 
loam ; drained by Rondout creek 
and some of its tributaries. Ac- 
cord and Kysericke are names of 
post offices. At the former there 
is a small settlement. 

Rochester Railroad, ex- 
tends from the centre of the city 
of Rochester to Carthage, at the 
head of navigation on the Genesee 
river ; a distance of 2| miles. It 
runs on the east side of the river ; 
the cars are propelled by horse 
power. Cost g30,000, and first 
opened for public use in January, 
1833. 

Rockaway, p. o. Hempstead, 
Queens co. 

Rockaway Beach. See 
Far Rockaway and Near Rocka- 
way. 

Rock City, p. o. Milan, 
Dutchess co. 

Rock City, is the name given 
to a great natural curiosity, situa- 
ted in the town of Great Valley, 
Cattaraugus county, about 7 miles 



346 



ROCKLAND— ROCKLAND LAKE. 



tween of but a few inches ; others 
have been thrown asunder several 
yards. The distintegration and 
removal of large masses in the 
midst of groups, have spread out 
fine court yards. More than 100 
acres are covered by these frag- 
ments, at this single locality. The 
whole scene is in the highest de- 
gree imposing, and impresses upon 
the beholder the conviction that 
the name has not been unfitly cho- 
sen." 



south of the village of Ellicott- 
ville. " It is approached along a 
ridge extending from the base to 
the top of the hill, of gradual as- 
cent, terminating at an elevation 
of not less than 600 feet; when you 
come among masses of rock, more 
and more nearly associated, al- 
though detached from each other, 
varying from 15 to 35 feet in 
height. Most of them are rectan- 
gular; some of them so slightly 
separated as to leave a space be- 

ROCKLAND COUNTY, taken from Orange in 1798, is centrally 
distant 35 miles from the city of New-York, and 120 from Albany. 
In shape it forms a triangle, being bounded on the west and north by 
Orange county, east by the Hudson river, and southerly by the New- 
Jersey state line. The surface is very much broken, being hilly and 
mountainous; most of the soil, however, is rich and highly cultivated, 
producing a sure return to the agriculturist when properly tilled. This 
county is also rich in mineral productions ; at Piermont, where exca- 
vations for the Erie railroad have been made, specimens of minerals 
have been found similar to the trappean ranges of New-Jersey. At 
Stony Point, near the light-house, is found a coarsely crystalized 
hornblende ; and about two miles west of Grassy Point, there is a 
beautiful variegated marble, which is susceptible of a fine polish. 
Near Ramapo, there are found in the granite rocks, masses of magnetic 
oxide of iron ; to the above may be added peat, of which there are said 
to be several localities. The Neio-York and Erie railroad which com- 
mences at Piermont, and passes through the towns of Orangetown and 
Ramapo, crosses this county in its circuitous route to Lake Erie. 
The area of Rockland county is about 172 square miles, or 110,500 acres. 
The county buildings are located in the village of New City, in the 
town of Clarkstown. 

The following are the names of the towns in Rockland county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Clarkstown, 2,533 

Haverstraw, 3,449 

Orangetown, 2,771 

Rockland, t. Sullivan co. si- 
tuated 18 miles north of the village 
of Monticello, and distant 114 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 826 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous; 
soil, gravelly loam, well adapted 
to grass, and fertile in the valleys ; 
drained west by Big Beaver Kill 
and its tributaries. Rockland, 
Beaver Kill and Purvis are names 
of post offices. 

Rockland Lake, situated in 



Ramapo, 3,222 

Total inhabitants, 11,975 

Clarkstown, Rockland county, is 
about 5 miles in circumference; it 
abounds in fish, among which are 
pickerel, perch, catfish, sunfish 
and roach. The surface of the 
lake is nearly two hundred feet 
above the level of the Hudson ri- 
ver, and surrounded by hills of 
about the same altitude ; the water 
is pure, and great quantities of 
ice are annually taken to the New 
York market, procured during the 
winter season. 



ROCK STREAM— RONDOUT. 



347 



Rock Stream, p. o. Starkey, 
Yates co. 

Rockville, p. o. Belfast, Al- 
legany co. 

Rocky Gle.\, Fishkill, Dutch- 
ess co. Here are situated on the 
Fishkill, a large cotton manufac- 
turing - establishment, and some 
few dwelling- houses, surrounded 
by a romantic and interesting re- 
gion of country. 

Rocky Poixt, p. o. Southold, 
Suffolk co. 

RODGERSVILLE, p. O. West- 

field, Chautauque co. 

RoDMAX, t. Jefferson co. situa- 
ted 11 miles south of the village 
of Watertown, and distant 154 
miles from Albanv ; contained in 
1840, 1,702 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, sandy 
and clay loam cf good quality; 
drained west by Sandy creek. 
Rodman and Whitesville are names 
of post offices. 

Rodman, v. and p. o. Rodman, 
Jefferson county, is situated on 
Sandy creek; it contains about 
200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 

1 Methodist church ; 2 taverns, 3 
stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 

2 carding and fulling mills, 2 ash- 
eries and 1 tannery. 

Rome, t. Oneida co. contains a 
part of the county buildings situa- 
in the village of the same name, 
and is distant 107 miles from Al- 
bany; it contained in 1S40, 5,6S0 
inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
level, or gently undulating ; soil, 
clay and sandy loam, most of it 
of an excellent quality, particular- 
ly in the valley of the Mohawk ; 
it is drained east by the Mohawk 
river, and west by Wood creek, 
which streams almost interlock, 
there being only a portage of one 
mile between them. 

Rome, v. and p. o. Rome, 
Oneida co. is situated on the Mo- 
hawk river, and on the line of the 
Erie canal. This village was in- 



corporated in 1S19, and is a half 
shire town with Whitesboro' for 
Oneida county ; it contains about 
2,500 inhabitants, 350 dwelling 
houses; a court-house and jail; 6 
churches, 1 bank, 25 stores, be- 
sides 1 cotton factory, 1 flouring 
mill. 1 saw mill, 1 brewery and 1 
blast furnace. Here are located 
a United States arsenal ; to which 
is attached a magazine and a num- 
ber of work shops ; also a female 
seminary in a flourishing condi- 
tion. The Black River canal here 

'■ unites with the Erie canal, and the 
Svracuse and Utica railroad passes 
through the village. This place is 
situated on the site of old Fort 
Stameix, which was. an important 
military fortification during the re- 
volutionary and French wars. 
Owing to its natural and artificial 
advantages, this village is fast 
increasing in wealth and numbers. 
Romulus, t. Seneca county, 
situated 12 miles south of the 
village of Waterloo, and distant 
176 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1S40, 2,235 inhabitants. 
The surface is high in the centre, 
declining east and west towards 
Cayuga and Seneca lakes ; soil, 
of good quality, well adapted to 
wheat. Romulus is the name of 
a post office, where is situated a 
small settlement, containing 1 
Presbyterian church, 1 tavern, 2 
stores and 25 dwelling houses. 
Roxdout, v. and p. 0. Kings- 

: ston, Ulster county, is situated on 
the north side of the Rondout 

, creek, one mile west of its junction 
with the Hudson river, where is 
located a light-house built by the 
United States government; it con- 
tains about 1,500 inhabitants, 200 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Catholic church, 6 hotels 

■ and taverns, 25 stores and groce- 

j ries, 3 freighting establishments, 1 
tobacco factory, and 1 grist mill. 
Here are owned and run from this 

! place 2 steamboats, 14 freight 



348 



RONDOUT— ROSE. 



barges and 13 sloops, carrying an 
immense amount of coal, lumber 
and produce to the New-York 
market, and other places on the 
Hudson river. In this vicinity a re 
large quantities hydraulic ce- 
ment, and quick lime, giving em- 
ployment to a number of men and 
vessels. Rondout is the place of 
deposit and shipment of the Lacka- 
wanna coal brought from the mines 
in Carbondale, Pennsylvania, own- 
ed by the Delaware and Hudson 
Canal Company, who also own the 
Delaware and Hudson canal, which 
is 108 miles in length, and termi- 
nates at Eddyville, two miles above 
Rondout, from whence the canal 
boats are (owed by a steamboat 
belonging to the company. In 
addition to the above canal, a rail- 
road of 16 miles is constructed, 
extending from Honesdale to the 
coal mines; which business alone 
gives employment to 450 canal 
boats; in 1840, bringing to market 
148,500 tons of coal. The lumber 
and produce transported on the ca- 
nal, is carried by boats owned by 
private individuals, paying toll to 
the canal company, giving em- 
ployment to about 150 additional 
canal boats. At Rondout are four 
yards for the building and repairing 
of canal boats, and two dry docks, 
for the repairing of sloops and 
coasting vessels. The number of 
different kinds of craft that are an- 
nually loaded at this place with 
coal alone, amounts to between 
fifteen and sixteen hundred car- 
goes. Steam ferry boats ply from 
Rondout to Eddyville and to Rhine- 
beck, Dutchess county. A line of 
stages leave this place three times 
a week for Delhi, Delaware coun- 
ty, and accommodation stages are 
in constant attendance, and run to 
the village of Kingston and Kings- 
ton Landing on the arrival and de- 
parture of the several steamboats 
carrying passengers. 
Rondout Cheek, or River, 



rises in Sullivan county, and flows 
westerly through Ulster county, 
into the Hudson river, near the vil- 
lage of Rondout. It receives in 
its course the Wallkill, a large and 
important stream, besides several 
other creeks, all affording more or 
less available water power, which 
is used to a considerable extent in 
propelling different kinds of ma- 
chinery. 

Ronkonkoma Lake, com- 
monly called the Great Pond, is 
situated in Suffolk county, on the 
confines of Brookhaven, Smith- 
lown and Islip, and nearly in the 
geographical centre of Long Isl- 
and. It is of great depth and trans- 
parency ; is about one mile in di- 
ameter, and abounds in perch and 
other small fish. The first ap- 
proach to this beautiful sheet of 
water, situated as it is, in the midst 
of some thousand acres of pine 
and other timber, fills the traveller 
with a thrill of delight, and ap- 
pears more like romance than re- 
ality. It is distant about 50 miles 
from the city of New-York, and 
will be approached within a mile 
or two by the Long Island railroad. 

Root, t. Montgomery co. situ- 
ated 8 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Fonda, and distant 48 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,979 inhabitants. The surface is 
in part hilly ; soil, fertile loam, on 
slate and lime ; drained by two or 
three small streams flowing into 
the Mohawk river, which bounds it 
on the north. Root, Root Centre, 
and Spraker's Basin are names of 
post offices. 

Rose, t. Wayne co. situated 7 
miles north of the village of Ly- 
ons, and distant 181 miles from Al- 
bany ; contained in 1840, 2,038 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating ; soil, gravelly loam ; drain- 
ed north by several small streams 
flowing into Lake Ontario. Rose 
and Rose Valley are names of post 
offices. 



ROSEBOOM— ROSSIE. 



349 



Roseboom, p. o. Otsego coun- 

Rosendale, v. and p. o. Hur- 
ley, Ulster co. is situated on the 
Rondout creek, and on the line of 
the Delaware and Hudson canal ; 
it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
50 dwelling houses, 2 taverns, 4 
stores, and 2 cement mills. Here 
is found in great abundance the 
best of hydraulic cement, which is 
manufactured in large quantities ; 
the unoccupied water power at this 
place is very large, and might be 
used to great advantage. About 2 
miles below this place, near the 
High Falls of the Rondout, is situ- 
ated a mineral spring, of consider- 
able celebrity. 

The following is an analysis of 
the water of the Rosendale Sulphur 
Spring, by Dr. J. R. Chilton. One 
gallon of the water contains : 

Grains. 
Chloride of Sodium, 53.54 

" Magnesium,.. 2.50 

Carbonate of Magnesia, ... 2.57 

" Lime, 9.46 

Sulphate of Lime, 1.33 

" Magnesia,.... 5.34 

Soda, 7.68 

Hydro-sulphuret of Sodium, 2. 10 

84.52 

Sulphuretted Hydrogen,. 12.06 
Carbonic Acid, 14.00 

Cubic Inches, 26 . 06 

Rosevelt p. o. Schroeppel, 
Oswego co. 

Rossie, t. St. Lawrence co. 
situated 25 miles south-west of the 
village of Canton, and distant 178 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,553 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating and somewhat 
broken ; soil, mostly loam of good 
quality, resting on lime, granite 
and sandstone. It is drained by 
the Oswegatchie river, which here 
takes a short circuit, and forms 
what is called the Oxboiv. Indian 



river also flows through this town, 
in which is situated a long body of 
water called Yellow lake. Iron 
and lead ore, of the finest qualities, 
are both found here in great abun- 
dance. Rossie and Somerville are 
names of post offices. 

Rossie, v. and p. o. Rossie, St. 
Lawrence co. is situated on Indian 
river, near the head of Black lake. 
It is a scattered manufacturing set- 
tlement containing about 800 in- 
habitants, 100 dwelling houses, 2 
taverns, and 6 stores and groceries. 
This place is celebrated for its val- 
uable and inexhaustible lead mines. 
Here are in operation three differ- 
ent mining companies, which , 
since their commencement in 1837, 
have produced and sent to market 
a large amount of lead of the pu- 
rest quality. Here are also located 
an extensive furnace and forge, 1 
grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 iron foun- 
dery and machine shop. In regard 
to the lead mines at this place, a 
writer remarks : — The Rossie Lead 
Mines in St. Lawrence county 
have been traced 15 miles, varying 
in width from six inches to two 
feet, lying in a fissure of rock in a 
solid mass. From the place where 
the mining has been partially com- 
menced, the vein has been traced 
both ways, one leading across the 
St. Lawrence into Canada, about 
ten miles, and in an opposite direc- 
tion about five. From its location 
in the rock, it is evident its depth 
j is very great, sufficiently so to ren- 
der its stores inexhaustible. The 
lead is of prime quality, as indica- 
ted by the specimen already men- 
tioned. The mine on Cole Hill far 
surpasses any other discovered. 
The surface of the mine has been 
laid bare for a considerable dis- 
tance ; bounded on either side by 
granite rock. Within these gran- 
ite walls the mineral was undoubt- 
edly cast in a fused state, filling 
the fractured crevices in the rocky 
sides, demonstrating that it was 



350 



ROSSVILLE— RUSH. 



poured there when a fluid. The 
mine is a source of inexhaustible 
wealth, and is regarded by Geolo- 
gists as an anomaly in the mineral 
kingdom, and also a great natural 
curiosity. It presents attractions 
not inferior to the Falls of Niagara. 
The latter is a cataract of water ; 
but the former is equally so of lead; 
for the pure, bright Galena pours 
over the lofty brow of Cole Hill, 
streaming down the high rocky de- 
clivity into the deep ravine below." 

Rossville, v. and p. o. West- 
field, Richmond co. is situated on 
Staten Island Sound. It contains 
1 hotel, 2 stores, 2 carriage manu- 
factories, and some 12 or 15 dwell- 
ing houses. Steamboats land here 
daily, passing to and from New- 
York ; here is a ferry to the Jersey 
shore, formerly known as the Old 
Blazing Star Ferry. 

Rotterdam, t. Schenectady 
co. situated 4 miles west of the 
city of Schenectady, and distant 
18 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,284 inhabitants. The 
surface is rolling ; soil, sandy loam 
and alluvion, mostly very produc- 
tive ; watered by the Mohawk riv- 
er, which bounds it on the north. 
Rotterdam and West Rotterdam 
are names of post offices. 

Round Lake, situated in the 
town of Malta, Saratoga co. is a 
small body of water, abounding in 
perch, pickerel and other fish. 

Round Lake, lies in the town 
of Lake Pleasant, Hamilton co. 
This is a handsome sheet of water, 
connected by an outlet of half a 
mile in length, with Lake Pleas- 
ant, which latter lake gives the 
name to the town. It is surround- 
ed by a fine region of country, and 
abounds with trout and other fish, 
and is much resorted to by the an- 
gler and sportsman. 

Rouse's Point, v. and p. o. 
Champlain, Clinton co. is situated 
on the west side of Lake Cham- 
plain, about half a mile south of 



the Canada line, where is a con- 
venient steamboat landing. It con- 
tains about 100 inhabitants, 20 
dwelling houses, 1 methodist 
church, 1 tavern and 3 stores. A 
short distance north of this place, 
stands the site of a fort commenced 
by the United States government, 
during the last war with Great Brit- 
ain, which was found to be in Can- 
ada, having been placed a few rods 
over the line ; it now presents a di- 
lapidated appearance. 

Roxbury, t. Delaware co. sit- 
uated 20 miles east of the village 
of Delhi, and distant 63 miles irom 
Albany, contained in 1840, 3,013 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly 
and mountainous ; soil, sandy 
loam, mostly arable and very pro- 
ductive in the valleys ; drained 
south by the Papacton branch of 
the Delaware river. Roxbury and 
Moresville are names of post offices. 

Royalton, t. Niagara co. sit- 
uated 8 miles east of the village of 
Lockport, and distant 269 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
3,549 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, calcareous loam 
of good quality ; watered by the 
Tonawanda creek, which bounds it 
on the south. Royalton, Royalton 
Centre, South Royalton and Mid- 
dleport a.e names of post offices. 
Gasport 's the name of a settlement 
on the li 3 of the Erie canal, where 
are sit, tted some inflammable 
springs. 

Rush, t. Monroe co. situated 12 
miles south of the city of Roches- 
ter, and distant 229 miles from Al- 
bany, contained in 1840, 1,929 in- 
habitants. The surface is undula- 
ting ; soil, excellent quality, pro- 
ducing large crops of wheat and 
other grain ; drained by Honeoye 
creek flowing into the Genesee riv- 
er, which bounds it on the west. 
Rush and West Rush are names of 
post offices. 

Rush, v. and p. o. Rush, Mon- 
roe co. is situated on Honeoye 



RUSHFORD— SABBATH DAY POINT. 



351 



creek. It contains about 200 in- 
habitants, 30 dwelling- houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 flour- 
ing- mill, 1 carding machine, 1 saw 
mill and 1 ashery. 

Rushford, t. Allegany co. sit- 
uated 15 miles north-west of the 
village of Angelica, and distant 
270 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,512 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating; soil, clay 
loam and gravelly mould, well 
adapted to grass ; drained east by 
Cold creek. 

Rushford, v. and p. o. Rush- 
ford, Allegany co. contains about 
700 inhabitants, 90 dwelling hou- 
ses, 2 churches, 3 taverns, 8 stores, 

1 grist mill and 2 saw mills. 
Rushville, v. and p. o. Gor- 

ham and Potter, Ontario and Yates 
cos. is situated on a stream called 
West river ; it contains about 500 
inhabitants, 90 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
church, an academy, 2 taverns, 8 
stores, 2 grist mills, 1 saw mill and 

2 furnaces. 

Russell, t. St. Lawrence co. 
situated 10 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Canton, and distant 203 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,373 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is somewhat uneven ; soil, 
sandy and clay loam, \v<©11 adapted 
for grazing; drained , north by 
Grass river. Russell, i? J; fhe name 
of a post office, where it) a small 
village in which is located a state 
arsenal. 

Russia, t. Herkimer co. situa- 
ted 16 miles north of the village of 
Herkimer, and distant 94 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,298 inhabitants. The surface is 
high and hilly ; soil , sandy loam 
and clay, well adapted to grass ; 
drained south by West Canada 
creek. Russia, Coldbrook, Po- 
land and Postville are names of 
post offices. 

Russia, v. and p. o. Russia, 
Herkimer co. contains about 200 



inhabitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist 
mill and 1 saw mill. 

Ruthersville, p. o. Madrid, 
St. Lawrence co. 

Rutland, t. Jeffersonco. situ- 
ated 6 miles east of the village of 
Watertown, and distant 154 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,090 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, loam of excel- 
lent quality, underlaid by lime- 
stone ; drained west by Sandy 
creek, and on the north by Black 
river. In this town and vicinity, 
are numerous remains of Indian 
fortifications, of much interest to 
the antiquarian. Rutland, Black 
River, Felt's Mills and Tylerville, 
are names of post offices. 

Rutlepge, v. Conewango, 
Cattaraugus co. is situated on the 
line of the New-York and Erie 
Railroad ; it now contains about 
250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian church, 2 ta- 
verns, 3 stores and 1 saw mill. 

Rye, t. Westchester co. situa- 
ted 6 miles south east of the vil- 
lage of White Plains, and distant 
157 miles from Albany ; contain- 
ed in 1840, 1,803 inhabitants. The 
surface is uneven and stony ; soil, 
clay loam ; drained on the east by 
Byram river, and on the west by 
Blind brook, both flowing into 
Long Island Sound, which bounds 
it on the south. Rye and Port 
Chester are names of post offices. 

Rye, v. and p. o. Rye, West- 
chester co. situated 1 mile north of 
Long Island Sound, contains about 
200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal 
and 1 Methodist church, an acade- 
my, 2 taverns and 3 stores. 

Sabbath Day Point, lies in 
the town of Hague, Warren co. on 
the west side of Lake George, 24 
miles north of the village of Cald- 
well. It takes its name from the 
circumstance of some English 
troops landing here on the Sab- 



352 



SABLE RIVER— SAILOR'S SNUG HARBOR 



bath, during ihe old French war, 
and fell in a sanguinary conflict 
with a party of Indians. 

Sable River. See Au Sa- 
ble, Great and Little. 

Sacandaga River, rises in 
Hamilton co. ; its head brandies 
being outlets to several small lakes, 
the largest of which are Piseco 
lake, Round lake and Lake Plea- 
sant. The main stream flows in a 
circuitous easterly direction, 
through the northeast angle of Ful- 
ton county, and across Saratoga 
county, emptying into the Hudson 
river in the town of Hadley, oppo- 
site the village of Luzerne. 

Sackett's Harbor, v. and 
p. o. Houndsfield, Jefferson co. is 
situated on Black River Bay, near 
the foot of Lake Ontario. This is 
one of the best and most secure 
harbors on the lake, and was an 
important naval station during the 
last war with Great Britain. The 
village was incorporated in 1S14, 
and now contains about 2,000 in- 
habitants, 300 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
Methodist church, 1 banking house, 
4 hotels, 24 stores and groceries, 4 
forwarding houses, a ship yard and 
a rope walk. Here are located 1 
flouring mill, 3 saw mills, 2 furna- 
ces, 1 machine shop, 1 plaster 
null, and 1 tannery, most of which 
are propelled by water power fur- 
nished by means of an hydraulic ca- 
nal, extending from Black river 
near the village of Watertown, to 
this place, a distance of about 12 
miles. This is also an important 
military station, being distant from 
the city of Albany 185 miles, and 
35 miles from Kingston, the capi- 
tal of Canada ; the U. States gov- 
ernment have here erected 3 ex- 
tensive stone barracks, a hospital, 
a commissary's store-house, a 
guard house and other buildings, 
enclosed by pickets ; they were 
erected in 1814, and are known as 
the Madison Barracks. 



Sadaquada, or Saquoit 
Creek, rises in the town of Paris, 
and empties into the Mohawk ri- 
ver about one mile below the vil- 
lage of Whitesboro, all in Oneida 
county. This is one of the most 
important mill streams of its size 
in the state ; on its banks are seve- 
ral large villages and manufactur- 
ing establishments, and it affords 
hydraulic power sufficient to pro- 
pel an immense amount of ma- 
chinery, including some of the lar- 
gest cotton factories in the state, 
also several extensive flouring mills 
and other manufacturing establish- 
ments. 

Sag Harbor, v. and p. o. 
East Hampton and South Hamp- 
ton, Suffolk co. is situated on a bo- 
dy of water of thp same name, ly- 
ing between Garvtfftr's and Great 
Peconic bay ; it was incorporated 
in 1803, and now contains about 
3,500 inhabitants, 500 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Metho- 
dist, 1 Roman Catholic and 1 Afri- 
can church, 8 hotels and taverns, 
35 stores and groceries, 1 grist 
mill 2 windmills, and a dry dock 
for repairing vessels. Here are 
owned 33 ships engaged in the 
whaling business, which constitutes 
the principal trade of this place ; 
the ships are fitted out here, and 
the return cargoes find a market in 
the city of New-York, and other 
ports. Besides the above whale 
ships, there are also owned in Sag 
Harbor, some 6 or 8 sloops en- 
gaged in the coasting trade. — 
Considerable quantities of salt 
are manufactured in this vicinity, 
by evaporation of sea water in the 
open air. 

Sailor's Snug Harbor, 
Castleton, Richmond co. is situa- 
ted on the north side of Staten Is- 
land, facing the "Kill Van Kull," 
a continuation of Staten Island 
Sound. This noble, charitable in- 
stitution, was founded by the testa- 
ment of Capt. Robert R. Randall, 



ST. ANDREWS— ST. LAWRENCE. 



353 



who died in 1801, bequeathing a Saint John's College. — 
large landed estate in the city of See Fordham. 
New-York, the income of which, Saint Johnsville, t. Mont- 
was to be expended in supporting gomery co. situated 18 miles west 
aged and disabled sailors. This of the village of Fonda, and dis- 
institution, which is under the di- tant 62 miles from Albany ; con- 
rection of trustees appointed by the tained in 1840,1,923 inhabitants, 
state authority, have erected a ; The surface is undulating and in 
large and splendid edifice, consist- some places hilly ; soil, of good 
ing of a centre building and two quality ; drained by East Canada 
extensive wings, two stories in and Zimmerman's creek, flowing 
height besides the basement ; — into the Mohawk river, which 
showing a marble front of 225 feet, ; bounds it on the south, 
attached to which is a farm of 160 
acres of land. 

donor are deposited in front of the co. is situated on the north side of 

above main building, over which the Mohawk river, on ihe line of 



Saint Johnsville, v. and 
The remains of the i p. o. St. Johnsville, Montgomery 



has been erected an appropriate 
monument. Upwards of one 
hundred aged and disabled 
sailors, now find here a safe re- 
treat, free fr< , the cares and 
storms of life. 

Saint Andrews, p. o. Mont- 
gomery, Orange co. 

Saint Helena, p. o. Mount 
Morris, Livingston co. 



the Utica and Schenectady rail- 
road ; it contains about 250 in- 
habitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 3 taverns, 2 stores, 2 grist 
mills, 2 saw mills, 1 extensive tan- 
nery, 1 sash factory, 1 forge and 
furnace, 1 carding machine and 1 
fulling mill. An extensive stone 
quarry is situated a short distance 
east of this place. 



ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY, taken from Oneida in 1802, is cen- 
trally distant 205 miles north-west from the city of Albany ; it is bound- 
ed on the north-west by the St. Lawrence river which separates it from 
Canada, east by Franklin county, south by the counties of Hamilton 
and Herkimer, and south-west by Lewis and Jefferson counties. This 
county bordering on the St. Lawrence river, for a distance of 75 miles, 
and extending from thirty to forty miles east into the interior, is agree- 
ably diversified ; rising into gentle swells with broad valliesand exten- 
tensive tracts of champain. The soil is mostly of good quality ; be- 
ing warm, rich and productive. The south-eastern part of the county 
is hilly and mountainous ; being in part covered with the Clinton or 
Adirondack range of mountains, abounding with iron ore and other 
minerals. Most of this latter part of the county is an unsettled wilder- 
ness, covered with a large growth of timber. Although the largest 
county in the state in territory, it is abundantly watered and susceptible 
of sustaining a large population. The principal streams, having a 
northerly course and falling into the St. Lawrence, are St. Regis, RacK- 
et, Grass, Oswegatchie and Indian livers, with their numerous tributa- 
ries. These streams afford some inland navigation for vessels of a light 
burthen, and a great amount of hydraulic power ; most of which is 
still unoccupied. Black Lake, an expansion of Indian river, is a fine 
sheet of water ; it extends from near Rossie to the Oswegatchie river, 
a distance of 20 miles, and is about 2 miles wide ; besides which there 
are several other small lakes. In the town of Canton, a natural ca 
nal of 6 miles in length, connects the waters of the Oswegatchie and 
Grass rivers ; it is from 30 to 80 yards wide, and is boatable. The St. 
23 



354 



ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. 



Lawrence river, the outlet of all the great western lakes, affords a good 
steamboat and sloop navigation from Lake Ontario to the village of Og- 
densburgh, a distance of about 60 miles, with scarcely any percepti- 
ble current ; from Ogdensburgh to Montreal, there are many rapids, 
the current strong, and the navigation difficult and dangerous, even for 
boats propelled by oars. In mineral productions this county may be 
placed at the head of the list, although but partially explored. The 
most important mineral at present known, is lead ore, which occurs in 
various places, but which is obtained in large quantities only in the vi- 
cinity of the village of Rossie. These mines are of great interest to the 
mineralogist, in consequence of the perfection and beauty of the crys- 
tals of galena, and of the accompanying minerals. The deposits of 
iron ore are said to be truly astonishing ; the magnetic kind, though 
less common, is found in several places and is of a good quality ; spe- 
cular ore is the most abundant, and bog ore is found in various parts. 
Marble is also here found in abundance, and of superior quality. The 
Ogdensburgh and Lake Champlain Railroad, is a projected work of 
great importance ; it is intended to extend from the St. Lawrence river 
at Ogdensburgh, to Pittsburgh or some other point on Lake Cham- 
plain. A survey embracing two lines, has been made, and the project 
rendered feasible, which when completed will greatly benefit the whole 
northern region of our state, and be a great arm of defence to this part 
of our exposed frontier. The area of this county is about 2,717 square 
miles, or 1,738,500 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in St. Lawrence county, 
with the population in IS40. In 1841, a new town was formed by the 
name of Macomb, taken from Governeur and Morristown. 



Brasher 2,118 

Canton, 3,465 

De Kalb, 1,531 

De Peyster, 1,074 

Edwards, 956 

Fowler, 1,752 

Governeur, 2,538 

Hammond, 1 ,845 

Hermon, 1 ,271 

Hopkinton, 1,147 

Lawrence, 1 ,845 

Lisbon, 3,508 

Louisville, 1,693 

Madrid, 4,511 

St. Lawrence River, form- 
ing a part of the north-west boun- 
dary of this state, the outlet of the 
great chain of western lakes, is by 
far the greatest stream of water 
that lies within or touches our con- 
fines. From Cape Vincent or 
Kingston, at the embouchment 
from Lake Ontario, to the northern 
boundary of the United States is 
about 100 miles, from thence to 



Massena, 2,726 

Morristown, 2,809 

Norfolk, 1,728 

Oswegatchie, 5,719 

Parishville, 2,250 

Pierrepont, 1,430 

Pitcairn, 396 

Potsdam, 4,473 

Rossie, 1,553 

Russell, 1,373 

Stockholm, 2,995 



Total inhabitants, 56,706 

Montreal the distance is 80 miles 
further ; the current strong, and 
the navigation difficult and rather 
dangerous, even for boats moved 
with oars or propelled by sleam ; a 
canal, however, is being - construct- 
ed on the Canada side, of sufficient 
capacity to admit steamboats of a 
moderate draft of water, around 
the most dangerous rapids. From 
Montreal to Quebec, 180 miles, it 



ST. PAULS COLLEGE— SALINA. 



355 



is navigable for ships of 600 tons 
burthen, though the tide only 
reaches up as far as Three Rivers, 
90 miles below Montreal, being 
about 500 miles above the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence. Ogdensburgh, 
in St. Lawrence county, is situated 
at the foot of sloop navigation on 
tli is river, distant 60 miles from 
Lake Ontario. Tlie descent from 
Kingston or Ogdensburgh, where 
the current first becomes percepti- 
ble is 231 feet, to where it meets 
the tide waters of the Atlantic. It 
contains numerous islands, some of 
considerable size ; a part of the 
Thousand Islands, Isle Au Gallop, 
Isle Au Rapid Plat, Lower Long 
Sault Island, and Barnhart's Island, 
belonging to this state, are sepa- 
rately described. 

Saint Paul's College. 
See College Point. 

Saint Regis River, rises in 
Franklin county, and flows in a 
north-west direction through a part 
of St. Lawrence county, when it 
empties into the St. Lawrence ri- 
ver, after passing through the north- 
west angle of Franklin county ; its 
mouth beino - situated a few miles 
within the Canada line. 

Salem, t. Washington county, 
contains a part of the county build- 
ings, situated in the village of the 
same name, this being a half shire 
town ; it is distant 46 miles from 
the city of Albany, and con- 
tained in 1840, 2,855 inhabitants. 
The surface is undulating and hil- 
ly; soil, sandy and clay loam, 
mostly under a high state of culti- 
vation ; drained by Black and 
White creeks, which empty into 
the Battenkill, all of which are 
good mill streams. Salem, East 
Salem and Shushan are names of 
post offices. 

Salem, v. and p. o. Salem, 
Washington county, is handsomely 
situated in a valley, through which 
flows White creek ; it was incor- 
porated in 1803, and now contains 



about 700 inhabitants, 100 dwelling 
houses ; a court-house and jail, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Scotch Presby- 
terian church ; the Washington 
academy, an old and flourishing 
institution; 3 taverns, 5 stores, 1 
grist mill, 1 furnace and 1 ma- 
chine shop. This village is sur- 
rounded by a rich and highly 
cultivated region of country, pro 
ducing abundant crops of grain 
and raising large numbers of 
sheep ; it is also celebrated as a 
mart for the purchase and sale of 
wool. 

Salem, v. Portland, Chautau- 
que co. contains 1 church, 1 store, 
1 tavern, 1 grist mill, 1 tannery, 
and about 30 dwelling houses. 

Salem Centre, p. o. North 
Salem, Weschester co. 

Salem Cross Roads, p. o. 
Portland, Chautauque co. 

Salina, t. Onondaga co. con- 
tains the county buildings located 
in the village of Syracuse, and is 
distant 133 miles from Albany ; it 
contained in 1840, 11,013 inhabi- 
tants, being the most populous 
town in the state. The surface is 
rolling; soil, clay and gravelly 
loam, underlaid by lime, gypsum 
and sandstone. It is drained by 
Onondaga creek and some other 
small streams flowing into Onon- 
daga lake, and contains the most 
celebrated salt springs in the state, 
which are separately described un- 
der the head of Onondaga Salt 
Springs. Geddes, Liverpool, Sa- 
lina and Syracuse are names of 
post offices, and are all flourishing 
incorporated villages. 

Salina, v. and p. o. Salina, 
Onondaga county, is situated on 
the east end of Onondaga lake; it 
was incorporated in 1824, and now 
contains about 2,600 inhabitants, 
350 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyte 
rian, 1 Roman Catholic and 1 Me 
thodist church; 1 banking house, 
4 taverns, 20 stores and groceries ; 
1 large flouring mill propelled by 



356 



SALISBURY— SALMON RIVER. 



the surplus waters of the Oswego 
canal, 2 saw mills, and 1 mill for 
sawing staves; an extensive ma- 
chine shop and furnace propelled 
by steam power, where are manu- 
factured steam engines and other 
fine castings. The village of Sa- 
lina has long been celebrated for 
its valuable saline springs. Here 
are now yearly manufactured large 
quantities of fine salt, which finds 
a ready market in this and the 
western states, and Canada. In 
1840, here was manufactured 
1,107,825 bushels of fine salt, be- 
ing nearly one-half of all the salt 
manufactured in the town of Sa- 
lina. The salt springs are owned 
by the state, under the charge of 
a superintendent and inspector, 
from which a large amount of re- 
venue is annually derived. Salt 
has been made in the town of Sa- 
lina from a very early period, by 
the white inhabitants, and still ear- 
lier by the native Indians, in a 
small way for their own use. The 
earliest account on record of the 
manufacture to any extent, was in 
the year 1787, at which time there 
was established a manufactory in 
which was made ten bushels a day. 
From that period the manufacture 
has rapidly increased, keeping 
pace with the demand required by 
the unprecedented settlement of 
the country. 

Salisbury, t. Herkimer co. 
situated 15 miles north-east of the 
village of Herkimer, and distant 
71 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 1,859 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and mountainous, 
with some broad valleys; soil, 
sandy and clay loam, well adapted 
to grass ; drained on the east by 
Ea9t Canada creek, and on the 
west by some tributaries of West 
Canada creek. Salisbury and 
Salisbury Centre are names of 
post offices. The latter is situated 
on Spruce creek, where are 
located 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 



tannery and 30 or 40 dwelling 
houses. 

Salisbury, v. and p. o. Salis- 
bury, Herkimer co. lies about 7 
miles east of north from Little 
Falls ; it contains about 250 inha- 
bitants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 3 dry goods stores, and 
2 taverns ; an extensive bed of 
rich magnetic iron ore has lately 
been discovered about 3 miles 
north of this place. 

Salisbury Mills, p. o. 
Bloomingrove, Orange co. Here 
are situated 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 
paper mill, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
1 plaster mill, 1 tannery and about 
25 dwelling houses. 

Salmon Creek, p. o. Sodus, 
Wayne co. 

Salmon Creek, is the name 
of several streams in this state ; the 
most important empty into Lake 
Ontario, respectively rising in the 
counties of Oswego, Wayne and 
Monroe. 

Salmon River, p. o. Albion, 
Oswego co. 

Salmon River, rises in Lewis 
co. and flows west through Oswego 
county into Lake Ontario ; dis- 
charging its waters into Mexico 
bay, at the village of Port Ontario. 
This is a fine and durable stream, 
having a tolerably good harbor 
at its mouth, and is boatable du- 
ring high water to the Falls in 
Orwell, a distance of 14 miles. 
" The Falls of Salmon river may 
be classed among the principal 
natural curiosities of the country. 
The current is gentle above for 6 
or more miles, then 2 miles of ra- 
pids, and at the falls, drops almost 
perpendicular 107 feet. At high 
water the sheet is 250 feet in width, 
but at low water it is narrowed 
down to about half that extent. 
The rocky strata seem to be com- 
posed of slate stone and granite, or 
gneiss, and the height of the banks 
immediately above the fall, is va- 
riously estimated at from 70 to 90 



SALMON RIVER— SANDY HILL. 



357 



feet; below it is said that the 
walls, perpendicular rock, are 
about 200 feet. At the foot of the 
cataract there is very deep water, 
abounding in fine fish, such as sal- 
mon trout, &c." 

Salmon River, a stream of 
about the same size as the above, 
rises in Frank lin county, and flows 
north-west into Canada, where it 
empties into the St. Lawrence river. 
Salt Point, p. o. Pleasant 
Valley, Dutchess co. 

Salt Springville, p. o. 
Canajoharie, Montgomery co. 

Salubria, p. o. Dix, Che- 
mung co. 

Sampsondale, v. Haver- 
straw, Rockland co. is a manufac- 
turing settlement, containing 1 
Presbyterian church; an academy; 
1 extensive iron wire factory, 1 
rolling and slitting mill, 1 chemi- 
cal works, 1 tavern, 3 stores and 
about 30 dwelling houses. 

Sand Bank, p. o. Albion, Os- 
wego co. 

Sandbury, p. o. Fallsburgh, 
Sullivan co. 

Sandford, t. Broome co. si- 
tuated 20 miles east of the village 
of Binghamton, and distant 135 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,173 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous; 
soil, well adapted for grazing; 
drained south-east by Oquaga 
creek, which flows into the Dela- 
ware river. Sandford is the name 
of a post office. 

Sandford's Corners, p. o. 
Le Ray, Jefferson co. 

Sand Lake, t. Rensselaer co. 
situated 11 miles south-east of the 
city of Troy, and distant 10 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
4,303 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly and irregular; soil, mostly 
good for grass, with some rich 
vales running from south to north. 
This town contains several small 
lakes, and is drained west by 
the Poestenkill and Wynantskill 



creeks. Sand Lake, East Sand 
Lake, West Sand Lake and Poes- 
tenkill are names of post offices. 
Rensselaer is the name of a village. 

Sand Lake, v. and p. o. 
Sand Lake, Rensselaer co. con- 
tains about 25 dwelling houses, 2 
stores, 2 cotton factories, 2 satinet 
factories, 1 blast furnace, 1 saw 
mill and 1 tannery. 

Sandusky, p. o. Freedom, 
Cattaraugus co. 

Sandy Creek, t. Oswego co. 
situated 7 miles north of the village 
of Pulaski, and distant 159 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,420 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating; soil, sandy loam; 
drained by Little Sandy creek and 
some other streams flowing into 
Lake Ontario, which bounds it on 
the west. Sandy Creek is the 
name of a post office. 

Sandy Creek, y. Murray, 
Orleans co. is situated on the Ridge 
road ; it contains about 200 inha- 
bitants, 35 dwelling houses, 2 
taverns, 2 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 
saw mill and 1 tannery. 

Sandy Creek, rises in Or- 
leans county, and flows north-east 
into Monroe county, emptying into 
Lake Ontario in the town of 
Clarkson. 

Sandy Creek, another stream 
of the above name, rises in Lewis 
county, and flows west through 
Jefferson county, emptying into 
Lake Ontario, in the town of Ellis- 
burgh. 

Sandy Creek, Little, rises 
in the south part of Jefferson coun- 
ty, and flows through the north 
part of Oswego county, emptying 
into Lake Ontario in the town of 
Sandy Creek, where is a bay of the 
above name. 

Sandy Hill, v. and p. o. 
Kingsbury, Washington co. is si- 
tuated on elevated ground on the 
east side of the Hudson river, 50 
miles north of the city of Albany. 
It was incorporated in 1810, and 



353 



SANGERFIELD— SARANAC RIVER. 



now contains about 1,000 inhabi- 
tants, 150 dwelling houses ; a 
court-house ; 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Methodist and 1 Roman Catholic 
church ; 3 hotels and taverns, 8 
stores and groceries, 1 woollen fac- 
tory, 1 grist mill, 2 extensive saw 
mills, 2 furnaces, 1 machine shop, 
1 razor strop manufactory, and 1 
tannery. The water power at this 
place is very great, there being a 
fall of about 12 feet at the upper 
part of the village, while about 100 
rods below with a continuous de- 
scent, are situated Baker's Falls, 
where there is an almost perpendi- 
cular fall of 50 feet, affording 
hydraulic power to a great extent, 
none of which is at present used 
for manufacturing purposes. The 
Champlain canal feeder passes 
through this place, uniting with 
the main canal about one mile east 
of the village, affording canal na- 
vigation to Lake Champlain and 
the navigable waters of the Hudson. 
The Saratoga and Washington rail- 
road, when completed, will run 
through Sandy Hill, extending 
from Saratoga Springs to White- 
hall, a distance of 40 miles. 

Sangerfield, t. Oneida co. 
situated 15 miles south of the city 
of Utica, and distant 89 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,251 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
soil, rich loam, underlaid by lime; 
drained south by the Chenango ri- 
ver, and north by the Oriskany 
creek. Sangerfield and Waterville 
are names of post offices. 

Sangerfield, v. and p. o. San- 
gerfield, Oneida county, contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian church, 2 
taverns and 1 store. 

Saranac, t. Clinton co. situa- 
ted 15 miles west of the village of 
Plattsburgh, and distant 180 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,462 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly and mountainous ; it abounds 
with iron ore, and is heavily tim- 



bered. The Saranac river runs 
through this town in a north-east 
direction, forming a valley of con- 
siderable extent, the soil of which 
is generally loam of good quality. 
Saranac and Redford are names of 
post offices. 

Saranac Lake, Lower, lies 
in the south part of Franklin coun- 
ty ; it is 7 miles long and 2 or 3 
miles wide, abounding in trout and 
other fish of a fine flavor. It is 
connected with Round Lake, on 
the west, and several other lakes 
and ponds. 

Saranac Lake, Upper, lies 
in the south part of Hamilton coun- 
ty, 3 or 4 miles west of Lower 
Saranac Lake, with which it com- 
municates through Round lake. It 
is 10 miles long, and from 2 to 3 
miles wide, surrounded by nume- 
rous other lakes and ponds, all 
abounding in fish peculiar to this 
part of the country. The lakes in 
this vicinity constitute the head 
sources of the Saranac and Racket 
rivers, the former emptying into 
Lake Champlain and the latter in- 
to the St. Lawrence river. The 
lakes with most of the outlets, af- 
ford boatable navigation to a con- 
siderable extent. 

Saranac River, rises in the 
south part of Franklin co. and is 
the outlet of Upper and Lower 
Saranac lakes. It pursues a north- 
east course across the north-west 
angle of Essex county, and through 
Clinton county, where it empties 
into Lake Champlain at the village 
of Plattsburgh, affording in its 
course much available water power. 
It is said this stream might be ea- 
sily rendered boatable, for a con- 
siderable portion of its length, in 
connection with the lakes at its 
source, which approach to within 
one mile of the boatable sources of 
the Racket river. "Thus it ap- 
pears," remarks the State Geolo- 
gists, " that by excavations equal 
in the aggregate to 65 miles, and 



SARATOGA. 359 

an amount of 240 feet lockage, I would be increased probably, to 
continuous lines of navigation more than 300, if we take into 
through and connecting with these j consideration the coasts of the 
two rivers may be formed, equal in lakes." 
extent to 210 miles ; and that this I 

SARATOGA COUNTY, taken from Albany in 1791, is centrally 
distant 36 miles north from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the 
north by Warren county, east by the Hudson river, south by the coun- 
ties of Albany and Schenectady, and west by Fulton and Herkimer 
counties. The surface of this county is diversified ; on the north and 
north-west are the Palmertown and Kayaderosseras mountains ; the 
central and south-eastern parts are undulating, with some hills of a 
modeia'e height, interspersed with sandy plains of considerable extent. 
The soil is mostly sandy or gravelly loam with some clay, of different 
qualities, in mineral waters this county stands unrivalled; they are 
chiefly situated in or near the villages of Ballston Spa or Saratoga 
Springs ; those in the latter place have become the most celebrated, 
both as to their number and their medicinal properties. Two or three 
new springs have recently been discovered at the latter place, which 
are thought to rival those that have heretofore maintained the ascend- 
ancy. An analysis of the principal fountains will be found under the 
head of the places in which they are located. In the immediate vicin- 
ity of Saratoga Springs, there are several interesting minerals ; agate 
and calcedony are found associated with a silicious limestone, with 
other rare specimens. Among the more useful productions of this 
county, may be mentioned marl and bog iron ore, of which there are 
several localities. The Hudson river bounds this county in part on the 
north and on the east for its whole extent, receiving in its course the 
Sacandaga river, Fish creek and the Mohawk river, which waters it on 
the south. There are also several small lakes, the principal of which 
are Saratoga lake, Ballston lake and Round lake ; the former receives 
the waters of Kayaderosseras creek, an important mill stream, which ri- 
ses in the centre of the county. The Saratoga and Schenectady and 
Rensselaer and Saratoga railroads both run to the village of Ballston 
Spa, from different points, the former terminating at the village of 
Saratoga Springs. The Champlain Canal also extends along the west 
side of the Hudson river from Fort Miller Bridge to Waterford, where 
it crosses the Mohawk. The county buildings are located in the village 
of Ballston Spa, in the town of Milton. Its area is about 800 square 
miles, or 511,000 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Saratoga county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Ballston, 2,044 

Charlton, 1,933 

Clifton Park, 2,719 

Corinth, ] ,365 

Day, 942 

Edinburgh, 1,458 

Galway, 2,412 

Greenfield, 2,803 

Hadley, 86*5 

Halfmoon, 2,631 

Malta, 1,457 



Milton, 3,166 

Moreau, 1,576 

Northumberland, 1,672 

Providence, 1,507 

Saratoga, 2,624 

Saratoga Springs, 3,384 

Stillwater, 2,733 

Waterford, 1,824 

Wilton, 1,438 



Total inhabitants, 40,553 



360 



SARATOGA— SARATOGA SPRINGS. 



Saratoga, t. Saratoga co. sit- 
uated 10 miles north-east of the 
village of Ballston Spa, and distant 
34 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,624 inhabitants. The 
surface is generally uneven, with 
some rich alluvial flats on the Hud- 
son river ; soil, mostly gravelly 
loam. Saratoga lake lies on the 
west boundary of this town, from 
which flows easterly Fish creek, 
emptying into the Hudson at the 
village of Schuylerville. The 
Champlain canal here runs parallel 
to the river on its west side. It 
was in this town near Schuylerville, 
that Gen. Burgoyne surrendered to 
the American army, Oct. 17, 1777. 
Dean's Corners, Grangerville, Qua- 
ker Springs and Schuylerville are 
names of post oflices. 

Saratoga Lake, lying in 
Saratoga county, is a beautiful 
sheet of water, situated 4 miles 
south-east of the village of Sarato- 
ga Springs, and 5 miles east of 
Ballston Spa ; it is 9 miles long 
and about 2 miles wide. This lake 
is much resorted to during the sum- 
mer months by parties of pleasure, 
where are caught in abundance 
pike, pickerel, perch and other 
fish. The shores abound with 
game, which together with the 
lake, afford ample sport to the 
huntsman and angler. 

Saratoga Springs, t. Sara- 
toga co. situated 6 miles north of 
the village of Ballston Spa, and 
distant 36 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1840, 3,384 inhabitants. 
The surface is mostly level or un- 
dulating, except on the north-west, 
where it is hilly; soil, light sand 
or sandy loam, which with proper 
culture is made productive ; drain- 
ed east by Ellis' creek, and some 
other small streams running into 
the Kayaderosseras creek, which 
in part bounds it on the south. 

Saratoga Springs, v. and 
p. o. Saratoga Springs, Saratoga 
co. is pleasantly situated on a plain, 



36 miles north of the city of Al- 
bany, and is justly celebrated as 
being the most noted watering 
place in the United States, there 
being here found a large number 
of mineral springs, possessing 
great medicinal properties, varying 
somewhat in their analysis. It is 
built chiefly on one broad street or 
avenue, and the numerous large ho- 
tels and houses for the accommo- 
dation of visitors, give it an im 
posing appearance, in particular 
when thronged with company, as 
it usually is during the summer 
months. This village was incor- 
porated in 1S26, and now contains 
about 2,500 inhabitants, 300 dwell- 
ing houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Epis- 
copal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 1 
Universalist and 1 Roman Catholic 
church ; 1 mutual insurance com- 
pany, an incorporated academy, a 
female seminary and several select 
schools ; the Young Men's Asso- 
ciation is a new and popular char- 
tered institution, numbering about 
150 members ; 35 stores, of differ- 
ent kinds ; 2 iron founderies, 1 
machine shop, an extensive car- 
riage manufactory, and 3 printing 
offices, besides many other kinds of 
mechanic work shops. 

The hotels and boarding houses 
in this village are numerous, and 
many of them fitted up on a large 
and magnificent scale, unsurpassed 
by any other similar establishments 
in the Union. The United States 
Hotel, situated near the railroad 
depot, is a large four story brick 
edifice, furnishing accommoda- 
tions for 400 guests ; the location 
is central, and within a short dis- 
tance of all the principal mineral 
springs for which this place is so 
justly celebrated. Congress Hall 
and Union Hall are both old and 
popular establishments, situated on 
the south of the village near the 
Congress spring. The Pavilion 
on the north, near the Flat Rock; 
and the newly discovered mineral 



SARATOGA SPRINGS. 



36! 



fountains, known as the Pavilion I tainty be ascertained. As early as 
springs, is pleasantly situated, sur- 1773, a settlement was made here, 
rounded in part by highly cultiva- a little west of the High Rock 
ted grounds — which is also charac- spring, for the double purpose of 
teristic of most of the large pub- trading with the Indians, as well as 
lie houses built for the accommo- to afford accommodations to visit- 
dation of summer visitors. The ors, they then being resorted to by 
American Hotel is a new house invalids. The High Rock and 
built of brick, in the centre of the Flat Rock were the only springs at 
village, affording accommodations that time known. The Congress 
for upwards of 100 persons ; it is spring was first discovered in 1792. 
well furnished, and is kept open ; There are now within the distance 
through the year, affording good of about half a mile, some 10 or 
accommodations both in winter 12 important mineral fountains, 
and summer; also, the Columbian j flowing to the surface, being, most 
Hotel, Montgomery //n/Zand jl&el- of them, located near the margin 
phi Hotel, are all well kept public of a brook which runs through the 
houses, and remain open for the ac- village on the east. Congress 
commodation of visitors during spring, Washington spring, Put- 
the whole year. Besides the above 
there are 6 taverns and some 20 or 
30 private boarding houses, all of 
which accommodate visitors du- 
ring the summer months. There 
are also several public bathing 
houses located near the springs, 



nam's spring, Pavilion springs, Io- 
dine spring, Hamilton spring, and 
the Flat Rock and High Rock 
springs, may be named as the most 
valuable for their medicinal prop- 
erties, and as objects of curiosity 
A cluster of mineral springs known 
where cold and warm water and as the " Ten Springs," is situated 
shower bathing can at all times be about one mile east of the village 
obtained. The Schenectady and of Saratoga Springs ; the most eel - 
Saratoga railroad terminates at this ebrated of these springs is known 
place, after uniting with the Rens- as the Union spring. In the vicin- 
selaer and Saratoga railroad at [ity is located the Mansion House, 
Ballston Spa. These railroads afford la well kept summer establishment, 
a speedy communication between Large quantities of these waters 
the Springs and the cities of Alba- 1 are annually exported to different 
ny, Schenectady and Troy. The parts of the country, affording a 
Saratoga and Washington railroad i handsome income to the several 
is now in progress of construction, owners, most of them being pri- 
and is to extend from Saratoga vate property, although no charge 
Springs to Whitehall, on Lake is made to visitors, other than 
Champlain, a distance of 40 miles, what they voluntarily pay to the 
Stages now run from the Springs to persons who are employed to wait 
Glens Falls and Caldwell's, as well on the company who throng to the 
as to Sandy Hill and Whitehall. different fountains during the sum- 

The celebrated mineral waters of mer months. 
Saratoga Springs, which are the 
great cause of attraction t^ this 
place, require a particular descrip- 
tion. At what precise period of 



time the mineral springs, which 
have rendered Saratoga so justly 
celebrated, were first discovered, 
cannot now with any degree of cer- 



The following is an analysis of 
some of the principal Springs of 
Saratoga. 

Congress Spring. From experiments 
and deductions by Dr. Steel, one gallon, 
or 231 cubic inches of the water of the 
Congress spring, is found to contain the 
following substances, viz : 



362 



SARATOGA SPRINGS. 



Groins. 
Chloride of Sodium, (sea salt). . 385.0 

Hydriodate of Soda, 3.5 

Bi- carbonate of •' 8.982 

of Magnesia, 95.788 

Carbonate of Lime 98 . 098 

" of Iron, 5.075 

Silex 1.5 

Hydro-bromate of Potash, a trace, 

Total Grains, 597.943 

Carbonic acid gas, cubic inches, 31 1 
Atmosphenc air, 7 

Gaseous contents, 318 

Washington Spring, is situated in a 
south-west direction from Congress 
spring. It is a sparkling acidulous wa- 
ter; its temperature is 50 degrees, and 
one gallon of it affords the following ar- 
ticles, viz : Grams. 

Chloride of sodium, 281 .5 

Bi-carbonate of Soda, 16.5 

" of Magnesia, 40.92 

Carbonate of Lime, 92-6 

of Iron, 3.25 

Silix 1.5 

Hydriodate of Soda, 2. 75 

Solid contents in a gallon,. . 439.02 

Cabonic acic gas, cubic inches, 262.5 
Atmospheric air, 6.8 

Gaseous contents in a gallon, 269.3 

Putnam's Congress Springes located 
a few rods east of the United States Ho- 
tel. The following is an Analysis taken 
by James R. Chilton, M. D. of New- 
York City. One gallon of water con- 
tains the following ingredients, viz : 

Grains. 

Chloride of Sodium, 214.00 

Carbonate of Soda, 14.32 

of Lime, 68.80 

Iodide of Sodium, with a trace of 

Bromide of Potassiam, 2.00 

Phosphate of Lime, 0.21 

Sulphate of Soda, 1.68 

Carbonate of Magnesia, 51.60 

of Iron 7.00 

Silicia, 0.84 

Alumina, 0.56 

Total, 361.01 

Carbonic acid, cubic inches, 341.88 
Atmospheric air, 6.04 

Total, 347.92 

The Gasses were obtained and ana- 
lyzed at the Spring, the temperature of 
the water being 51* Fahrenheit, in July. 



Pavilion Fountain, this celelebrated 
medicinal fountain rises in a valley near 
the Pavilion Hotel, and was tubed up 
from a depth of forty feet, in May, 
1840, after incredible labor and expense. 
The great curiosity it excited, and the 
crowds which it daily attracted, induced 
the proprietors to have the same ana- 
lyzed in August following, when one 
gallon of water was found to contain 
these constituents, viz : Grains. 

Chloride of Sodium, 226.58 

Carbonate of Magnesia, 62.50 

" Lime, 60.24 

Carbonate of Soda, 4.70 

Oxide of Iron, 3. 10 

Iodide of Sodium,.... ) „ „. 

Bromide of Potassium, ) 

Silica, 62 

Alunmia, 25 

361.74 

Carbonic acid gas, 480.01 

Atmospheric air, 8.09 

Cubic inches, 488. 10 

The quantity of gas which evolves 
from the Pavilion Fountain is double its 
volume of water ; which fact, ren- 
ders it an object of great curiosity, and 
increases its medicinal properties. 

Iodine Spring, iu a new fountain, lo- 
cated a few rods north of the celebrated 
High Rock Spring. According to an 
analysis of Professor Emmons, of the 
Medical College in Albany, and one of 
the state geologists, one gallon of this wa- 
ter contains the following ingredients : 
Grains. 

Muriate of Soda, 187 

Carbonate of Lime, 26 

" Iron, 1 

Magnesia, 75 

Soda, 2 

Hydriodate of Soda or Iodine,. • • • 3^ 

294j 

Carbonic acid gas, (from water 
which had been botded three 
weeks,) 330 

Atmospheric air, 4 

Cubic inches, 334 

The freedom of this water from iron is 
truly remarkable, and as Professor E. 
remarks, " supplies a desideratum which 
has been long wanting, viz : a water 
which may be drank by a certain class 
of invalids with whom iron proves a de- 
cided injury." 

Union Spring, one of the most cele- 
brated of the " Ten Springs :" analyzed 



SARATOGA— SAW MILL RIVER. 



363 



1841, by James R. Chilton, M. D. One 
gallon of this water contains the follow- 
ing ingredients : 

Grains. 

Chloride of Sodium 243.620 

Carbonate of Magnesia, 84.265 

Lime, 41.600 

" Soda, 12.800 

Iron, 5.452 

Iodide of Sodium, 3.600 

A trace of Bromide of Potassi- 
um, Silica and Alumnia, • ■ • • 1 • 570 

392.907 
Carbonic acid gas, (from 
water bottled four weeks,) 314.16 
Atmospheric air, 4.62 

Cvbic inches, 318.78 

Saratoga and Schenec- 
tady Railroad, extends from 
the city of Schenectady to the vil- 
lage of Saratoga Springs, a dis- 
tance of 21 5 miles ; running 
through the village of Ballston Spa, 
where it forms a junction with the 
Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad, 
extending to the city of Troy. — 
This road was incorporated in 1831, 
with a capital of $150,000 ; and 
was opened for public use, July 12, 
1832. At Schenectady, this road 
connects with the Mohawk and 
Hudson railroad, and with the Uti- 
caand Schenectady railroad. 

Sardinia, t. Erie co. situated 
28 miles south-east of the city of 
Buffalo, and distant 274 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,743 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
soil, moist clay loam, well adapted 
to grass ; drained by Cattaraugus 
creek, which bounds it on the 
south. 

Sardinia, v. and p. o. Sar- 
dinia, Erie co. contains about 200 
inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
Baptist church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
1 woollen factory, 1 furnace, 1 grist 
mill and 1 saw mill. 

SAUGERTiES,t. Ulster co. situ- 
ated 10 miles north of the village 
of Kingston, and distant 46 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
6,216 inhabitants. The surface on 
the west is covered by the Catskill 



mountains, while on the east, as 
you approach the Hudson, it is 
comparatively level, and the soil of 
good quality ; drained by the 
Plattekill and Esopus creeks flow- 
ing into the Hudson river, which 
bounds it on the east. Saugerties, 
Glasco, Maiden and West Camp, 
are names of post offices. The for- 
mer is situated in the village of 
Ulster, although most generally 
known by the name of the post 
office. 

Sauquoit, v. and p. o. Paris, 
Oneida co. is situated on both sides 
of Sadaquada or Sauquoit creek, it 
contains about 300 inhabitants, 50 
dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2 ta- 
verns, 4 stores, 2 large cotton fac 
tories, 1 paper mill, 2 flouring 
mills and a clothier's works. — 
About half a mile south-west of 
this place, is situated an inflamma- 
ble sulphur spring. This water pos- 
sesses valuable medicinal quali- 
ties, the gas which escapes is used 
for domestic purposes in the light- 
ing of the public house, which is 
located near by, and accommo- 
dates visitors. 

Savannah, t. Wayne co. sit- 
uated 11 miles east of the village of 
Lyons, and distant 170 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,718 
inhabitants. The surface is level 
and swampy on the south-east, be- 
ing in part covered by the Monte- 
zuma marshes ; the soil on the 
north and west is of a good quality. 
Near the centre of this town is a 
small lake called Crusoe lake, its 
outlet flows east into Seneca river. 
Savannah, is the name of a post 
office. 

Sawkill Creek, rises in the 
town of Milan, Dutches co. and 
flows west through the town of 
Redhook, when it empties into 
the Hudson river. 

Saw Mill River, rises in 
Westchester co. and runs in a 
south-west direction, emptying in- 
to the Hudson at the village of 



364 



SAYVILLE— SCHENECTADY. 



Yonkers ; on this stream are loca- 
ted several factories and mills of 
various kinds. 

Sayville, p. o. Islip, Suffolk 

CO. 

Scarsdale, t. Westchester co. 
situated 4 miles south of the vil- 
lage of White Plains, and distant 
135 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 255 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling ; soil, sandy and 
clay loam ; drained south by the 
Bronx river which bounds it on the 
west. 

Schaghticoke, t. Rensselaer 
co. situated 10 miles north of the 
city of Troy, and distant 15 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
3,389 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, sand, clay and 
loam, underlaid with slate and of 
good quality ; drained by Tom- 
hanic creek and the Hoosick river 
flowing into the Hudson, which 
bounds it on the west. Schaghti- 
coke is the name of a post office. 

Schaghticoke Point, v. 
Schaghticoke, Rensselaer co. is a 



flourishing manufacturing village, 
situated in the romantic valley of 
the Hoosick river, 4 miles east of 
the Hudson. It contains about 
1,400 inhabitants, 175 dwelling 
houses, 3 churches, several select 
schools, 2 public houses and six 
stores. Here are 2 cotton facto- 
ries containing 6,000 spindles and 
150 looms ; an extensive linen fac- 
tory, for the manufacture of flax 
and hemp into canvass, bagging, 
&c. ; also, an establishment for 
manufacturing powder kegs by 
water power ; 1 machine shop, 1 
extensive grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
and 1 clothier's works, together 
with 2 extensive powder mills in 
the immediate neighborhood. This 
place is surrounded by a highly 
improved district of country, and is 
noted for the extent and value of 
its available water power ; the fall 
of the waters of the Hoosick, with- 
in half a mile, is about 100 feet ; 
not a tenth part of the hydraulic 
power here afforded, has yet been 
brought into use. 



SCHENECTADY COUNTY, taken from Albany in 1809, is cen- 
trally distant 20 miles west from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on 
the north by the counties of Montgomery and Saratoga, east by Sara- 
toga and Albany, south by Albany, and west by Schoharie and Mont- 
gomery counties. The surface is diversified and the soil various ; — 
there are extensive alluvial flats in the valley of the Mohawk, which 
are exceedingly rich and fertile. Of minerals very few have hitherto 
been found in this county ; the only useful ore discovered, is bog iron 
ore. It is watered by the Mohawk river, parallel to which, on the 
south side, extends the Erie. Canal. The Mohawk and Hudson and 
the Schenectady and Troy railroads, here unite with the Utica and 
Schenectady railroad. The Saratoga and Schenectady railroad also 
commences at this place, and extends north to Saratoga Springs. Its 
area is about 200 square miles, or 125,000 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Schenectady county, 
with the population in 1840. 

Duanesburgh, 3,357 I Rotterdam, 2,284 

Glenville, 3,068 | Schenectady, 6,784 

Niskayuna, 693 1 

Princetown, 1,201 I Total inhabitants, 17,387 



Schenectady City, Sche- 
nectady county, is situated on the 
south bank of the Mohawk river, 
15 miles north-west of Albany. — 



This is an ancient place, having 
been settled by the Dutch as early 
as 1620, for the purpose of trading 
with the Indians, by whom it was 



SCHENECTADY. 



365 



called Schagh-nac-taa-da, sygnify- 
ing " beyond the pine plains." — 
Feb. 9, 1690, during the old 
French and Indian wars, it was ta- 
ken by surprise in the dead of 
night, sacked and burnt by the 
Indians, when a great number of 
its inhabitants were massacred and 
others taken into captivity. It was 
chartered in 1798, and in 1840 
contained 6,7S4 inhabitants, about 
1,000 dwelling houses, 3 college 
buildings attached to Union Col- 
lege, a city hall and jail, a clerk's 
and surrogate's office, 1 public 
market, 1 lyceum, 1 young men's 
association, 1 female academy, 3 
banking houses, 1 savings bank, 1 
1 Dutch Reformed, 1 Pres- 
byterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 
1 Methodist, 1 Cameronian, 1 Ro- 
man Catholic, 1 Universalist and 1 
African church ; 15 hotels and ta- 
verns, 100 stores and groceries ; 1 
cotton factory, 2 flouring mills, 2 
iron founderies, 1 brewery, 1 to- 
bacco factory, 1 steam planing 
mill, 3 tanneries, 2 machine shops 
and 1 plough and wagon manufac- 
tory. Here concentrate railroads 
communicating with Albany, Troy, 
Saratoga Springs and Utica ; — 
which, together with the Erie canal 
passing through the centre of 
the city, renders this place a great 
thoroughfare both summer and 
winter. 

Union College, is delightfully si - 
tuatedonan eminence, about half a 
mile east of the city, it was incor- 
porated in 1795, and derived its 
name from the fact that its found- 
ers were members of different de- 
nominations, and proposed (he ex- 
tension of its advantages indiscrimi- 
nately to every faith. It is under 
the government of 21 trustees, 11 
of whom hold their places ex-offi- 
cio ; being the governor, lieuten- 
ant governor, chancellor, &c. for 
the time being, of the state of New- 
York ; the immediate government 
is committed to a faculty consist- 



ing of the president, 6 professors, 
and 4 assistant professors. There 
is a professorship of ancient lan- 
guages, one of rhetoric and moral 
philosophy, one of oriental litera- 
ture, one of mathematics and natu- 
ral philosophy, one of political 
economy and intellectual philoso- 
phy, one of civil polity and histo- 
ry, one of modern languages, and 
one of chemistry and natural histo- 
ry. The president, at this time, is 
the Rev. Dr. Nott, who has held 
the same office since 1804, and is 
supposed to be the oldest presiding 
officer of any similar institution in 
this country. The present number 
of students is about 290. The col- 
lege year is divided into three 
terms, and the whole necessary ex- 
pense to a student, for board, tui- 
tion, &c. is about $115 annually. 
A fund has also been established 
by the state, for (he benefit of indi- 
gent students, whose annual ex 
pense for instruction and board is 
about $70. The buildings con- 
sist of 2 brick and 1 stone edifice, 
4 stories in height, containing ac- 
commodation for the president and 
professors, and their respective 
families, 2 chapels, lecture and li- 
brary rooms, 4 halls for the meet- 
ing of literary societies, and dormi- 
tories for students. Attached to 
the above edifices, are about 250 
acres of land, appropriated in part 
to groves, for recreation and 
health, the whole being unsurpass- 
ed, if equalled, for natural beauty 
and capability for improvement — 
The annual commencement takes 
place on the fourth Wednesday of 
July, after which, there is a vaca- 
tion of six weeks. 

Schenectady and Troy 
Railroad; the charter for this 
road was obtained in 1836, and the 
work commenced in November, 
1840. The length of the road from 
Troy to its junction with the Utica 
and Schenectady railroad, at Sche- 
nectady, is 20 miles, and its esti- 



366 



SCHENECTADY AND TROY R. R — SCHODACK. 



mated cost 0600,000. It runs 
through the towns of Watervliet 
and Niskayuna, inclining to the 
north, running' parallel with the 
Mohawk river. Great expense 
has been encountered in order to 
obtain favorable grades and cur- 
vatures ; some of the cuts and 
embankments are over 70 feet in 
depth. The road crosses the 
Hudson river opposite Troy, by 
a magnificent bridge of 1,600 feet 
in length, supported on stone piers, 
through which there is a draw for 
the passage of vessels, 60 feet in 
width. About a quarter of a mile 
beyond this bridge the road crosses 
the south branch of the Mohawk 
river, the Erie canal, and several 
streets in West Troy, by a continu- 
ous bridge of 1,150 feet in length, 
the level of the road being about 20 
feet above the surface of the ground. 
Beyond this there is a heavy em- 
bankment 3,500 feet in length, and 
from 15 to 30 feet in height. — 
There are upwards of one hundred 
and twenty arch and box culverts 
on the line of the road. Two road- 
bridges over and three under the 
railroad, besides farm bridges and 
crossings. The masonry is built 
in a very massive and permanent 
manner ; the larger structures of 
blocks, of limestone brought from 
the town of Amsterdam, a dis- 
tance of 40 miles, by the Erie canal; 
and the smaller culverts, of the 
stone found in the vicinity of the 
railroad. The whole of the ma- 
sonry is laid in hydraulic cement. 
There are also three tunnels on the 
road cut through slate rock, the 
longest of which is 250 feet in 
length, and passes the waters of a 
tributary of the Mohawk river un- 
der the railroad. The superstruc- 
ture is to be laid in the most per- 
manent manner, such as is adopted 
on the eastern railroads. This 
road, it is intended will form the 
connecting link between the New- 
England railroads and those of the 



western and northern parts of this 
state. It connects with the Utica 
and Schenectady and Saratoga and 
Schenectady railroads at its west- 
ern extremity, and the Rensselaer 
and Saratoga railroad at its eastern 
end ; from thence is to be con- 
structed a branch railroad south, to 
the village of Greenbush, a dis- 
tance of 6 miles ; connecting with 
the Albany and West Stockbridge 
railroad. The work on this road is 
now (Jauuary, 1842,) about 
three-fourths completed, and the 
entire road it is expected will be 
opened for use in July next. 

Schlosser, Niagara, Niagara 
co. is a landing on the east side 
of Niagara river, about one and a 
half miles above the Falls of Niaga- 
ra, and opposite the village of Chip- 
pewa on the Canada side. It has 
of late become celebrated as be- 
ing the place where the steamboat 
Caroline was attacked by a British 
force, Dec. 29,1837, and destroyed; 
having been cut adrift and then 
set on fire, and suffered to be pre- 
cipitated over the Falls of Niagara. 

Schodack, t. Rensselaer co. 
situated 14 miles south of the city 
of Troy, and distant 7 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 4,125 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating and hilly ; soil, clay, loam, 
sand and gravel; drained by two or 
three small creeks flowing into the 
Hudson river, which bounds it on 
the west. Schodack Centre, Scho- 
dack Landing, South Schodack 
and Castleton, are names of post 
offices. At the former there is a 
small settlement. 

Schodack Landing, v. and 
p. o. Schodack, Rensselaer co. is 
situated on the east side of the 
Hudson river, 12 miles below the 
city of Albany ; it contains about 
350 inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 
1 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 2 
storehouses and a hay press. Here 
are owned several sloops, trading 
with the New-York market. 



SCHOHARIE— SCHROEPPEL. 



367 



^SCHOHARIE COUNTY, taken from Albany and Otsego counties in 
1795, is centrally distant 40 miles west from the city of Albany ; it is 
bounded on the north by Montgomery county, east by the counties of 
Schenectady and Albany, south by Ulster and Delaware, and west by 
Otsego county. The surface is hilly, with some portions of a moun- 
tainous character ; on the east lie the Catskill mountains and the Hcl- 
derberg hills, and on the west is the dividing- ridge between the waters 
that flow into the Mohawk and those which flow west into the Dela- 
ware and Susquehanna rivers. In the centre is the valley of the Schoha- 
rie creek, running north and south ; along which, the alluvial flats are 
very extensive, with a rich soil ot loam and vegetable mould. The 
soil of the uplands is of various qualities, generally better adapted to 
grass than grain. In this county are several minerals of great interest; 
there are a number of caverns containing various forms of calcareous 
spar. Stalactites and stalagmites are otten found here of enormous 
size, and with a structure of great beauty. Water limestone is found 
in the vicinity of Schoharie court house ; several localities of bog iron 
exist, but none of them are considered of much importance. Of sul- 
phur springs, there are several in this county, one of which, in the 
town of Sharon, is in considerable repute, and is surrounded by an in- 
teresting region for the geologist. The Schoharie creek, a tributary of 
the Mohawk, rises in Greene county, and flows northerly through this 
county. Its area is about 621 square miles, or 397,200 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Schoharie county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Blenheim, 2,725 

Broome, 2,404 

Carlisle, 1,850 

Cobleskill, 3,583 

Conesville, 1 ,621 

Fulton, 2,147 

Jefferson, 2,033 

Schoharie, t. Schoharie co. 
contains the county buildings situa- 
ted in the village of the same name; 
it is distant 32 miles from Albany, 
and contained in 1840, 5,534 in- 
habitants. The surface is some- 
what hilly, with extensive valleys, 
through which flow the Schoharie 
and Fox creeks ; the flats are very 
fertile, having long been cultivated, 
and still yield abundantly. Scho- 
harie, Central Bridge, Esperance, 
Gallopsville and Sloansville, are 
names of post offices. 

Schoharie, v. and p. o. Scho- 
harie, Schoharie co. contains about 
450 inhabitants, 60 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Lutheran church, an incor- 
porated academy, a court house, 
jail and county clerk's office ; 3 



Middleburg, 3,843 

Schoharie, 5,534 

Seward, 2,088 

Sharon, 2,520 

Summit, 2,010 



Total inhabitants, 32,358 

taverns, 4 stores, together with ma- 
ny kinds of mechanic work shops ; 
1 grist mill and 2 or 3 saw mills. 

Schoharie Creek, rises in 
Greene county, among the Cats- 
skill mountains, and flows north 
through the county of Schoharie 
and a part of Montgomery, where 
it falls into the Mohawk river. — 
This is a large and rapid mill 
stream, receiving in its course se- 
veral tributaries, all affording more 
or less water power. 

SCHROEPPEL, t. OswegO CO. 

situated 16 miles south-east of the 
village of Oswego, and distant 150 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,098 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling; soil, sandy loam ; 
watered by Oneida and Oswego 



368 



SCHROON— SCOTCHTOWN. 



rivers, which bound it on the south 
and west. Phoenix and Rosevelt 
are names of post offices. 

Schroon, t. Essex co. situated 
22 miles south of the village of 
Elizabeth, and distant 95 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,660 inhabitants. The surface on 
the east and west is mountainous, 
with an intervening - valley of con- 
siderable extent, dotted with nu- 
merous lakes and ponds, sending 
forth the Schroon branch of the 
Hudson river; soil, mostly sand 
and sandy loam, with some clay, 
in general covered with dense fo- 
rests. Schroon Lake, Paradox 
and Woodwardsville are names of 
post offices. At the former there 
is a settlement containing 1 tavern, 
1 store, 1 forge, 2 saw mills and 
several dwelling houses. 

Schroon Lake, lies partly in 
Essex county and partly in War- 
ren county ; it is 10 miles long 
and from 1 to 2 miles wide, 
abounding with trout and other 
kinds of fish. Deer and wild game 
of different kinds are found on its 
borders, which on the east is sur- 
rounded by a dense forest. 

Schroon River, rises in Es- 
sex county, and flows south into 
Warren county, where it unites 
with the main branch of the Hud- 
son river. 

Schultzville, p. o. Clinton, 
Dutchess co. 

Schuyler, t. Herkimer co. 
situated 7 miles west of the village 
of Herkimer, and distant 87 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,798 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly, but mostly arable, and very 
fertile in the valley of the Mohawk 
river, which stream bounds it on 
the south. East Schuyler and 
West Schuyler are names of post 
offices. 

Schuyler's Falls, p. o. 
Plattsburgh, Clinton co. 

Schuyler's Lake. SeeCa-f 
naderaga. r 



Schuyler's Lake, p. o. Ex- 
eter, Otsego co. 

Schuylerville, v. and p. 
o. Saratoga, Saratoga co. is situa- 
ted on the west side of the Hudson 
river; it was incorporated in 1831, 
and now contains about 600 inha- 
bitants, 90 dwelling houses, 3 
churches, 3 taverns, 10 stores 
of different kinds, and an in- 
corporated academy in a flourish- 
ing condition. Here are located 
on Fish creek, 1 cotton factory, 1 
woollen factory, 1 flouring mill, 1 
pail factory, 1 iron foundery and 1 
machine shop, altogether giving 
employment to about 200 opera- 
tives and mechanics. 

Scienceville, p. o. Wind- 
ham, Greene co. Here are situa- 
ted 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 furnace, 2 
tanneries, and 20 or 25 dwelling 
houses. 

Scio, t. Allegany co. situated 
15 miles south of the village of 
Angelica, and distant 261 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,156 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly and broken; soil, moist clay 
loam, heavily timbered with pine, 
hemlock and other forest trees; 
drained north by the Genesee river. 
Scio and Wellsville are names of 
post offices. 

Scipio, t. Cayuga co. situated 
8 miles south of the village of Au- 
burn, and distant 164 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,255 
inhabitants. The surface is slight- 
ly undulating; soil, clay, loam and 
alluvion, very fertile and highly 
cultivated; drained south and west 
by streams running into Cayuga 
lake, and east by creeks flowing- 
into Owasco lake, which lies on its 
eastern boundary. Scipio, Scipio- 
ville, Sherwood's Corners and 
The Square are names of post 
offices. 

Sconondoah, p. o. Verona, 
Oneida co. 

Scotchtown, p. o. Wallkill, 
Orange co. Here is an agricul- 



SCOTIA— SENECA. 



tural settlement, containing 1 
Presbyterian church, 1 tavern, 
2 stores, and 12 or 15 dwelling- 
houses. 

Scotia, v. and p. o. Glenville, 
Schenectady county, is situated on 
the north side of the Mohawk river, 
one mile west of the city of 
Schenectady; it contains about 
200 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
ses, 2 churches, 2 taverns and 3 
stores. 

Scotland, p. o. Ramapo, 
Rockland co. 

Scott, t. Cortland co. situated 
10 miles north of the village of 
Cortland, and distant 146 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,332 inhabitants. The surface is 
somewhat broken ; soil, argilla- 
ceous and calcareous loam of good 
quality ; drained south by some of 
the head branches of the Tiough- 
nioga river, and north by the inlet 
of Skaneateles lake. Scott is the 
name of a post office. 

Scottsburgh, p. o. Sparta, 
Livingston co. 

Scottsville, v. and p. o. 
Wheatland, Monroe co. is situated 
on Allen's creek, and on the line of 
the Genesee Valley canal ; it con- 
tains about 500 inhabitants, 80 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Episcopal and 1 Methodist church; 
2 taverns, 8 stores and groceries, 2 
grist mills, 1 plaster mill, 2 saw 
mills, 1 clothier's works, 1 distil- 
lery and 1 ashery. 



Scriba, t. Oswego county, 
contains a part of the county 
buildings, situated in the vil- 
lage of Oswego ; it is distant 162 
miles from Albany, and contained 
in 1840, 4,051 inhabitants. The 
surface is somewhat hilly; soil, 
sandy loam, of middling quality ; 
drained by several small streams 
flowing into Lake. Ontario, which 
bounds it on the north, while the 
Oswego river bounds on the west. 
Scriba is the name of a post 
office. 

Seaman's Retreat. See 
Stapleton. 

Searsburgh, p. o. Hector, 
Tompkins co. 

Searsville, p. o. Mamaka- 
ting, Sullivan co. 

Seeleysburgh, p. o. Napo- 
li, Cattaraugus co. 

Seeley's Creek, p. o. 
Southport, Chemung co. 

Sempronius, t. Cayuga co. 
situated 16 miles south-east of the 
village of Auburn, and distant 156 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,304 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling; soil, clay loam, 
underlaid by lime ; watered on the 
north-east by Skaneateles lake, 
and drained by several small 
streams flowing north and west. 
Sempronius is the name of a post 
office. 

Senate Districts. See Ci- 
vil Divisions, in the general article 
on the state, page 26. 



SENECA COUNTY, taken from Cayuga in 1804, is centrally dis- 
tant 172 miles west from the city of Albany. It is bounded on the 
north by Wayne county, east by Cayuga, south by Tompkins, and 
west by Ontario and Yates. The surface of this county is pleasingly 
diversified ; the land rises gradually from the lakes, which lie on the 
east and the west, forming hills and vales of great beauty. The soil is 
mostly a calcareous loam and mould, well adapted to the culture of 
grain and grass; fruit also flourishes and comes to great perfection. 
Seneca lake forms a part of the western, and Cayuga lake a part of the 
eastern boundaries. Across the north portion flows the Seneca river, 
parallel to which extends the Cayuga and Seneca canal, and the Au- 
burn and Rochester railroad. Near the village of Seneca Falls are 
important beds of gypsum, which are extensively worked. There are 
24 



370 



SENECA— SENECA LAKE. 



some mineral springs in this county ; the most noted and interesting - are 
near Canoga, from which nitrogen gas is said to be constantly and 
abundantly evolved. Its area is about 308 square miles, or 197,550 
acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Seneca county, with the 
population in 1840. 



Covert, 1,563 

Fayette, 3,731 

Junius, 1,594 

Lodi, 2,236 

Ovid, 2,721 

Romulus, 2,235 

Seneca, t. Ontario co. situated 
15 miles east of the village of Ca- 
nandaigua, and distant 179 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1S40, 
7,073 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating, rising into hills on the 
south; soil, clay and sandy loam 
of excellent quality ; drained north 
by Flint creek, and on the south- 
cast lies Seneca lake. Seneca 
Castle, Flint Creek, Geneva and 
Hall's Corners are names of post 
offices. 

Seneca Falls, t. Seneca co. 
situated 4 miles east of the village 
of Waterloo, and distant 167 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
4,281 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, mostly fertile 
loam; drained by Seneca river, 
and bounded in part on the east by 
Cayuga lake. The Cayuga and 
Seneca canal passes through this 
town from east to west. 

Seneca Falls, v. and p. o. 
Seneca Falls, Seneca county, is 
advantageously situated on both 
sides of the outlet of Seneca lake; 
it was incorporated in 1831, and 
now contains about 3,000 inhabi- 
tants, 400 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 
Methodist and I Roman Catholic 
church; an incorporated academy 
in a flourishing condition; 4 hotels 
and taverns, 20 dry goods and 
other stores ; 1 cotton factory, 8 
flouring mills containing 27 run of 
stones; 5 saw mills, 2 plaster mills, 
1 distillery, 2 iron founderies, 2 



Seneca Falls, 4,281 

Tyre, 1,506 

Varick, 1,971 

Waterloo, 3,036 



Total inhabitants, 



24,874 



pump manufactories, 1 sash ma- 
chine, 1 paper mill, 1 axe factory, 1 
cloth dressing works, 1 tannery and 
a boat yard, where are built lake 
and canal boats. In this neighbor- 
hood abounds large quantities of 
plaster or gypsum, which is here 
ground and sent to different parts 
of the country. The Cayuga and 
Seneca canal and the Auburn and 
Rochester railroad, both passes 
through this village. The water 
power afforded by the Seneca out- 
let is very great; (he desent from 
Seneca to Cayuga lake, a distance 
of 12 miles being about 75 feet. 
The stream is abundant, and not 
subject to freshets, scarcely ever 
having a rise to exceed two feet; 
the hydraulic power is great, and 
is but partially improved. At Se- 
neca Falls there is a descent of 
upwards of 40 feet within the dis- 
tance of one mile. Here are also 
five locks in the Cayuga and Sene- 
ca canal, which unites with the 
Erie canal at Montezuma. 

Seneca Lake, is one of the 
largest as well as the most beauti- 
ful of the numerous lakes, which 
so much adorn western New-York. 
It extends from south to north 40 
miles, and varies in width from 2 
to 4 miles. It is very deep, and in 
consequence is never frozen. The 
depth is not accurately known, but 
was found a year or two ago to be 
about 560 feet about 12 miles above 
the outlet. The water is very 
clear, and at a considerable depth 



SENECA RIVER— SENNETT 



371 



below the surface of course cool; 
it is sometimes brought up for 
drinking by letting down a corked 
bottle, till it reaches a depth at 
which the pressure of the water 
forces in the cork, and fills it. 
The lands about the southern or 
upper extremity of the lake are 
high and picturesque; about the 
northern less elevated, but undula- 
ting, and covered with the richest 
crops, with here and there remains 
of the magnificent primitive forest. 
The outlet of the lake is at the 
north-eastern angle, and the dis- 
charge of water furnishes an ample 
supply of power to the manufacto- 
ries of Waterloo and Seneca Falls, 
which flourishing villages are si- 
tuated, the former about 6 and the 
latter 10 miles from the lake. Se- 
neca lake receives the waters of 
Crooked lake at Dresden, about 12 
miles above Geneva. The outlet 
of Crooked lake is about 6 miles in 
length, and the descent to Seneca 
lake about 270 feet. A canal con- 
structed along this outlet connects 
the two lakes. Seneca lake does 
not so much abound with fish as 
some of the other lakes, probably 
in consequence of the depth and 
coldness of its waters. There are 
found in it, however, white-fish, 
pike, pickerel, trout, perch, her- 
ring, rock-bass, striped-bass, chub, 
sun-fish, cat-fish, eels, shiners, 
mullet, &c. 

Seneca River, is formed by 
the outlets of several important 
lakes, known as the Central Lakes 
of Western New-York. Seneca 
lake may be considered the largest, 
although differing very little in 
size with Cayuga lake. The out- 
let of Seneca lake first takes the 
name of the above river, it men 
receives the surplus waters of 
Cayuga lake, and in the course of 
a few miles unites with Clyde ri- 
ver, which receives the waters of 
Canandaigua lake ; thence it pur- 
sues an easterly direction, receiving 



in its course the waters of Owasco 
lake, Skaneateles lake and several 
smaller lakes, until it unites with 
the Oneida river, the outlet of 
Oneida lake ; then the united 
streams take the name of Oswego 
river, which pursues a north course 
until it empties into Lake Ontario 
at the village of Oswego. These 
streams although not nagivable for 
any considerable distance, consti- 
tute a large and steady volume of 
water, and afford hydraulic power 
to an immense extent. On their 
banks are many thriving villages 
and large manufacturing establish- 
ments. 

Seneca Settlements, or 
Reservations, Erie county, 
consist of two Reservations ; the 
Buffalo Creek Reservation is situa- 
ted east, and adjoining the city of 
Buffalo; it contains about 50,000 
acres of land, and forms a part of 
the towns of Black Rock, Cheekto- 
waga, Lancaster, Alden, Wales, 
Aurora and Hamburgh. Here is a 
population of about 1,000 Indians; 
a few are engaged in agriculture, 
while others spend an idle life in 
hunting and fishing. The Catta- 
raugus Creek Reservation is situa- 
ted on the southern bounds of Erie 
county, extending in part into Cat- 
taraugus county. Here are about 
600 souls, partly engaged in 
agricultural pursuits. This latter 
settlement comprises part of the 
towns of Brandt and Collins. 

Sennett, t. Cayuga co. situa- 
ted 4 miles north of the village of 
Auburn, and distant 154 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,060 
inhabitants. The surface is rol- 
ling ; soil, clay and gravelly loam, 
most of it highly cultivated; drain- 
ed north by several small streams 
running into Seneca river. 

Sennett, v. and p. o. Sennett, 
Cayuga co. contains about 200 in- 
habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Baptist church; 
2 taverns and 2 stores. 



372 



SETAUKET— SHARON SPRINGS. 



Setauket, v. and p. o. Brook- 
haven, Suffolk co. is situated on a 
harbor of the same name on the 
north side of Long Island ; it con- 
tains about 800 inhabitants, 125 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Episcopal church; together 
with several taverns, stores and 
mechanic work shops. 

Seward, t. Schoharie co. si- 
tuated 15 miles west of the village 
of Schoharie, and distant 47 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,088 inhabitants. The surface is 
high and undulating ; soil, mostly 
of a good quality ; drained east 
by Cobleskill. Gardnersville and 
Hyndsville are post offices. 

Shaker Settlement, Wa- 
tervliet, Albany co. The Settle- 
ment of Believers, commonly call- 
ed " Shakers," is situated in the 
north-west part of the town of Wa- 
tervliet, 8 miles north-west of the 
city of Albany, and 8| south-east of 
Schenectady, being about 2 miles 
south of the Schenectady and Troy 
turnpike. This settlement contains 
about 300 inhabitants, living in 4 
distinct families, situated three- 
fourths of a mile apart, but forming 
one joint communion. It has 8 dwel- 
ling houses, 1 church, or house of 
public worship, 1 school-house, 3 
buildings for the transaction of 
public business, and 20 shops or 
buildings for mechanical labor; 
with a variety of other buildings 
for the accommodation and pur- 
pose of agriculture and horticul- 
ture; 2 saw mills, and 1 grain mill, 
situated on a small stream called 
Scherlyn Kill, which flows north 
into the Mohawk, about A\ miles 
distant; also, 1 planing machine, 
and 1 carding machine and con- 
denser, and 3 hand looms, by 
which are manufactured the prin- 
cipal part of the society's clothing, 
&c. The principal articles raised 
and manufactured for sale, are 
garden seeds, medicinal herbs, 
brooms, brushes and mops, whip 



lashes, palm leaf hats, bonnets and 
baskets. 

Shaker Settlement in 
Groveland, Livingston co. is situa- 
ted on the line of the Genesee Val- 
ley canal, where the Dansville 
branch diverges and runs south- 
east a distance of 11 miles to the 
village of Dansville. This settle- 
ment or village is located on the 
Cashaqua creek; it contains about 
130 inhabitants, 1 church, 1 flour- 
ing mill, 1 saw mill, and several 
work shops, besides a number of 
dwelling houses. 

Shaker Village. See Neio- 
Lebanon. 

Shandaken, t. Ulster co. si- 
tuated 24 miles west of the village 
of Kingston, and distant 83 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,455 inhabitants. The surface is 
mountainous being mostly covered 
by the Catskill range ; the soil is 
mostly of indifferent quality ; drain- 
ed east by the Esopus creek and 
south by the Neversink river. — 
Shandaken, Pine Hill and the 
Corners, are names of post offices. 

Sharon, t. Schoharie co. situa- 
ted 14 miles west of the village of 
Schoharie, and distant 40 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,520 inhabitants. The surface is 
high and undulating, resting upon 
limestone, which in many places 
makes its appearance on the sur- 
face ; in some places it is beauti- 
fully stratified and in others are ca- 
verns of great interest ; here also 
is a mineral spring which of late 
has attracted much attention. It 
is drained north by Bowman's 
creek. Sharon, Sharon Centre 
and Leesville, are names of post 
offices. 

Sharon Springs, Sharon, 
Schoharie co. is located on a high 
and commanding eminence, sur- 
rounded by caverns and romantic 
scenery of the greatest beauty, 
where has recently been erected a 
splendid and commodious hotel for 



SHAVERTOWN— SHELTER ISLAND. 



373 



the accommodation of visitors. — 
Here are springs greatly resembling; 
those of the White Sulphur Springs, 
of Virginia; which have been 
proved to be highly efficacious in 
rheumatic, cutaneous and dys- 
peptic complaints, and in some re- 
spects possess medicinal and 
healing properties unsurpassed and 
believed to be unequalled by any 
in the United States. From a re- 
cent Analysis, made by Dr. Chil- 
ton, of New-York, the following 
results have been obtained from one 
gallon of this water : 

Grains. 

Sulphate of Magnesia, 42.40 

Lime, 111.62 

Chloride of Sodium, 2.24 

" Magnesium, 2.40 

Hydrosulphuret of Sodium, ) 

Calcium, > 2.28 
Vegetable Extractive Matter, ) 

Total grains. 160.94 

Sulphuretted Hydrogen gas, 16 cubic inc. 

Shavertown, p. o. Andes, 
Delaware co. 

Shawangunk, t. Ulster co. 
situated 24 miles south-west from 
the village of Kingston, and dis- 
tant 87 miles from Albanv ; con- 
tained in 1840, 3,8S6 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly and mountain- 
ous on the north-west, being cov- 
ered by the Shawangunk moun- 
tain ; on the east rolling and in 
some places level; soil, various, 
on the east mostly sandy loam and 
very productive ; drained north- 
east by the Shawangunk creek and 
Wallkill. Shawangunk, Bruyns- 
wick, New Hurley and Ulsterville, 
are names of post offices. At the 
former are located 2 taverns, 3 
stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 woollen 
factory, 2 distilleries and about 
20 dwelling houses. 

Shawangunk Creek, or 
River, rises in Orange co. and 
flows north-east into Ulster coun- 
ty, where it empties into the Wall- 
kill. 

Shawangunk Mountains, 



is a continuation of the Allegany 
ridge, extending from the Dela- 
ware river in Orange county, in a 
north-east direction, through the 
east part of Sullivan into Ulster 
county, where it terminates in the 
town of New Paltz. This moun- 
tain is in part, on the eastern de- 
clivity cultivated, while on the west 
it is rocky and precipitous, and 
covered with a small growth of 
timber. Of its mineral produc- 
tions, but little is as yet known, 
other than a fine lead mine, which 
has been worked to a considerable 
extent. 

Shawnee, p o. Wheatfield, 
Niagara co. 

&helby, t. orlean co. situated 
10 miles south-west of the village 
of Albion, and distant 260 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,643 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly level ; soil, calcareous 
loam ; drained south by Oak Or- 
chard creek. Shelby, Shelby Ba- 
sin and Millville, are names of 
post offices. At the former is a 
settlement containing 1 church, 1 
tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill and a few dwelling nouses. 
Shelby Basin is situated on the 
line of the Erie canal. 

Sheldon, t. Wyoming co. 
situated 13 miles west of the vil- 
lage of Warsaw, and distant 262 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,353 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, moist clay 
loam, well adapted to grass •,— 
drained north by Tonawanda creek 
and west by Seneca creek. Shel- 
don, North Sheldon, Strykersville 
and Varysburgh are post offices. 

Sheldon, v. and p. o. Sheldon, 
Wyoming co. contains about 150 
inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Episcopal 
church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 2 ashe- 
ries and 1 tannery. 

Shelter Island, t. Suffolk 
co. situated 20 miles east of the 
village of Riverhead, and distant 



374 



SHENANDOAH— SIDNEY. 



245 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 379 inhabitants. This 
town comprises the whole of Shel- 
ter Island, lying between Great 
Peconic bay and Gardiner's bay ; 
it is 6 miles long by 4 miles broad. 
By the Indians it was called Man- 
hansack-aha-qushu-warnock, sig- 
nifying " an island sheltered by 
other islands." Its surface is une- 
ven, and most of its soil light and 
sandy ; some portions, however, 
are level and fertile. 

Shenandoah, p. o. Fishkill, 
Dutchess co. 

Sherburne, t. Chenango co. 
situated 12 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Norwich, and distant 92 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,791 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, argillaceous 
and sandy loam ; drained south by 
the Chenango river, parallel to 
which runs the Chenango canal. 

Sherburne, v. and p. o. Sher- 
burne, Chenango co. is situated on 
the east side of the Chenango river, 
on the line of the canal ; it was in- 
corporated in 1830, and now con- 
tains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
dist church, an incorporated acade- 
my, 3 taverns, 13 stores of differ- 
ent kinds, 3 forwarding houses, 1 
pottery and 1 furnace. 

Sheridan, t. Chautauque co. 
situated 20 miles north-east of the 
village of Mayville, and distant 307 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,883 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, mostly clay 
loam, with some sand ;. drained by 
Scott's, Walnut, and other creeks, 
flowing into Lake Erie, which 
bounds it on the north-west. She- 
ridan, East Sheridan and Orring- 
ton, are names of post offices. 

Sherman, t. Chautauque co. 
situated 10 miles south-west of the 
village of Mayville, and distant 340 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,099 inhabitants. The sur- 



face is uneven ; soil, clay and gra- 
velly loam ; drained south-west by 
French creek. Sher man and Sher 
man Centre, are names of post of- 
fices. 

Sherwood's Corners, p. o. 
Scipio, Cayuga co. 

Shingle Creek, p. o. Fow- 
ler, St. Lawrence co. 

Short Tract, p. o. Granger, 
Allegany co. 

Shinnecook Bay, lying in 
the town of Southampton, Suffolk 
co. is a charming body of water ; 
it is about 10 miles long and from 
3 to 4 miles wide, separated from 
the ocean by a narrow sand beach, 
which has doubtless been entirely 
formed by the waves of the sea. — 
This beautiful expanse of water, 
has long been justly celebrated for 
the excellence and variety of its 
marine productions. The clams 
found here, are of a superior quali- 
ty, and so abundant as to afford al- 
most constant employment to a 
great number of persons, who pro- 
pably take more than ten thousand 
dollars worth annually. 

Shrub Oak, p. o. Yorktown, 
Westchester co. 

Shultzville, p. o. Clinton, 
Dutchess co. 

Shushan, v. and p. o. Salem. 
Washington co. is situated on the 
Battenkill ; it contains about 150 
inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
Baptist church, a public building 
called Shushan Hall ; 1 store, 1 
woollen factory, 1 grist mill and 2 
saw mills. 

Sidney, t. Delaware co. situa- 
ted 18 miles west of the village of 
Delhi, and distant 100 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,732 
inhabitants. The surface is some- 
what hilly, declining west towards 
the Susquehanna river ; soil, well 
adapted to grazing ; drained by 
Oleout and some Ocher small creeks 
flowing into the Susquehanna. — 
Sidney, Sidney Centre, Sidney 
Plains and New Roads, are names 



SIDNEY PLAINS— SING SING. 



375 



of post offices. At the former there 
is a small settlement. 

Sidney Plains, v. and p. o. 
Sidney, Delaware co. is situated on 
the east side of the Susquehanna 
river ; it contains about 100 inha- 
bitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian and 1 Baptist church, 1 
tavern and 2 stores. 

Siloam, p.o. Smithfield, Madi- 
son co. ; here are situated 1 church, 

1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist mill and 
about 30 dwelling houses. 

Silver Creek, p. o. Hano- 
ver, Chautauque co. 

Silver Creek, rises in Hano- 
ver,Chaulauque co. and flows north- 
west into Lake Erie. 

Silver Lake, p. o. Castile, 
Wyoming co. 

Silver Lake, lying in Wyo- 
ming co. is a beautiful sheet of wa- 
ter ; it is about 3 miles in length 
and three-fourths of a mile wide, 
abounding in bass, pickerel, mus- 
calonge, and other fish peculiar to 
Lake Erie, from whence they were 
originally brought by the inhabi- 
tants residing in this vicinity. 

Sinclairville, v. Charlotte, 
Chautauque co. contains about 400 
inhabitants, 80 dwellings, 1 church, 

2 taverns, 3 stores, 2 grist mills, 2 
saw mills, 1 machine shop and 2 
clothier's works. 

Sing Sing, v. and p. o. Mount 
Pleasant, Westchester co. is de- 
lightfully situated on the east bank 
of the Hudson river. There are 
here four landings, from which 
steamboats and \essels ply daily to 
and from the city of New-York, a 
distance of 33 miles ; the main part 
of the village is situated on high 
and uneven ground, rising to an 
eminence of ISO feet above tide 
water ; from this point the view is 
extensive and varied, overlooking 
Tappanand Haverstraw bays, the 
Hudson and Croton rivers and the 
surrounding country, including a 
distant view of the Palisades and 
the Highlands. Sing Sing was in- 



corporated in 1813, and now con- 
tains about 2,500 inhabitants, 250 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
dist church ; 6 hotels and taverns, 
18 stores and groceries, 1 ship 
yard, 1 iron foundery, 1 grist mill, 
and Brandreth's pill factory. Here 
is situated near the river, the 
Mount Pleasant academy, an in- 
corporated institution for boys ; the 
edifice is constructed of marble, 
and is three stories in height above 
the basement ; the Mount Pleasant 
Female Seminary is also an incor- 
porated institution for young la- 
dies, beautifully located, possess- 
ing eveiy desirable advantage for 
a female boarding and day school. 
The Croton aqueduct bridge at this 
place, is an object of much attrac- 
tion ; it crosses over the Sing Sing 
Kill which passes through the vil- 
lage, by means of a handsome 
arch, constructed of solid masonry 
in the most durable manner ; the 
space between the abutments is 88 
feet, and the rise from the bottom 
of the creek, is about 100 feet. — 
This village derives its name from 
the Indian words "Ossin-Sing," 
meaning; in their language, the 
place of stone ; it is now celebra- 
ted for its marble quarries, which 
are worked to a great extent by 
the state prison convicts, who have 
here erected 2 large prisons, a 
keeper's house and several ranges 
of work shops, from materials 
found on the state farm ; where is 
also located a silver mine, which 
was worked to some extent previ- 
ous to the revolution, and a copper 
mine which has been more recently 
worked. The marble found in 
this vicinity, is of a good quality 
and almost inexhaustible ; large 
quantities are annually quarried 
and sent to the city of New-York 
and other places. 

The Mount Pleasant State Pri- 
son, situated about half a mile 
south of the village of Sing Sing, 



376 



SIX MILE CREEK— SLOATSBURGH. 



and thirty -three miles north of the 
city of New-York ; contained in 
1840, 827 male and female con- 
victs, of whom 60 were females. — 
The prison grounds consist of 130 
acres of land, lying- between the 
villages of Sing Sing *nd Sparta ; 
being bounded on the east by the 
Highland turnpike, and on the west 
by the Hudson river, which here 
affords a depth of twelve feet of 
water at the landing. The main 
prison building is four hundred and 
eighty-four feet in length, running 
north and south, and forty -four feet 
in width, fronting westerly on the 
Hudson, being 5 stories in height 
and containing 1,000 cells; in 
front and rear are located work 
shops of different kinds, which to- 
gether with the keeper's house are 
all built of rough dressed marble. 
Attached to the prison building on 
the south, is a chapel, hospital, 
kitchen, storehouses, &c. A new 
prison for female convicts stands on 
elevated ground, and is built of 
marble in the Ionic order. It con- 
tains well furnished apartments in 
front for the matrons, and the inte- 
rior finish for the reception of fe- 
male convicts, is neat and well ar- 
ranged. 

Six Mile Creek, p. o. Gran- 
by, Oswego co. 

Six Mile Creek, rises in 
Tompkins county, and flows north- 
west, emptying into the head of 
Cayuga lake at the village of 
Ithaca. 

Skaneateles, t. Onondaga 
co. situated 16 miles south-west of 
the village of Syracuse, and distant 
146 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 3,981 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating, soil, mostly 
of an excellent quality, and highly 
cultivated ; the northern and broad- 
est part of Skaneateles lake is in this 
town, which sends forth a copious 
outlet north into Seneca river. 
Skaneateles, Mandana, Mottsville 
and Rhoades are post offices. 



Skaneateles, v. and p. o. 
Skaneateles, Onondaga co. is de- 
lightfully situated at the foot of 
Skaneateles lake ; it was incorpo- 
rated in 1833, and now contains 
about 1,400 inhabitants, 200 dwel- 
ling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
dist church ; 2 public houses, 2 
printing offices, 15 stores of differ- 
ent kinds ; 1 woollen factory, 
1 flouring mill, 1 saw mill, 1 ma- 
chine shop, 1 tannery, 1 iron foun- 
dery, and 2 extensive carriage 
manufactories, besides many other 
kinds of mechanic work shops. 
A branch railroad extends from 
this place a distance of 5 miles 
north, uniting with the Auburn and 
Syracuse railroad. 

Skaneateles Lake, lies 
partly between the counties of 
Cayuga and Onondaga ; it is 15 
miles long, and from half a mile to 
one mile wide. This is a beauti- 
ful and romantic sheet of water ; 
on the north it is surrounded by 
highly cultivated farms and coun- 
try residences, while on the south 
the banks are more rugged and the 
scenery very picturesque and ro- 
mantic. It is also highly celebra- 
ted for its fine trout, which are 
taken in great abundance, weigh- 
ing from 5 to 10 pounds. 

Slate Hill, p. o. Minisink, 
Orange co. 

Slatersville, v. and p. o. 
Caroline, Tompkins co. situated on 
Six Mile Creek ; contains about 
300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Methodist church, 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 flouring mill, 2 saw mills, 1 
carding and fulling mill and 2 tan- 
neries. 

Sloansville, v. and p. o. 
Schoharie, Schoharie co. is situa- 
ted on the Cherry Valley turnpike, 
and on Vly creek ; it contains 
about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
houses ; 1 Baptist church ; 3 ta- 
verns, 4 stores, 1 grist mill and se • 
veral saw mills. 



SLOATSBURGH— SOCIALITY 



377 



Sloatsburgh, v. Ramapo, 
Rockland co. This is a manufac- 
turing settlement, handsomely si- 
tuated on the Ramapo river; it 
contains 1 church, 1 store, 1 cot- 
ton factory, 1 machine shop, 1 
grist mill, I saw mill and about 20 
dwelling houses. 

Smithboro', v. and p. o. 
Tioga, Tioga co. is situated on the 
north side of the Susquehanna 
river; it contains about 200 inha- 
bitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 Me- 
thodist church, 3 taverns, 3 stores 
and 1 saw mill. 

Smithfield, t. Madison co. 
situated 5 miles north of the village 
of Morrisville, and distant 106 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1S40, 1,699 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly; soil, highly fertile, 
underlaid with slate and lime ; 
drained north by Canaseraga and 
Cowasafon creeks. Peterboro' and 
Siloam are names of post offices. 

Smith's Mills, p. o. Hano- 
ver, Chautauque co. 

Smithtos, p. o. Broome, 
Schoharie co. 

Smithtown, t. Suffolk co. si- 
tuated 28 miles west of the village 
of Riverhead, and distant 197 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
1,932 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly level ; soil, sandy loam ; 
drained by Nesaquake river, flow- 
ing into Long Island Sound, which 
bounds it on the north. Smithtown 
and Comae are names of post offi- 
ces. At the former there is a small 
settlement. 

Smithtown Bay, is a large 
indentation of Long Island Sound ; 
it lies on the north side of Long 
Island, in the town of the same 
name, and is a good anchoring 
ground during easterly storms. It 
abounds with most kinds of fish, 
and is a great resort of wild water 
fowl. 

Smithville, t. Chenango co. 
situated 15 miles south-west of the 
village of Norwich, and distant 131 



miles from Albany; contained in 
1S40, 1,762 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, sandy 
loam ; drained south by Genegans- 
lette creek and some other small 
streams running into the Chenango 
river. 

Smithville, v. and p. o. 
Adams, Jefferson county, contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
houses; 1 Presbyterian church; 1 
tavern, 2 stores, 1 carriage ma- 
nufactory, an ashery and a distil- 
lery. 

Smithville Flats, v. and 
p. o. Smithville, Chenango co. 
is situated on Geneganslette creek ; 
it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
60 dwelling houses ; 1 Baptist 
church ; 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, 1 scythe and axe 
factory; 1 rake and pail factory; 
1 clothier's works, and 1 tan- 
nery. 

Smoky Hollow, p. o. Clave- 
rack, Columbia county. Here are 
located 1 woollen factory, 1 grist 
mill, and 1 machine shop ; 2 pub- 
lic houses, and about 20 dwelling 
houses. 

Smyrna, t. Chenango co. si- 
tuated 12 miles north of the village 
of Norwich, and distant 96 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,246 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly; soil, mostly good, with fer- 
tile valleys ; drained south-east by 
several tributaries of Chenango 
river. 

Smyrna, v. and p. o. Smyrna, 
Chenango co. is situated on the 
great western turnpike ; it was in- 
corporated in 1829, and now con- 
tains about 400 inhabitants, 50 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 
and 1 Baptist church ; 2 taverns, 
4 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 satinet 
factory, 1 cloth dressing and card- 
ing machine, and 1 tannery. 

Snake Island. See Rattle- 
snake Island. 

Sociality, p. o. Dayton, Cat- 
taraugus co. 



378 



SODUS— SOUTHAMPTON. 



Sodus, t. Wayne co. situated 
12 miles north of the village of 
Lyons, and distant 176 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 4,472 
inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
level, declining- north toward Lake 
Ontario; soil, well adapted to grain 
and grass; drained by Salmon 
creek and several small streams 
running into Sodus bay and Lake 
Ontario, which lie on the north. 
Sodus, Sodus Centre, Sodus Point, 
South Sodus, Alton and Salmon 
Creek are names of post offices. 

Sodus, v. and p. o. Sodus, 
Wayne co. is situated on the Ridge 
road, 5 miles south of Lake 
Ontario; it contains about 350 
inhabitants, 50 dwelling- houses, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
Methodist church; 2 taverns, 6 
stores, 1 steam saw mill, 1 tannery 
and 1 ashery. 

Sodus Bay, is an irregular 
body of water, lying in the towns 
of Sodus and Huron, Wayne co. 
communicating with Lake Ontario 
on the north. It may be called 5 
miles long, and from 1 to 3 miles 
wide. It is navigable, and at its 
mouth have been erected extensive 
piers and light-houses. It is some 
times called Great Sodus Bay. 

Sodus Point, v. and p. o. So- 
dus, Wayne co. is situated at the 
entrance of Great Sodus bay, into 
Lake Ontario. Here are situated 
two piers and two light-houses, 
constructed by the United States 
government at a large expense, af- 
fording a safe and commodious 
harbor. This is a port of entry, 
and contains 2 taverns, 1 store, 1 
steam saw mill and 25 dwelling 
houses. 

Solon, t. Cortland co. situated 
12 miles east of the village of 
Cortland, and distant 140 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,311 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, gravel, clay and 
sandy loam, of good quality and 
well adapted for grazing ; drained 



south by the Otselic river and 
some of its tributaries. Solon 
and East Solon are names of post 
offices. 

Somers, t. Westchester co. si- 
tuated 20 miles north of the village 
of White Plains, and distant 120 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,082 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is uneven in part, with some 
extensive plains ; soil, various, but 
mostly well adapted to grass and 
grain ; drained south by the Croton 
river and some of its tributa- 
ries. Somers, West Somers and 
Owenville are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Somers, v. and p. o. Somers, 
Westchester co. is situated on the 
Croton turnpike; it contains 2 
churches, 2 taverns, 2 stores and 
35 or 40 dwelling houses. 

Somerset, t. Niagara co. si- 
tuated 14 miles north-east of the 
village of Lockport, and distant 
280 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 1,742 inhabitants. The 
surface is level ; soil, sandy and 
clay loam ; drained by several 
small streams flowing into Lake 
Ontario, which bounds it on the 
north. Somerset and County Line 
are names of post offices. 

Somerville, v. and p. 0. 
Rossie, St. Lawrence co. contains 
about 175 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
houses, 2 taverns and 2 stores. 

South Amenia, p. o. Ame- 
nia, Dutchess co. 

Southampton, t. Suffolk co. 
centrally distant 10 miles south-east 
of Riverhead, and 247 from Al- 
bany ; contained in 1840, 6,205 in- 
habitants. The surface is mostly 
level; soil, light sand and sandy 
loam, and when well manured 
produces abundant crops of 
grass and grain. This is a large 
town, being bounded on the north 
by Great and Little Peconic bays, 
and on the south by the Atlantic 
ocean ; there are numerous inden- 
tations and headlands, abounding 



SOUTHAMPTON— SOUTHFIELD. 



379 



with fish, and game of different 
kinds. Southampton, Bridgeliamp- 
ton, Flanders, Good Ground, 
Quogue, Sag Harbor and Speonk 
are names of post offices. 

Southampton, v. and p. o. 
Southampton, Suffolk co. is situa- 
ted on the post road running on the 
south side of Long Island ; it con- 
tains about 400 inhabitants, 50 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
church, 3 wind-mills, besides se- 
veral taverns, stores and mechanic 
work shops. 

South Argyle,p. o.Argyle, 
Washington co. 

South Athol, p. o. Athol, 
Warren co. 

South Avon, p. o. Avon, 
Livingston co. 

South Bainbridge, v. and 
p. o. Bainbridge, Chenango coun- 
ty, is an agricultural settlement, 
situated on both sides of the Sus- 
quehanna river ; it contains 2 
churches, 3 taverns, 2 stores, 1 
gristmill, 1 saw mill, and about 
40 dwelling houses. 

South Barre, p. o. Barre, 
Orleans co. 

South Bay, lying in the coun- 
ty of Washington, between the 
towns of Dresden and Whitehall, 
communicates with Lake Cham- 
plain ; it is about 4 miles long and 
half a mile wide. 

South Bay. See Great South 
Bay. 

South Branch, p. o. Wirt, 
Allegany co. 

South Bristol, t. Ontario 
co- situated 12 miles south of the 
village of Canandaigua, and distant 
205 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,375 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly; soil, clay loam of 
medium quality ; drained north by 
Mud creek, and east by some small 
streams running into Canandaigua 
lake. South Bristol is the name 
of a post office. 

South Broadalbin, p. o. 
Broadalbin, Fulton co. 



South Butler, p. o. Butler, 
Wayne co. 

South Byron, p. o. Byron, 
Genesee co. 

South Cairo, p. o. Cairo, 
Greene co. 

South Cameron, p. o. Ca- 
meron, Steuben co. 

South Canton, p. o. Canton, 
St. Lawrence co. 

South Chili, p. o. Chili, 
Monroe co. 

South Columbia, p. o. Co- 
lumbia, Herkimer co. 

South Corinth, p. o. Co- 
rinth, Saratoga co. 

South Cortland, p. o.Cort- 
landville, Cortland co. 

South Danby, p. o. Danby, 
Tompkins co. 

South Dansville, p. o. 
Dansville, Steuben co. 

South Dickinson, p. o. 
Dickinson, Franklin co. 

South Dover, p. o. Dover, 
Dutchess co. 

South Durham, p. o. Dur- 
ham, Greene co. 

Southeast, t. Putnam co. 
situated 5 miles east of the village 
of Carmel, and distant 113 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,910 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly, with a fertile soil, well adapt- 
ed to grass or grain ; drained south- 
west by the Croton river. South- 
east, Doansburgh and Milltown are 
names of post offices. 

South Easton, p. o. Easton, 
Washington co. 

South Edmeston, p. o. Ed- 
meston, Otsego co. 

South Edwards, p. o. Ed- 
wards, St. Lawrence co. 

Southpield, t. Richmond co. 
situated 2 miles east of the village 
of Richmond, and distant 155 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,619 inhabitants. The surface is 
diversified, being hilly on the 
north, and level on the south, with 
some extensive tracts of marsh, or 
salt meadow, around the Great 



330 



SOUTH FRANKLIN— SOUTH SCHODACK. 



Kills. Here is an extensive shad 
fishery, where are annually caught 
great quantities, early in the 
spring, when they command a 
large price. This town is bounded 
on the south-east by the Narrows, 
and the Lower bay of New-York ; 
it contains the village of Stapleton 
and a part of the village of Rich- 
mond ; on the east lie Forts Tomp- 
kins and Richmond, together with 
some batteries for the protection 
of the bay and harbor of New-York. 

South Franklik, p. o. 
Franklin, Delaware co. 

South Hammond, p. o. St. 
Lawrence co. 

South Hartford, p. o. 
Hartford, Washington co. Here 
are situated 1 Presbyterian and 1 
Universalist church ; 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 grist mill, 1 tannery and 
about 20 dwelling houses. 

South Kortwright, p. o. 
Kortwright, Delaware co. 

South Lansing, p. o. Lan- 
sing, Tompkins co. 

South Le Roy, p. o. Le Roy, 
Genesee co. 

South Livonia, p. o. Livonia, 
Livingston co. 

South Lodi, p. o. Lodi, Sene- 
ca co. 

South Marcellus, p. o. 
Marcellus, Onondaga co. 

South Middleton, p. o. 
Wallkill, Orange co. 

South New Berlin, v. and 
p. o. New Berlin, Chenango co. is 
situated on the west bank of the 
Unadilla river; it contains about 
150 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Baptist church, 2 taverns 
and 4 stores. 

Southold, t. Suffolk co. si- 
tuated 15 miles east of the village 
of Riverhead, and distant 245 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
3,907 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly level, and surrounded on 
three sides by water, forming a 
neck of land constituting the north- 
east portion of Long Island ; soil, 



sand and sandy loam. There are 
several islands attached to this 
town, the principal of which are 
Fisher's, Gull, Plumb and Rob- 
bins' island ; having Long Island 
Sound on the north, and Great Pe- 
conic and Gardiner's bay on 
the south. Southold, Cochogue, 
Greenport, Mattituck, Orient and 
Rocky Point are names of post 
offices. 

Southold, v. and p. o. South- 
old, Suffolk co. is a long scattered 
settlement ; there is running- 
through this town one main road, 
extending from east to west, on 
which are a succession of settle- 
ments of a like character. 

South Onondaga, p. o. On- 
ondaga, Onondaga co. 

South Otselic,p- o. Otselic, 
Chenango co. 

South Owego, p. o. Owego, 
Tioga co. 

South Oxford, p. o. Oxford, 
Chenango co. 

South Oyster Bay, p. o. 
Oyster Bay, Queens co. Here is a 
continuous settlement across the 
south part of the town, in full view 
of the Great South bay and Atlan- 
tic ocean. 

Southport, t. Chemung co. 
situated 4 miles south of the village 
of Elmira, and distant 203 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,101 inhabitants. The surface is 
in pail hilly, with broad and rich 
alluvial flats on the Chemung 
river, which forms in part the 
north boundary. Southport, Post's 
Corners, Seeley's Creek and Wells- 
burgh are names of post offices. 

South Pultney, p. o. Pult- 
ney, Steuben co. 

South Royalton, p. o. Roy- 
alton, Niagara co. 

South Rutland, p. o. Rut- 
land, Jefferson co. 

South Salem, p. o. Lewis- 
borough, Westchester co. 

South Schodack, p. o. 
Schodack, Rensselaer co. 



SOUTH SODUS— SPENCERTOWN. 



381 



South Sodus, v. and p. o. So- 
dus, Wayne co. contains about 200 
inhabitants, 40 dwelling- houses, 1 
Methodist church, 1 tavern, 2 
stores and 1 tannery. 

South Stephentowk, p. o. 
Stephentown, Rensselaer co. 

South Trenton, p. o. Tren- 
ton, Oneida co. 

South Valley, p. o. Cherry 
Valley, Otsego co. 

South Venice, p. o. Venice, 
Cayug-a co. 

South Vestal, p. o. Vestal, 
Broome co. 

Southville, p. o. Stockholm, 
St. Lawrence co. 

South Wales, p. o. Wales, 
Erie co. 

South Westerlo, p. o. 
Westerlo, Albany co. Here are 
situated 2 churches, 1 tavern, 3 
stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery, 1 fan- 
ning- mill manufactory, and about 
20 dwelling- houses. 

South wick, p.o. Wawarsing, 
Ulster co. 

South Windsor, p.o. Wind- 
sor, Broome co. 

South Worcester, v. and 
p. o. Worcester, Otseg-o co. is si- 
tuated on Charlotte river ; it con- 
tains about 125 inhabitants, 20 
dwelling-houses, 1 church, 1 tavern 
and 2 stores. 

Spafford, t. Onondaga co. 
situated 18 miles south-wesl of the 
villag-e of Syracuse, and distant 152 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,873 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly, and in some places 
broken ; soil, various ; watered by 
Skaneateles lake on the west, and 
Otisco lake on the east. Spafford, 
Spafford Hollow and Borodino are 
names of post offices. At the for- 
mer there is a small agricultural 
settlement. 

Sparta, t. Livingston co. si- 
tuated 12 miles south of the village 
of Geneseo, and distant 231 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 



5,841 inhabitants. The surface is 
in part hilly ; soil, fertile clay 
loam on the hills, and in the val- 
leys sandy alluvion ; drained south- 
west by the Canaseraga creek. 
The Dansville branch of the Gene- 
see Valley canal, extends through 
this town. Sparta, Byersville, 
Dansville, Kyserville, North Spar- 
ta, Scottsburgh, Tuscarora and 
Union Corners are names of post 
offices. 

Sparta, v. Mount Pleasant, 
Westchester co. is situated on the 
east side of the Hudson river, one 
mile south of Sing Sing ; it con- 
tains 1 tavern, 2 stores, about 40 
dwelling houses, and a very con 
venient landing. 

Speedsville, v. and p. o. 
Caroline, Tompkins co. is situated 
on West Owego creek; it contains 
about 500 inhabitants, 90 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian church, 1 
tavern, 2 stores, 1 woollen factory, 
1 saw mill, 1 carriage manufacto- 
ry, 1 ashery and 1 brick yard. 

Spencer, t. Tioga co. situated 
15 miles north-west of the village 
of Owego, and distant 1S1 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,532 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly; soil, gravelly loam; drained 
by the Cattotong creek and some 
of its branches. 

Spencer, v. and p. o. Spencer, 
Tioga co. contains about 400 in- 
habitants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
church; 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 
grist mill, 2 saw mills and 1 tan- 
nery. 

Spencerport, v. and p. o. 
Ogden, Monroe co. is situated on 
the Erie canal ; it contains about 
300 inhabitants, 45 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 5 stores 
and groceries, 2 grist mills, 2 saw 
mills, 1 furnace and 1 carriage 
factory. 

Spencertown, v. and p. o. 
Austerlitz, Columbia co. contains 
about 500 inhabitants, 80 dwelling 



382 



SPEONK— STAMFORD. 



houses, 1 Presbyterian church, 2 
taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill and 1 
plaster mill. 

Speonk, p. o. Southampton, 
Suffolk co. 

Split Rock, p. o. Essex, Es- 
sex co. 

Sportsville, p. o. Lexing- 
ton, Greene co. 

Spraker's Basin, p. o. Root, 
Montgomery co. is situated on the 
line of the Erie canal. Here are 
located 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 
stores, and about 20 dwelling hou- 
ses. 

Springfield, t. Otsego co. 
situated 8 miles uorth of the village 
of Cooperstown, and distant 59 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,382 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is high and hilly, with fertile 
soil in the valleys ; in the centre 
of this town lies the north end of 
Otsego lake. Springfield and 
East Springfield are names of post 
offices. At the former there is a 
small settlement. 

Spring Mills, p. o. Indepen- 
dence, Allegany co. 

Springport, t. Cayuga co. 
situated 9 miles south-west of the 
village of Auburn, and distant 165 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840,1,890 inhabitants. The surface 
is rolling; soil, calcareous loam, 
rich and highly cultivated; drained 
by some small streams flowing into 
Cayuga lake, which bounds it on 
the west. Union Spring is the 
name of a post office. 

Springville, v. and p. o. 
Concord, Erie co. is situated on 
Spring creek; it was incorporated 
in 1834, and now contains about 
1,000 inhabitants, 175 dwelling 
houses; an incorporated academy 
in a flourishing condition; 1 Pres- 
byterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church ; 3 taverns, 5 stores, 2 
flouring mills, 3 saw mills, 2 tan- 
neries, 2 woollen factories, 1 fur- 
nace, 1 cabinet factory ; all using 
water power, which flows from a 



spring that rises in the neighbor- 
hood. 

Spring water, t. Livingston 
co. situated 16 miles south-east of 
the village of Geneseo, and distant 
223 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,832 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and somewhat bro- 
ken ; soil, clay loam, better adap- 
ted to grass than grain ; drained 
north by the inlet of Hemlock 
lake. Springwater and Spring- 
water Valley are names of post 
offices. 

Sprout Creek, p. o. La 
Grange, Dutchess co. 

Spruce, p. o. Albion, Oswego 
co. 

Spuyten Duval Creek. 
See Harlem River. 

Squaw Island, lies in the 
Niagara river, and is attached to 
the town of Black Rock, Erie co. 
It contains about 130 acres of 
land. 

Staatsburgh, p. o. Hyde 
Park, Dutchess co. 

Stafford, t. Genesee co. si- 
tuated 5 miles east of the village 
of Batavia, and distant 238 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,561 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly level; soil, clay and gra- 
velly loam, underlaid by limestone ; 
drained on the east by Allen's 
creek, and north by Black creek. 
Stafford and Roanoke are names of 
post offices. Morganville is the 
name of a settlement. 

Stafford, v. and p. o. Staf- 
ford, Genesee co. contains about 
200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 
3 churches, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 

Stamford, t. Delaware co 
situated 16 miles east of the village 
of Delhi, and distant 58 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,681 
inhabitants. The surface is some- 
what hilly and broken, but much 
of it arable ; soil, well adapted to 
grazing ; drained by the head 
branches of the Delaware river. 
Stamford and Hobart are names 



STANFORD— STARKSVILLE. 



383 



of post offices. At the former is a 
settlement, containing 1 Presby- 
terian church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
and 15 or 20 dwelling- houses. 

Stanford, t. Dutchess co. 
situated 16 miles north-east of the 
village of Poughkecpsie, and dis- 
tant 72 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1S40, 2,278 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly and mountain- 
ous ; soil, gravelly and sandy loam, 
mostly well adapted to grazing ; 
drained south-east by Wappinger's 
creek. Attlebury, Hull's Mills 
and Stanfordville are names of post 
offices. 

Stanfordville, v. and p. o. 
Stanford, Dutchess co. is situated 
on the east side of Wappinger's 
creek; it contains 1 church, 2 
Friends' meeting houses, 1 taven>, 
2 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 
grist mill, and 20 or 25 dwelling 
houses, mostly inhabited by Qua- 
kers. 

Stapleton, v. Southfield, 
Richmond co. is delightfully situa- 
ted on the east side of Staten 
Island, about 2 miles north of the 
" Narrows." It contains about 
400 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hou- 
ses; 1 Methodist church, and 1 
Reformed Dutch chapel attached 
to the Seamen's Retreat ; 3 hotels 
kept open during the summer 
months, and 3 taverns; 1 store and 
1 printing office. Here is located 
the " Seamen's Retreat," a hos- 
pital for the reception of sick and 
disabled seamen. It was founded 
by a law of the state in 1S30, levy- 
ing a tax on each master of a ves- 
sel of $1.50 for each foreign 
voyage, and $1, for every mari- 
ner, and 25 cents for each voyage 
coastwise; which entitles each in- 
dividual to the benefits of the hos- 
pital, while sick or disabled. This 
institution was opened for the re- 
ception of patients Oct. 1, 1831, 
since which time have been admit- 
ted, to 1841, a period of ten years, 
9,559 patients, of which 9,428 have 



been cured, relieved, or have died, 
and there were remaining on the 
31st of December, 1840, 131 pa- 
tients in hospital. The institution 
is managed by a board of trustees, 
five of whom are appointed by the 
governor and senate, six arc trus- 
tees by virtue of their offices, and 
five more are elected by them, 
forming a board of sixteen. The 
amount collected, is about $27,000 
annually — in addition to which, the 
Retreat' has had a loan of $45,000 
from the funds of the Marine Hos- 
pital, arising from alien passen- 
gers. The hospital is a valuable 
building — is of three stories, 208 
feet by 52, having wings of 34 
feet in depth, and two stories in 
height. This hospital cost $100,- 
000, and will accommodate two 
hundred patients. Attached to this 
Retreat is 37 acres of land, which 
cost the state about $10,000. 

Stark, t. Herkimer co. situa- 
ted 12 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Herkimer, and distant 69 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,766 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, sandy calca- 
reous loam, fruitful in grain and 
grass; drained north-east by Ots- 
quaga creek. Stark ville and Van 
Hornsville are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Starkey, t. Yates co. situated 
10 miles south-east of the village 
of Penn-Yan, and distant 190 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,426 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly; soil, clay loam ; drained by 
several small streams running into 
Seneca lake, which bounds it on 
the east. Starkey, Dundee, Eddy- 
town, Rock Stream and Big 
Stream Point are names of post 
offices. 

Starksville, v. Hoosick, 
Rensselaer co. is situated on Wal- 
loomsack creek ; this is a manu- 
facturing settlement, containing 1 
cotton factory, 1 grist mill, 1 store 
and about 25 dwelling houses. 



384 



STARKVILLE-STERLING. 



Within one mile of this place is 
situated the battle ground, known 
as the Bennington battle ground, 
where Gen. Stark defeated the 
British under Col. Baum, Aug. 16, 
1777. 

Starkville, v. and p. 0? 
Stark, Herkimer co. contains 2 
churches, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill and about 30 dwel- 
ling houses. 

State Bridge, p. o. Lenox, 
Madison co. 

States Island, forming the 
county of Richmond, lies centrally 
12 miles south south-west from the 
city of New-York; it is 14 miles 
long, and from 4 to 8 miles wide, 
and is divided into four towns. 
(See Richmond County.) The 
surface on the north is in part high 
and hilly, but more level towards 
the south. Richmond Hill, is ele- 
vated 307 feet above the ocean ; 
from this eminence is afforded va- 
ried and delightful prospects, form- 
ing altogether a beautiful and 
highly interesting panoramic view. 
In a clear day may be distinctly 
seen the city of New-York, with 
its numerous spires and mass of 
architecture, hemmed in by a fo- 
rest of masts ; the noble bay and 
harbor, where unites the Hudson 
with (he East river, — the many 
islands and beautiful headlands, 
some of them bristling with the 
means of defence, embosomed in 
waters which are often whitened 
by the canvass of an hundred ships, 
overhung by clouds of smoke pro- 
ceeding from the many steamboats 
gliding upon the waters, like things 
of life. Long Island on the east, 
with its growing city, swelling hills 
and highly cultivated farms, — New- 
Jersey on the west, with its circular 
sweep of many miles from Jersey 
City to Neversink hills, and Sandy 
Hook light house; together with 
the Lower bay of New -York, and 
the broad Atlantic beyond. These, 
and many more points of attrac- 



tion require to be seen to be realiz- 
ed in all their splendor. The 
island itself with its numerous set- 
tlements and charming villages, 
surrounded by cultivated fields, 
presents a lovely picture; where 
dwells opulence and taste com- 
bined ; many of the most beautiful 
sites, being adorned with costly 
mansions, or the more picturesque 
cottage. 

States Island Sound, se- 
parates Staten Island from New- 
Jersey on the west; it communi- 
cates with the bay of New-York 
on the east through the " Kills," 
with Newark bay on the north and 
with Raritan bay on the south. It 
is 18 miles long, and is navigable 
for steamboats and other vessels 
of a large class, although not of 
great width. Here are taken large 
quantities of oysters and clams, 
which are greatly improved by be- 
ing transplanted in Raritan and 
Prince's bays, where are large beds 
prepared on purpose for improving 
the growth and flavor of this arti- 
cle of luxury, when of a superior 
quality. 

Stephentown, t. Rensselaer 
co. situated 22 miles south-east of 
the city of Troy, and distant 21 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,753 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous, with 
a valley extending through the 
centre from north to south, through 
which flows Kinderhook creek ; 
having a fertile soil, well adapted 
to grazing. Stephentown, North 
Siephentown, South Stephentown 
and West Stephentown, are names 
of post offices. 

Sterling, t. Cayuga co. situa- 
ted 25 miles north of the village of 
Auburn, and distant 172 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,533 
inhabitants. The surface is level 
or undulating ; soil, mostly sandy 
loam ; drained by Little Sodus 
creek flowing into Lake Ontario, 
which bounds it on the north. Lit- 



STERLING— STEUBEN. 



385 



tie Sodus bay lies in (he norlh-west 
part of this town, communicating; 
with Lake Ontario. Sterling-, Lit- 
tle Sodus, Martville and North 
Sterling - , are names of post offices. 
Sterling, v. and p. o. Ster- 
ling, Cayuga co. is situated on So- 
dus creek ; it contains about 200 in- 
habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 ta- 
vern, 2 stores, 1 flouring mill, 2 saw 
mills, 1 tannery and 1 iron foundery. 



Sterlisgville, v. and p. o 
Philadelphia, Jefferson co. is a 
manufacturing settlement; situated 
on a tributary of Indian river ; it 
contains about 125 inhabitants, 20 
dwelling houses, 1 Roman Catholic 
hurch, 1 tavern and 1 store. Here 
is located an extensive furnace; 
manufacturing iron from the ore 
which abounds in this vicinity of 
the best quality. 



STEUBEN COUNTY, taken from Ontario in 1796, is centrally dis- 
tant 215 miles south of west from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on 
the south by the Pennsylvania state line, on the west by the county of 
Allegany, on the north by the counties of Livingston, Ontario and Yates, 
and on the east by Seneca lake and the county of Chemung. This is 
a large and important county ; it is well watered and abounds in a 
large growth of forest trees. The surface is diversified, consisting of 
a succession of hills and rich valleys ; the soil is mostly productive and 
well adapted to grazing. Large quantities of lumber, live stock and 
other products, are annually exported from this county to southern and 
eastern markets. Of the mineial productions, but little is as yet known, 
but from its contiguity to the coal regions of Pennsylvania, many en- 
tertain sanguine expectations that coal will be found in this section of 
country; here exist some beds of iron ore, and several mineral springs 
have lately been discovered, one of which, in the town of Hornby, from 
a recent analysis, bids fair to obtain notoriety. The Corning and 
Blosburg railroad enters this county from Pennsylvania, on the south, 
and terminates at the village of Corning, which is situated at the head 
of the navigable feeder of the Chemung canal; where also passes the 
New- York and Erie railroad, in its circuitous route from the Hudson 
river to Lake Erie. Seneca and Crooked lakes on the north, commu- 
nicate by means of canals with the Erie canal, which great works alto- 
gether, afford safe and speedy modes of conveyance for passengers or 
merchandise. Its area is about 1,400 square miles, or 897,000 acre6. 

The following are the names of the towns in Steuben county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Addison, 1,920 

Bath, 4,915 

Bradford, 1,547 

Cameron, 1 ,359 

Campbell, 852 

Canisteo, 941 

Caton, 797 

Conhocton, 2,965 

Dansville, 2.725 

Erwin, 785 

Greenwood, 1,138 

Hornby, 1,048 

Hornellsvile, 2,121 

Howard, 3,247 

Jasper, 1,187 

25 



Lindley, 638 

Orange, 1,824 

Painted Post, 1,674 

Prattsburgh, 2,455 

Pultney, 1,784 

Reading, 1,541 

Troupsburg, 1,171 

Tyrone, 2,122 

Urbana, 1,884 

Wayne, 1,377 

Wheeler, 1,294 

Woodhull, 827 



Total inhabitants, 46,138 



386 



STEUBEN— STONE ARABIA. 



Steuben, t. Oneida co. situa- 
ted 16 miles north of the city of 
Utica, and distant 103 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,993 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
soil, moist clay loam, well adapt- 
ed to grass ; in this town are made 
large quantities of butter and 
cheese; drained south-east by Cin- 
cinnati creek, and west by tributa- 
ries of the Mohawk river. Steu- 
ben, is the name of a post office. 

Stillwater, t. Saratoga co. 
situated 10 miles east of the village 
of Ballston Spa, and distant 20 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,733 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is level or undulating; soil on 
the east, clay loam; on the west, 
sand and sandy loam ; drained by 
Anthony's kill and some other 
small streams flowing into the Hud- 
son river, which bounds it on the 
east. In the north part of this 
town, is situated the battleground 
where Gen. Burgoyne was defeated 
by the American army under Gen. 
Gates in 1777. Here are Bemis' 
Heights and Freeman's farm, on 
which the principal battles were 
fought ; also the meadow where 
Gen. Frazer, the second in com- 
mand of the British army, was 
mortally wounded. Stillwater, Be- 
mis' Heights, Ketc hum's Corners 
and Mechanicsville are names of 
post offices. 

Stillwater, v. and p. o. 
Stillwater, Saratoga co. is situated 
on the west side of the Hudson ri- 
ver; it was incorporated in 1816, 
and now contains 450 inhabitants, 
60 dwelling houses, 3 churches, 3 
taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 
saw mill, and an academy in a 
flourishing condition. 

Stimpson's Corner, v. Gal- 
way, Saratoga co. is an agricultu- 
ral settlement containing 1 public 
house, 1 store, and about 20 dwel- 
lings. 

Stockbridge, t. Madison co. 
situated 5 miles north-east of the 



village of Morrisville, and distant 
97 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 2,320 inhabitants. The 
surface is somewhat hilly ; soil, 
fertile and mostly well cultivated; 
drained north by Oneida creek. — 
Stockbridge, Knoxville and Muns- 
ville, are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Stockholm, t. St. Lawrence 
co. situated 18 miles north-east of 
the village of Canton, and distant 
227 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,995 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and somewhat 
stony ; soil, rich mould, underlaid 
by limestone, and heavily timbered; 
drained north by St. Regis river 
and its tributaries. Stockholm., 
South ville and West Stockholm, are 
names of post offices. 

Stockport, t. Columbia co. 
situated 5 miles north of the city of 
Hudson, and distant 25 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,815 
inhabitants. The surface is uneven; 
soil, clay and sandy loam; drained 
by Kinderhook creek flowing into 
the Hudson river, which bounds it 
on the west. Stockport is the name 
of a post office. Columbiaville is 
the name of a manufacturing vil- 
lage. 

Stockton, t. Chautauque co. 
situated 7 miles east of the village 
of Mayville, and distant 323 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,078 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, on the uplands, 
moist clay, well adapted to grass, 
with fertile alluvion in the valleys, 
producing large crops of different 
kinds of grain ; drained south by 
Bear creek and some other small 
streams. Stockton and Oregon, 
are names of post offices. 

Stokes, p. o. Lee, Oneida co. 

Stone Arabia, p. o. Pala- 
tine, Montgomery co. ; here are si- 
tuated a Dutch Reformed church 
erected in 1788, and a Lutheran 
church built in 1791 ; 1 tavern and 
about 15 dwplling houses. This is 



STONE CHURCH— STUYVESANT FALLS. 



387 



one of the oldest settlements in the 
county of Montgomery. A battle 
was fought here during- the revo- 
lutionary war, in which engage- 
ment Col. Brown of the American 
army, was killed, and interred in 
the Dutch Reformed burying 
ground ; a monument was erected 
to his memory, by the citizens in 
this vicinity, July 4, 1837. 

Stone Church, p. o. Bergen, 
Genesee co. 

Stone Mills, p. o. Orleans, 
Jefferson co. 

Stone Ridge, p. o. Marble- 
town, Ulster co. here are situated 
1 church, 1 tavern, 4 stores, 1 tan- 
nery and about 25 dwelling houses. 

Stony Brook, v. and p. o. 
Brookhaven, Suffolk co. is situated 
on the north side of Long Island, 
where is a fine harbor, accessible 
at all seasons of the year. It con- 
tains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
dwelling houses, 1 Methodist 
church, 1 tavern and a few stores, 
1 grist mill, 1 fulling and cloth 
dressing works, and a large piano 
forte manufactory. Ship building 
has been and is still carried on ex- 
tensively here, giving employment 
to a number of mechanics. 

Stony Island, lies at the foot 
of Lake Ontario, and is attached to 
the town of Henderson, Jefferson 
co. It is 3 miles long and about 1 
mile wide. 

Stormville, p. o. Fishkill, 
Dutchess co. 

Stow's Square, p. o. Low- 
rille, Lewis co. 

Stratford, t. Fulton co. situ- 
ated 15 miles north-west of the vil- 
lage of Johnstown, and distant 60 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 500 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous ; — 
soil, mostly of indifferent quality, 
with some portions adapted to gra- 
zing ; drained south by East Cana- 
da creek and its tributaries. Strat- 
ford is the name of a post of- 
fice. 



Strawberry Island, lies 
in the Niagara river, about a mile 
below Black Rock; it contains 100 
acres of low ground, covered with 
long and coarse grass and a few 
trees. It is a great resort for sports- 
men in certain seasons, when wild 
ducks are plenty, and affords fine 
fishing grounds. 

Strykersville, v. Broome, 
Schoharie co. contains 2 taverns, 1 
store, 3 tanneries and 15 or 20 
dwelling houses. 

Strykersville, v. and p. o. 
Sheldon, Wyoming co. is situated 
on Buffalo creek ; it contains about 
200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist 
church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 flour- 
ing mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery and 
1 ashery. 

Stuyvesant, t. Columbia co. 
situated 12 miles north of the city 
of Hudson, and distant 18 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,779 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly ; soil, clay, gravel and loam, 
of a good quality ; watered by the 
Hudson river which bounds it on 
the west. Stuyvesant and Stuyve- 
sant Falls, are post offices. 

Stuyvesant, v. and p. o 
Stuyvesant, Columbia co. is situa- 
ted on the east side of the Hudson 
river, 18 miles below the city of 
Albany ; this place was formerly 
known as Kinderhook Landing ; 
here are situated 1 church, 1 ta- 
vern, 10 or 12 stores and store- 
houses, and about 50 dwellings. — 
A steamboat and freight barges, 
together with several sloops, are 
owned at this place, doing an ex- 
tensive business in freighting pro- 
duce and merchandise to and from 
the New-York market. 

Stuyvesant Falls, p. o. 
Stuyvesant, Columbia co. is a 
manufacturing village, situated on 
Kinderhook creek ; it contains 2 
cotton factories, 1 woollen factory, 
1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 1 paper 
mill, 2 taverns, 3 stores and about 



388 SUCCESS— SULLIVAN. 



40 dwellings. The water power 
still unoccupied at this place, is ca- 
ble of propelling a large amount of 
machinery. 



Success, p. o. Riverhead, Suf- 
folk co. 

Success Pond. See Lake- 
ville. 



SUFFOLK COUNTY, originally organized in 1683, is centrally 
distant 65 miles east of the city of New-York, and 175 miles east of 
south from Albany ; it is bounded on the north by Long Island Sound, 
east and south by the Atlantic ocean, and west by Queens county. The 
surface of this county is mostly level ; on the north, however, adjoin- 
ing Long Island sound, the land is considerably broken and hilly. — 
The soil is either sand or sandy loam, easily worked and productive 
when well tilled ; extensive salt meadows border the numerous bays 
and creeks, yielding large quantities of salt hay. There are several 
islands adjoining this part of Long Island, which are attached to and 
form a part of this county; the largest are Shelter island, Gardiner's 
island and Fisher's island. The Peconic river and some other small 
streams drain this county, which is mostly surrounded by the waters of 
the Atlantic. In minerals, it is rather deficient; hematic iron 
ore is found, but not in large quantities. Salt is manufactured in 
some places, by the exposure of sea water in shallow vats to the sun and 
wind. The Long Island railroad, when completed, will run on the 
north side of this county from east to west. Its area is about 973 
square miles, or 626,000 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Suffolk county, with the 
population in 1840. 



Brookhaven, 7,050 

Easthampton, 2,076 

Huntington, 6,562 

Islip, 1,909 

Riverhead, 2,449 

Shelter Island, 379 

Suffolk, C. H. p. o. River- 
head, Suffolk co. is located in the 
village of Riverhead. 

Sugar Hill, p. o. Orange, 
Steuben co. 



Smithtown, 1,932 

Southampton, 6,205 

Southold, 3,907 



Total inhabitants, 32,469 

Sugar Loaf, v. and p. o. Go- 
shen and Warwick, Orange co. 
contains about 140 inhabitants, 25 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
verns and 3 stores. 
SULLIVAN COUNTY, taken from Ulster in 1809, is centrally dis- 
tant 100 miles south-west of the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the 
north by Delaware and Ulster counties, east by Ulster and Orange, 
south and south-west by Orange county and the Delaware river, which 
separates it from Pennsylvania. A large portion of the surface of this 
county is hilly and mountainous; the Shawangunk mountain lies on its 
eastern limits, and detached hills and mountains are scattered over the 
northern and western parts. The soil is as various as the surface ; there 
arc many fine fertile valleys, and much of the uplands are well adapted 
to grazing. The timber consists principally of pine, hemlock, beech, 
maple and linden. Although the number of minerals in this county are 
not large, there has recently been opened in the vicinity of Wurtzboro, 
on the line of the Delaware and Hudson canal, a mine of lead ore ; large 
quantities of this ore have been raised, and the difficulties which attend- 
ed the reduction of it have been overcome. The Delaware river 
waters it on the south-west, into which flow the Neversink and 



SULLIVAN— S VVEDEN. 



389 



Mongoup rivers, besides several other streams of less size ; there are 
also several small lakes scattered over the. county. The Delaware and 
Hudson canal and the Neio-York and Erie railroad, both traverse this 
county. The county building's are located in the village of Monticello, 
in the town of Thompson. Its area is about 919 square miles, or 587,- 
000 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Sullivan county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Bethel, 1,483 

Cochecton, 622 

Fallsburgh, 1,782 

Forrestburgh, 433 

Liberty, 1,569 

Lumberland, 1,205 

Sullivan, t. Madison co. situ- 
ted 18 miles north-west of the vil- 
lage of Morrisville, and distant 129 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 4,390 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is level on the north and un- 
dulating on the south ; soil, mostly 
very fertile, consisting of alluvion 
on the north ; drained by Canase- 
raga and Chittenango creeks flow- 
into Oneida lake, which bounds it 
on the north. Sullivan, Bridgeport, 
Chittenango, Joslin's Corners and 
New Boston, are names of post 
offices. 

Sullivan, v. and p. o. Sulli- 
van, Madison co. is situated on the 
Canaseraga creek; it was incorpo- 
rated in 1823, but no attention is 
now paid to its act of incorpora- 
tion ; it contains about 150 inhabi- 
tants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 Free 
church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist 
mill and 1 fanning mill. This 
place is sometimes called Canase- 
raga. 

Summer Hill, t. Cayuga co. 
situated 24 miles south-east of the 
village of Auburn, and distant 147 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,446 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, clay 10am of 
medium quality ; drained south by 
the head branches of Fall creek. — 
Summer Hill, is the name of a post 
office. 

Summer Valley, p. o. Bel- 
fast, Allegany co 



Mamakaling, 3,418 

Neversink, 1,681 

Rockland, 826 

Thompson, 2,610 



Total inhabitants, 15,629 

Summit, t. Schoharie co. situ- 
ated 16 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Schoharie, and distant 52 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,010 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is high and hilly, comprising 
the highest land in the county ; — 
soil, sandy loam, well adapted to 
grass ; drained west by Charlotte 
river and east by tributaries of the 
Schoharie creek. Summit and 
Charlotteville are names of post 
offices. 

Susquehanna, p. o. Cole»- 
ville, Broome co. 

Susquehanna River, ri- 
ses in Otsego co. and passes in a 
circuitous direction, through the 
counties of Chenango, Broome and 
Tioga, thence into the state of 
Pennsylvania. It extends through a 
part of Maryland, emptying its wa- 
ters into the Chesapeake Bay at 
Havre de Grace. This is a large 
and rapid stream, affording on its 
upper waters, an immense amount 
of available hydraulic power; it is 
also extensively used for floating 
lumber and produce to market, and 
is navigable for small steamboats 
and other craft, for a considerable 
distance ; its entire length is about 
450 miles. 

Sweden, t. Monroe co. situa- 
ted 15 miles west of the city of Ro- 
chester, and distant 241 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,884 
inhabitants. The surface is urtdu- 



390 



SYRACUSE— TAGHKANIC MOUNTAINS. 



lating; soil, moist argillaceous 
loam, well adapted to grass, grain 
and fruit; drained north by Salmon 
creek. Sweden and Brockport are 
names of post offices. 

Syracuse, v. and p. o. Salina, 
Onondaga co. is situated on the line 
of the Erie canal, where it unites 
with the Oswego canal, one and a 
half miles south of Onondago lake. 
It was incorporated in 1825, and 
now contains about 6,500 inhabi- 
tants, 800 dwelling houses, 6 
churches of different denomina- 
tions, 10 hotels and taverns, an in- 
corporated academy, 2 banking 
houses, a court house and jail and 
county clerk's office, 130 stores of 
different kinds, 2 large flouring 
mills, 1 saw mill, 1 plaster mill, 
and 1 machine shop situated on 
Onondaga creek, and a flouring 
mill propelled by the surplus wa- 
ters of the Erie canal; 3 extensive 
iron founderies, and 2 machine 
shops and 1 tannery, all the latter 
employing steam power ; there are 
also numerous mechanic shops of 
different kinds, giving employment 
to a great number of persons, this 
being a busy and thriving place of 
business. Syracuse and its vicini- 
ty, is celebrated for the immense 
quantity of fine salt which is annu- 
ally made from the brine springs, 
located in the town of Salina. In 
1840, a new salt spring of great 
strength, was discovered by boring 
to a depth of 265 feet, within the 
incorporated limits of Syracuse, 
from which large quantities of salt 
are now manufactured ; thirty gal- 
lons of this water produces one 
bushel of fine salt. There is also 
■manufactured great quantities of 
<CGarse salt, which is produced by 
■solar evaporation ; the total amount 
of salt manufactured in 1840, at 
Syracuse, was 524,461 bushels. — 
In addition to the Erie canal which 
passes through the centre of Syra- 
cuse, the Oswego canal commen- 
ces at this point and terminates in 



the village of Oswego, connecting 
the Erie canal with Lake Ontario. 
The Syracuse and Utica and the 
Auburn and Syracuse railroads, 
unite in this place, which great 
works combined, open a direct 
communication east and west, and 
a channel of trade with all the pla- 
ces on Lake Ontario and Canada. 
A company is also chartered and 
and surveys made, for a railroad to 
extend from the village of Syra- 
cuse to Oswego, which when com- 
pleted will facilitate the travel both 
north and west through Lake Onta- 
rio. 

Syracuse and Utica rail- 
road, extends from the city of 
Utica to the village of Syracuse, a 
distance of 53 miles, connecting 
with the Utica and Schenectady 
railroad on the east, and with the 
Auburn and Syracuse railroad at 
its west termination, forming one 
of the continuous line of railroads 
extending from Albany to the west- 
ern part of the state. This com- 
pany was chartered in 1836, with a 
capital of $800,000. 

Ta berg, v. and p. o. Annsville, 
Oneida co. is situated on Fish 
creek, where are located 2 grist 
mills, several saw mills, 1 blast 
furnace, 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 
store and 20 or 25 dwelling houses- 

Taghkanic, t. Columbia co. 
situated 12 miles south-east of the 
city of Hudson, and distant 40 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,674 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous ; — 
soil, clay loam and gravel, most of 
it arable, and in the valleys very 
fertile ; drained east by the Copake 
creek. Taghkanic and West 
Taghkanic, are names of post of- 
fices. 

Taghkanic Mountains, 
enter this state in the east part of 
Rensselaer county, and extends 
south parallel to the state line, 
sometimes re-entering Massachu- 
setts, through Columbia county and 



TANNERSVILLE— TEN MILE SPRING. 



391 



into Dutchess, a distance of about 
50 miles, where it divides into two 
ridges ; one of which extends 
through Putnam county into West- 
chester, where it declines as it ex- 
tends south ; forming, however, 
the dividing ridge between the 
waters that flow east into Long 
Island Sound from those flowing 
west into the Hudson. 

Tannerbville, p. o. Hunter, 
Greene co. 

Tappan, v. and p. o. Orange- 
town, Rockland co. is situated 
about three miles west of the land- 
ing on the Hudson river, now call- 
ed Piermont; this ancient and cele- 
brated village seems to have in- 
creased but slowly in size and im- 
portance since the days of the 
revolution, when it was for a 
time, the head quarters of the 
American army, under the immor- 
tal Washington; it now contains 
about 125 inhabitants, 20 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 
stores and 1 grist mill; surrounded 
by fertile and highly cultivated 
farms, mostly in possession of the 
descendants of the original settlers. 
Major Andre was executed here, 
Oct. 2d, 1780 ; the spot on which 
he suffered and where he was 
interred, is situated in a field 
on an eminence, about one hun- 
dred rods west of the village. His 
remains were removed some 18 or 
20 years since, for the. purpose of 
having them re-interred in London. 

Tappan Bay, is formed by 
the expansion of the Hudson ri- 
ver, commencing 22 miles north 
of the city of New-York, and ex- 
tending to Teller's Point above 
Sing Sing, a distance of 10 or 12 
miles; it is from 2 to 3 miles wide, 
surrounded by a highly cultivated 
and picturesque region of country. 
Here terminates on the west side, 
the New-York and Erie Railroad ; 
the company having constructed a 
pier of upwards of one mile in 
length, extending out into the bay, 



in order to procure a sufficient 
depth of water for steamboats and 
vessels of a large class. 

Tarrytown, v. and p. o. 
Greenburgh, Westchester co. is 
beautifully situated on the east 
bank of the Hudson river, over- 
looking Tappan bay, 27 miles 
north of the city of New-York ; it 
contains about 1,000 inhabitants, 
100 dwelling houses, 3 churches, 3 
hotels and taverns, 7 stores and an 
extensive brick yard. Greenbank 
Seminary is a popular female 
boarding school, and the Irving In- 
stitute is a flourishing institution 
of learning, situated a short dis- 
tance north of the village. Steam- 
boats run every day between this 
place and the city of New-York ; 
a number of sloops are also owned 
here, running to different places on 
the river. Tarrytown is famed as 
being the place where Maj. Andre 
was captured while watering his 
horse, he being on his return from 
West Point, where he had an inter- 
view with the traitor Gen. Arnold. 
Adjoining the north part of the 
village, commences the famous 
" Sleepy Hollow," from which 
Washington Irving founded his en- 
tertaining legend, bearing the 
above name. 

Teller's Point, lies on the 
east side of the Hudson river in the 
town of Cortland, Westchester co. 
This peninsula separates Haver- 
straw from Tappan bay ; it lies 
immediately above the mouth of 
the Croton river, and is about 2 
miles long. 

Ten Mile Creek or River, 
rises in the north east part of Dutch- 
ess co. and flows south for most of 
its distance, when it curves to the 
east and enters the state of Con- 
necticut where it empties into the 
Housatonic river. 

Ten Mile River, p. o. Sulli 
van co. 

Ten Mile Spring, p. o. Cold 
Spring, Cattaraugus co. 



392 



TEXAS— THOUSAND ISLANDS. 



Texas, p. o. Mexico, Oswego 

CO. 

The Corner, p. o. Ulster 

CO. 

The Purchase, p.o. Harri- 
son, Westchester co. 

Theresa, t. Jefferson co. situ- 
ated 20 miles north of the village 
of Watertown, and distant 178 
miles from Albany. This is a new 
town, formed in 1841, by a division 
of Alexandria ; the surface is une- 
ven and somewhat broken, with 
rather an indifferent soil ; drained 
north by Indian river. 

Theresa, v. and p. o. There- 
sa, Jefferson co. is situated on In- 
dian river; it contains about 175 
inhabitants, 30 dwelling- houses, 1 
church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill and 1 ashery. 

The Square, p. o. Scipio, 
Cayuga co. 

Thompson, t. Sullivan co. con- 
tains the county buildings situated 
in the village of Monticello ; it is 
distant 113 miles from Albany, and 
contained in 1840, 2,610 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is hilly, but 
contains much arable land ; soil, 
sandy and gravelly loam ; drained 
south by Mongoup and Neversink 
rivers. Bridgeville, Gales, Glen 
Wild, Monticello and Thompson- 
ville are names of post offices. 

Thompsonville, v. and p. o. 
Thompson, Sullivan co. contains 
about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
houses, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 1 carding and fulling mill, 2 
tanneries and 3 saw mills. 

Three Mile Bay, p. o. Lyme, 
Jefferson co. 

Throg's Point, situated on 
the south-east part of the town of 
Westchester, Westchester co. 16 
miles north-east of the city of New- 
York, projects from one to two 
miles into the East river; this is an 
important military position, on 
which is now being erected, by the 
U. States government^ very strong 
fortification, called Fort Schuyler. 



It is calculated, when completed, 
to defend this entrance and protect 
the city of New-York from foreign 
invasion, in connection with the 
formidable works of a similar char- 
acter erected at the Narrows. 

Throopsville, v. and p. o. 
Mentz, Cayuga co. is situated on 
the Owasco outlet, 3 miles north- 
west of Auburn ; this is a manufac- 
turing settlement containing 1 wool- 
len factory, 1 flouring mil!, 1 dis- 
tillery, 1 saw mill and 1 fulling 
mill; here are located 1 church, 1 
tavern, 1 store and about 30 dwel- 
lings. 

Thousand Islands, lie in 
the St. Lawrence river, commen- 
cing a short distance below Lake 
Ontario; they are in part attached 
to the county of Jefferson, while 
the remainder belong to the British 
possessions in Canada. 

" The river here varies from two 
to nine miles in width, and is filled 
with innumerably small rocky is- 
lets, generally covered with cedar 
and hemlock close to the water's 
edge ; yet there are exceptions, as 
some of them are nine or ten miles 
long, covered with good timber 
and somewhat fertile. Many of 
the islands are so close together 
that the branches are often inter- 
locked, and there is scarcely room 
for a small canoe to go between 
them ; and in passing, the eye of- 
ten catches glimpses of long vistas, 
fringed with little green islets and 
terminating in a broad expanse of 
water, that looks like a tiny lake, 
which in a moment, as his boat 
passes on, is lost to his view, or 
changed to some new scene more 
exquisite and lovely." 

The largest of these islands are 
Grand island and Howe island, be- 
longing to Canada ; and Carleton 
island, Grindstone island and Wells 
island, belonging to the United 
States. The actual number with- 
in a distance of 27 miles, are said 
to exceed fifteen hundred. 



TIBBET'S ISLAND— TIOGA. 



393 



Tjbbet's Island. See Green 
Island. 

Ticonderoga, t. Essex CO. 
situaled 22 miles south of (he vil- 
lage of Elizabeth, and distant 97 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,169 inhabitants. The sur- 
face on the east is level or rolling, 
while on the west, it is covered with 
hills and mountains ; soil, clay 
and loam, adjoining Lake Chain- 
plain, of a good quality, and in the 
interior mostly well adapted to gra- 
zing ; drained by the outlet of 
Lake George and several small 
streams flowing into Lake Cham- 
plain, which bounds it on the east. 
The peninsula on which stands the 
ruins of old Fort Ticonderoga, is 
situated on the south-east part of 
this town, where is now a conven- 
ient steamboat landing. 

Ticonderoga, v. and p. o. 
Ticonderoga, Essex co. is situated 
on the outlet of Lake George, at 
the lower falls, 2 miles west of 
Lake Champlain. It contains about 
500 inhabitants, SO dwelling houses, 
1 Congregationalist and 1 Baptist 
church, 2 taverns, 8 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 7 saw mills, 2 lath mills, 1 
planing machine, 1 furnace, 1 
clothier's works, and 1 tannery. 

TIOGA COUNTY, taken from Montgomery in 1794, since much 
modified, is centrally distant 175 miles from the city of Albany ; it is 
bounded on the west by Chemung county, on the north by the counties 
of Tompkins and Cortland, on the east by Broome county, and on the 
south by the Pennsylvania state line. The surface is divided into hills 
and rich valleys ; the soil is well adapted to grazing, and is mostly 
very productive. The Susquehanna river flows through the southern 
part of the county, while the Owego creek and its tributaries, run 
through it from north to south, affording many desirable mill sites. The 
valleys are extensive and susceptible of raising large quantities of hay, 
grain, and other products. A large amount of lumber and other com- 
modities are annually floated down the Susquehanna from this county 
to a southern market, in addition to what is carried over the Ithaca and 
Owego railroad, to the northern and eastern markets. The New-York 
and Erie railroad passes through the valley of the Susquehanna, 
which, when fully completed, will be a great benefit to all this section 
of country. The mineral productions of this county are supposed to 
be limited ; there are, however, some sulphur springs, and a bed of 
marl in the town of Spencer. Its area is about 500 square miles, or 
320,500 acres 



The water power at this place is 
very great, the outlet here having 
a perpendicular descent of 30 feet. 
The stream is very uniform in its 
supply of water, and seldom free- 
zes ; and is navigable for lake craft 
to the lower part of the village. 
The ruins of old Fort Ticonderoga 
are situated about 2 miles below 
this place, on a point of land at 
the entrance of the outlet of Lake 
George into Lake Champlain, 
standing on an eminence of about 
70 feet, overlooking the lake ; the 
ruins are plainly visible from the 
water, presenting a conspicuous 
and interesting object. About 
1800 yards south-west stands 
Mount Defiance, rising 750 feet 
above the lake, overlooking and 
commanding the site of Fort Ti- 
conderoga. It was from the top of 
this eminence, that Gen. Burgoyne 
in 1777, by erecting a small batte- 
ry, dislodged the American garri- 
son, and took possession of this 
important fortification. Mount De- 
fiance is of easy ascent from the 
western side, and from its summit 
presents an extensive view of Lake 
Champlain and the surrounding 
country. 



394 



TIOGA— TOMPKINS. 



The following are the names of the towns in Tioga county, with the 
population in 1840. 



Barton, 2,324 

Berkshire, 956 

Candor, 3,370 

Newark, 1,616 

Nichols, 1,986 

Owego, 5,340 

Tioga, t. Tioga co. situated 5 
miles west of the village of Owego, 
and distant 172 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 2,464 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is hilly; soil, 
gravelly loam, very productive in 
fne valleys ; watered by the Sus- 
quehanna river and some of its tri- 
butaries. Tioga, Tioga Centre, 
Girl's Flats and Smithboro' are 
names of post offices. 

Tioga River, rises in the 
state of Pennsylvania, and flows 
north into the county of Steuben, 
where it unites with the Conhocton 
river ; which united streams then 
take the name of Chemung. — 
Through the valley of the Tioga, 
for a considerable distance, runs 
the Corning and Blossburg rail- 
road. 

Tioughnioga River, rises 
in Onondaga county, and flows 
south through the county of Cort- 
land into Broome county, where it 
empties into the Chenango river at 
the village of Chenango Forks. 
This is a fine mill stream, on 
which are situated several beau- 
tiful villages and manufac- 
turing establishments of various 
kinds. 

Titicus Creek, or River, 
rises in Connecticut, and flows 
west through the town of North 

TOMPKINS COUNTY 



Richford, 939 

Spencer, 1,532 

Tioga, 2,464 



Total inhabitants, 20,527 

Salem, Westchester county, where 
it empties into the Croton river. 

Tivoli, or Redhook Up- 
per Landing, v. and p. o. 
Redhook, Dutchess co. is situated 
on the east side of the Hudson ri- 
ver. Here are located 2 churches, 
3 public houses, 3 stores, 2 grist 
mills, 1 cloth factory, and 2 saw 
mills ; it contains about 300 inha- 
bitants and 50 dwelling houses; 
many of the latter delightfully si- 
tuated on the bank of the Hudson. 
A steam ferry boat here plies 
across the river, landing on the 
west side near the iron works at 
Saugerties. 

Tobehanna, p. o. Tyrone, 
Steuben co. 

Toddsville, v. Hartwick, Ot- 
sego co. is situated on the outlet to 
Schuyler's lake; it contains about 
250 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 extensive 
cotton factory, 1 woollen factory, 
1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 paper 
mill. 

ToMiiANNOCK,p.o.Pittstown, 
Rensselaer co. 

Tomhannock Creek, rises 
in the towns of Grafton and Pitts- 
town, Rensselaer county, and flows 
north-west into Schaghticoke, 
where it empties into the Hoosick 



river, 
taken from Cayuga and Seneca in 1817, 
since changed in its limits, is centrally distant 170 miles west from the 
city of Albany. It is bounded on the north by Seneca and Cayuga 
counties, east by Cortland, south by Tioga and Chemung, and west by 
Chemung county and Seneca lake. The surface of this county is varied, 
somewhat hilly, but not mountainous; the highest hills are susceptible 
of cultivation to their summits, while the valleys are very productive 
in grain, grass and fruit. The soil in general is well adapted to gra- 
zing. The principal streams are Fall creek, Six Mile creek and 



TOMPKINS— TOMPKINSVILLE. 



395 



Cayuga inlet, all of which empty into the head of Cayuga lake, in the 
town of Ithaca, affording a large amount of available water power, 
with some very picturesque falls. The mineral productions of (his 
county are limited ; there are beds of gypsum in the calciferous slate, 
and a few sulphur springs. The inlet of Cayuga lake is rendered na- 
vigable to the village of Ithaca, for canal boats and steamboats, which 
affords a water communication with the Erie canal, in connection with 
Cayuga lake and the Cayuga and Seneca canal. The Ithaca and 
Oioego railroad, commences at the village of Ithaca and extends to the 
village of Owego, a distance of 29 miles, where it connects with the 
line of the New- York and Erie railroad. The area of this county is 
about 580 square miles, or 371,400 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Tompkins county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Caroline, 2,457 

Danby, 2,570 

Dryden, 5,446 

Enfield, 2,340 

Groton, 3,618 

Hector, 5,652 

Tompkins, t. Delaware co. si- 
tuated 22 miles south-west of the 
village of Delhi, and distant 100 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,035 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous, di- 
vided into two ridges by the Dela- 
ware river, running south-west to 
the west bounds of the county, then 
turning south-east, it forms for se- 
veral miles the western boundary. 
Barboursville, Cannonsville and 
Deposit are names of post offices. 

Tompkinsville, v. and p. o. 
Castleton, Richmond co. is de- 
lightfully situated on the north-east 
part of Staten Island, overlooking 
the Quarantine Ground; it is 6 
miles south of the city of New- 
York, with which it is connected 
by commodious ferry boats. It 
was incorporated in 1823, and now 
contains about 1,400 inhabitants, 
200 dwelling houses, 1 Reformed 
Dutch, 1 Episcopal and 1 Metho- 
dist church; 6 hotels and taverns, 
and 12 stores and groceries. 

Here is located the Marine Hos- 
pital, or as it would be denomina- 
ted in most European countries, a 
" Lazaretto." It was established 
for the reception of patients labor- 



Ithaca, 5,650 

Lansing, 3,672 

Newfield, 3,567 

Ulysses, 2,976 

Total inhabitants, 37,948 

ing under the influence of infec- 
tious or contageous diseases, on 
arriving from foreign or sickly 
ports. It is connected with the 
quarantine establishment, which 
opens by statute on the first of 
April, and closes on the first of 
November. The edifices connec- 
ted with it, on Staten Island, are 
the Marine Hospital, 176 \ feet 
front, 49 feet deep, and three sto- 
ries high. The Yellow Fever 
Hospital, 136 feet front by 28 deep, 
with wings, 37 by 28, all of two 
stories, the main building with a 
basement. The Small Pox Hospi- 
tal, 80 feet by 27, of two stories. 
Besides these, are the health offi- 
cer's house, the assistant's house, 
the doctor's house, six boatmen's 
houses, farmer's house, and some 
six or eight smaller buildings used 
for various purposes. The whole 
are valuable and well constructed 
buildings, surrounded by about 30 
acres of land, which is enclosed by 
a substantial brick wall. 

The following table shows the 
number of passengers from foreign 
ports, for a period of ten years, 
who arrived between the 15th of 
March and the 1st of November, 



396 



TONAWANDA— TONAWANDA RAILROAD. 



inclusive, and were subject to qua- 
rantine regulations. 





3/ li 






o 


fi 


of for 
enger 
ig in 
of N 


"i 5 s<i 

ay o : 


— 
o 


B 






. - ~ 




s * 


<U 
> 


Z p.- c, 


zTd'C 


c 

y 




1840 


56, 274 


830 




65 


1839 


47, 688 


750 1 




57 


1838 


24,213 


400 




23 


1837 


51,677 


1,100 




79 


1836 


58, 597 


724 




64 


1836 


32,716 


526 




60 


1834 


46,053 


463 




47 


1833 


39,461 


448, 




63 


1832 


38,815 


447 




63 


1831 


14,821 


526' 




43 



Ton a wakda, t. Erie co. situ 
ated 10 miles north of the city of 
Buffalo and distant 288 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 1.261 
inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
level, including Grand Island, 
which lies in the Niagara river; 
the soil is of a good quality, 
and productive ; it is drained by 
Tonawanda creek flowing into 
Niagara river. 

Tonawanda, v. and p. o. 
Tonawanda, Erie co. is situated on 
the east bank of the Niagara river, 
at the junction of the Tonawanda 
creek and the Erie canal, with 
which they are connected by a lift 
lock of 4 feet in height. At this 
place the Erie canal enters the 
creek, which is navigable for 12 
miles to Pendleton, by means of 
a dam four feet high, erected at 
the village of Tonawanda. This 
place has important commercial 
advantages in its connection with 
the Niagara river ; here is an ex- 
cellent harbor, which is accessable 
to steamboats, and all kinds of sail 
craft during the navigable season. 
These advantages, however, have 
never been improved, being engros- 
sed by the capital and enterprise 
of Buffalo. Tt contains about 700 
people, and 125 dwelling houses ; 
a depot of the Buffalo and Niagara 
Falls railroad ; I church, 6 stores, 



3 taverns, and the usual variety of 
mechanic work shops. 

Tonawanda Creek, rises in 
the south part of Wyoming county, 
and flows north through a part of 
Genesee, where it inclines to the 
west, and continues its course, emp- 
tying into the Niagara river at the 
village of Tonawanda. It forms 
the dividing line between the coun- 
ties of Erie and Niagara, and con- 
stitutes for a distance of 12 miles a 
part of the Erie canal. 

Tonawanda Indian Set- 
tlement, Alabama and Pem- 
broke, Genesee county, contains 
about 350 souls, forming a part of 
the Seneca Nation of Indians, the 
head chief residing here ; this 
tract embraces 12,800 acres of 
rich land, which is partially culti- 
vated . 

Tonawanda Island, lies 
in the Niagara river, opposite the 
village of Tonawanda, and is at- 
tached to the town of Wheatfield, 
Niagara county. It contains about 
70 acres of good land, and is 
highly cultivated; here being loca- 
ted a beautiful country residence. 

Tonawanda Railroad, ex- 
tends from the city of Rochester to 
the village of Attica, in the county 
of Wyoming, a distance of 42 
miles. This road is finished, and 
in operation between Rochester 
and Batavia, a distance of 32 miles ; 
from thence a distance of 10 miles 
the route has been surveyed, and 
will probably be completed in 
1S42. From Attica to Buffalo, a 
distance of 30 miles, a road is 
being constructed by the jfttica 
and Buffalo Railroad Company, 
chartered in 1836, with a capital 
of $350,000. This road is under 
contract to be finished by the 4th 
of July, 1842, which, when com- 
pleted, in connection with the rail- 
road from Batavia to Attica, will 
complete the great chain of rail- 
roads extending from the city of 
Boston, via Albany, to Lake Erie, 



TOWLESVILLE— TRIBES HILL. 



397 



a total distance by railroad of 522 
miles. 

Towlesville, p. o. Howard, 
Steuben co. 

Townees, p. o. Patterson, 
Putnam co. 

Town Line, p. o. Lancaster, 
Erie co. 

Townsend, p. o. Dix, Che- 
mung co. 

ToWNSENDVILLE, p. O. Lodi, 

Seneca co. 

Transit, p. o. Elba, Genesee 
co. 

Transparent Lake, lies 
partly in Hamilton county and 
partly in Herkimer. This is a 
beautiful sheet of water, taking - its 
name from its transparency. It is 
5 miles long- and 2 miles wide, 
abounding- in salmon and brook 
trout of a very large size and of a 
delicious flavor. It is surrounded 
by a wild and interesting region of 
country. 

Trembleau Point, lies on the 
west side of Lake Champlain, in 
the town of Chesterfield, Essex co. 
immediately south of the landing 
at Port Kent. This point forms 
the northern termination of the 
Clinton range of mountains, which 
traverse the northern part of the 
state from Little Falls to Lake 
Champlain at this place. 

Trenton, t. Oneida co. situa- 
ted 12 miles north of the city of 
Utica, and distant 92 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840,3,178 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly, 
but mostly arable; soil, clay loam, 
of good quality; drained by Nine 
Mile and West Canada creeks. 
On the latter, in the east part of 
this town, is situated the celebrated 
falls known as the Trenton Falls. 
Trenton, South Trenton, Trenton 
Falls and Holland Patent are names 
of post offices. 

Trenton, v. and p. o. Tren- 
ton, Oneida co. is situated 13 miles 
north of Utica. It was incorpora- 
ted in 1819, and now contains 



about 400 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Uni- 
tarian church; 2 taverns and 3 
stores. 

Trenton Falls, p. o. Tren- 
ton, Oneida co., is situated in the 
immediate vicinity of the celebra- 
ted Trenton Falls, on West Cana- 
da creek, where are located a well 
kept hotel, and a few dwellings; 
here are a succession of falls of 
the most enchanting interest, which 
yearly attracts a great number of 
visitors to this wild and romantic 
spot. It is the primeval appear- 
ance of all around that constitutes 
the great charm of these falls ; the 
country adjoining is mostly cover- 
ed with forest trees, so that no ap- 
pearance of the ravine is visible 
until its verge is reached. Of the 
six falls in succession, the first is 
called the Fpper; the second, a 
mile below the Cascades; the 
third, a little lower down, the Mill- 
dam ; the fourth. 40 rods far- 
ther, the High Falls; the fifth, 
about 70 rods farther, Sherman's, 
and the sixth, at the termination 
of the ravine, Conrad's. All these 
are formed by solid reefs of rocks, 
which cross the bed of the stream. 
Bolides the falls, there are several 
raceways or chutes, from 10 to 20 
rods long, through which the water 
passes with great rapidity. The 
whole depression of the stream 
from the top of the Upper Fall to 
the foot of Conrad's Fall, is 312 
feet. 

Triangle, t. Broome co. si- 
tuated 16 miles north of the village 
of Binghamton, and distant 132 
miles from Albanv ; contained in 
1840, 1,692 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly; soil, well adapted to 
grass; drained by the Otselic and 
Tioughnioga rivers, which here 
form a junction. Triangle, Upper 
Lisle and Whitney's Point are 
names of post offices. 

Tribes Hill, p. o. Amster- 
dam, Montgomery co. Here are 



398 



TROUPSBURGH— TROY CITY. 



situated I church, 2 stores, 3 ta- 
verns, and about 20 dwelling hou- 
ses. 

Troupsburgh, t. Steuben co. 
situated 25 miles south-west of the 
village of Bath, and distant 247 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,171 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, clay and 
gravelly loam, well adapted to 

grass; drained south-east by the 
owanesque creek. Troupsburgh 
and West Troupsburgh are names 
of post offices. 

Trout River, rises in Frank- 
lin co. and flows north into Canada, 
where it empties into the Chateau- 
gay river. 

Troy City, Rensselaer co. is 
pleasantly situated on the east bank 
of the Hudson river, at the head of 
tide water and steamboat naviga- 
tion, 6 miles above Albany and 151 
north of the city of New-York. — 
Two or'three years after the revolu- 
tionary war, the site on which Troy 
stands, first began to attract the at- 
tention of settlers. Its existence 
as a village, may be dated from 
1790. It was incorporated as a 
city in 1816, when it contained 
nearly 5,000 inhabitants ; it has 
recently been made a port of entry, 
and contained in 1840, 19,334 in- 
habitants, who are mostly engaged 
in commerce, trade and manufac- 
tures. Since the completion ofthe 
Erie and Champlain canals in 1825, 
which, opposite this place, at the 
village of West Troy, unites the 
waters of the lakes with those 
ofthe Hudson, Troy has rapidly 
increased in wealth and population. 
Here are situated a fine court 
house, built of marble, in the Gre- 
cian doric order; a jail construct- 
ed of brick ; a county poor house, 
to which a farm containing about 
200 acres is attached ; the Rensse- 
laer institute, founded by the late 
Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer, 
where the sciences are practically 
taught to young men, under the 



charge of Professor Eaton ; the 
Troy female seminary, a flourish- 
ing chartered institution; the Troy 
academy, also an excellent classi- 
cal and chartered institution for 
the education of boys, besides seve- 
ral select schools for males and fe- 
males. Troy contains 2 new, fine- 
ly modelled and expensive market 
buildings; 7 Presbyterian churches, 
3 Episcopal, 2 Baptist, 2 Metho- 
dist, 1 Catholic, 1 Universalist, 1 
Friend's meeting house and an 
African church; 6 banks, with an 
aggregate capital of $1, 56«,000 ; 
2 insurance companies; 1 lyceum 
of natural history, with a choice 
scientific library, and an extensive 
collection of minerals and collec- 
tions in various branches of natu- 
ral history ; a Young Men's associ- 
ation for mutual improvement, 
with a large library and extensive 
reading room, and a select cabinet 
of curiosities ; 20 hotels and ta- 
verns, 23 commission houses, 34 
importing houses, and 400 dry 
goods, groceries and other stores, 
14 lumber yards, 4 cotton facto- 
ries, 1 woollen factory, 10 flouring 
and plaster mills, 1 saw mill, 1 pa- 
per mill, 2 extensive iron rolling 
and slitting mills, 4 furnaces, 3 
fulling mills, 7 tanneries, several 
large factories of boots and shoes, 3 
breweries, 1 distillery, 1 pottery, 5 
stage coach, railroad car, carriage 
and wagon factories, 4 printing of- 
fices, 5 hat and fur cap factories, 2 
steam planing mills, 1 brush fac- 
tory, 3 looking glass and picture 
frame factories, a large number of 
tin, sheet iron, stove, chair and ca- 
binet factories, besides factories 
and workshops of almost every de- 
scription. Here are owned about 
60 masted vessels, 3 large passage 
steamboats of the first class, 2 
smaller steam passage boats and 5 
steam tow boats with 22 barges, 
which ply between Trovand New- 
York, transporting annually an im- 
mense amount of produce and mer- 



TROY CITY. 



399 



chandise. Four lines of passage 
and freight boats run on (he Cham- 
plain canal from Troy ; a line of 
packet schooners run from this 
place to Boston and other eastern 
ports; a line of canal packets to 
Whitehall, and lines of daily sta- 
ges run to Whitehall and Benning- 
ton, Vt., and to Brattleboro, Vt., 
and Boston. The water power at 
Troy is immense, and a large por- 
tion of it still unoccupied. With- 
in the limits of the city and about 
a mile east of the Hudson, a tunnel 
has been excavated by Mr. Benj. 
Marshall, extending from the Po- 
estenkill a distance of about 800 
feet, and gives a fall of 180 feet. — 
Several large nulls and factories to 
be supplied with water from this 
fall, are now in the progress of 
erection. Near the northern boun- 
dary of the city a dam has been 
built across the Hudson, by the 
state, which here makes a fall of 
11| feet and creates an incalcula- 
ble amount of hydraulic power. — 
This place is abundantly supplied 
with wholesome water, brought 
from the Piscawin creek through 
large iron pipes, with hydrants at 
the corners of the streets. The re- 
servoir is situated in the north part 
of the city, about half a mile east 
of the Hudson, and is about 90 feet 
above the tide waters of the river. 
The water is carried by the force 
of its head above the highest hou- 
ses in the city, and is used for do- 
mestic purposes as well as for ex- 
tinguishing fires. 

The Rensselaer and Saratoga 
railroad commences at this place, 
crossing the Hudson river by a sub- 
stantial bridge 1650 feet in length, 
to Green island ; thence it contin- 
ues north across several branches 
of the Mohawk river to Waterford ; 
following the valley of the Hudson 
until it reaches Mechanicsville, 
where it diverges to the west and 
continues to the village of Ballston 
Spa, a distance of 24 miles, and 



unites with the. Saratoga and Sche- 
nectady railroad. A railroad is 
also in progress from Troy to Sche- 
nectady, a distance of 20 miles, 
and will be extended to Greenbush, 
on the east side of the Hudson ri- 
ver, opposite Albany ; there to 
connect with the Albany and West 
Stockbridge railroad, which, when 
completed, will make a direct rail- 
road communication from Troy to 
Boston, and furnish a line of rail- 
roads from Boston to Buffalo. — 
There is also a macadamised road 
already finished from Troy to Ben- 
nington, Vt. a distance of about 26 
miles. Troy is connected with the 
village of West Troy, in Albany 
co., which has risen into impor- 
tance within a few years, by means 
of a commodious bridge and two 
ferries crossing the Hudson river. 
The city of Troy has long been 
celebrated for its beauty and health- 
iness. The streets are laid out at 
right angles, are generally wide, re- 
markable for their cleanliness, and 
planted with beautiful, and in the 
hot season, most grateful forest and 
shade trees. From mounts Ida on 
the east and Olympus on the north, 
an extensive and charming pros- 
pect is presented, embracing a view 
of the valley of the Hudson for 
miles, the city of Albany, the vil- 
lages of West Troy, Lansingburgh, 
Waterford and Cohoes, and the Co- 
hoes falls ; a landscape presenting 
more beauty and a greater variety 
of scenery, can hardly be imagined. 
From the elevations just mention- 
ed, the eye rests at once, as on a 
map spread out before it, on city 
and village teeming with life and 
activity; the broad Hudson rolling 
on in majesty to the ocean, and 
bearing on its bosom fleets of boats 
and vessels — a long extent of the 
Erie canal, itself no common 
stream, floating to market the pro- 
ducts of the west — railroads, over 
which are passing with lightning 
speed, multitudes in pursuit of bu- 



400 



TRUMANSBURGH— TUPPER'S LAKE. 



siness or pleasure — on woodlands 
and cultivated fields harmoniously 
blended — and on a western horizon 
of undulating highlands, which to- 
wards the south, blend with the 
famed Catskill mountains, lift- 
ing their giant heads to the 
clouds. 

In June, 1820, Troy was visited 
with a most destructive and deso- 
lating fire, which in a short time 
consumed the wealthiest and most 
important section of the city. The 
calamity for a while was depress- 
ing and filled the hearts of its citi- 
zens with despondency. But their 
accustomed energy soon returned, 
" and before the close of the fol- 
lowing season the desolations were 
repaired, and Troy rose from its 
ashes, beautified in its appearance, 
invigorated in its enterprise, and 
the value of its property increas- 
ed." Troy has attained its pre- 
sent elevation and commercial 
importance, by the industry, enter- 
prise and united actions of its citi- 
zens. Its early settlers were some 
of the hardy and industrious sons 
of New-England; who bad been 
schooled in New-England habits ; 
were inured to toil and accustomed 
to labor; enterprising, moral and 
intelligent ; and who had their own 
fortunes to build up in the world. 
By prudence, by unwearied perse- 
verance, by constant activity and 
untiring vigilance, in opposition to 
many natural disadvantages and of 
powerful neighbors, they succeed- 
ed in giving prosperity and conse- 
quence to what has become one of 
of the most important commercial 
and manufacturing places on the 
Hudson river. And so long as the 
taste, sagacity and energy, for 
which it has heretofore been dis- 
tinguished, continue, it will be re- 
garded as one of the most beauti- 
ful, enterprising and business-like 
cities in the Union. 

Tkumansburgh, v. and p. o. 
Ulysses, Tompkins co. contains 



about 800 inhabitants, 125 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist 
and 1 Methodist church ; 3 taverns, 
7 stores ; a female seminary; 2 
grist mills, 1 saw mill, 2 carriage 
factories, 1 furnace, and 1 card- 
ing and cloth dressing establish- 
ment. 

Trvxton, t. Cortland co. situ- 
ated 12 miles north-east of the vil- 
lage of Cortland, and distant 131 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 3,658 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, calcareous 
gravel and argillaceous mould ; — 
drained south by the Tioughnioga 
river. Truxton and Cuyler's are 
names of post offices. 

Truxton, v. and p. o. Trux- 
ton, Cortland co. contains about 
300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 
1 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist 
church, 1 tavern, 4 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 1 saw mill, 2 sash factories, 
1 furnace and 1 tannery. 

Tubbsville, v. Woodhull, 
Steuben co. is situated on the Tus- 
carora creek ; it contains about 125 
inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 2 
taverns, 2 stores, 1 grist mill and 2 
saw mills. 

TuLLY,t. Onondaga co. situated 
16 miles south of the village of Sy- 
racuse, and distant 128 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840,1,663 
inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
level; soil, clay loam, well adapt- 
ed to grass ; drained north by On- 
ondaga creek, and south by the 
head Dranches of the Tioughnioga 
river, which take their rise in two 
or three small lakes. Tully, TSilly 
Valley and Vesper, are names of 
post offices. 

Tully, v. and p. o. Tully, On 
ondaga co. contains about 300 in- 
habitants, 45 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns, 2 stores and 1 
grist mill. 

Tupper's Lake, lies in the 
south-west part of Franklin county ; 
it is 6 miles long and 2 miles wide; 
abounding in trout and other fish 



TUNANGW ANT —ULSTER. 



401 



of different kinds, for which the 
waters in this part of the state are 
celebrated. 

TuwANGWA3ST,p. o. Cattarau- 
gus CO. 

Turin, t. Lewis co. situated 
6 miles south of the village of 
Martinsburgh and distant 121 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,704 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling; soil, fertile loam, 
mostly well cultivated ; drained by 
several small streams flowing into 
Black river, which bounds it on 
the east. Turin and Houseville are 
names of post offices. 

Turin, v. and p. o. Turin, 
Lewis co. is situated on a tributary 
of Black river; it contains about 
250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Metho- 
dist church, 2 taverns, 6 stores, 2 
grist mills, 2 saw mills, 1 woollen 
factory and 1 tannery. 

Tuscarora, p. o. Sparta, Liv- 
ingston co. 

Tuscarora Creek, rises in 
Steuben co. and flows east, empty- 
ing into the Canisteo river. 

Tuscarora Creek, of Ni- 
agara co. rises in the Tuscarora re- 
servation, and flows north-east into 
Lake Ontario. 

Tuscarora Indian Set- 
tlement, Lewiston, Niagara co. 
is located about 3 miles east of the 
village of Lewiston ; here are con- 
gregated about 300 Indians, the 
remnant of a once powerful tribe, 
who about 70 years ago emigrated 
to this state from North Carolina, 
and united with the confederacy of 
the five nations, which altogether 
formed the six nations of Indians, 
celebrated in the early history of 
this part of the country. Here is a 
missionary station and a Presbyte- 



rian and Baptist house of worship, 
together with an English school at- 
tached. 

Tuthill, p. o. Shawangunk, 
Ulster co. ; here are located 2 ta- 
verns, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 ful- 
ling mill and a number of dwelling 
houses. 

Twaalfskill. See Wilbur. 

Twelve Mile Creek, ri 
ses in the south part of Yates coun- 
ty, and flows into Steuben, where 
it empties into the Conhocton ri- 
ver. 

Twenty Mile Creek, ri- 
ses in Chautauque county, and 
flows south-west into Pennsylvania, 
where it empties into Lake Erie. 

Two Sisters Creek, rises 
in Erie county, and flows west in- 
to Lake Erie. 

Tyre, t. Seneca co. situated 8 
miles north-east of the village of 
Waterloo, and distant 171 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,506 inhabitants. The surface is 
level; soil, sandy and calcareous 
loam ; drained by the Clyde river 
flowing- into Seneca river, which 
bounds it on the east. Tyre, is the 
name of a post office. 

Tyrone, t. Steuben co. situa- 
ted 16 miles north-east of the vil- 
lage of Bath, and distant 204 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,122 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly; soil, clay and calcareous 
loam, well adapted for grain ; — 
drained south by Mud creek. Ty- 
rone, Pine Grove and Tobahanna, 
are names of post offices. 

Tyrone, v. and p. o. Tyrone, 
Steuben co. contains about 250 in- 
habitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
church, 2 taverns, 6 stores, 1 grist 
mill and 1 tannery. 



ULSTER COUNTY, originally organized in 16S3, is centrally dis- 
tant 60 miles south from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the north 
by Greene county, east by the Hudson river, south by Orange county, 
and west by the counties of Sullivan and Delaware. The surface of 
this county is varied ; on the north-west lie the Catskill range of moun- 
20 



402 



ULSTER. 



tains, while the Shawangunk mountain covers a portion of the south. — 
The vallies of the Rondout, Wallkill and Esopus creeks are extensive 
and very fertile; the soil of the uplands, where not too rugged, are also 
rich and well adapted to grazing. The Rondout, flowing into the Hud- 
son river, which hounds this county on the east, is an important stream; 
it receives in its course the Shawangunk creek and Wallkill, besides 
several other tributaries. The Esopus creek rises in the north-west 
part of the county, and after a circuitous route empties into the Hud- 
son in the town of Saugerties ; all of the above streams afford valuable 
water power. Although the mineral productions of this county are not 
numerous, some of them are of great importance ; this is particularly 
the case with the water limestone, of which immense deposits are found 
along the Rondout and on the line of the Hudson and Delaware canal. 
There are several localities ot marl, and lead ore lias long been known 
to exist in Shawangunk mountains, within the limits of the county. — ■ 
There are also several sulphur springs of some celebrity. The Dela- 
ware and Hudson canal terminates at the village of Eddyville on the 
Rondout, which stream is from thence navigable to the Hudson, a dis- 
tance of about 3 miles. Rs area is about 1,096 square miles, or 701,- 
500 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Ulster county, with the 
population in 1840. 



Esopus, 1,930 

Hurley, 2,201 

Kingston, 5,824 

Marbletown, 3,813 

Marlborough, 2,523 

New Paltz, 5,408 

Olive, 2,023 

Plattekill, 2,125 

Ulster, v. and p. o. Sauger- 
ties, Ulster co. is situated on the 
west side of the Hudson river at 
the mouth of Esopus creek, 110 
miles north of the city of New- 
York ; ii is most commonly called 
Saugerties. Here is an immense 
water power, having a fall of 45 
feet, which has in part been made 
available by Henry Barclay, Esq. 
still leaving unemployed sufficient 
hydraulic power to propel a large 
amount of machinery. There is 
now erected an extensive iron roll- 
ing mill, giving employment to 250 
workmen ; a large paper mill, an 
extensive white lead works, an axe 
manufactory and a starch mill, al- 
together giving employment to a 
great number of mechanics and 
operatives, and some 20 or 30 ves- 



Rochester, 2,674 

Saugerties, 6,212 

Shandaken, 1,455 

Shawangunk, 3,886 

Wawarsing, 4,044 

Woodstock, 1,691 



Total inhabitants, 45,822 

sels. The village of Ulster was 
incorporated in 1831, and now con- 
tains a population of about 2300 
inhabitants, 300 dwelling houses, 
1 Dutch Reformed, 1 Episco- 
pal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist and 1 
Roman Catholic church, 4 public 
houses, 15 stores and groceries, 1 
tannery and 2 brick yards. Here 
are owned a steamboat and 6 sloops, 
carrying a large amount of manu- 
factured goods and country pro- 
duce to and from the city of New- 
York. The Esopus creek passes 
through the village, across which 
is thrown a beautiful bridge being 
constructed of one arch of 260 feet 
span, built in 1840, by Ralph 
Bigelow, Esq. situated about 100 
yards above the falls. In this vi- 
cinity is found a superior quality of 



ULSTERVILLE— UNION FALLS. 



403 



building 1 stone, large quantities be- 
ing shipped from this place. Ac- 
commodation stages are in constant 
attendance, and run to the different 
passage boats which land and re- 
ceive passengers at Maiden, a dis- 
tance of about 2 miles. 

Ulsterville, p. o. Shawan- 
gunk, Ulster co. 

Ulysses, t. Tompkins co. situ- 
ated 8 miles north-west of the vil- 
lage of Ithaca, and distant 175 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,976 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating, declining to- 
wards the east; soil, gravelly loam 
of good quality; drained by seve- 
ral small streams running into Cay- 
uga lake, which bounds it on the 
east. Jacksonville and Trumans- 
burgh are post offices. Middle- 
burgh is the name of a settle- 
ment. 

Ukadilla, t. Otsego co. situa- 
ted 30 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Cooperstown, and distant 
100 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,272 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and somewhat bro- 
ken, with some rich alluvion flats ; 
soil of the uplands, fertile loam, 
well adapted to grass ; drained by 
the Unadilla and Susquehanna ri- 
vers, which unite on the south-west 
part of this town. Unadilla, Una- 
dilla Centre and Creekville, are 
names of post offices. 

Unadilla, v. and p. o. Una- 
dilla, Otsego co. is pleasantly situ- 
ated on the Susquehanna river; it 
was incorporated in 1827, and now 
contains about 500 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses, an Episcopal 
church, 3 taverns, 8 stores, 1 wool- 
len factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
and 1 tobacco factory. 

Unadilla Forks, v. and p. 
o. Plainfield, Otsego co. is situated 
at the junction of the east and west 
branches of the Unadilla river ; it 
contains about 250 inhabitants, 40 
dwelling houses, 2 churches, 1 ta- 
vern, 2 stores, 1 large flouring mill, 



1 oil mill, 1 saw mill, 2 fulling 
mills and a machine shop. 

Unadilla Riveii, rises in 
Oneida county and flows in a south- 
erly direction ; forming the divi- 
ding line between the counties of 
Madison, Otsego and Chenango, 
when it falls into the Susquehanna 
river. This stream is about 50 
miles in length, affording a large 
amount of hydraulic power; on its 
banks are situated several pleasant 
villages and a number of desirable 
mill sites, many of which are now 
occupied by woollen and cotton 
factories, and grist and saw mills. 

Union, t. Broome co. situated 
6 miles west of the village of Bing- 
hamton, and distant 150 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
3,165 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, gravelly loam, 
fertile and well adapted to grass ; 
drained by Nanticoke creek and 
some other streams flowing into the 
Susquehanna river, which bounds 
it on the south. Union and Maine, 
are names of post offices. 

Union, v. and p. o. Union, 
Broome co. is situated on the north 
side of the Susquehanna river ; it 
contains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
church, 2 taverns, 7 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 2 saw mills and 1 clothier's 
works. 

Union Church, p. o. New 
Scotland, Albany co. 

Union College. See Sche- 
nectady city. 

Union Corners, p. o. Sparta, 
Livingston co. 

Union Ellery, p. o. Ellery, 
Chautauque co. 

Union Falls, p. o. Black 
Brook, Clinton co. ; here are loca- 
ted 1 forge with 6 fires, 2 saw mills, 
1 tavern, 1 store and about 20 
dwelling houses. This place is 
situated on the westerly side of the 
Saranac river, where there is a great 
water power, most of which is still 
unoccupied. 



404 UNION MILLS— U. STATES REVENUE DISTRICTS. 



Union Mills, p. o. Broadal- 
bin, Fulton co.; here are situated 
1 tavern, 1 store, 1 paper mill, 1 
saw mill, 1 printing office and about 
15 dwelling- houses. 

Union Race Course. See 
Jamaica. 

Union Society, p. o. Wind- 
ham, Greene co. 

Union Springs, v. and p. o. 
Springport, Cayuga co. is situated 
on the east side of Cayuga lake, 
where is a steamboat landing ; it 
contains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses, 3 churches, 2 ta- 
verns, 5 stores and 1 warehouse; 
1 woollen factory, 1 flouring mill, 
1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 1 plaster 
mill, 1 iron foundery and an estab- 
lishment for building canal boats. 
Here are located two large fresh 
water springs, from which water is 
discharged in sufficient quantities 
to propel the above factories and 
mills; also, a mineral spring of 
some celebrity. A steam ferry 
boat here crosses the lake to Cano- 
ga, in Seneca county. 

Union Square, p. o. Mexico, 
Oswego co. 

Union Vale, t. Dutchess co. 
situated 12 miles east of the village 
of Poughkeepsie, and distant S5 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,498 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling and hilly, having on 
the east the Matteawan ridge ; 
soil, clay, loam and gravel ; 
drained south-west by the Fishkill 
creek. Clove and Verbank are 
names of post offices. 

Union Village, p. o. Lisle. 
Broome co. 

Union Village, v. Green- 
wich and Easton, Washington co. 
is pleasantly situated on both sides 
of the Battenkill; it contains about 
1,300 inhabitants, 160 dwelling 
houses; 1 Congregational, 1 Re- 
formed Dutch, 1 Baptist and 1 
Methodist church; an incorporated 
academy in a flourishing condition ; 
1 bank, 11 stores of different kinds; 



1 cotton factory, 1 woollen factory, 
1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 furnace 
and 1 extensive carriage manufac- 
tory, besides many other kinds of 
mechanic work shops. Here is lo- 
cated the Greenwich post office. 

Unionville, v. and p. o. Mi- 
nisink, Orange co. contains about 
150 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 
1 church, 2 public houses and 3 
stores. 

United Society of Be- 
lievers. See New- Lebanon, 
and Shaker Settlements in Water- 
vliet and Groveland. 

United States Arsenals 
and Cantonments. See Buf- 
falo, Fort Hamilton, Governor's 
Island, Platlsburgh, Rome, Oswe- 
go, Sackelt's Harbor, Watervliet, 
or West Troy and West Point. 

United States Navy 
Yard. See Brooklyn. 

United States Revenue 
Districts. The following are 
the several Revenue Districts in 
the state of New York, with the 
registered and enrolled tonnage in 
each district, in 1840. 
Districts. Tonnage. 

Champlain, 1,477 39 

Cape Vincent, 116 82 

Genesee, 471 24 

Niagara, 230 89 

Oswego, 8,346 58 

Oswegatchie, 999 35 

Sackett's Harbor, 3,637 28 

Buffalo, 4,916 00 

New-York, 414,817 44 

Sag Harbor, 20,405 62 

Total tonnage, 455,518 61 

Total tonnage in the 

U. S. in 1840, 2,180,764 16 

The total amount of imports and 
exports, for the year ending 30th 
Sept. 1840, was as follows: — The 
value of imports entered in the Re- 
venue Districts within the stale of 
New-York, amounted to $60,440,- 
750 ; exports , $ 34 ,264,080 . Tota 1 



UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW-YORK— UTICA. 405 



amount during the same period 
entered within the United States, 
$107,141,519 ; exports, #132,085,- 
946. 

University of the City 
of New-Yokk. See New- York 
City. 

Upper Aquebogue, p. o. 
Riverhead, Suffolk co. 

Upper Redhook Landing. 
See Tivoli. 

Urbana, t. Steuben co. situa- 
ted 6 miles north-east of the vil- 
lage of Bath, and distant 207 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1S40, 
1,884 inhabitants. The surface is 
somewhat hilly, rising on both 
sides from Crooked lake and its 
inlet ; soil, clay and loam of differ- 
ent qualities; watered by Crooked 
lake, at the south end of which is 
a convenient landing. Urbana, 
Hammondsport, Mount Washing- 
ton and West Urbana are names 
of post offices. 

Utica City, Oneida co. is 
situated on the south side of the 
Mohawk river, on the site of old 
Fort Schuyler, 93 miles west of the 
citv of Albany. It was chartered 
in 1832, and is now divided into 
four wards, and governed by a 
common council, consisting of a 
mayor and 12 aldermen. In 1840 
it contained 12,810 inhabitants, 
about 1,600 dwelling houses, 3 
Presbyterian churches, 1 Reform- 
ed Dutch, 2 Episcopal, 4 Baptist, 
3 Methodist, 2 Catholic, 1 Univer- 
salist and 1 African church, and 
1 Friends' meeting house; 1 Pro- 
testant and 1 Catholic orphan asy- 
lum ; 1 public market, 4 banking 
houses and 1 saving's bank ; 1 mu- 
tual insurance company ; 2 incor- 
porated academies, one for males 
and the other for females ; a mu- 
seum, located in the Exchange 
building; 1 public garden ; 15 ho- 
tels and taverns, besides several 
extensive private boarding houses; 
190 dry goods, groceries and other 
stores; 5 forwarding houses; 6 



tanneries, 5 iron founderies, 2 ma- 
chine shops ; 1 manufactory of lo- 
comotive and oilier steam engines; 

2 breweries, 1 extensive oil cloth 
factory, 1 piano and organ manu- 
factory, 3 carriage manufactories, 
1 tobacco factory, 2 boat yards for 
building and repairing canal boats; 

3 lumber yards, 7 printing offices, 
besides almost every other kind of 
mechanic work shops. The July 
term of the supreme court of the 
state, the several terms of the vice- 
chancellor's court for the fifth cir- 
cuit, one term of the United States 
distiict court for the northern dis- 
trict of the state of New-York, and 
one term of the circuit court for 
the county of Oneida, are holden in 
Utica. The office of one of the 
clerk's of the supreme court, that 
of the clerk in chancery for the 
fifth circuit, of the clerk of the 
United States court, and of the 
clerk of the county of Oneida, are 
located in this city. The New- 
York State Lunatic Asylum, is 
situated on somewhat elevated 
ground, about one mile west of the 
centre of Utica, and is now in pro- 
gress of building. Here will be 
located four large buildings, the 
centre part of each of which is to 
be four stories, and the remainder 
3 stories in height, besides the 
basement; each building is cal- 
culated to accommodate 210 
patients, besides the necessary 
wardens and domestics; one build- 
ing is now nearly completed, and 
ready for the accommodation of 
lunatics; attached is a farm of 
160 acres of land This humane 
establishment is calculated for the 
reception of all insane persons in 
the state, whose friends or county 
authorities may apply in their 
behalf. The probable expenditure 
of the state, will be above half a 
million of dollars, to complete the 
design of the above buildings, as 
contemplated by the commission- 
ers appointed by the state authori - 



406 



UTICA AND SCHENECTADY R. R.— VAN BUREN. 



ties. There were according to the 
census of 1840, 3,973 lunatics in 
the state. 

Utica is a lively and extensive 
place of business, and is a great 
thoroughfare for travellers. In ad- 
dition to the Erie canal, which 
passes through the centre of the 
city, the Chenango canal commen- 
ces at this place, and terminates at 
Binghamton, in Broome county; 
the Utica and Schenectady railroad 
and the Syracuse and Utica rail- 
road unite at this point, forming 
two of the principal links in the 
great chain of railroads, which will 
soon be completed between the 
cities of Boston, Albany and Buf- 
falo. Stages leave Utica daily for 
Watertown, Sackett's Harbor and 
Ogdensburgh on the north, and 
Cooperstown, Norwich, Bingham- 
ton and Ithaca in a southerly direc- 
tion. The city of Utica is sur- 
rounded by one of the finest and 
richest agricultural and manufac- 
turing districts in the Union, and 
is a wealthy and flourishing place 
of business. The Erie canal 
through the city has been widened 
to seventy, and deepened to seven 
feet, and presents a fine appearance 
from the several beautiful and well 
constructed bridges which span its 
breadth. Before the canal was 
widened, the several bridges were 
miserable looking structures, so 
low that boats could but just pass 
beneath. But now they are raised 
some six feet higher than formerly, 
and are really ornaments to the 
city. A fine stone culvert has just 
been completed in the city, from 
the canal to the river, at a cost 
of about $100,000, and a splen- 
did double lock is now being 
built ; a mile or two west, 
which will probably cost as much 
more. 

Utica and Schenectady 
Railroad, extends from the city 
of Schenectady to the city of Uti- 
ca, a distance of 77 miles ; run- 



ning through Ihe valley of the 
Mohawk, lor the most of the dis- 
tance on the north side of the river; 
passing through the villages of Am- 
sterdam, Fonda, St. Johnsville, 
Little Falls and Herkimer. It was 
incorporated in 1833, with a capi- 
tal of $2,000,000 ; being comple- 
ted in 1836, at a cost of about 
$1,540,000, or $20,000 per mile. 
This road forms one of the most 
important links in the great chain 
of railroads between Boston and 
Buffalo. 

Utsayantha Lake, or 
Pond, is a small body of water 
lying in the town of Jefferson, 
Schoharie co. and is celebrated as 
being the head source of the De- 
laware river. 

Uxbridge, p. o. Montgomery 

CO. 

Vail's Mills, p. o. Mayfield, 
Fulton co. 

Valatie, v. and p. o. Kinder- 
hook, Columbia county, is an im- 
portant manufacturing settlement, 
situated 2 miles east of the village 
of Kinderhook, at the junction of 
the Valatie and Kinderhook creeks; 
it contains about 1,600 inhabitants, 
200 dwelling houses, 3 churches, 
3 taverns, 12 stores, besides a 
number of different kinds of me- 
chanic work shops ; 4 extensive 
cotton factories, which, when in 
full operation, give employment to 
400 operatives and mechanics ; 2 
iron founderies, 1 machine shop, 1 
grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 fulling 
mill, and 1 plaster mill. 

Valcour Island, lies in 
Lake Champlain a few miles south 
of the village of Pittsburgh ; it is 
2h miles long and half a mile wide. 

Vallonia Springs, p. o. 
Colesville, Broome co. 

Van Buren, t. Onondaga co. 
situated 12 miles north-west of the 
village of Syracuse, and distant 
145 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 3,021 inhabitants. The 
surface is rolling ; soil, clay and 



VAN BUREN HARBOR— VERONA. 



407 



sandy loam; drained by Camp 
brook, flowing into Seneca river, 
which bounds it on the north. 
Van Bur en, J'an Bur en Centre 
and Canal are post offices. Canton 
is the name of a village. 

Van Buhen Harbor, p. o. 
Pom fret, Chautauque co. Here are 
situated 1 tavern, and a few dwel- 
ling- houses. This is a convenient 
steamboat landing on Lake Erie, 5 
miles south of the village of Dun- 
kirk. 

Van Burenville, p. o. 
Wallkill, Orange co. 

Vandermark, p. o. Alfred, 
Allegany co. 

Van Ettenville, p. o. 
Cayuta, Chemung co. 

Van Schaick's Island, lies 
at '-he mouth of the Mohawk river, 
and is attached to the town of Wa- 
tervliet, Albany co. It is about 
one and a half miles long and a 
quarter of a mile wide ; over this 
island extends the Rensselaer and 
Saratoga railroad, which here runs 
parallel to the Hudson river on its 
west bank. 

Varick, t. Seneca co. situated 
8 miles south of the village of Wa- 
terloo, and distant 180 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 1,971 
inhabitants. The surface is high 
in the centre, declining east and 
west towards Cayuga and Seneca 
lakes; soil, of good quality, and 
well adapted to grain. Varick is 
the name of a post office. 

Varna, v. and p. o. Dryden, 
Tompkins co. is situated on Fall 
creek; it contains about 200 inha- 
bitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
tavern, 1 sash factory, 1 grist mill 
and 2 saw mills. 

Varysburgh, v. and p. o. 
Sheldon, Wyoming co. is situated 
on the Tonavvanda creek ; it con- 
tains about 225 inhabitants, 30 
dwelling houses ; 1 Baptist and 1 
Methodist church ; 2 taverns, 4 
stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 grist 



mill, 2 saw mills, 1 tannery and 1 
ashery. 

Venice, t. Cayuga co. situated 
15 miles south of the village of 
Auburn, and distant 162 miles 
from Albany ; it contained in 1840, 
2,105 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating; soil, clay and gravelly 
loam, underlaid by lime and gyp- 
sum; drained south by Salmon 
creek. Venice, South Venice and 
Poplar Ridge are names of post 
offices. 

Verbank, p. o. Union Vale, 
Dutchess co. 

Verdreitje Hook, is a 
bold headland, projecting into the 
Hudson river from the west side 
opposite Teller's Point, separating 
Tappan from Haverstraw bay ; it 
is elevated 668 feet above the 
river. 

Vermont, p. o. Gerry, Chau- 
tauque co. 

Vernal, p. o. Attica, Wyom- 
ing co. 

Vernon, t. Oneida co. situated 
16 miles west of the city of Utica, 
and distant 113 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 3,043 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is undulating; 
soil, sandy loam and fertile clay ; 
drained north-west by Oneida and 
Skenandoa creeks. Vernon, Ver- 
non Centre and Oneida Castle are 
names of post offices. 

Vernon, v. and p. o. Vernon, 
Oneida co. was incorporated in 
1827, and now contains about 700 
inhabitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Metho- 
dist and 1 Unitarian church; an 
incorporated academy ; 2 taverns, 
4 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
and 1 tannery. Near this place on 
Skenandoa creek, is situated a 
glass factory, where are manufac- 
tured large quantities of glass. 

Verona, t. Oneida co. situated 
20 miles west of the city of Utica, 
anddislant 116 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 4,504 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is level, with 



408 



VERPLANK'S POINT— VIENNA. 



some swamps; soil, rich mould, 
blended with some sand ; watered 
on the west by Oneida lake, and 
drained by some small streams 
flowing into Wood creek, which 
bounds it on the north. The Erie 
canal passes through this town, 
where branches off the Oneida 
Lake canal. Verona, Durham- 
ville, New-London, Oneida De- 
pot and Skenandoa are names of 
post offices. The former post office 
is located in a village called 
Handsville, where are situated 1 
church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, and 
25 dwelling houses, surrounded 
by a rich agricultural country. 

Verplank's Point, p. o. 
Cortland, Westchester co. Here 
is a convenient steamboat landing, 
on the east side of the Hudson ri- 
ver, 42 miles north of the city of 
New-York, and 4 miles south of 
the village of Peekskill ; where 
are situated 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
and some 15 or 20 dwelling hou- 
ses. 

Versailles, p. o. Perrys- 
burgh, Cattaraugus co. 

Vesper, p. o. Tullv, Onondaga 
co. 

Vestal, t. Broome co. situated 
8 miles south-west of the village 
of Binghamton, and distant 154 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,253 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is somewhat ridgy and broken ; 
the soil is good on the flats, most 
of the residue is covered with a 
large growth of timber ; drained by 
Choconut creek, and some other 
streams flowing into the Susque- 
hanna river, which bounds it on 
the north. Vestal and South Ves- 
tal ire names of post offices. 
At the former there is a small 
settlement. 

Veteran, t. Chemung co. si- 
tuated 11 miles north of the village 
ofElmira, and distant 190 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,279 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly ; soil, gravelly and clay 



loam of good quality ; drained 
north by the inlet of Seneca lake, 
which affords much fine water 
power. Veteran and Millport are 
names of post offices. 

Victor, t. Ontario co. situated 
12 miles north-west of the village 
of Canandaigua, and distant 203 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,393 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is somewhat hilly ; soil, sandy 
and clay loam, underlaid with 
lime ; drained north-east by Mud 
creek. 

Victor, v. and p. o. Victor, 
Ontario co. is situated near the 
line of the Auburn and Rochester 
railroad ; it contains about 300 in- 
habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Methodist and 1 
Universalist church, 2 taverns and 
3 stores. 

Victory, t. Cayuga co. situa- 
ted 20 miles north of the village of 
Auburn, and distant 167 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,371 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating; soil, sandy and gravelly 
loam, mostly well cultivated ; 
drained north by Sodus creek. 

Victory, v. and p. o. Victory, 
Cavuga co. contains about 200 in- 
habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 2 taverns and 2 stores. 

Vienna, t. Oneida co. situated 
30 miles north-west of the city of 
Utica, and distant 125 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,530 
inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
lating ; soil, mostly of a good qua- 
lity; drained by Fish creek and 
some other streams flowing into 
Oneida lake, which bounds it in 
part on the south. Vienna, Mc- 
Connellsville, North Bay, Pine and 
West Vienna are names of post 
offices. 

Vienna, v. Phelps, Ontario co. 
is situated on the outlet to Canan- 
daigua lake, at the junction of 
Flint creek ; it contains about 
1,400 inhabitants, 200 dwelling 
houses, 2 Presbyterian, and 1 Me- 



VILLANOVA— WADDINGTON. 



409 



thodist church ; 1 female semina- 
ry ; 4 public houses, 9 stores and 
groceries, 6 flouring' mills, con- 
taining IS run of stones ; 4 plaster 
mills, 3 saw mills, 2 edge tool 
manufactories, 2 clothier's works, 
1 furnace, 2 distilleries, 2 malt 
houses, 1 carriage manufactory, 
besides many other kinds of 
mechanic work shops. The Au- 
burn and Rochester railroad passes 
through this place, which is sur- 
rounded by a rich agricultural 
country, surpassed for fertility 
of soil by no town in Western 
New-York. Here also abounds 
large quantities of plaster and wa- 
ter lime. The Phelps post office 
is located in this place. 

Villanova, t. Chautauque co. 
situated 22 miles north-east of the 
village of Mayville, and distant 
318 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,655 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and broken; soil, 
clay and sandy loam, well adapted 
to grass ; drained south-east by the 
Connewango creek and some of its 
tributaries. Villanova is the name 
of a post office. 

Virgil, t. Cortland co. situated 
9 miles south of the village of 
Cortland, and distant 148 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
4,502 inhabitants. The surface is 
somewhat hilly; soil, fertile sandy 
and clay loam ; drained south by 
East Owego creek and the Tiough- 
nioga river. Virgil and Harford 
are names of post offices. 

Virgil, v. and p. o. Virgil, 
Cortland co. contains about 200 
inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Me- 
thodist church ; 1 tavern, 3 stores 
and 1 tannery. 

Visscher's Ferry, p. o. 
Clifton Park, Saratoga co. 

Vista, p o. Lewisborough, 
Westchester co. 

Vlaie, or Fly, is an extensive 
marsh, lying in the east part of 
Fulton county, which is annually 



overflowed with the surplus waters 
ot the Sacandaga river, and some 
other streams, forming an immense 
sheet of water, extending several 
miles each way, sometimes cover- 
ing 20,000 acres of land. It is a 
great resort for the angler and 
sportsman. 

Vlaie, or the Vly, is a 
large swamp or pond, lying in the 
town of Middleburgh, Schoharie 
co. This pond sends forth a stream 
on the north, which falls into Scho- 
harie creek; while on the south 
issues the head branch of the Cats- 
kill creek. The streams have 
been dammed, and what is now 
sometimes termed a lake is well 
stocked with fish. 

Vlaman's Kill, rises in Al- 
bany county, and flows south-east 
through the town of Bethlehem, 
where it empties into the Hudson 
river. 

Volney, t. Oswego co. situa- 
ted 11 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Oswego, and distant 159 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 3,155 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating ; soil, sandy 
loam, well adapted to grass; 
drained by Black creek, flowing 
into the Oswego river, which 
bounds it on the west. Volney 
and Fulton are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Volusia, p. o. Westfield, 
Chautauque co. 

Voorheesville, p. o. Glenn, 
Montgomery co. Here is a settle- 
ment, containing 2 churches, 2 
taverns, 2 stores, and about 20 
dwelling houses. 

Waddington, v. and p. o. 
Madrid, St. Lawrence co. is situa- 
ted on the east side of the St. Law- 
rence river, opposite Ogden's Is- 
land, with which it is connected by 
a bridge. It was incorporated in 
1839, and now contains about 600 
inhabitants, 90 dwelling houses, an 
Episcopal church, 2 taverns, 12 
stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 grist mill, 



410 



WADHAM'S MILLS— WALWORTH. 



2 saw mills, 1 paper mill, 1 woollen 
factory, 1 tannery and 1 furnace. 

Wadham's Mills, p. o. 
Westport, Essex co. 

Wading River, v. and p. o. 
Riverhead, Suffolk co. lies on the 
north side of Long; Island ; here are 
situated 1 church, 1 mill and some 
20 or 30 scattered dwellings. 

Walden, v. and p. o. Mont- 
gomery, Orange co. is situated on 
the east bank of the Wallkill; this 
is a manufacturing village contain- 
ing about 400 inhabitants, 70 dwel- 
ling houses,, 1 church, 2 taverns, 3 
stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 satinet 
factory, 1 grist mill and 1 saw 
mill. 

Wales, t. Erie co. situated 18 
miles south-east of the city of Buf- 
falo, and distant 268 miles from Al- 
bany : contained in 1840, 1,987 in- 
habitants. The surface is undula- 
ting ; soil, gravelly and sandy 
loam, with some clay, all of good 
quality; drained north-west by Se- 
neca creek. Wales and South 
Wales are names of post offices. — 
At the former there is a small set- 
tlement. 

Wai.esville, v. Whitestown, 
Oneida co. is a manufacturing set- 
tlement containing 1 woollen fac- 
tory, 2 paper mills, 1 clothier's 
works and 1 gristmill; here are 
located 1 church, 1 public house, 
1 store and a number of scattered 
dwellings. 

Wallabout Bay, lies on the 
north-east part of the city of Brook- 
lyn. Here is situated the United 
States navy yard, where may be 
seen at all times, vessels of war of 
different classes moored in the bay, 
either repairing or in ordinary. — 
During Ihe revolutionary war, here 
were stationed the British prison 
ships, on board of which it is said 
11,500 American prisoners perish- 
ed; most of whom were interred on 
the beach near by, where it is pro- 
posed to erect an appropriate monu- 
ment to their memory. 



Wallkill, t. Orange co. situ- 
ated 22 miles west of the village of 
Newburgh, and distant 105 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
4,268 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating and hilly ; soil, gravelly 
and clay loam, underlaid by clay, 
slate and graywacke, well adapted 
to grazing ; drained north-east by 
the Shawangunk creek and the 
Wallkill. Phillipsburgh, South 
Middletown, Scotchtown and Van 
Burensville, are names of post offi- 
ces. Middletown and Mechanic- 
ville are villajes ; the former con- 
tains the South Middletoim post 
office. 

Wallkill River, rises in 
New-Jersey, and flows in a north- 
erly direction across the county of 
Orange into Ulster county, where 
it empties into the Rondout, which 
latter stream empties into the Hud- 
son river at the village of Rondout. 
This is a large and important mill 
stream, on which are located many 
extensive manufacturing establish- 
ments. 

Walloomsack Creek or 
River, rises in the south part of 
Vermont, and flows west into the 
north part of the town of Hoosic, 
Rensselaer co. where it empties in- 
to the Hoosic river. 

Walton, t. Delaware co. si- 
tuated 13 miles south-west of the 
village of Delhi, and distant 94 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,846 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous ; soil, 
well adapted to grazing; drained 
by the west branch of the Delaware 
river and some of its tributaries. 

Walton, v. and p. o. Walton, 
Delaware co. is situated on 
the Delaware river; it contains 
about 350 inhabitants, 60 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Epis- 
copal church, 1 tavern, 6 stores, 1 
grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 clothier's 
works and 1 tannery. 

Walavorth,L Wayne co. si- 
tuated 18 miles north-west of the 



WALWORTH— WARREN. 



411 



village of Lyons, and distant 199 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,734 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is rolling-; soil, gravelly loam 
of good quality; drained north by 
several small streams flowing into 
Lake Ontario. Walworth and 
West Walworth are names of post 
offices. 

Walworth, v. and p. o. Wal- 
worth, Wayne co. contains about 
150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 



ses, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church, 1 tavern, 3 stores and 1 
tannery. 

Wappinger's Creek, p. o 
Fishkill, Dutchess co. 

Wappinger's Creek, rises 
in Dutchess county, and runs into 
the Hudson river below the village 
of New Hamburgh; it is an impor- 
tant mill stream, on which are situ- 
ated a number of factories and 
mills. 



WARREN COUNTY, taken from Washington in 1813, is centrally 
distant 75 miles north from the city of Albany; it is bounded on the 
north by Essex county, east by Washington and Lake George, south 
by Saratoga and west by Hamilton county. This county embraces an 
elevated region, and much of it rugged, being broken by hills and 
mountains; many of the summits are elevated from 800 to 1,200 feet. 
The mountains on the west form a part of the Adirondack group, while 
in the centre are the Kayaderosseras range, and on the east the Palmer- 
town mountain. It is drained by the head sources of the Hudson river; 
the Schroon and main branch here uniting ; while on the east lies 
Lake George, or Horicon, one of the most beautiful sheets of water in 
the Union, which empties its surplus waters into Lake Champlain, on 
the northeast ; besides the above, there are several other smaller lakes, 
all of which abound in trout and other fish of a fine flavor peculiar to 
the waters of this mountainous part of the state, which may be called 
the Switzerland of America. This county abounds in minerals. Of 
iron ore there are numerous and important localities, embracing both 
the magnetic, oxide and hematite. Marl has been found in the town of 
Queensbury ; graphite also occurs in workable beds in several places. 
To the mineralogist this county is one of great interest, although not 
yet fully explored, yet enough has been discovered to infer that it may 
vie with the more northern counties of Essex and Clinton, altogether 
forming the most attractive portion of the state, when we consider its 
mountains, minerals, lakes and rivers, as yet, in part, surrounded by 
an almost unbroken wilderness. The area of this county is about 912 
square miles, or 583,500 acres 

The following are the names of the towns in Warren county, with the 
population in 1840. 



Athol, 1,210 

Bolton, 937 

Caldwell, 693 

Chester, 1,633 

Hague, 610 

Horicon, 659 

Warren, t. Herkimer co. si- 
tuated 12 miles south of the village 
of Herkimer, and distant 63 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
2,003 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly; soil, sandy and clay loam ; 



Johnsburgh, 1,139 

Luzerne, 1,284 

Queensbury, 3,789 

Warrensburgh, 1,468 



Total inhabitants, 



13,442 



the uplands well adapted to graz- 
ing, and the valleys producing fine 
crops of grain ; drained north by 
Nowadaga CTeek, and south by 
tributaries of Canaseraga and Ot- 
sego lakes. Warren, Crain's Cor- 



412 



WARRENSBURGH— WASHINGTON. 



ners and Pace's Corners are names 
of post offices. The former is 
located in the village of Little 
Lakes. 

Warrensburgh, t. Warren 
co. situated 6 miles north-west of 
the village of Caldwell, and distant 
68 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 1,468 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and mountainous ; 
in the valley of the Hudson are 
some rich lands well cultivated; 
the Schroon branch here unites with 
the main branch of the above 
river, which forms its western 
boundary. 

Warrensburgh, V, and p. 
o. Warrensburgh, Warren co. situa- 
ted on the east or Schroon branch 
of the Hudson river; it contains 
about 400 inhabitants, 60 dwelling 
houses, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 4 
stores, 1 extensive tannery, 1 grist 
mill, 2 saw mills, and 1 clothier's 
works. 

Warsaw, t. Wyoming county, 
contains the county buildings situa- 
ted in the village of the same 
name ; it is distant 248 miles from 
Albany, and contained in 1840, 
2,841 inhabitants. The surface is 
in part hilly, with a rich and ex- 
tensive valley through which flows 
Allen's creek ; soil, clay loam on 
the uplands, and clay and gravel 
in the valleys, well adapted to grass 
or grain ; this whole region of 
country being justly celebrated for 
its fertility. 

Warsaw, v. and p. o. War- 
saw, Wyoming co. is situated on 
Allen's creek, 248 miles west of 



the city of Albany ; it contains 
about 800 inhabitants, 100 dwelling 
houses ; a new court- house and 
jail; 2 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 
1 Methodist church ; 2 taverns, 6 
stores and groceries; 1 flouring 
mill, 1 woollen factory, 2 furnaces, 
1 machine shop, 1 patent scale ma- 
nufactory, and a turning machine 
propelled by water power; 1 tan- 
nery, besides most every other kind 
of mechanic work shops. This 
village is surrounded by a rich 
agricultural country, yielding large 
crops of grass, wheat, and other 
produce, the whole valley of Al- 
len's creek from Warsaw to Le 
Roy, being unsurpassed for its 
agricultural products. 

Warwick, t. Orange co. situa- 
ted 24 miles south-west of the vil- 
lage of Newburgh, and distant 116 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 5,113 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is uneven and in part moun- 
tainous ; the soil is various ; most 
of it, however, of a good quality. 
On the west lies a portion of the 
"Drowned Lands;'-' it is drained 
west and north by the Wallkill, and 
south by tributaries of the Passaic 
river. Warwick, Amity, Florida, 
Edenville and New-Milford are 
names of post offices. Bellvale is 
the name of a settlement. 

Warwick, v. and p. o. Orange 
co. contains about 450 inhabitants, 
70 dwelling houses, 1 Reformed 
Dutch and 1 Baptist church, 3 ta- 
verns, 6 stores and 1 tannery. 

Washburnville, p. o. Ma- 
comb, St. Lawrence co. 



WASHINGTON COUNTY, taken from Albany in 1772, is cen 
trally distant 50 miles north of the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the 
north by Warren and Essex counties, and Vermont, east by Lake 
Champlain and Vermont, south by the county of Rensselaer, and west 
by Saratoga and Warren, and Lake George. The northern part of this 
county is hilly and mountainous, being covered in part by the Palmer- 
town range ; the central and southern parts are generally undulating, 
interspersed with hills of moderate height, and beautiful valleys. The 
soil is various, but much of it is warm and productive. In this county 
are found several useful mineral productions ; iron ore. bcth of the 



WASHINGTON— WATERFORD. 



413 



matitic kinds, marl, lime, and marble, and in the 

town of Greenwich, water lime. I extends through 

terminating :!age of Whitehall. It is watered by 

ms. the principal of which are Wood creek. Pawlei river 

and Poultney river, emptying into Lake Champlain on the north, and 

licfa bounds it in part on the 

J some of its tributaries water it on the south. 

Salem and Sandy Hill, the latter in the town of Kingsbury, are 

j! • i area is about SOT square miles, or 516,500 

- 

following are the names of the towns in Washington county, with 
the population in 1840. 



Hebron, 2.493 

Jackson. 1.730 

Kixgsbuby. 2,773 

Putnam, 7 Si 

Sale31 2.755 

White Creek 2.195 

Whitehall 3.513 



Total inhabitants, 



II - 



3.111 

Cambridge 2,005 

Dresden, 679 

Easton, 2,988 

Fort Ann, 3.559 

Fort Edward, 1.726 



5i rich, 3.352 

Hampton, 

id, 2..164 

Washi h ctos, t. Dutch- - • 
situated 12 miles east of the village 

of Poughkeepsie, and distant 85 mill and 1 tannery. Here is 

•rem Albany; cont:-. ated the Blooming Grove post 

LSI 2,833 inhabitants. The sor- office. 

face is rolling and hilly, being co- Waterboro', v. Poland. Chau- 
rered on the east by IheMaffeairan tauque co. is situated on the Cone- 
mountains; soil, gra-- g creek; it contains about 
calcareous kam, well cultiva- 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 



ses ; an academy; 2 tavern 4 
stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 plaster 



ted and highly productive 
in £Tain and srrass; drain 
by a tributary of Wappinger's 

by a tribal 
Ten Mile creek. Wat 
II 



- I tavern, 1 store and an exlen- 

aw mill. 
Waterburgh, p. o. Tomp- 
ki ; co. 

Water t< r. d. '.. Saratoga co. 
.19 miles south-east of the 



lage, Lithgow and Mabbitsville village of Ballston Spa, and distant 
- rf post offices 10 miles from Albany; contained 

" in 184 I B84 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating ; soil, sand 
and alluvion, mostlv well cultiva- 



itered by the Mohawk and 
Hudson rivers, which here form a 



-aisGTOvviLLE. v. and 
Sandy • - coun- 

ty, contains about 250 inhabitants, 
- yterian. 1 Methodist and 1 
- -irch; 2 taverns, 3 

stores, 1 grist mil!, 1 saw mill, 1 junction. 

clothier's works, 1 furnace and 1 Waterford, v. and p. o. Wa- 
tannery. ord, Saratoga co. is situated on 

shucgtostille, village si bank of the Hudson river, 

Blx-ming-Grove, Orange co. situa- at the junction of the north branch 
a plain 10 miles sou::.- si : fl -:- M .-:. I ] miles above the 

of Xewburgh ; if - y; it was incorpora- 

90 inhabitanti 30 dwelling hou- | ted in 1£ warn contains a 



414 



WATERLOO— WATERTOWN. 



population of about 1,400 inhabi- 
tants, 200 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian, 1 Dutch Reformed, 1 
Episcopal and 1 Methodist church; 
4 hotels and taverns ; 1 banking- 
house, 20 stores and groceries ; an 
incorporated academy for males 
and females, in a flourishing con- 
dition, consisting of 2 separate 
academy buildings, besides the 
dwelling house intended for the re- 
sidence of the principal and scho- 
lars ; 1 cotton factory, 4 flouring 
mills, 1 grist mill, 2 machine 
shops, 1 twine factory, 1 furnace, 
1 ink and lampblack factory, 1 fire 
engine manufactory, 1 button fac- 
tory, 1 plaster mill, 2 saw mills 
and 1 tannery. Here are owned 6 
sloops and schooners, besides a 
number of canal boats . The Rens- 
selaer and Saratoga railroad passes 
through the centre of this village 
on its route between the city of 
Troy and Ballston and Saratoga 
Springs ; the Champlain canal also 
passes through this place, here 
communicating with the Hudson 
river, then continues to its junction 
with the Erie canal about 2 miles 
south-east. The Union Bridge 
crosses the Hudson at this point, 
communicating with the village 
of Lansingburgh. Waterford be- 
ing at the head of sloop navigation 
on the Hudson, altogether com- 
bines the advantages of river, 
canal and railroad transportation, 
and hydraulic power to a great 
extent. 

Waterloo, t. Seneca co. con- 
tains the county buildings situated 
in the village of the same lj ne ; 
it is distant 173 miles from Albany," 
and contained in 1840, 3,036 inha- 
bitants. The surface is mostly 
level; soil, fertile calcareous 
loam ; drained east by Seneca ri- 
ver, along which here runs the 
Cayuga and Seneca canal. 

Waterloo, v. and p. o. Wa- 
terloo, Seneca co. is handsomely 
situated on both sides of the outlet 



of Seneca lake, which is in part 
used as the Cayuga and Seneca 
canal; it was incorporated in 1824, 
and now contains about 2,600 in- 
habitants, 350 dwelling houses ; a 
court-house and jail, being a half 
shire town with Ovid; 1 Presbyte- 
rian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 
Methodist church ; an academy 
which is being constructed ; 8 ho- 
tels and taverns ; 1 banking house, 
25 dry goods, grocery and other 
stores ; 1 large woollen factory, 
which manufactures over 200,000 
pounds of wool annually; 5 flouring 
mills, containing 18 run of stone ; 
5 saw mills, 2 oil mills, 2 pail and 
tub factories, 2 mills for cleaning 
clover seed, 1 plaster mill, 2 tan- 
neries, 2 distilleries, 1 clothier's 
works, 1 furnace and 1 machine 
shop; 2 asheries, 1 soap and can- 
dle manufactory, 1 carriage manu- 
factory, and 1 boat yard for the 
construction of lake and canal 
boats. The fall of water at this 
place is about 16 feet. In this 
immediate vicinity are found and 
quarried large quantities of lime- 
stone, extensively used as building 
material. In addition to the Cayu- 
ga and Seneca canal, the Auburn 
and Rochester railroad passes 
through this village, which is about 
equi-distant between Cayuga and 
Seneca lakes. 

Watertown, t. Jefferson co. 
contains the county buildings lo- 
cated in the village of the same 
name, and is distant 160 miles 
from Albany; it contained in 1840, 
5,027 inhabitants. The surface is 
somewhat uneven ; soil, sandy 
jam and clay of excellent quality, 
and mostly well cultivated, under- 
laid by secondary lime; drained 
south-west by Stony and Sandy 
creeks, and on its north boundary 
by Black river, here affording an 
immense water power. Water- 
town and Burrville are names of 
post offices. 

Watertown, v. and p. o. 



WATERTOWN— WATERVILLE. 



415 



Watertown, Jefferson co. is situa- 
ted on the south side of Black ri- 
ver; it is connected by covered 
bridges, and forms one community 
with the villages of Williamstown 
and Juhelville, on the north side 
of the river, numbering - altogether 
about 700 dwelling- houses, and 
4,000 inhabitants. It was incor- 
porated in 1831, and contains 2 
Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Me- 
thodist, 1 Universalis!, 1 Baptist 
and 1 Roman Catholic church, 
three of which are of stone. 
Among the public buildings are 
the court-house and jail, both of 
stone ; the slate arsenal, of brick ; 
3 banks, with a capital amounting 
to $300,000, and 8 taverns, one of 
which, " the American," was 
erected at an expense exceeding 
$25,000. There are here 3 print- 
ing offices, 16 dry goods stores, 3 
hardware, 12 grocers, 2 apotheca- 
ries, 2 booksellers and stationers, 
2 merchant tailors, 2 watchma- 
kers and jewellers, 3 leather, har- 
ness and shoe stores, 2 hat and fur 
dealers, 1 confectionary and 6 mil- 
linery and fancy stores. The Black 
River Literary and Religious In- 
stitute, claims particular notice as 
a well ordered and flourishing se- 
minary, numbering on an average 
180 pupils, and is at once an ho- 
nor and an ornament to the village. 
There is also a manual school un- 
der the charge of an experienced 
teacher. An "association of 
young men," for literary and 
scientific improvement, by read- 
ing, lectures and debates, has been 
recently formed under the happiest 
auspices, and having been incorpo- 
rated at the last session of the 
legislature, are laying the founda- 
tion of useful attainments in a va- 
luable library. 

The water power, from which 
this place mainly derives its wealth 
and importance, has been estimated 
at not less than 10,000 cubic feet of 
water falling every second of time 



88 feet in the distance of about a 
mile, as the river passes the village 
over 7 artificial dams, and 5 natu- 
ral cascades. At one of these 
dams alone, it is computed to be 
sufficient to keep in motion 100,000 
spindles. This immense hydraulic 
power concentrated at this point, 
greater perhaps than is to be found 
at anv other in the United States 
within the same compass, and that 
can be made available at so little 
preparatory expense, is as yet 
scarcely begun to be used. We 
find here, however, 1 flannel mill, 

1 broadcloth and satinet mill, 1 
cotton mill, 2 negro cloth mills, 
employing together about $200,000 
capital ; 3 carding and clothing 
works, 5 flouring and grist mills, 

2 tanneries, 1 large paper mill, 3 
machine shops, 2 iron furnaces, 4 
saw mills, 1 morocco dressing es- 
tablishment, 1 pump factory, 1 
sash factory, 4 wagon and carriage 
factories, 2 cabinet-makers, 1 brew- 
ery and 1 distillery ; besides every 
other kind of mechanic work shops 
appertaining to an enterprising 
and thriving place. 

Wateevale. v. and p. o. 
Pompey, Onondaga co. contains 
about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwel- 
ling houses, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 
flouring mill, 1 saw mill and 1 tan- 
nery. 

Water Valley, p. o. Ham- 
burgh, Erie co. 

Waterville, v. and p. o. 
Sangerfield, Oneida co. is situated 
on a branch of the Oriskany creek; 
it contains about 120 dwelling 
hou , 1,000 inhabitants, 1 Pres- 
byterian and 1 Baptist church ; 1 
banking house, 2 taverns, and 10 
stores. Here are located 1 large 
woollen factory, 1 starch factory, 

3 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 3 dis- 
tilleries, 2 furnaces, and an exten- 
sive machine shop, where are 
manufactured large quantities of 
eliptic steel springs, used for car- 
riages, and other purposes, and an 



416 



WATERVILLE CORNERS-WAYNE. 



extensive organ manufactory. — 
The Waterville Academy is a se- 
lect school in a flourishing condi- 
tion, in addition to which there is 
a popular female seminary ; this 
village is beautifully located, 
and does an extensive business, 
being surrounded by a densely 
settled and rich agricultural popu- 
lation. 

Waterville Corners, p. 
o. Concord, Erie co. 

Watervliet, t. Albany co. 
situated 6 miles north of the city 
of Albany ; contained in 1840, 
10,141 inhabitants. The surface 
is level or undulating on the east, 
rising into hills on the west; soil, 
varied. On the bank of the Hud- 
son are some extensive flats, pro- 
ductive and well cultivated, while 
in the interior are some sandy 
ridges and swamps ; watered 
on the north by the Mohawk 
river, and on the east by the Hud- 
son river. This is a large town, 
embracing several islands, lying at 
the junction of the Mohawk and 
Hudson rivers; also, the Shaker 
Settlement, sometimes called Nis- 
kayuna. It is travel sed by the 
Junction canals, the Champlain 
canal diverging to the right across 
the Mohawk river near the village 
of Cohoes, while the Erie canal 
continues on through the above 
village, where are constructed a 
number of locks to overcome the 
descent in the river, at the Cohoes 
Falls. Watervliet, Watervliet 
Centre, and Cohoes are names of 
post offices. The Watervliet post 



office is located in the vil- 
lage of West 7Voi/, where is 
situated the Watervliet Arsenal, 
an extensive establishment belong- 
ing to the United States govern- 
ment. 

Watson, t. Lewis co. situated 
10 miles north-east of the village 
of Martinsburgh, and distant 135 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 1,707 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and mountainous; soil, 
sandy loam ; drained by Indepen- 
dence creek, and some other 
streams flowing into the Black ri- 
ver, which bounds it on the west. 
Watson and Dayansville are 
names of post offices. 

Waver ly, v. and p. o. Otto, 
Cattaraugus co. is situated on the 
south branch of Cattaraugus creek : 
it contains about 30 dwelling hou- 
ses, 200 inhabitants, 1 church, 2 
taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill and 2 
saw mills. 

Wawarsing, t. Ulstercounty, 
situated 22 miles south-west of the 
village of Kingston, and distant 
81 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 4,044 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and mountainous, 
having on the east the Shawan- 
gunk mountain; soil, gravelly 
loam and clay, of a good quality; 
drained north-east by Rondout 
creek and its tributaries, here af- 
fording fine water power. Iron 
ore, plumbago and lead are found 
in this vicinity. Waivarsing, El- 
lenville, Lackawack and South- 
wick are post offices. Naponoch 
is the name of a settlement. 



WAYNE COUNTY, taken from Ontario in 1823, is centrally dis- 
tant 200 miles west from the city of Albany. It is bounded on the 
north by Lake Ontario, east by Cayuga county, south by the counties 
of Seneca and Ontario, and west by Monroe county. The surface of 
this county is generally undulating, with some ridges; the soil is a 
mixture of sand, clay and gravel, with loam and vegetable mould, 
yielding large crops of most kinds of grain, and well calculated for the 
production of fruit. It is bounded by Lake Ontario on the north ; the 
shore is indented by several bays, which receive small streams. Mud 
creek unites with the outlet of Canandaigua lake in the town of Lyons, 



WAYNE— WELLS. 



417 



and form the Clyde river, which flows east into Seneca river, paral- 
lel to which extends the Erie canal. Of minerals, there is a valuable 
deposit of lenticular iron ore, which is quarried in large quantities ; 
besides which, bog iron ore has been found in considerable abundance 
near Lockville. With gypsum, marl and water limestone, this count) 
is well supplied ; sulphur springs also abound, and weak brine springs 
have been found. Its area is about 572 square miles, or 375,576 
acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Wayne county, with the 
population in 1840. 



Arcadia, 4,980 

Butler, 2,271 

Galen, 4,234 

Huron, 1,943 

Lyons, 4,302 

Macedon, 2,396 

Marion, 1,903 

Ontario, 1,889 

Palmyra, 3,549 

Wayne, t. Steuben co. situated 
14 miles north-east of the village of 
Bath, and distant 198 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,377 
inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
level, except on the north where it 
is somewhat hilly ; soil, clay and 
loam, well adapted to wheat and 
other kinds of grain ; watered by 
Crooked lake on the west, and Lit- 
tle lake and Mud lake on the east. 
Wayne and Wayne Four Comers, 
are names of post offices. 

Wayne, v. and p. o. Wayne, 
Steuben co. contains about 150 in- 
habitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
church, 2 taverns, 2 stores and 1 
furnace. 

Webster, t. Monroe co. situa- 
ted 10 miles north-west of the city 
of Rochester, and distant 216 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,235 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly level or slightly undulating; 
soil, sand and gravelly loam ; drain- 
ed by two or three small streams 
flowing into Lake Ontario which 
bounds it on the north. JVebster 
is the name of a post office. 

Weedsport, v. and p. o. Bru- 
tus, Cayuga co. is situated on the 
Erie canal, 7 miles north of Au- 
27 



Rose, 2,038 

Savannah, 1 ,718 

Sodus, 4,472 

Walworth, 1,734 

Williamson, 2,147 

Wolcott, 2,481 



Total inhabitants, 42,057 

burn ; it was incorporated in 1831, 
and now contains about 800 inhabi- 
tants, 120 dwelling houses, 2 
churches, 2 taverns, 8 stores, 1 
grist mill and 1 saw mill. 

Welland Canal, extends 
from Lake Erie near the mouth of 
Grand river, to Lake Ontario at 
Port Dalhousie, Canada. This 
splendid work admits the passage 
of the largest vessels that navigate 
the western lakes; the dimensions 
of the locks are most of them 45 
feet wide and 120 feet in length. — 
The length of the canal from Port 
Maitland to Port Dalhousie, is 36 
miles, on which there are 34 locks, 
all descending; there being a total 
descent of 334 feet. This canal is 
now, (1842,) undergoing extensive 
repairs and being somewhat en- 
larged, in order to accommodate 
the increased trade which flows 
through it, both to the Canadian 
and American markets. 

Wellington, p. o. Camillus, 
Onondaga co. 

Wells, t. Hamilton co. situa- 
ted 8 miles east of the village of 
Lake Pleasant, and distant 72 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
365 inhabitants. The surface and 
soil are various; the latter mostly 



418 



WELLSBURG— WEST CATLIN. 



•well adapted to grazing and sum- 
mer crops; drained south-east by 
the Sacondaga river. Wells, is 
the name of a post office. 

Wellsburgh, v. Southport, 
Chemung co. is an agricultural 
settlement, containing 1 Baptist 
church, 1 tavern, 1 store and 15 or 
20 dwellings. 

Well's Corner, p. o. Mini- 
sink, Orange co. 

Well's Island, forming one 
of the group of the " Thousand Isl- 
ands," lies in the St. Lawrence ri- 
ver, and is attached to the town of 
Clayton, Jefferson co. This is one 
of the largest of the above islands, 
and it was here, that the British 
steamer Sir Robert Peel was burnt, 
during the late revolutionary ex- 
citement in Canada. 

Wellsville, v. and p. o. Scio, 
Allegany co. is situated on the east 
side of the Genesee river, on the 
line of the New-York and Erie 
railroad; it contains about 250 in- 
habitants, 35 dwelling houses, 2 ta- 
verns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill and 1 
saw mill. 

Wempsville, v. and p. o. Le- 
nox, Madison co. is situated on the 
line of the Syracuse and Utica rail- 
road ; it contains about 350 inhabi- 
tants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 church, 
2 taverns, 1 store and 1 tannery. 

Wessex, p. o. Essex, Essex 

CO. 

West Addison, p. o. Addi- 
son, Steuben co. 

West Almond, t. Allegany 
co. situated 6 miles east of the vil- 
lage of Angelica, and distant 248 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 808 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly ; soil, clay loam of 
good quality ; drained west by An- 
gelica creek. West jllniond, is 
the name, of a post office. 

West Bloomfield, t. Onta- 
rio co. situated 14 miles west of the 
village of Canandaigua, and dis- 
tant 208 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 2,094 inhabitants. 



The surface is somewhat hilly ; 
soil, principally clay, underlaid by 
slate and lime ; drained north by 
Honeoye creek. West Bloomfield, 
Bloomfield Centre and North 
Bloomfield, are names of post offi- 
ces. 

West Bloomfield, v. and 
p. o. Bloomfield, Ontario co. is si- 
tuated on an elevated ridge ; it con- 
tains about 400 inhabitants, 75 
dwelling houses, 2 Presbyterian 
and 1 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 
4 stores and 1 furnace. In the vi- 
cinity, situated on Honeoye creek, 
are 1 large flouring mill, 1 woollen 
factory and 1 distillery. 

West Branch, p. o. Western, 
Oneida co. 

West Brookville, p. o.Ma- 
makating, Sullivan co. 

West Burlington, p. o. 
Burlington, Otsego co. 

West Camden, p. o. Camden, 
Oneida co. 

West Camp, p. o. Saugerties, 
Ulster co. ; here is situated on the 
west side of the Hudson river, a 
convenient landing, 4 miles above 
the village of Ulster. In this vi- 
cinity is an old German settle- 
ment. 

West Canada Creek, rises 
in the county of Hamilton, and 
empties into the Mohawk river, 
about one mile below the village of 
Herkimer. This is a rapid and im- 
portant stream affording a great 
amount of hydraulic power, but a 
small part of which is as yet used 
for manufacturing purposes. The 
celebrated Trenton Falls are situ- 
ated on tlii s stream, about 20 miles 
above its mouth, where is a suc- 
cession of falls within the distance 
of 4 miles, having a descent of up- 
wards of 300 feet. 

West Candor, p. o. Candor, 
Tio«-a co. 

West Carlton, p. o. Carlton, 
Orleans co. 

West Catlin, p. o. Catlin, 
Chemung- co. 



"WEST CAYUTA— WESTCHESTER. 



419 



West Cayuta, p. o. Cayuta, 
Chemung co. 

West Charlton, p. o. Charl- 
ton, Saratoga co. is an agricultural 
settlement, where are located 1 
church, 1 store, 1 public house 
and some 20 or 30 dwelling hou- 
ses. 



West Chateaucay, p. o 

Chateaugay, Franklin co. 

West Chazy, p. o. Chazy, 
Clinton co. ; here are located on the 
Little Chazy river, 1 Presbyterian 
church, 1 tavern, 7 stores, 1 wool- 
len factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
and 30 or 40 dwellings. 



WESTCHESTER COUNTY, originally organized in 16S3, is cen- 
trally distant 30 miles north from the city of New-York, and 120 south 
from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the north by Putnam coun- 
ty, east by the Connecticut state line, south by Long Island sound and 
the Harlem river, and on the West by the Hudson river. The sur- 
face of this county is uneven and hilly, abounding in picturesque sce- 
nery. The soil in many places is very productive and highly cultiva- 
ted, yielding large returns to the agriculturist, who can easily get his 
produce carried to the New- York market, at all seasons of the year. — 
The thriving villages and settlements in this county are very numerous, 
and afford a sure indication of its great wealth. Its mineral produc- 
tions are also extensive ; among the most important, may be ranked the 
dolomitic marble, which occurs abundantly in various places, and is 
extensively used as building material ; iron ore is found near Tarry- 
town and Sing Sing. In the vicinity of Sing Sing, also, mining opera- 
tions were formerly carried on to a considerable extent, under the flat- 
tering idea that silver ore existed (here ; several ores of copper, how- 
ever, have been found in this vicinity. There is a sulphur spring 
near Sing Sing, which has acquired some celebrity. Its area is about 
470 square miles, or 290,527 acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Westchester county, 
with the population in 1S40. 

Bedford, 2,822 j Pelham, 789 

Cortlandt, 5,592 j Poundridge, 1,407 

Eastchester, 1,502 I Rye, 1,S03 

Greenburgh, 3,361 J Scarsdale, 255 

Harrison, 1,139 ! Somers, 2,082 

Lewisborough, 1,619 j Westchester, • 4,154 

Mamaroneck, 1,416 White Plains, 1,087 



Mount Pleasant, 7,307 

Newcastle, 1,529 

New Rochelle, 1,816 

North Castle, 2,058 

North Salem, 1,161 | 

Westchester, t. Westches- 
ter co. situated 16 miles south of 
the village of White Plains, and 
distant 150 miles from Albany ; 
contained in 1840, 4,154 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is rolling and in 
some places hilly ; soil, clay loam, 
mostly susceptible of high cultiva- 
tion; drained by Bronx river, and 



Yonkers, 2,968 

Yorktown, 2,819 



Total inhabitants, 48,686 

and East rivers. Marble is quar- 
ried in this town, which is here 
found in great abundance. West- 
chester and West Farms, are names 
of post offices. Morisania and 
Fordham are names of settlements. 
Westchester, v. and p. o. 
Westchester, Westchester co. is 
situated on Westchester creek, 12 



watered on the south by Harlem 1 miles from the city of New-York ; 



420 



WEST CLARKSVILLE— WEST FARMS. 



it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
50 dwelling houses, 1 Episcopal 
and 1 Methodist church and 1 
Friend's meeting- house, 3 taverns, 
4 stores and 1 grist mill. Here is 
a convenient landing, from which 
ply 3 sloops to the New-York 
market. 

West Clarkesville, p. o. 
Clarkesville, Allegany co. 

West Conesus, p. o. Conesus, 
Livingston co. 

West Constable, p. o. West- 
ville, Franklin co. 

West Creek or River, ri- 
ses in Ontario co. and flows south- 
west into Yates county, where it 
empties into the head of Canandai- 
gua lake. 

West Day, p. o. Day, Sarato- 
ga co. 

West Davenport, p. o. Da- 
venport, Delaware co. 

West Dryden, p. o. Dryden, 
Tompkins co.; here are situated 1 
church, 1 tavern, 1 store and about 
30 dwellings. 

West Edmeston, p. o. Ed- 
meston, Otsego co. 

West Enfield, p. o. Enfield, 
Tompkins co. 

Westerlo, t. Albany co. situ- 
ated IS miles south-west of the city 
of Albany ; contained in 1840, 
3,096 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating with some ridges ; soil, 
varied, some of which is quite fer- 
tile ; drained south by Provost 
creek and other tributaries of the 
Catskill creek. Westerlo and 
South Westerlo, are names of post 
offices. 

Westerlo Island, lies in 
the Hudson river, immediately be- 
low the city of Albany, and is at- 
tached to the town of Bethlehem ; 
it is 2 miles long and one quarter 
of a mile wide. This is a rich and 
fertile piece of ground, well adapt- 
ed to the raising of all kinds of ve- 
getables, being composed of rich 
alluvion, which is here deposited 
in great quantities, and forms at 



this point the chief obstruction i» 
the navigation of the Hudson; op- 
posite the lower part of this island 
is the well known bar or shoal call- 
ed the Overslaugh. 

Western, t. Oneida co. situa- 
ted 18 miles north-west of the city 
of Utica, and distant 110 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,488 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly, 
but generally arable ; soil, moist 
loam, very rich and productive in 
the valleys ; drained south by the 
Mohawk river and some of its tri- 
butaries. Big Brook, West Branch 
and Westernville, are post offices. 
Western Railroad, of 
Mass. extends from Worcester, 
running through Springfield and 
Piltsfield to West Stockbridge, on 
the western limits of this state, where 
it unites with the Albany and W est 
Stockbridge and the Hudson and 
Berkshire railroads. This great 
work is 117 miles long, connecting 
with the Boston and Worcester 
railroad on the east, which is 44 
miles in length, and with the above 
railroads on the west, extending 
into the state of New-York ; ma- 
king the total distance from Bos- 
ton to Albany, by railroad route, 
199 miles. 

Westernville, v. and p. o. 
Western, Oneida co. is situated on 
the south side of the Mohawk ri- 
ver ; it contains about 250 inhabi- 
tants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian church and 1 Friend's 
meeting house, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 
1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery 
and shoe peg factory. 

West Exeter, p. o. Exeter, 
Otsego co. 

West Faumington, p. o. 
Farmington, Ontario co. 

West Farms, v. and p. o. 
Westchester, Westchester co. is 
situated on the Bronx river, 11 
miles from the city of New-York ; 
it contains about 1,200 inhabitants, 
150 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyteri- 
an, 1 Dutch Reformed and 1 Me- 



WEST FAYETTE— WEST MARTINSBURGH. 



421 



thodist church, 4 taverns and 1 
temperance house, 1*2 stores of dif- 
ferent kinds, 2 extensive carpet 
factories, 1 rug factory and a ma- 
chine shop for the manufacture of 
machinery appertaining - to the man- 
ufacture of carpets, 1 grist mill and 

1 mahogany saw mill. Here are 
owned 7 sloops, trading with the 
New-York and other markets. 

West Fayette, p. o. Fay- 
ette, Seneca co. 

Westfield, t. Chautauque co. 
situated 6 miles west of the village 
ofMayville and distant 330 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
3,199 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly, declining north toward Lake 
Erie ; soil, fertile loam of different 
qualities ; drained north-west by 
Chautauque creek and some other 
streams, flowing into Lake Erie. — 
Westfield, Barcelona, Nettle Hill 
and Volusia are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Westfield, v. and p. o. West- 
field, Chautauque co. is situated on 
Chautauque creek one and a half 
miles south-east of Lake Erie ; it 
was incorporated in 1833, and now 
contains about 1,000 inhabitants, 
200 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyteri- 
an, 1 Episcopal and 1 Methodist 
church, an incorporated academy, 
4 public houses, 14 stores and gro- 
ceries, 2 flouring mills, 4 saw mills, 

2 clothier's works, 1 tannery, 1 
distillery and 1 axe factory. 

Westfield, t. Richmond co. 
contains the county buildings loca- 
ted in the village of Richmond, and 
is distant 158 miles from Albany ; 
it contained in 1840, 2,326 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is mostly level; 
soil, sandy loam, with some clay ; 
watered on the east by New-York 
lower bay, and on the west by Sta- 
ten Island sound. Richmond, 
Richmond Valley and Rossville, 
are names of post offices. 

Westford, t. Otsego co. situ- 
ated 8 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Cooperstown, and distant 



68 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 1,478 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly, but mostly arable ; 
soil, sandy loan.-, warm and of good 
quality, well adapted to grass or 
grain ; drained south by Cherry 
Valley and Elk Creeks. West- 
ford, Westville and Centreville are 
names of post offices. 

West Gaixes, p. o. Gaines, 
Orleans co. 

West Galway Church, p. 
o. Broadalbin, Fullon co. 

West Gexesee, p. o. Gene 
see, Allegany co. 

West Greenfield, p. o. 
Greenfield, Saratoga co. 

West Grotox, p. o. Groton, 
Tompkins co. 

West Guilderland, p. o. 
Guilderland, Albany co. 

West Harpersfield, p. o. 
Harpersfield, Delaware co. 

West Hebrox, p. o. Hebron, 
Washington co. 

West Hempstead, p. o. Ra- 
mapo, Rockland co. 

West Henrietta, p. o. Hen- 
rietta, Monroe co. 

West Hills, p. o. Hunting- 
ton, Suffolk co. 

West Hinsdale, p. o. Hins- 
dale, Cattaraugus co. 

West Kill, p. o. Lexington, 
Greene co. is a scattered settle- 
ment, containing 1 church, 1 ta- 
vern, 1 store, 2 extensive tanne- 
ries, 3 saw mills, 1 clothier's works 
and about 20 dwelling houses. 

West Koy Creek, rises in 
the north-west part of Allegany co. 
and flows south-east into the Gene- 
see river ; this stream affords many 
good mill sites. 

West Le Ray, p. o. Le Ray, 
Jefferson co. 

West Leyden, p. o. Leyden, 
Lewis co. 

West Linklean, p. o. Link- 
lean, Chenango co. 

West Lowville, p. o. Low- 
ville, Lewis co. 

West Martinsburgh, p. o. 



422 



WEST MEREDITH-WEST POINT. 



Martinsburgh, Lewis co.; here are 
situated 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores 
and about 20 dwelling - houses. 

West Meredith, p. o. Mere- 
dith, Delaware co. 

West Middleburg, p. o. 
Middleburg, Schoharie co. 

West Milton, p. o. Milton, 
Saratoga co.; here are located 1 
Presbyterian church, 1 public 
house, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
mill, 1 fulling mill and about 15 
dwellings. 

West Monroe, t. Oswego co. 
situated 25 miles south-east of the 
village of Oswego, and distant 147 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 91S inhabitants. The sur- 
face is level ; soil, sand and sandy 
loam ; drained by Bay creek flow- 
ing into Oneida lake, which bounds 
it on the south. West Monroe, is 
the name of a post office. 

Westmoreland, t. Oneida 
co. situated 12 miles west of the 
city of Utica, and distant 105 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
3,105 inhabitants. The surface is 
level; soil, mostly rich loam; — 
drained north-east by Oriskany 
creek and one of its tributaries. — 
Westmoreland, Lairdsville and 
Republican, are names of post offi- 
ces. 

West Niles, p. o. Niles, Cay- 
uga co. 

West Oneonta, p. o. Oneon- 
ta, Otsego co. 

West Ontario, p. o. Ontario, 
Wayne co. 

West Penfield, p. o. Pen- 
field, Monroe co. 

West Pitcher, p. o. Pitcher, 
Chenango co. 

West Point, Cornwall, Or- 
ange co. is romantically situated on 
the v/est bank of the Hudson river, 
52 miles north of the city of New- 
York. It is the seat of an United 
States military academy, establish- 
ed by an act of Congress, in March, 
1802 ; and the land ceded to the 
United States government by the 



state of New-York, in 1826. Here 
are now erected 2 stone barracks, 
one of 3 and the other 4 stories in 
height, occupied by 250 cadets, 
which is the number authorised by 
law; an academic hall, a large 3 
story stone building, 275 feet in 
length, by 75 feet in width, used 
for military exercises in winter, 
and as a depository of the chemical 
apparatus, models of fortification, 
artillery, architecture and machines 
and as recitation and drawing 
rooms ; a new and beautiful 2 story 
stone building, to be used for the 
library and philosophical appara- 
tus, constructed in the Elizabethi- 
an gothic style of architecture, and 
is 150 feet in length by 60 feet in 
width; the north front has 3 towers 
suited for the astronomical appara- 
tus, the centre tower is surmounted 
by a dome of 28 feet 10 inches in 
diameter, the whole of which re- 
volves on its vertical axis, adapt- 
ing it to the use of a large equato- 
rial telescope; a chapel, a hospi- 
tal, a mess hall, 2 cavalry stables, 
several workshops and storerooms, 
and 17 separate dwellings occupied 
by the officers of the institution. — 
In addition to the above, here are lo- 
cated a magazine, a laboratory, sol- 
dier's barracks, a store and about 
25 dwelling houses, occupied by 
families connected with the milita- 
ry school ; in all containing a popu- 
lation of about 900 souls. Here also 
is a convenient steamboat landing 
and a well kept hotel, calculated 
to accommodate about 100 visitors. 
No place in the Union probably ex- 
ceeds West Point, in regard to its 
beauty of location and the stirring 
incidents connected with its early 
history, being "hallowed by the 
footsteps of Washington and Kos- 
ciusko," during the revolutionary 
struggle — the interest in which, is 
continued to the present time by its 
being the residence and school of 
the future defenders of the Union. 
In 1777, immediately after the cap- 



WEST POINT— WEST SOMERS. 



423 



ture of Forts Clinton and Montgo- 
mery, by the British army, West 
Point was first occupied by the 
American army, and fortified at 
the instance, of Gov. George Clin- 
ton, of revolutionary memory. At 
the present time are to be seen the 
remains of Forts Putnam and Ar- 
nold, (after the treason of the lat- 
ter, called Fort Clinton,) which is 
situated on the extreme eastern 
point of this military position, 160 
feet above tide water, while Fort 
Putnam is situated on Mount Inde- 
pendence, 1,000 yards south-west, 
elevated about 500 feet above the 
river ; there are also numerous oth- 
er redoubts and batteries, crowning 
the various eminences in the vicini- 
ty, built under the direction of the 
celebrated Kosciusko as engineer. 
In August, 1780, Gen. Arnold was 
assigned to the command of this 
important military station, extend- j 
ing from Fishkill to Verplanck's | 
Point. On the 25th of September, > 
he precipitously made his escape j 
from his head quarters, the Robin- \ 
son House, situated 2 miles below 
West Point, on the opposite side 
of the river; his treason having 
been discovered by the fortunate 
capture of Major Andre. From 
this period, to the close of the re- 
volutionary war in 1783, West 
Point was garrisoned by a strong 
division of the American army ; — ■ 
after which, the garrison was re- 
duced, and this location made a 
depot for the revolutionary arma- 
ment and other military stores. In 
1794, at the recommendation of 
Gen. Washington, a military school 
was commenced in a building 
which was burnt down tsvo years 
thereafter, and the school suspend- 
ed until 1802. There are now con- 
nected with the West Point acade- 
my, 34 officers and professors, a 
company of artillery and a detach- 
ment of dragoons, besides the ca- 
dets, who generally remain here 
for a period of four years, in which 



time they are qualified to become 
subaltern officers of the several 
corps of the army. 

Westport, t. Essex co. situa- 
ted 5 miles east of the village of 
Elizabeth, and distant 123 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,932 inhabitants. The surface is 
comparatively level on the east, 
and hilly on the west; soil, clay 
and loam, mostly of good quality ; 
drained by Black creek and several 
small streams flowing into Lake 
Champlain, which bounds it on the 
east. Westport and Wadham's 
Mills, are names of post offices. 

Westport, v. and p. o. West- 
port, Essex co. is situated upon 
Northwest bay, on the west side of 
Lake Champlain ; it contains about 
600 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hou- 
ses, an incorporated academy, 1 
Baptist and 1 Methodist church, 2 
taverns, 5 stores, 1 ashery, 2 saw 
mills, 1 tannery and a shipyard for 
the building and repairing of lake 
craft. A horse ferry boat here 
plies across Lake Champlain, run- 
ning to Basin Harbor, Vermont. 

West Randolph, p. o. Ran- 
dolph, Cattaraugus co. 

West Richfield, p. o. Rich- 
field, Otsego co. 

West Richmond, p. o. Rich- 
mond, Ontario co. ; here are situa- 
ted 2 taverns, 1 store, 1 flouring 
mill, 1 saw mill, 1 furnace and 12 
or 15 dwellings. 

West Rotterdam, p. o. 
Rotterdam, Schenectady co. 

West Rush, p. o. Rush, Mon- 
roe co. 

West Sand Lake, v. and p. 
o. Sand Lake, Rensselaer co. con- 
tains about 250 inhabitants, 40 
dwelling houses, 2 Lutheran and 1 
Methodist church, 2 taverns, 4 
stores, 2 grist mills, 1 saw mill and 
2 factories. 

West Schuyler, p. o. Schuy- 
ler, Herkimer co. 

West Somers, p. o. Somers, 
Westchester co. 



424 



WEST STEPHENTOWN— WEST TROY. 



West Stephentown, p. o. I 
Stephentown, Rensselaer co. 

West Stockbrtdge, v. and 
p. o. Berkshire co. Mass. is situa- 
ted on the west side of the Housa- 
tonic river, where terminates the ! 
Hudson and Berkshire railroa d . ■ 
It contains about 1,000 inhabitants, J 
150 dwelling houses, also, several 
churches, taverns and stores, be- 
sides many kinds of mechanic work 
shops. This place is becoming 1 a 
great thoroughfare as well as a thri- 
ving place of trade; the Housato- 
nic railroad, now finished, to the 
Massachusetts state line on the 
south, will here unite with other 
roads leading to Boston, Albany 
and Hudson. 

West Stockholm, p. o. 
Stockholm, St. Lawrence co. 

West Taghkanic, p. o. 
Taghkanic, Columbia co. 

Westown, v. and p. o. Mini- 
sink, Orange co. is an agricultural 
settlement; it contains about 180 
inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
church, an incorporated academy, 

1 public house and 3 stores. 
West Troupsburgh, p. o. 

Troupsburgh, Steuben co. 

West Troy, v. Watervliet, 
Albany co. is situated on the west 
bank of the Hudson river, 6 miles 
above the city of Albany ; it was 
incorporated in 1836, and now con- 
tains about 5,000 inhabitants, 800 
dwelling houses, 8 churches, 1 
banking house, an extensive Uni- 
ted States arsenal, 8 hotels and ta- 
verns, 65 stores of different kinds, 

2 steam planing machines, 1 steam 
saw mill, 12 lumber yards, 1 sati- 
net factory, 2 fur factories, 1 hat 
body factory, 1 wrought iron butt 
factory and 2 flouring mills, all 
propelled by the surplus waters of 
the Erie canal, which passes 
through the centre of the village, 
communicating with the Hudson 
river by two commodious side cuts ; 
1 ironfoundery, 1 extensive brewe- 
ry, 1 bell foundery and mathemati- 



cal instrument manufactory, 1 ship 
yard, 3 large cooperages, 1 print- 
ing and writing ink manufactory, 
2 rope walks, one being propelled 
by steam power, 1 stone ware fac- 
tory, 2 carriage factories, 1 curled 
moss factory and 1 sheet iron, tin 
and stove factory. Here are owned 
2 steamboats, with barges for 
freighting, 17 sloops and schooners, 
all of which find constant employ- 
ment during the season of naviga- 
tion in transporting lumber, pro- 
duce and merchandise, besides a 
number of foreign vessels from dif- 
ferent places, which resort here for 
trade. This place is connected 
with the city of Troy, by a bridge 
and two ferries, using horse power. 
No place probably exceeds West 
Troy, for a depot for produce and 
merchandise, being conveniently 
located on the canal, near the head 
of sloop navigation on the Hudson 
river. Opposite the north part of 
West. Troy, the south branch of 
the Mohawk river unites with the 
Hudson, forming the natural navi- 
gable Hudson. From this mouth 
of the Mohawk to the Cohoes falls, 
there is a fall of 42 feet, yielding a 
water power equal to that of Low- 
ell, and insuring a great commer- 
cial and manufacturing place at this 
point. Here the canal commis- 
sioners placed the lateral canal, 
which by locks first connects the 
Erie canal with the navigable wa- 
ters of the Hudson. A second la- 
teral canal is being constructed a 
mile below. 

The Watervliet Jlrsenal, situated 
in West Troy, on the Bank of the 
Hudson river, was established by 
the United States government in 
1813. This is the largest arsenal 
of construction in the Union, hav- 
ing great facilities for the manu- 
facture and transportation of war- 
like implements, being situated 
near the head of navigation on the 
Hudson, and on the Junction ca- 
nal, passing through the grounds 



WEST TURIN— WETHERSFIELD SPRINGS. 



426 



belonging to this establishment, 
affording abundant water power 
from the surplus waters of the ca- 
nal, which power is used in the 
differr-nt work shops, together with 
steam power when required. The 
grounds attached to the arsenal, 
consist of about 100 acres, enclosed 
in front by an iron fence, and in 
the rear by a stone wall; here are 
located 33 buildings, comprising 
storehouses for small arms, gun 
sheds for cannon carriages, timber 
sheds, magazines, saw mill, paint, 
carriage, machine, casting and 
blacksmith shops ; offices, bar- 
racks, hospital and officers' quar- 
ters. Here is also an extensive 
apparatus for mineralizing timber 
according to Dr. Earl's process. 
About 200 officers, soldiers and 
hired workmen are constantly em- 
ployed at this post, which number 
could be greatly increased if found 
necessary. Here are now manufac- 
tured munitions of war, amounting 
to an estimated value of $100,000 
annually; the total value on hand, 
January, 1841, amounted to $1,- 
662,320. 

West Turin, t. Lewis co. 
situated 11 miles south of the vil- 
lage of Martinsburgh, and distant 
126 miles from Albanv ; contained 
in 1840, 2,042 inhabitants. The 
surface is generaNy undulating, 
but somewhat broken; soil, sandy 
loam and fertile clay, well adapted 
to grass ; drained south by Fish 
creek, west by Salmon river, and 
in part bounded on the east by 
Black river, where are situated the 
High Falls, and the termination 
of the Black River canal, which 
enters the river on the west side 
immediately below the above falls. 
Here is the site of a newly projec- 
ted village, which on the comple- 
tion of the canal, in connection 
with its natural advantages, must 
become a place of considerable 
importance. The available water 
power here afforded is very great, 



and it is surrounded by a rich gra- 
zing country. Collinsville and 
Constableville are names of post 
offices. 

West Urbana, p. o. Urbana, 
Steuben co. 

West Vienna, p. o. Vienna, 
Oneida co. 

Westville, t. Franklin co. 
situated 8 miles north-west of the 
village of Malone, and distant 220 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1S40, 1,028 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is mostly level; soil, sandy 
loam ; drained north-west by Sal- 
mon river. West Constable is the 
name of a post office. 

Westville, p. o. Westford, 
Otsego county, is an agricultural 
settlement, containing 1 Baptist 
church, 1 public house, 2 stores, 1 
grist mill, 2 saw mills, and about 
20 dwelling houses. 

West Walworth, p. o. 
Walworth, Wayne co. 

West Wheeler, p. o. 
Wheeler, Steuben co. 

West Windsor, p. o. Wind- 
sor, Broome co. 

West Winfield, p. o. Win- 
field, Herkimer co. 

Wethersfield, t. Wyoming 
co. situated 10 miles south-west of 
the village of Warsaw, and distant 
258 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,728 inhabitants. The 
surface is rolling; soil, sandy and 
clay loam, well adapted to grass ; 
drained north by the Tonawanda 
creek, and east by the Wiskoy 
creek. Wethersfield, Hermitage, 
North Wethersfield and Wethers- 
field Springs are names of post 
offices. 

Wethersfield Springs, 
v. and p. o. Wethersfield, Wyom- 
ing co. contains about 150 inhabi- 
tants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
byterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
Methodist church ; 2 taverns, 2 
stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 tannery 
and I ashery. Here is situated a 
large fresh water spring, which 



426 



WHALENSBURGH— WHITEHALL. 



supplies an abundance of water 
power sufficient to propel the above 
factory. 

Whalensburgh, v. Essex, Es- 
sex co. situated on the Boquet river; 
it contains about 250 inhabitants, 
35 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyte- 
rian church ; 1 store, 1 grist mill, 1 
plaster mill, 1 saw mill and 1 cloth- 
ier's works. Here is located a bed 
of water cement of a good quality; 
also the Split Rock post office. 

Whalkn's Store, p. o. Mil- 
ton, Saratoga co. 

Wharton's Creek, rises in 
the north -west part of Otsego coun- 
ty, and flows south-west, emptying 
into the Unadilla river in the town 
of Pittsfield. 

Wheatpield, t. Niagara co. 
situated 12 nnles west of the village 
of Lockport, and distant 289 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1S40, 
1,057 inhabitants. The surface is 
undulating ; soil, mostly loam of 
good quality; watered by the Tona- 
wanda creek on the south, and by 
the Niagara river on the west. — 
Shawnee is the name of a post 
office. 

Wheatland, t. Monroe co. 
situated 14 miles south-west of the 
city of Rochester, and distant 232 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 2,871 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is undulating; soil, calca- 
reous loam, well adapted to grain, 
and is very productive ; drained 
by Allen's creek flowing into 
the Genesee river, which bounds it 
on the east. Wheatland and Scotts- 
ville are names of post offices. 

Wheeler, t. Steuben count)', 
situated 7 miles north of the village 
of Bath, and distant 210 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,294 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly, 
but mostly arable ; soil, sandy 
loam and clay ; drained by seve- 
ral streams flowing into Conhocton 
river, which bounds it in part on 
the south-west. Wheeler is the 
name of a post office. 



White Creek, t. Washing- 
ton co. situated 12 miles south of 
the village of Salem, and distant 
42 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,195 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly ; soil> fertile sandy 
loam, highly cultivated ; drained 
by Owl and Little White creek, 
flowing into the Hoosick river, 
which bounds it in part on the 
south. White Creek, Centre White 
Creek and North White Creek are 
names of post offices. 

White Creek, v. and p. o. 
White Creek, Washington co. is 
situated on a creek of the same 
name; it contains about 700 in- 
habitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
Baptist church, and 1 Friends' 
meeting house, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 
1 woollen factory, and 2 tanneries. 
This place is pleasantly situated in 
a rich valley, near the Vermont 
state line ; it is surrounded by a 
fine agricultural region of country, 
producing abundant crops of grain, 
and abounding in large flocks of 
sheep ; the above place is also a 
great mart for the purchase and 
sale of wool. 

Whiteface Mountain, lies 
in the north-west part of Essex co. 
and is elevated 4,855 feet above 
the Atlantic ocean. It is surround- 
ed by a wild* anqWnteresiing region 
of country. Af its foot on the west 
lies Placid lake, and some other 
small bodies of water. 

Whitehall, t. Washington 
co. situated 21 miles north of the 
village of Sandy Hill, and distant 
72 miles from Albanv ; contained 
in 1840, 3,813 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly; soil, mostly clay, 
better adapted to grass than grain ; 
underlaid by lime, slate and gra- 
nite ; drained by Wood creek, 
Pawlet river and Poultney river, 
all of which here empty into the 
head of Lake Champlain. 

Whitehall, v. and p. o. 
Whitehall, Washington county, is 
advantageously situated at the head 



WHITEHALL— WHITE PLAINS. 



427 



of Lake Champlain, 72 miles north 
of the city of Albany; it was in- 
corporated in 1S20, and now con- 
tains about 2,400 inhabitants, 300 
dwelling- houses, 1 Presbyterian, 

1 Episcopal, and 1 Methodist 
cliurch ; 1 banking- house, 3 ho- 
tels, 30 stores and groceries, and 2 
extensive forwarding houses ; 1 
woollen factory, 1 flouring mill, 2 
saw mills, 1 planing machine, 1 
furnace, 1 machine shop, 1 sash 
and blind factory ; 2 ship yards 
and 2 dry docks, where are built 
and repaired steamboats, lake craft 
and canal boats ; 2 brick yards 
and 1 tannery, besides almost 
every other kind of mechanic 
work shops. Here are owned, and 
sail from this place, 2 large 
steamboats, for the conveyance of 
passengers and merchandise, and 

2 steamboats used as tow boats; 
50 sloops and schooners, averaging 
about 100 tons burthen, and 70 ca- 
nal boats, besides others which are 
owned on different parts of Lake 
Champlain, which trade with and 
pass through this place. Two dai- 
ly lines of canal packets leave 
Whitehall for Troy, and also 2 
daily lines of stages, one passing 
on each side of the Hudson river; 
in addition to which two daily lines 
of stages run to Saratoga Springs, 
connecting - with the railroads 
which run to Troy, Schenectady 
and Albany. Also, a daily line of 
stages run to Rutland, Vermont, 
intersecting stage lines running to 
Boston, &c. During the close of 
navigation, a daily line of stages 
run f. om here to Burlington and 
Montreal. The Champlain canal 
commences at Whitehall, where 
there are three locks, and passes 
through Fort Ann, Fort Edward 
and Fort Miller, crossing the Hud- 
son river three miles below the 
latter place ; thence through 
Schuylervile, Stillwater and Wa- 
terford, crossing the Mohawk ri- 
ver a short distance below the 



Cohoes falls, near where it unites 
with the Erie canal; the junction 
canal then continues to the city of 
Albany, where it terminates in a 
capacious basin; the total distance 
from Whitehall to Albany being 
73 miles by canal route. The water 
power used at Whitehall, is derived 
from Wood creek, where there is 
a fall of about 10 feet, affording hy- 
draulic privileges to a considerable 
extent. 

Table of Distances, from port to 
port between Whitehall and Mon- 
treal. 



Names of places. 



Whitehall, 

Benson, Vermont, 

Orwell, do. 

Ticonderoga, 

Shoreham, do. 

Bridport, do. 

Chimney Point, do. 

Port Henry, 

West Port, 

Fort Cassin, do. 

Essex, 

Burlint.ton, do. 

Port Kent, 

Plattsburgh, 

Chazy, 

Kouse's Point, 

Isle aux Noix, Canada,- 
St. John's, Canada, •••• 
La Prairie, by railroad, 
Montreal, by steamboat, 







v 2 


S% 










Ph n 


IH'fS 












"* 








13 


13 


7 


20 


4 


24 


2 


26 


9 


35 


6 


41 


2 


43 


11 


54 


7 61 


7 69 


14 S2 


10 92 


lol 107 


16] 123 


91 132 


12 144 


13J 157 


16 173 


9 


182 



182 
169 
162 
15S 
156 
147 
141 
139 
128 
121 
114 
100 
90 
75 
69 
50 
38 
23 
9 




Whitehaven, v. Tonawanda, 
Erie co. is situated on Grand Isl- 
and, opposite the village of Tona- 
wanda ; it contains 12 or 15 dwel- 
ling houses, and a large steam saw 
mill, for the manufacture of ship 
timber. 

White Lake, p. o. Bethel, 
Sullivan co. 

White Plains, t. Westches- 
ter co. contains the county build- 
ings located in the village of the 
sanie name; it is distant from Al- 
bany 131 miles, and contained in 
1840, 1,087 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is somewhat hilly, but mostly 
arable; soil, principally loam, well 



428 



WHITE PLAINS— WILBUR. 



adapted to grass, and much of it 
highly cultivated ; drained south by 
the Bronx river, and Mamaroneck 
creek. 

White Plains, v. and p. o. 
White Plains, Westchester county, 
contains about 700 inhabitants, 100 
dwelling houses ; a court-house, 
jail and county clerk's office ; 1 
Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 2 
Methodist churches; an academy 
in a flourishing condition, and a 
female boarding school; 4 ta- 
verns, 4 stores, and 1 woollen fac- 
tory. 

White Store, p. o. Norwich, 
Chenango co. 

Whitesborough, v. Whites- 
town, Oneida county, is situated in 
the Mohawk valley, on the south 
side of the river. It was incorpo- 
rated in 1813, and now contains 
about 1,800 inhabitants, and 300 
dwelling houses; a court-house 
and jail; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Congre- 
gational, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
dist church ; 4 public houses, 8 
stores, and 1 large cotton factory 
incorporated under the name of 
the " Oneida Manufacturing So- 
ciety," which establishment con- 
tains about 130 looms and upwards 
of 3,000 spindles, giving employ- 
ment to 170 men, boys and girls ; 
1 large flouring mill with 4 run of 
stone, and an extensive pail and 
tub factory. The Whitesborough 
Academy is a large and flourishing 
chartered institution, in which 
are annually educated about 100 
students, of both sexes; the Onei- 
da Institute is also located in this 
village. The Erie canal and the 
Utica and Syracuse railroad both 
run through this place. Whites- 
borough is the oldest settlement in 
Western New- York, and has long 
been celebrated as a desirable 
place of residence ; the principal 
street is a wide avenue upwards 
of one mile in length, with beauti- 
ful shade trees on both sides, and 
gravelled side walks. Within the 



corporate limits of this place, is 
situated the flourishing manufac- 
turing settlement of Yorkville, 
where is located the above cotton 
factory, situated on the Sadaquada 
creek. 

Whitestown, t. Oneida co. 
contains a part of the county build- 
ings situated in the village of 
Whitesborough, this being a half 
shire town with Rome ; it is distant 
97 miles from Albany, and contain- 
ed in 1840, 5,156 inhabitants. The 
surface is undulating, with exten- 
sive and rich valleys ; soil, cal- 
careous loam of excellent quality; 
drained by Oriskany and Sadaqua- 
da creeks flowing into the Mohawk 
river, which bounds it on the 
north-east. WMtestown, New- 
York Mills and Oriskany are 
names of post offices. The former 
is located in the village of Whites- 
borough. 

Whitesville, p. o. Rodman. 
Jefferson co. 

Whitesville, v. Indepen- 
dence, Allegany co. contains about 
300 inhabitanls, 40 dwelling hou- 
ses, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
church ; 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 
woollen factory, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
mills and 1 tannery. 

Whitlockville, p. o. Bed- 
ford, Westchester county. Here 
is situated a small settlement on 
the Croton river, at the junction of 
Cross river, where are located 1 
grist mill, 1 clothier's works, 1 
church, 1 tavern. 2 stores, and 
about 20 dwelling houses. 

Whitney's Point, p. o. 
Triangle, Broome co. 

Whitney's Valley, p. o. 
Burns, Allegany co. Here are 
situated 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 
stores, and about 25 dwelling hou- 
ses. 

Wilbur, v. Kingston, Ulster 
co. is situated on the north side of 
the Rondout creek, one mile above 
the village of Rondout. Here are 
located 1 flouring mill, 1 lime mill, 



WILLETT— WILLIAMSVILLE. 



429 



1 freighting establishment, 2 stores, 
about 50 dwelling houses, and 350 
inhabitants. Hydraulic lime is 
found and manufactured at this 
place, which was formerly called 
TSvaalfskill. 

Willett, t. Cortland co. situ- 
ated 18 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Cortland, and distant 137 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 872 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is hilly and somewhat broken ; 
soil, clay loam ; drained south by 
the Otselic river. Willett is the 
name of a post office. 

WILLIAMSBURGH, t. K'mgS 

co. situated 1 mile north-east of the 
city of Brooklyn, and distant 146 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 5,094 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is mostly level; soil, of me- 
dium quality ; watered by the East 
river on the west. 

Williamsburgh, v. and p. 
o. Williamsburgh, Kings co. is 
situated on the East river, directly 
opposite the city of New- York, 
with which it is connected by three 
steam ferries. It was incorporated 
in 1827, and contained in 1840, 
5,094 inhabitants, the cor- 
porate limits extending over the 
whole town ; 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Dutch Reformed, 1 Episcopal, 2 
Methodist and 2 Roman Catholic 
churches; 1 fire insurance com- 
pany; 8 taverns, 20 stores and 
groceries, 2 extensive grain dis- 
tilleries, 1 molasses distillery, 2 
rectifying distilleries, 1 brewery, 
1 tannery, 1 spice factory, 3 ship 
yards, 4 lumber yards, 5 coal 
yards, 5 rope walks, 1 glue factory, 
1 iron foundery, besides many 
kinds of mechanic work shops. 
This place is closely allied tq the 
prosperity of the city of New-York, 
and has rapidly increased in 
wealth, numbers and importance 
within the last few years. A con- 
siderable number of elegant dwel- 
lings have lately been erected in 
the southern part of the village, 



owned and occupied by persons 
doing business in New-York. A 
turnpike road extends from this 
place to Jamaica, and one to the 
village of Flushing, communicat- 
ing with other roads in the interior 
of Long Island. 

Williamson, t. Wayne coun- 
ty, situated 17 miles north-west of 
the village of Lyons, and distant 
200 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 2,147 inhabitants. The 
surface is mostly level; soil, pro- 
ductive ; drained by several small 
streams flowing into Lake Ontario, 
which bounds it on the north. 
Williamson and Pultneyville are 
names of post offices. 

Williamson, v. and p. o. 
Williamson, Wayne co. is situated 
on the Ridge road; it contains 
about 175 inhabitants, 30 dwelling- 
houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 
tist church, 1 tavern, 1 store and 1 
steam saw mill. 

Williamstown, t. Oswego, 
co. situated 28 miles east of the 
village of Oswego, and distant 137 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1S40, 842 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is level; soil, moist sandy 
loam, well adapted to grass; 
drained south-east by a branch of 
Fish creek, and west by Salmon 
creek. 

WilliAxMStown, v. and p. o. 
Williamstown, Oswego co. con- 
tains about 150 inhabitants, 25 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
verns and 2 stores. In the vicinity 
are situated 1 flouring mill, and 1 
saw mill, on the west branch of 
Fish creek. 

Williamsville, v. and p. o. 
Amherst, Erie co. is situated on 
Ellicott's creek ; it contains about 
450 inhabitants, 80 dwelling hou- 
ses, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 8 stores, 
2 flouring mills, 2 saw mills, 1 
tannery, 1 clothier's works, 1 fur- 
nace, 1 turning shop, and a mill 
for grinding water lime, of which 
there is made at this place annual- 



430 



WILLIAMSVILLE— WILTON. 



ly, from 40 to 50,000 bushels, 
from lime quarried in this vici- 
nity- 

WlLLIAMSVILLE, V. Boon- 

ville, Oneida co. is situated on the 
west side of Black river, at the 
head of the navigable feeder of the 
Black river canal, extending to 
the village of Boonville, a distance 
of 10 miles, where it empties into 
the summit level of the canal; 
this is a new settlement which 
bids fair to become a place of con- 
siderable importance on the com- 
pletion of the above works. Here 
are now erected 1 saw mill, 1 pail 
factory, 1 store and some 15 or 20 
dwelling houses. 

Willink, p. o. Aurora, Erie 

CO. 

Willsborough, t. Essex CO. 
situated 15 miles north-east of the 
village of Elizabeth, and distant 
137 miles from Albany; contained 
in 1840, 1,648 inhabitants. The 
surface is comparatively level on 
the east, and hilly on the west ; 
soil, fertile clay loam ; drained by 
Boquet river, and some other 
streams flowing into Lake Cham- 
plain, which bounds it on the 
east. 

Willsborough, v. and p. o. 
Willsborough, Essex county, is si- 
tuated on the river Boquet ; it 
contains about 450 inhabitants, 60 
dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist 
mill, 1 forge with two fires, 1 
cupola furnace, 1 saw mill, 1 
tannerv, 1 ashery and 1 plaster 
mill. 

Willseyville, p. o. Candor, 
Tioga co. 

Wilmington, t. Essex co. 
situated 20 miles north-west of the 
village of Elizabeth, and distant 
148 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 928 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is mountainous, with some 
fertile valleys ; drained centrally 
by the west branch of the Au Sa- 
ble river, and on its north-west 



angle by the Saranac river. In 
this town and its vicinity are inex- 
haustible beds of iron ore of a good 
quality. Wilmington is the name 
of a post office, where is a settle- 
ment containing 1 church, 2 stores, 
1 forge, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
and about 20 dwelling houses. 

Wilmurt, t. Herkimer co. si- 
tuated 35 miles north of the vil- 
lage of Herkimer, and distant 100 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 60 inhabitants. This town 
comprises by far more territory 
than any other town in the state, 
being upwards of 40 miles long, 
and about 15 miles wide, compris- 
ing the whole north part of the 
county. It is an almost perfect 
wilderness, abounding in numerous 
lakes and ponds, sending forth 
streams north, south and west. 
Most of the land is said to be well 
adapted for grazing, and summer 
crops. Wilmurt is the name of a 
post office, located in the south 
part of the town. 

Wiln a, t. Jefferson co. situated 
15 miles east of the village of Wa- 
tertown, and distant 151 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
2,591 inhabitants. The surface is 
mostly level ; soil, sandy and clay 
loam of medium quality ; drained 
by Indian and Black rivers. Wil- 
na, North Wilna, Natural Bridge 
and Carthage are names of post 
offices. 

Wilson, t. Niagara co. situa- 
ted 10 miles north-west of the vil- 
lage of Lockport, and distant 294 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,753 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is mostly level, dipping north 
towards the lake ; soil, sandy and 
gravelly loam, with some clay; 
drained by Howell's and Tuscaio- 
ra creeks, flowing into Lake On- 
tario, which bounds it on the 
north. Wilson is the name of a 
post office. 

Wilton, t. Saratoga co. situa 
ted 12 miles north of the village of 



WINANTSVILLE— WOODBOURNE. 



431 



Ballston Spa, and distant 42 miles 
from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
1,438 inhabitants. The surface is 
hilly on the west, and compa- 
ratively level on the east; soil, 
sand and sandy loam; drained east 
by a tributary of the Hudson ri- 
ver. Wilton is the name of a post 
office. 

Winantsville, p. o. Durham, 
Greene co. 

Windham, t. Greene co. situ- 
ated IS miles west of the village of 
Catskill, and distant 44 miles from 
Albany ; contained in 1S40, 2,417 
inhabitants. The surface is hilly 
and mountainous, with an inter- 
vening valley, through which flows 
the Bataviakill. In the valleys are 
some good lands, and the hills are 
well adapted to grazing. Wind- 
ham, Windham Centre, Big Hol- 
low, Scienceville and Union 
Society are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Windham Centre, p. o. 
Windham, Greene co. Here are 
situated 1 church, 1 tavern, 3 
stores, 1 grist mill, 2 tanneries, 2 
saw mills, 1 lather box factory, 
and about 40 dwelling houses. 

Windsor, t. Broome co. situa- 
ted 12 miles south-east of the vil- 
lage of Binghamton, and distant 
138 miles from Albanv; contained 
in 1840, 2,368 inhabitants. The 
surface is hilly and mountainous, 
with some productive valleys, and 
the hills are well adapted to gra- 
zing; drained by the Susquehanna 
river and some of its tributaries. 
Windsor, South Windsor and West 
Windsor are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Windsor, v. and p. o. Wind- 
sor, Broome co. is situated on the 
west side of the Susquehanna river; 
it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
60 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
and 1 Methodist church; 2 taverns, 
4 stores and groceries, 1 oil mill, 
and 1 carding machine. 

Wikfield, t. Herkimer co. 



situated 14 miles south-west of the 
village of Herkimer, and distant 
74 miles from Albany ; contained 
in 1840, 1,652 inhabitants. The 
surface is rolling; soil, rich calca- 
reous and sandy loam ; drained 
south bv the head branches of the 
Unadilla river. Winfield and 
West Winfield are names of post 
offices. 

Winton. v. Manheim, Herki- 
mer co. This is a manufacturing 
settlement, containing about 250 
inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 large 
tannery, 1 grist mill and 1 saw 
mill. Brocket's Bridge post 
office is on the opposite side of 
the East Canada creek, in Fulton 
county. 

Wirt, t. Allegany co. situated 
15 miles south-west of the village 
of Angelica, and distant 270 miles 
from Albany; contained in 1840, 
1,207 inhabitants. The surface is 
high and undulating; soil, mostly 
sandy loam; drained south by Lit- 
tle Genesee creek, and north by 
Van Campen's creek. Richburgh 
and South Branch are names of 
post offices. 

Wolcott, t. Wayne co. situa- 
ted 16 miles north-east of the vil- 
lage of Lyons, and distant 184 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1840, 2,481 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is level ; soil, sandy and gra- 
velly loam ; drained by several 
small streams flowing into Lake 
Ontario, which bounds it on the 
north. Wolcott and Red Creek 
are names of post offices. 

Wolcott, v. and p. o. Wol- 
cott, Wayne co. is situated on the 
Ridge road ; it contains about 600 
inhabitants, 100 dwelling houses, 

1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist and 1 
Universalist church ; 2 taverns, 8 
stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills and 

2 asheries. 
Woodbourne, p. o. Falls- 

burgh, Sullivan co. Here are si- 
tuated 1 Dutch Reformed church, 



432 



WOODBURY— WURTSBORO'. 



1 tavern, 1 store, 1 large tannery, 

2 turning establishments and about 
10 dwelling houses. 

Woodbury, v. Oyster Bay, 
Queens co. is a scattered settle- 
ment, situated on the Jericho turn- 
pike, surrounded by a highly 
cultivated country. 

Wood Cheek, rises in Wash- 
ington county, and flows north into 
Lake Champlain, at the village of 
Whitehall. This stream for a 
considerable portion of its length, 
is used as a part of the Champlain 
canal ; it also affords some good 
mill privileges. 

Wood Creek, Oneida county, 
rises in the town of Rome, and 
empties its waters into the east end 
of Oneida lake ; this is a deep and 
sluggish stream, and was much 
used before the completion of the 
Erie canal, for transporting mer- 
chandise and produce to and from 
the western parts of the country, 
in connection with the Mohawk 
river; at the village of Rome, there 
was a short portage between the 
two streams. This stream is now 
used as a part of the Oneida Lake 
Canal, which in connection with 
the lake and Oneida river, forms 
an uninterrupted water navigation 
from the Erie canal, in Oneida 
county, to the Oswego canal. 

Woodhull, t. Steuben co. si- 
tuated 20 miles south of the village 
of Bath, and distant 225 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 827 in- 
habitants. The surface is uneven; 
soil, clay and sandy loam, mostly 
of indifferent quality, but covered 
with a heavy growth of timber; 
drained east by Tuscarora creek. 
fVoodhull is the name of a post 
office. Tubbsville is the name of 
a settlement. 

Woodstock, t. Ulster co. si- 
tuated 12 miles north-west of the 
village of Kingston, and distant 57 
miles from Albany; contained in 
1840, 1,691 inhabitants. The sur- 
face is mountainous, being covered 



by the Catskill mountains; soil, 
gravel, clay and loam, of but me- 
dium quality ; drained by the 
Saghkill, and some other tributa- 
ries of the Esopus creek; Wood- 
stock and Lake Hill are names of 
post of?°es. Bristol Glass Works 
is the liame of a manufacturing 
settlement. At the former are si- 
tuated 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 
stores, 1 tannery and 20 dwelling 
houses. 

Woodville, v. and p. o. 
Ellisburgh, Jefferson co. contains 
about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
houses, 1 Presbyterian church, 1 
tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill and 2 
saw mills. 

WoODWARDSVILLE, p. O. 

Schroon, Essex co. 

Worcester, t. Otsego co. si- 
tuated 14 miles south-east of the 
village of Cooperstown, and dis- 
tant 56 miles from Albany ; con- 
tained in 1840, 2,390 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly; soil, sandy 
loam, well adapted to grass or 
grain; drained by Charlotte river 
and some of its tributaries. Wor- 
cester, East Worcester and South 
Worcester are names of post offi- 
ces. 

Worcester, v. and p. o. 
Worcester, Otsego county, con- 
tains about 200 inhabitants, 30 
dwelling houses, 2 churches, 3 
stores, 3 public houses, 2 grist 
mills and 1 tannery. 

Wormley, p. o. Caton, Steu- 
ben co. 

Wright's Corner, p. o. 
Newfane, Niagara co. 

Wurtsboro', v. and p. o. 
Mamakating, Sullivan county, is 
situated on the Newburgh and 
Cochecton turnpike, and on the 
line of the Delaware and Hudson 
canal ; it contains about 200 in- 
habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
Dutch Reformed and 1 Methodist 
church; 3 taverns, 6 stores, 3 
store houses, 1 extensive tannery, 
1 plaster mill, and 1 boat yard for 



WYNANT'S KILL— YATES. 



433 



building and repairing canal boats. 
About one mile north of this (dace 
on the west side of the Shawan- 
gunk mountains, is situated a va- 
luable lead mine, near which are 
erected smelting works, and a fur- 
nace. This ore is of a good 
quality, and supposed to oe inex- 
haustible. 

Wyk ant's Kill, p. o. Green- 
bush, Rensselaer co. Here are 



situated 1 Dutch Reformed church, 
2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 tannery and 
about 15 dwelling houses. 

Wynant's Kill, rises in the 
town of Sand Lake, where are a 
number of small lakes, this being 
the outlet to all of them. On 
this stream are situated flouring 
mills, extensive iron works, and 
other manufacturing establish- 
ments. 



WYOMING COUNTY, taken from Genesee in 1841, is centrally 
distant 250 miles west from the city of Albany; it is bounded on the 
north by Genesee county, east by Livingston, south by Allegany and 
Cattaraugus counties, and west by Erie county- This is a new county, 
formed of the south part of Genesee. The surface is undulat- 
ing; and the general character of the soil is moist, sandy or gravelly 
loam, well adapted to the culture of grain and grass. Of minerals but 
few are found in this county. Silver lake, a beautiful body of water, 
lies mostly in the town of Castile; it is drained by Allen's and Tona- 
wanda creeks, while Cattaraugus creek crosses its south-west angle, 
and the Genesee river its south-east angle. Cayuga and Seneca creeks 
both head in the west part of this county. In the valleys of the streams 
are rich and fertile lands, probably not surpassed by any other section 
of the state; this whole region of country being justly celebra- 
ted for its fertility. The new county buildings are located in the 
village of Warsaw. Its area is about 500 square miles, or 320,500 
acres. 

The following are the names of the towns in Wyoming county, with 
the population in 1840. 

Attica, 2,710 | Orangeville, 1,949 

Bennington, 2,368 | Perry, 3,082 

Castile, 2,833 \ Sheldon, 2,353 

China, 1,437 | Warsaw, 2,841 



Covington,* 1,219 

Gainesville 2,367 

Java, 2,331 

Middlebury, 2,445 

Wyoming, v. and p. o. Mid- 
dlebury, Wyoming county, is situ- 
ated on Allen's creek ; it contains 
about 600 inhabitants, 90 dwel- 



Wethersfield, 1,728 

Total inhabitants, 29,663 



ling houses, 1 Presbyterian and 
1 Baptist church; an incorpora- 
ted academy ; 2 taverns and 4 
stores. 

YATES COUNTY, taken from Ontario in 1823, is centrally distant 
185 miles from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the north by On- 
tario county, on the east by Seneca lake, on the south by Steuben 
county, and on the west by the counties of Steuben and Ontario. The 
surface of this county is agreeably diversified, abounding in cultivated 
hills, and rich valleys; the soil is various ; there is some clay, but a 
warm rich mould predominates, yielding large crops of grain, and 

* This town was divided on the formation of Wyoming county, one-half of the po- 
pulation returned, (2,438,) is estimated to belong to the new town of Pavilion, Gene- 



see county 



28 



434 



YATES— YORK. 



fruits of different kinds. It is also noted for the excellence of its stock, 
the quantity and quality of its wool, and its valuable lumber. Seneca 
lake lies on its eastern border, while Crooked lake enters it from the 
south, which lakes are united by the outlet and Crooked Lake Ca- 
nal ; it is also watered by Canandaigua lake on the west. A valuable sul- 
phur spring exists near the foot of Crooked lake; there is also an inflam- 
mable gas spring situated near the village of Rushville, and native cop- 
peras is found in the eastern part of this county. In addition to the 
above, a newly discovered brine spring in the village of Dundee, bids 
fair to become productive. Its area is about 320 square miles, or 
204,444 acres. The county buildings are located in the village of 
Penn-Yan, in the town of Milo. 

The following are the names of the towns in Yates county, with the 
population in 1840. 



Barrington, 1,868 

Benton, 3,911 

Italy, 1,634 

Jerusalem, 2,935 

Middlesex, 1,439 

Yates, t. Orleans co. situated 
12 miles north of the village of 
Albion, and distant 267 miles from 
Albany; contained in 1840, 2,230 
inhabitants. The surface is level; 
soil, sandy and clay loam ; drained 
by Johnson's creek and some other 
small streams flowing into Lake 
Ontario, which bounds it on the 
north. Yates is the name of a 
post office. Lyndon is the name 
of a settlement. 

Yatesville, p. o. Potter, 
Yates co. 

Yellow Lake, lies mostly in 
the town of Rossie, St. Lawrence 
co. ; it is 4 miles long, and about 
half a mile wide. 

Yonkers, t. Westchester co. 
situated 10 miles south-west of the 
village of White Plains, and dis- 
tant 130 miles from Albany; 
contained in 1840, 2,968 inhabi- 
tants. The surface is uneven and 
broken ; soil, clay and sandy 
loam; mostly well cultivated; 
drained by Bronx river on the east, 
and by Saw Mill river flowing into 
the Hudson, which latter stream 
bounds it on the west. Yonkers 
and King's Bridge are post offices. 

Yonkers, v. and p. o. Yonkers, 
Westchester co. is situated on the 



Milo, 3,986 

Potter, 2,245 

Starkey, 2,426 



Total inhabitants, 



20,444 



east side of the Hudson, at the 
mouth of the Saw Mill river, 17 
miles north of the city of New- 
York. It contains about 500 in- 
habitants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 
Episcopal and 1 Methodist church; 
a female seminary beautifully si- 
tuated on a commanding emin- 
ence, overlooking the Hudson 
river; 3 taverns, 5 stores, 1 grist 
mill, and several saw mills. This 
place is a favorite summer resort 
for the citizens of New-York, be- 
ing within a convenient distance 
of the city. Steamboats land and 
receive passengers here several 
times daily on their trips up and 
down the river, affording a fine 
view of the Palisades, and the 
charming scenery peculiar to this 
part of the Hudson. 

York, t. Livingston co. situa- 
ted 7 miles north-west of the vil- 
lage of Geneseo, and distant 237 
miles from Albany ; contained in 
1S40, 3,049 inhabitants. The sur- 
face rises on the west side of the 
Genesee river, for one or two 
miles, when it becomes compara- 
tively level ; soil, clay loam, very 
fertile in wheat and other kinds of 
grain; drained by two or thtee 
small streams flowing: into the Ge- 



YORKSHIRE— ZOAR. 



435 



ncsee river, which bounds it on the 
east. York, York Centre, Fow- 
lersville and Greigsville are names 
of post offices. 

Yorkshire, t. Cattaraugus 
co. situated 15 miles north-east of 
the village of Ellicottville, and dis- 
tant 274 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 1,292 inhabitants. 
The surface is mostly level ; soil, 
fertile clay and gravelly loam ; 
drained by Cattaraugus" creek and 
some of its tributaries. Yorkshire 
and Delavan are names of post 
offices. 

Yorkshire, v. and p. o. 
Yorkshire, Cattaraugus co. is si- 
tuated on Cattaraugus creek ; it 
contains about 300 inhabitants, 40 
dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
verns, 4 stores and 1 flouring 
mill. 

Yorktown, t. Westchester 
co. situated 16 miles north of the 
village of White Plains, and dis- 
tant 117 miles from Albany; con- 
tained in 1840, 2,819 inhabitants. 
The surface is hilly and mountain- 
ous on the north ; soil, various, 
but mostly productive. There are 
several small ponds in this town, 
and it is watered on the south by 
the Croton river. Yorktown, 
Pine's Bridge and Shrub Oak are 
names of post offices. 

Yorkville. See Whitesbo- 
rough. 

Yorkville, v. New-York co. 
is situated on the line of the Har- 
lem railroad, 5 miles north of the 
City Hall ; it contains about 500 



inhabitants, 70 dwelling houses, 1 
Methodist church ; an incorpora- 
ted academy, 3 taverns, 4 stores, 1 
rope walk, and 2 extensive car- 
riage manufactories. The Tunnel 
in this vicinity, constructed by the 
Harlem Railroad Company, and 
through which the train of cars 
pass with their accustomed velo- 
city, is a work of much interest. 
It extends under an eminence call- 
ed Prospect Hill, and is cut 
through a solid rock, being 844 
feet in length, 24 feet wide and 21 
feet high in the centre. Each end 
of the Tunnel is finished with a 
handsome stone facing, and on the 
south side are commodious stairs 
with an iron railing, ascending to 
the top of the hill. 

Youngstown, v. and p. o. 
Porter, Niagara county, is advan- 
tageously situated on the east side 
of the Niagara river, one mile 
from Lake Ontario ; it contains 
about 400 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
houses, 1 church, 4 hotels and ta- 
verns, 5 stores and groceries, and 
1 steam flouring mill. Steamboats 
land and receive passengers daily 
from this place, during the season 
of navigation ; a steam ferry 
boat also constantly plies across 
the river, landing at Niagara, Ca- 
nada. 

Zimmerman's Creek, rises 
in the town of Stratford, Fulton co. 
and flows south into Montgomery 
county, where it empties into the 
Mohawk river. 

Zoar, p. o. Eden, Erie co 



CONTENTS OF APPENDIX. 



Page. 

Rates of Toll on the Canals, 437 

List of Places on the Canals, and Distances from each other,. . . . 441 

List of the principal Lakes, , 444 

List of the principal Rivers, 445 

Tabular view of the principal Manufactories, 446 

Number of Colleges, Academies, &c 447 

Progressive Population of the several Counties, 448 

Census of the State,— 1840, 449 

Census of the United States,— 1840 473 

General Statistics of the State, 474 



APPENDIX. 



RATES OF TOLL 

Established by the Canal Board, 

OK PERSONS AND PROPERTY TRANSPORTED ON ALL THE NA- 
VIGABLE CANALS OF THE STATE, FOR THE YEAR 1841. 

Cts. mills, fr. 
Provisions, fyc. 

1. On flour, salted beef and pork, butter, cheese tallow, 

lard, beer and cider, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 

2. On bran and ship-stuffs in bulk, per 1,000 pounds per 

mile, 4 5 

Iron, Minerals, Ores, &fc. 

3. On salt manufactured in this state, per 1,000 pounds pel 

mile, 2 3 

4. On foreign salt, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 3 

5. 1st. On gypsum, the product of this state, per 1,000 

pounds per mile, 2 3 

2d. On foreign gypsum, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 

6. On brick, sand, lime, clay, earth, leached ashes, manure 

and iron ore, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 2 3 

7. On pot and pearl ashes, kelp, charcoal, broken castings, 

and scrap iron, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 

And on pig iron the same rate of toll except when clear- 
ed on the Oswego or Champlain canals, and going to- 
wards tide water, when it is to be charged per 1,000 
pounds per mile, • • • 3 2 

8. 1st. On mineral coal going towards tide water, or going 

north on the Champlain canal having come from the 
west, or going west from Utica or from any point west 
thereof, or going upon any lateral canal; and on an- 
thracite coal going from tide water, per 1,000 pounds 

per mile, -,• 2 

2d. On all other mineral coal than such as above speci- 
fied, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 

9. On stove and all other iron castings, per 1,000 pounds 

per mile, ; 4 5 

10. On copperas and manganese, going towards tide water, 

per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 

11. On bar and pig lead, going towards tide water, per 1,000 

pounds per mile, 2 



438 RATES OF TOLL. 

Cts. mills, fr. 
Furs, Peltry, Skins, fyc 

12. On furs and peltry, (except deer, buffalo and moose 

skins,) per 1,000 pounds per mile, 10 

13. On deer, buffalo and moose skins, per 1,000 pounds per 

mile, 5 

14. On sheep skins, and other raw hides of domestic ani- 

mals of the United States, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 

15. On imported raw hides, of domestic and other animals, 

per 1,000 pounds per mile, 5 

Furniture, fyc. 

16. On household furniture, accompanied by, and actually 

belonging to, families emigrating, per 1,000 pounds 

per mile, 4 5 

17. On carts, wagons, sleighs, ploughs and mechanics tools, 

necessary for the owners' individual use, when ac- 
companied by the owner, emigrating for the purpose 
of settlement, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 

Stone, Slate, Sfc. 

18. On slate and tile for roofing, and stone ware, per 1,000 

pounds per mile, 4 5 

19. On all stone, wrought or unwrought, per 1,000 pounds 

per mile, 2 3 

Lumber, Wood, #c. 

20. On timber, squared and round, per 100 cubic feet per 

mile, if carried in boats, 5 

21. On the same, if carried in rafts, (except dock-sticks as 

in next item,) per 100 cubic feet per mile, 1 5 

22. On round dock-sticks, passing in cribs separate from 

every other kind of timber, per 100 cubic feet per 

mile, 1 

23. On blocks of timber for paving streets, per 1,000 pounds 

per mile, 1 

24. 1st. On boards, plank, scantling and sawed timber, re- 

duced to inch measure, and all siding lath and other 
sawed stuff, less than one inch thick, carried in boats, 
(except such as is enumerated in regulations number 

26 and 35,) per 1,000 feet per mile, 5 

2d. On the same, if transported in rafts, per 1,000 feet 

per mile, 2 

25. On mahogany, (except veneering,) reduced to inch 

measure, per 1,000 feet per mile, 15 

26. On sawed lath of less than five feet in length, split lath, 

hoop-poles, handspikes, rowing oars, broom-handles, 
spokes, hubs, tree-nails, felloes and boat-knees, per 
1,000 pounds per mile, 2 

27. On staves and heading, transported in boats, per 1,000 

pounds per mile, 2 

28. On the same, if transported in rafts, per 1,000 pounds 

per mile 5 



RATES OF TOLL. 439 

Cts. mills, ft. 

29. On shingles per M. per mile, carried in boats, 10 

30. On the same, if conveyed in rafts, per M. per mile, 4 

31. On split posts, (not exceeding 10 feet in length,) and 

rails for fencing, (not exceeding 14 feet in length,) per 

M. per mile, carried in boats, 2 

32. On the same, if conveyed in rafts, per M. per mile, 8 

33. On wood for fuel, (except such as may be used in the 

manufacture of salt, which shall be exempt from toll,) 

and tan bark, per cord per mile, 1 

34. On the same if transported in rafts, per cord per mile, ..200 

35. On sawed stuff for window blinds, not exceeding one- 

fourth of an inch in thickness, and window sashes, per 

1,000 pounds per mile, 5 

Agricultural productions, fyc. 

36. On cotton and wool, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 

37. On live cattle, sheep and hog?, per 1,000 pounds per 

mile, * 5 

38. On horses, (and each horse when not weighed, to be 

computed at 900 pounds,) per 1,000 pounds per 

mile, • 5 

39. On rags, per 1 ,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 

40. On hemp, manilla and unmanufactured tobacco, per 1,000 

pounds per mile, 4 5 

41. On pressed hay, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 2 3 

42. On wheat and all other agricultural productions of the 

United States, not particularly specified, and not be- 
ing merchandise, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 

43. On merchandise, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 9 

Articles not enumerated. 

44. On all articles not enumerated or excepted, passing from 

tide water, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 9 

45. On all articles not enumerated or excepted, passing to- 

wards tide water, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 

Boats and passengers. 

46. On boats, used chiefly for the transportation of persons 

navigating any of the canals except the Junction ca- 
nal , per mile , 5 

47. On boats, used chiefly for the transportation of persons, 

navigating the Junction canal, and not connected with 
regular lines of boats for the transportation of persons 
on the Erie or Champlain canals, per mile, 50 

48. On boats, used chiefly for the transportation of property, 

per mile, ; * 

49. On all persons over ten years of age, per mile, 1 

50. On articles of the manufacture of the United Slates, go- 

ing towards tide water, although they may be enume- 
rated in the foregoing list, per 1,000 pounds per 
mile, 4 5 



440 RATES OF TOLL. 

During the present year, there shall be allowed a drawback of se- 
venty-three per cent on the amount of tolls paid on the transportation 
of mineral coal from the west to tide water or to the Junction canal, 
provided such coal shall be delivered at tide water, or at some point on 
the Junction canal, or on the Champlain canal ; and the like drawback 
shall be allowed of seventy-three per cent on the amount of tolls paid 
on the transportion of anthracite coal from tide water to Utica, which 
shall be delivered at that place, or at any point west thereof; the 
amount of such drawback to be refunded to the persons paying the said 
tolls, under the direction of the commissioners of the canal fund, on 
the production of such evidence as they shall prescribe, of the said 
tolls having been paid, and of the delivery of such coal as herein pro- 
vided. 



EXTRACT 

From the report of the Canal Commissioners, made to the Legisla- 
ture on the 12th day of March, 1821, showing the rates of toll 
agreed to by them, and referred to in section 10, of Title 7, of the 
Constitution. 

" On salt, 5 mills per ton, per mile, (7 bbls. of 5 bushels each, or 40 
bushels in bulk, being a ton.) 

" Gypsum, 5 mills per ton per mile. 

"Flour, meal, and all kinds of grain, salted provision, pot and pearl 
ashes, one cent per ton per mile. 

" Merchandise, 2 cents per ton per mile. 

" Timber, squared and round, five mills per hundred solid feet per 
mile. 

" Boards, plank, and scantling, reduced to inch measure, and all 
siding, lath and other sawed stuff, less than one inch thick, 5 mills per 
thousand feet per mile. 

"Shingles, one mill per thousand per mile. 

" Brick, sand, lime, iron ore, and stone, 5 mills per ton per mile. 

" Rails and posts for fencing, two cents per thousand per mile. 

" Wood for fuel, one cent per cord per mile. 

" All fuel to be used in the manufacture of salt, to pass free. 

" Boats made and used chiefly for the transportation of property, on 
each ton of their capacity, one mill per mile. 

" Boats made and used chiefly for the carriage of persons, 5 cents 
per mile of their passage. 

" Staves and heading for pip*s, one cent per thousand per mile. 

" Staves and heading for hogheads, 7 mills per thousand per mile. 

" Staves and heading for barrels or less, 5 mills per thousand per 
mile. 

" All articles not enumerated, one cent per ton per mile." 



PRINCIPAL PLACES ON THE CANALS, fee. 

..f JLIST 



441 



Of the principal places on the Canals, and their distance from each 
other, as adopted by the Canal Board. 



JUNCTION AND ERIE CANALS. 



NAMF'S OF PLACES. 



Albany, 

Port-Schuyler, 

West-Troy, 

Junction Champlain Canal, 

Cohoes, 

Lower Aqueduct, 

Willow-Springs, 

Upper Aqueduct, 

Schenectady, 

Rotterdam, 

Philips' Locks, 

Amsterdam, 

Schoharie Creek, 

Smithtown, 

FtJLTONVILLE, 

Big Nose, 

Spraker's Basin, 

Canajoharie, 

Fort-Plain 

Diefendorf 's Landing, 

St. Johnsville, 

East Canada Creek, 

Indian Castle, 

Fink's Ferry, 

Little Falls, 

Rankin's Lock, No. 7, 

Herkimer Lower Bridge, 

Herkimer Upper Bridge, 

Fulmer's Creek, 

Morgan's Landing, 

Steel's Creek, 

Frankfort, 

Ferguson's, 

Utica, (Junction Chenango Canal,) 

York Mills, 

Whitesboro', 

Oriskany, 

Rome, (Junction Black River Canal,) . 

Wood Creek Aqueduct, 

Hawley's Basin, 

Stony Creek, 

New-London, 

Higgins', (June. Oneida Lake Canal.) 

Loomis', 

Oneida Creek, 

Canastota, 

New-Boston, 

Chittenango, 

Pool's Brook, 

Kirkville, 

Little Lake, 

Manlius, 



Place to 


Dis. from 


From 


From 


place. 


Albany. 


Utica. 


Rochester I 








110 


269 


6 


6 


104 


263 


1 


7 


103 


262 


2 


9 


101 


260 


1 


10 


100 


259 


3 


13 


97 


256 


6 


19 


91 


250 


7 


26 


84 


243 


4 


30 


80 


239 


9 


39 


71 


230 


5 


44 


66 


225 


3 


47 


63 


222 


5 


52 


58 


217 


2 


54 


56 


215 


3 


57 


53 


212 


7 


64 


46 


205 


2 


66 


44 


203 


3 


69 


41 


200 


3 


72 


38 


197 


3 


75 


35 


194 


2 


77 


33 


192 


4 


81 


29 


188 


2 


83 


27 


186 


3 


86 


24 


183 


2 


88 


22 


181 


3 


91 


19 


178 


4 


95 


15 


174 


1 


96 


14 


173 


1 


97 


13 


172 


1 


98 


12 


171 


1 


99 


11 


170 


2 


101 


9 


168 


6 


107 


3 


162 


3 


110 





159 


3 


113 


3 


156 


1 


114 


4 


155 


3 


117 


7 


152 


8 


125 


15 


144 


2 


127 


17 


142 


2 


129 


19 


140 


1 


130 


20 


139 


2 


132 


22 


137 


4 


136 


26 


133 


2 


138 


28 


131 


3 


141 


31 


128 


5 


146 


36 


123 


4 


150 


40 


119 


3 


153 


43 


116 


3 


156 


46 


113 


2 


158 


48 


111 


2 


160 


50 


109 


2 


162 


52 


107 



From 
Buffalo. 

364 
358 
357 
355 
354 
351 
345 
338 
334 
325 
320 
317 
312 
310 
307 
300 
298 
295 
292 
289 
287 
283 
281 
278 
276 
273 
269 
268 
267 
266 
265 
263 
257 
254 
251 
250 
247 
239 
237 
235 
234 
232 
228 
226 
222 
218 
214 
211 
208 
206 
204 
202 



442 



PRINCIPAL PLACES ON THE CANALS. &c 



NAMES OF PLACES. 



Limestone Feeder, 

Orville Feeder, 

Lodi, 

Syracuse, (Junction Oswego Canal,). . 

Geddes, 

Belisle, 

Nine-Mile Creek, 

Camillus, 

Canton, 

Peru, 

Jordan, 

Cold Spring, 

Weedsport, 

Centreport, 

Port-Byron, 

Montezuma, (June. Cay. and Sen. C) 

Lockpit, 

Clyde, 

Lock-Berlin, 

Lyons 

Lockville, 

Newark, 

Port-Gibson, 

Palmyra 

Macedonville, 

Wayneport, 

Perrinton, 

Perrinton Centre, 

Fairport, 

Fullam's Basin, 

Bushnell's Basin, 

Pittsford, 

Billinghast's Basin 

Lock No. 3, 

Rochester, (June. Genesee V. Canal.) 

Brockway's, 

Spencer's Basin, 

Adams' Basin, 

Cooley's Basin, 

Brockport, 

Holley, 

Hulberton, 

Albion, 

Gaines' Basin, 

Eagle Harbor, 

Long Bridge, 

Knowlesvifle, 

Road Culvert, 

Medina, 

Shelby Basin, 

Middleport,. 

Reynold's Basin, 

Gasport, 

LOCKTORT, 

Pendleton, 

Welch's, 

H. Brockway's, 

Tonawanda, 

Lower Black Rock, 

Black Rock, 

BufValo, 



Place to Dis. from 
place. Albany 



1 

2 
5 
1 
2 
4 
1 
1 
5 
2 
4 
1 

5 
1 
2 
G 
6 
5 
5 
4 
6 
1 
3 
5 
4 
3 
2 
2 
1 
1 
3 
3 
4 
2 
4 
10 
2 
3 
3 
2 
5 
4 
6 
2 
1 
2 
2 
1 
3 
3 
3 
3 
2 
7 
7 
2 
4 
6 
8 
1 
3 



163 
165 
170 
171 
173 
177 
178 
179 
184 
186 
190 
191 
196 
197 
199 
205 
211 
216 
221 
225 
231 
232 
235 
240 
244 
247 
249 
251 
252 
253 
256 
259 
263 
265 
269 
279 
281 
284 
287 
289 
294 
298 
304 
306 
307 
309 
311 
312 
315 
318 
321 
324 
326 
333 
340 
342 
346 
352 
360 
361 
364 



From From From 
Utica. Rochester Buffalo. 



53 

55 

60 

61 

63 

67 

68 

69 

74 

76 

80 

81 

86 

87 

89 

95 

101 

106 

111 

115 

121 

]22 

125 

130 

134 

137 

139 

141 

142 

143 

146 

149 

153 

155 

159 

]69 

171 

174 

177 

179 

184 

188 

194 

196 

197 

]99 

201 

202 

205 

208 

211 

214 

216 

223 

230 

232 

236 

242 

250 

251 

254 



106 
104 
99 
98 
96 
92 
91 
90 
85 
83 
79 
78 
73 
72 
70 
64 
58 
53 
48 
44 
38 
37 
34 
29 
25 
22 
20 
18 
17 
16 
13 
10 
6 
4 

10 
12 
15 
18 
20 
25 
29 
35 
37 
38 
40 
42 
43 
46 
49 
52 
55 
57 
64 
71 
73 
77 
83 
91 
92 
95 



PRINCIPAL PLACES ON THE CANALS, fee 
CHAMPLAIN CANAL. I OSWEGO CANAL. 



44)3 





Place to 


From 


White- 


NAMES. 


place 


Albany 


hall. 


, 




7 




7 


73 
66 






2 


9 


64 




3 


12 


61 


Vlechanicsville, •• 


9 


20 


63 


Stillwater Village, 


4 


24 


49 


Jleeeker'sRasin,- 


2 


26 


47 


IVilber's Basin, • ■ 


2 


28 


45 


fan Duzen's L. •• 


6 


33 


40 


Schuylerville,-" • 


3 


36 


37 


Saratoga Bridge, • 


2 


38 


35 


^ort-Miller, 


3 


41 


32 




3 


44 


29 


•"ort-Edward, 


5 


49 


24 


jlen's Falls Fr.-- 


2 


61 


22 


Baker's Basin, • •• 


1 


52 


21 


Smith's Basin, • • • 


5 


67 


16 




4 


61 


12 


Domstock's L. — 


4 


65 


8 




8 


73 






CHENANGO CANAL. 



NAMES. 



Place to 
place. 



Jtica, 

Clinton, 

3eansville, 

3riskany Falls, •• 

Solsville, 

3ouckville, 

Peck's Basin, •••• 

Hamilton, 

uebanon Factory, 

Sarlville, 

Sherburne, 

Vorth Norwich, •• 

Plasterville, 

Vorwich, 

Oxford, 

Payne's Mill, 

jreene, 

Forks, 

Pond Brook, 

Port Crane, 

Drocker's Mills, •• 

BlNCHAMTON, 



From 
Utica. 



Bing- 
hamton. 




9 
14 

19 
33 
24 

2(3 
30 
32 
36 

41 
45 
47 
51 
(10 
70 
74 
82 
84 
SO 
90 
97 



97 

88 
83 
78 
75 
73 
71 
67 
68 
til 
56 
52 
PO 
46 
37 
27 
23 
15 
13 
8 
7 




Syracuse, 

Sauna, 

Liverpool, 

Mud Lock, «••• 

Cold Spring, 

New Bridge, 

Three River Point, 

Phrenix, 

Sweet's Lock, •••• 

Ox Creek, 

Fulton, 

Braddock's Rapid, 
! Tiffany's Landing, 

High Dam, 

Oswego. 



CAYUGA & SENECA CANAL. 



Place to Monte- Gene- 
NAMES. place, zuma. va. 



Montezuma, ••• 

Seneca River, • • 

S.Dermont's,--- 

Seneca Falls, ••• 

Chamberlains Mills 

Waterloo, 

Teal's, 

Geneva, 

Lateral canal to East 
Cayuga village two 
miles 



Total, ■ 



Place to 


Syra- 


place. 


cuse. 








2 


2 


3 


6 


2 


7 


1 


9 


5 


13 


2 


15 


2 


17 


3 


20 


3 


23 


4 


27 


4 


31 


4 


35 


1 


36 


2 


38 J 



Oswe- 
go- 

38 
36 
33 
31 
30 
26 
23 
21 
18 
16 
11 

7 

3 

2 





CHEMUNG CANAL. 



NAMES. 



Seneca Lake.' 

Havana, 

Millport, -•• 
Fair Port,- •■ 

Elmira 

Corning 



Place Seneca Elmi- Corn- 
to p. I Lake. ra. ing. 



FEEDER.— (Chemung Canal.) 



NAMES. 



Place 


Seneca 


to p. 


Lake. 





17 


7 


24 


7 


31 


2 


33 



Elmi-[ Corn- 
ra. ing. 



Fair Port 

Miller's Basin 

Head Feeder, 

Corning 

Canal from Lake to Elmira, 

Feeder,- 



23 miles. 
16 



Total, 39 

CROOKED LAKE CANAL. 



NAMES. 



Place 
to p. 



Dresden, 

Mallory's, 

Andrews & Ways, • 

Penn-Yan, '••• 

Crooked Lake, • • • • 

GENESEE VALLEY CANAL, 

AS FAR AS FINISHED IN 1841. 



Seneca 


Crooked 


Lake. 


Lake. 





8 


3 


5 


5 


3 


7 


1 


8 






NAMES. 



Rochester 
Scottville, 
Sacketts Basin 
Mount Morris, 
Shaker Set 
Dansville, 



Place 


Roch- 


Mount 


to p. 


ester. 


Morris 








37 


12 


12 


26 


10 


22 


15 


15 


37 





4 


41 


4 


11 


62 


16 



Dans- 
ville. 



52 
40 
30 
15 
11 




144 LAKES. 

PRINCIPAL LAKES IN THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 



NAMES. 



Length. 


Breadth. 




Miles. 


Miles. 


Counties. 


1 


i 


Esses, 


4 


t 


Saratoga, 


20 


2 


St. Lawrence, 


5 


1 


Warren, 


5 


li 


Otseeo, 


14 


li 


Ontario and Yates, 


2 


i 


Chautauque, 


40 


3 


Cayuga, &c. 


2 


i 


Chemung, 


4 


1 


Madison, 


140 


10 


Clinton and Essex, 


4 


2 


Clinton, 


18 


3 


Chautauque, 


4 


1 


Clinton, 


8 


1 


Livingston, 


li 


4 


Columbia, 


22 


li 


Yates and Steuben, 


4 
4 


1 

4 


Cayuga, 
Hamilton, 


5 


1 


Hamilton, 


265 


50 


Erie and Chautauque, 


2 


1 


Fulton, 


7 


2 


Hamilton and Herkimer, 


3 


4 


Fulton, 


36 


3 


Warren and Washington 


6 


1 


Livingston, 


5 


1 


Ontario, 


4 


1 


Hamilton, 


H 


i 


Cattaraugus, 


18 


2 


Hamilton, 


1 


1 


Putnam, 


3 


2 


Herkimer, 


22 


6 


Oneida, &c 


8 


2 


Onondaga, 


180 


60 


Jefferson to Niagara, 


5 


2 


Onondaga, 


9 


2 


Otsego, 


12 


1 


Cayuga, 


4 


1 


Essex, 


6 


2 


Hamilton, 


4 


« 


Essex, 


3 


li 


Hamilton, 


14 


4 


Hamilton, 


1 


i 


Rockland, 


1 


x 


Suffolk, 


2 


2 


Hamilton, 


7 


3 


Franklin, 


10 


3 


Franklin, 


7 


li 


Saratoga, 


10 


li 


Essex and Warren, 


40 


3 


Seneca, &c. 


3 


i 


Wyoming, 


14 


1 


Cayuga and Onondaga, 


5 


2 


Franklin, 


4 


li 


Hamilton and Herkimer, 


4 


i 


fet. Lawrence. 



Avalanche, 

Ballston, ••• 

Black, 

Brant, 

Canaderaga, or Schuyler, 

Canandaigua 

Cassadaga, 

Cayuga, 

Cayuta, 

Cazenovia, 

Champlain, 

Chateaugay, 

Chautauque, 

Chazy, 

Conesus, 

Copake, 

Crooked, 

Cross, 

Crotched, 

Eckford, 

Erie 

Fish Lake, 

Fourth, 

Garoga, 

George, 

Hemlock, 

Honeoye, 

Indian, 

Lime, 

Long, • . • 

Mahopack, 

Moose, 

Oneida, 

Onondaga, 

Ontario, 

Otisco, 

Otsego, 

Owasco, 

Paradox, 

Piseco 

Placid, 

Pleasant, 

Racket, 

Rockland, 

Ronkonkoma, 

Round, 

Saranac, Lower 

Saranac, Upper 

Saratoga, 

Schroon, 

Seneca « 

Silver, 

Skancateles, 

Tupper'o, , 

Transparent, 

Yellow 



PRINCIPAL RIVERS, &c. 446 

PRINCIPAL RIVERS IN THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 



Source. 



Mouth. 



Pennsylvania, 

Essex county, 

Hamilton co 

Herkimer co 

Essex co 

Essex co 

Westchester co 

Westchester co 

Allegany co 

Schoharie co 

Franklin co ■ 

Clinton co ■ 

Jefferson, 

Junc.Conhocton &Tioga 

Madison co 

Ontario co 

Steuben co 

Dutchess co 

Franklin co 

Delaware co 

Long Island Sound, 

Pennsylvania, 

St. Lawrence co 

Spuyten Duval creek,.- . 

Massachusetts, 

Essex co 

Herkimer, 

Hamilton co 

Lewis co 

Oneida co 

Hamilton co 

Ulster co 

Lake Erie, 

Oneida Lake, 

Herkimer co 

June. Oneida & Seneca r 

Chenango co 

Vermont, 

Suffolk co 

Jefferson, 

Vermont, 

Hamilton co 

Orange co 

Sullivan co 

Lake Ontario, 

Franklin co 

Franklin co 

Lewis co 

Hamilton co 

Franklin co 

Westchester co? 

Essex co 

Seneca Lake, 

Otsego co 



Pennsylvania, 
Onondaga co. 



Q8V1 

ndV 
Franklin co. 
Oneida co... 
New- Jersey, 



Ohio river, 

Lake Champlain, 

Black river, 

Lake Ontario, 

Hudson river, 

Lake Champlain, 

East river, 

Long Island Sound, . . 

JTioga liver, 

Susquehanna river, . . . 
St. Lawrence river,. . . 

Lake Champlain, • 

Lake Ontario, 

iSusquehanna river,... 
[Susquehanna river, . • • 

[Seneca river, 

j Chemung river, 

[Hudson river, 

St. Regis river, 

I Delaware bay 

I Bay of New-York, ... 

|Lake Ontario, 

St. Lawrence river,. . . 

East river, 

Hudson river, 

Atlantic ocean, 

Black river, 

Hudson river, 

St. Lawrence river,. • • 

Hudson river, 

Black river, 

Delaware river, 

Lake Ontario, 

Oswego river, 

St. Lawrence river,. . . 

Lake Ontario, 

Tioughnioga, 

Lake Champlain, 

Peconic bay, 

Black River bay, 

Lake Champlain, 

St. Lawrence river,. . • 

Passaic river, 

Hudson river, 

Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
St. Lawrence river.. • • 
St. Lawrence river, • • • 

Lake Ontario, 

Hudson river, 

Lake Champlain, 

Hudson river, 

Hudson river, 

Oswego river, 

Chesapeake bay, 

Chemung river, 

Chenango river, 

Chateaugay river, 

Susquehanna river, . . . 
Rondout river, 



Length 



300 
55 
66 

120 
20 
37 
'25 
15 
60 
30 
60 
40 
15 
40 
75 
20 
55 
45 
50 

310 
20 

145 

90 

8 

50 

320 
30 
40 
90 

140 
55 
55 
36 
20 

135 
24 
30 
40 
20 
20 
30 

140 
30 
45 

770 
65 
45 
50 
60 
80 
20 
50 
70 

460 
40 
45 
30 
50 
80 



446 



MANUFACTORIES. 



TABULAR VIEW, 

Of the principal Manufactories in each County in the State of New- 
York, by the Census of 1840. 



COUNTIES. 



oc 



ES 



Albany, 

Allegany, 

Broome, 

Cattaraugus, •• 

Cayuga, 

Chautauque, • • 

Chemung, 

Chenango, 

Clinton, 

Columbia, 

Cortland, 

Delaware, ■•■■• 

Dutchess, 

Erie, 

Essex, 

Franklin, 

Fulton, 

Genesee, 

Greene, 

Hamilton, 

Herkimer, 

Jefferson, 

Kings, 

Lewis, 

Livingston, ••• 

Madison, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery, •• 

New York, 

Niagara, 

Oneida, 

Onondaga, •••• 

Ontario, 

Orange, 

Orleans, ■ 

Oswego, 

Otsego, 

Putnam, 

Queens, 

Rensselaer, ••• 
Richmond, 

Rockland, 

Saratoga, 

Schenectady,- ■ 

Schoharie, 

Seneca, 

St. Lawrence, • 

Steuben, 

Suffolk, 

Sullivan, 

Tioga. 

Tompkins, •••• 

Ulster, 

Warren, 

Washington, • • 

Wayne, 

Westchester, • • 
Yates, 



Total,. 



328 893 115 121a 306 96l 334 1764 6430 79 306 



SCHOOLS, &c. 



447 



COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, SCHOOLS, &c. 
In the State of Neiv-York, as returned by the U. S. MarshaUs. 



-1840. 



COUNTIES. 



Albany, 

Allegany, •••■ 
Broome, •••• 
Cattaraugus, 

Cayuga, 

Chautauque, 
Chemung, — 
Chenango, •• 

Clinton, 

Columbia, •• 
Cortland, ••• 
Delaware, ••• 
Dutchess, ••• 
Erie, 



Essex, 

Franklin, 

Fulton, 

Genesee, 

Greene. 

Hamilton, 

Herkimer, 

Jefferson, 

Kings, • 

Lewis, 

Livingston, •••• 

Madison, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery,-. 

New- York, 

Niagara, 

Oneida, 

Onondaga, •••• 

Ontario, 

Orange, 

Orleans, 

Oswego, 

Otsego, 

Putnam, 

Queens, 

Rensselaer, ••• 
Richmond, •••• 

Rockland, 

Saratoga, 

Schenectady, • 
Schoharie, •••• 

Seneca, 

St. Lawrence,- 

Steuben, 

Suffolk, 

Sullivan, 

Tioga 

Tompkins, — 

Ulster, 

Warren, 

Washington, •• 

Wayne, 

Westchester, • ■ 
Yates, ■ 



Total, 



409 
47 
105 
140 
601 
808 
130 
733 
151 
709 
370 
260 
621 
156 
395 



« g 

i- o 
P-O 



235 

1,262 

97 



290 

325 

1,314 

120 

762 

968 

1,466 

395 

7,230 

413 

2,035 

1,602 

1,372 

1,409 

750 

468 

385 



429 

601 

26 



637 

58 
306 

219 
701 
364 
336 
36 
266 
337 
35 
44 
454 
475 
703 



107 

316 

107 

191 

311 

•J98 

99 

344 

102 

172 

181 

284 

107 

271 

141 

108 

89 

381 

123 

13 

191 

312 

63 

155 

178 

253 

310 

116 

208 

137 

441 

330 

242 

170 

163 

330 

302 

63 

78 

241 

14 

30 

160 

45 

198 

99 

353 

347 

152 

101 



225 
158 
104 
193 
182 
121 
113 



9,077 

9,166 

6,620 

7,701 

16,186 

14,337 

4,837 

12,872 

2,784 

10,074 

8,092 

10,651 

4,498 

11,149 

5,634 

4,851 

3,87S 

14,718 

3,369 

658 

8,622 

12,314 

5,280 

5,259 

8,708 

12,277 

16,903 

5,655 

23, 833 

7,936 

20, 176 

17,690 

12,427 

8,727 

8,247 

12, 166 

13, 622 

2,936 

3,670 

11,512 

604 

1,120 

6,100 

1,562 

9,294 

4,377 

13,502 

15,085 

7,336 

3,897 

6,514 

12,678 

9,010 

4,119 

7,279 

9,637 

3,922 

6,207 



3,150 

237 

162 

20 

84 

1 



w £ a m 



> 6i ■ a, 



729 

2,931 

151 



12 995 50134,563 10,8711601,166 26,266 43,716 



250 

267 

2,867 



30 
10 
157 
165 
10,213 



337 



43 

15 

033 

842 
28 



58 
30 
14 

575 
20 



1,269 

27 

7 

361 

478 

395 

774 

77 

2,640 

1,065 

163 

798 

1,764 

270 

544 

526 

630 

143 

39 

2,337 
616 
946 
S01 
376 
431 

2,301 
800 

7,778 
313 

1,690 

1,195 

616 

675 

60 

618 

633 

456 

1,364 

37 

186 

760 

44 

96 

361 

1,057 

963 

14 

687 

1,037 

366 

693 

7 

763 

868 

318 

43 



448 POPULATION. 

PROGRESSIVE POPULATION, 

Of the several Counties in the state, from 1800 to 1840, inclusive; 
according to the United States Census. 



COUNTIES. 



Albany, 

Allegany, 

Broome, 

Cattaraugus," 

Cayuga, 

Chautauque, •• 

Chemung, ■ 

Chenango, •■•• 

Clinton, 

Columbia, •••• 

Cortland, 

Delaware, 

Dutchess, 

Erie, 

Essex, 

Franklin, 

Fulton, 

Genesee, 

Greene, 

Hamilton, 

Herkimer, 

Jefferson, 

Kings, 

Lewis, 

Livingston, ••• 

Madison, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery," 
New-York, — 

Niagara, • 

Oneida, 

Onondaga, •••• 
Ontario, ••••■• 

Orange, 

Orleans, 

Oswego, 

Otsego, 

Putnam, 

Queens, 

Rensselaer, ••• 
Richmond, •••• 

Rockland, 

St. Lawrence,- 

Saratoga, 

Schenectady, • 
Schoharie, •••• 

Seneca, 

Steuben, 

Suffolk, 

Sullivan, 

Tioga, 

Tompkins, • ••• 

Ulster, 

Warren, 

Washington, •• 

Wayne, 

Westchester," 
Yates, 



Organ- 
ized. 



I Pop. Pop. 
in 1800. in 1310'. 



Total,- 



1683 
1606 
1806 
1808 
1799 
1808 
1336 
1798 
1788 
1786 
1808 
1797 
1683 
1821 
1799 
1808 
1838 
1802 
1800 
1316 
1791 
1S05 
1683 
1805 
1821 
1906 
1821 
1772 
1683 
1809 
1799 
1794 
1789 
1683 
1824 
1816 
1791 
1812 
1683 
1791 
1683 
1798 
1802 
1791 
1809 
1795 
1804 
1796 
1683 
1809 
1794 
1817 
1683 
1813 
1772 
1823 
1683 
1823 



15,S71 



15,666 

8,514 
35, 422 



10,228 
47,776 



12,314 



14, 479 



5,740 



21,700 
60, 489 



22,047 
7,466 
15,219 
29, 355 



21,636 



I 16,991 

30, 442 

4, 663 

6,353 



24,483 



9,808 



1,783 
19,734 



35, 574 



27, 428 



34,661 

1,942 

8,130 

458 

29,843 
2,391 



Pop. 
in 1320. 



21,704 
8,002 

32,390 
8,869 

20, 303 

51,363 



9,477 
2,617 



12,588 
19,536 



22, 046 
15, 140 
8,303 
6,433 



25, 144 



41,214 

96,373 

8,971 

33,792 

25,987 
42,032 
34, 347 



38, 802 



19,336 
36, 309 
6,347 
7,758 
7,8S5 
33, 147 
10,201 
18,945 
16,609 
7,246 
21,113 
6,108 
7,899 



26, 576 



44, 239 



30,272 



38,114 
9,330 

14,343 
4,090 

38, 897 

15,268 



31,215 
12,070 
38, 330 
16,507 
26, 597 
46,615 



15,811 
4,439 



59, 093 
22,996 
1,251 
31,017 
32, 952 
11,167 
9,227 
18,444 
32, 208 
26, 855 
37, 569 
123,706 
22,990 
50, 997 
47,467 
88, 267 
41,213 



12,374 

44, 856 
11,268 
21,619 
40, 163 

6,135 

8,837 
16,037 
36,052 
13,081 
23, 154 
23,619 
21,989 
24, 272 

8,900 
16,971 
20, 681 
30, 934 

9,453 
38,831 



32, 638 



586,766 969,049 1,372,812 1,918,608 2,428,9*1 



Pop. 
in 1830. 



63,560 
26,218 
17, 582 
16,726 
47, 947 
34, 657 



37, 404 
19,344 
39, 952 
23, 693 
32,933 
50, 926 
35,710 
19,387 
11,312 



51,992 
29, 525 
1,324 
35,869 
48,515 
20, 537 
14,958 
27,719 
39,037 
49, 862 
43, 595 
202, 589 
19,485 
71,326 
58, 974 
40, 16' 
45, 372 
18,773 
27,104 
61,372 
12,701 
22, 276 
49, 472 
7,084 
9,383 
36,361 
38,616 
12,334 
27,910 
21,031 
33,975 
26,780 
12, 372 
27, 704 
36, 545 
36, 651 
11,795 
42,615 
33, 565 
36,456 
19,019 



Census of the State of New- York,- 1840. 

Showing the number of inhabitants in each town and the different pursuits. 



ALBANY COUNTY. 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



TOTAL. 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



S c« 



2 »s 

.S « o 

> ra qj 
Zoi. 



.°-5 

'Sf*a 

a £ 



>, ( First Ward, 

•5 Second Ward, 

g. J Third Ward 

5 Fourth Ward, .... 
3 [Fifth Ward, 

Total Albany city,... 

Berne, 

Bethlehem 

Coeymans, 

Guilderland, 

Knox, 

New Scotland, 

Rensselaerville, ....... 

Watervliet, 

Westerlo, 

Total Albany co... . 

ALLEGANY CO. 

Alfred, 

Allen, 

Almond, 

Amity, 

Andover, 

Angelica, 

Belfast, 

Birdsall, 

Bolivar, 

Burns, 

Caneada, 

Centreville, 

Clarksville, 

Cuba 

Eagle, 

Friendship, 

Genesee, 

Granger, 

Grove, 

Hume, 

Independence, 

29 



9,809 
6,855 
4,137 
7,244 
5,676 



539 
359 
ISO 
387 
156 



33,721 

3,740 
3, 238 
3,107 
2,790 
2,143 
2,912 
3, 705 
10,14 
3, 096 



144 

807 
1,356 

510 
1, 133 

481 
1,228 

676 
1,267 

673 



35 
23 
19 
30 
24 
6 
16 
41 
209 
18 



1,621 
152 
86 
117 

78 
71 
90 

189 
1,284 

103 



114 



175 



237 
14 

8 
11 
11 
6 
9 
20 
42 



13 

12 
2 
4 
3 
3 
4 

11 
5 

12 



68, 593 



1,63C 

867 

1,434 

1,354 

848 

1,257 

1,646 

328 

408 

867 

1,633 

1,513 

326 

1,768 

1,18 

1,244 

578 

1,064 

623 

2, 303 

l,44t 



8,275 



643 
347 
523 
463 
407 
304 
218 
134 
67 
277 
224 
302 
103 
285 
284 
230 
120 
421 
244 
346 
592 



421 



12 



3,791 



39 
12 
94 
82 
16 

127 

298 

3 

16 

35 

261 

31 

6 

173 
21 
52 
28 
34 
10 

266 
36 



340 



366 



69 



450 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



New Hudson, 

Nunda, 

Ossian 

Pike, 

Portage, 

Rushford, 

Scio, 

West Almond, 

Wirt, 

Total Allegany co 



BROOME CO. 

Barker, 

Chenango , 

Colesville, 

Conklin, 

Lisle 

Nanticoke, , 

Sanford, 

Triangle, 

Union, , 

"Vestal, 

Windsor, 



Total Broome co.. . 



CATTARAUGUS CO 

Ashford, 

Burton, , 

Coldspring, 

Connewango, 

Dayton, , 

Ellicottville, 

Farmersville, 

Franklinville, , 

Freedom, 

Great Valley, , 

Hinsdale, , 

Humphrey, 

Leon, 

Little Valley, 

Lyndon, 

Machias, 

Mansfield, 

Napoli, 

New Albion, 

Olean, 

Otto, 



40, 975 



25ft 
465 
52^ 
475 
560 
400 
173 
692 
165 
253 
36^ 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



258 
783 
318 
397 
695 
299 
224 
300 
234 



10,042 



19 



104 



22, 338 



1,469 

530 

673 

1,317 

946 

1,084 

1,294 

1,293 

1,831 

852 

1,937 

444 

1, 326 

700 

628 

1,085 

942 

1,145 

1,016 

638 

2,133 



202 
635 
353 
208 
234 
74 
180 
274 
491 
251 
341 



3,243 



308 
102 

75 
192 
247 
144 
266 
255 
325 
102 
299 
101 
244 
101 
139 
200 
232 
166 
172 

56 
415 



121 



12 



13 



168 

191 

29 

135 

439 

84 

39 

40 

24 



2,789 



ZS- 



29 
337 
67 
21 
56 
4 
23 
46 
98 
15 
54 



750 



C " 
0_; 



ai o c 



33 



12 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 



451 





TOTAL. 


No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 


t. £j 


NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 


i 

3 

D 
O 

Ml 

< 


o 

V 

a 

E 
o 
O 


re 13 

K 


3-' (/ 
J3 " 

« m * 
bile <f> 


« a 


si J 

►J >» Go 


0^: 

Is 

is .2 


Perrysburgh, 


1,660 

892 

462 

1,283 

1,292 


333 
137 
93 
123 
241 


5 
13 
1 
4 
1 


46 
59 
19 
44 
46 


1 

2 


3 
9 
1 
3 
1 


5 


Persia, 




Portville, 


1 




2 


Yorkshire, 


6 






Total Cattaraugus co.. 


28,872 


5,06.8 


86 


832 


22 


101 


62 


CAYUGA CO. 


5,626 
2,645 
2, 044 
2,380 
1,911 
1,317 
2,593 
2,283 
2,143 
1,654 
4, 215 
2,010 
2,234 
1,319 
2,255 
1,304 
2,060 
1,890 
2, 533 
1,446 
2,105 
2,371 

50, 338 


159 
733 
588 
539 
465 
215 
570 
514 
518 
311 
1,110 
386 
583 
213 
567 
327 
769 
260 
664 
326 
632 
546 


211 

5 

30 

6 

2 

1 

33 

12 

25 

7 

51 

23 

9 

14 
4 
3 

12 
2 
3 

20 
5 


613 

162 

100 

112 

68 

61 

130 

99 

93 

87 

340 

224 

94 

48 

92 

68 

79 

109 

110 

74 

78 

101 


2 
2 
43 
3 
3 

'"32 
3 
6 
1 
44 
1 
2 

7 
2 
1 
22 
5 
4 
2 
8 


80 

8 

14 

17 

5 

6 

20 

14 

15 

6 

23 

14 

8 

10 

11 

1 

9 

11 

4 

6 

6 

14 

302 


6 




3 




1 


Cato 


2 


Conquest, 


3 








8 
2 




4 
10 


Mentz, 


8 




7 


Niles, 


13 




4 




7 
7 




4 




4 




5 




4 




11 




4 






Total Cayuga co.. . . 


10, 995 


478 


2,942 


193 


117 


CHEMUNG CO. 
Big Flats, 


1,375 
2,424 
1,119 
835 
2,377 
1,990 
4,791 
1,441 
2,101 
2,279 


296 
409 
267 
182 
533 
400 
635 
328 
366 
393 


6 
23 

3 
2 

8 
86 

12 

13 


49 
182 
21 
30 
99 
97 
475 
25 
140 
133 


1 

27 
6 

1 
10 
25 

10 
33 


4 

11 
2 
1 
2 

12 

51 

3 

12 

4 


2 




8 




1 




1 




3 


Dix, 


2 




6 




1 




9 




2 






Total Chemung co.. . 


20, 732 


3,809 


153 


1,251 


113 


102 


35 



452 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



CHAUTAUQUE CO 

Arkwright, , 

Busti, 

Carroll, , 

Charlotte, , 

Chautauque, 

Cherry Creek. , 

Clymer, , 

Ellery , 

Ellicott, 

Ellington, 

French Creek, 

Gerry, , 

Hanover, 

Harmony, 

Mina, 

Poland, 

Pomfret, , 

Portland, 

Ripley, 

Sheridan, 

Sherman, 

Stockton, 

Villenova, 

Westfield, 

Total Chautauque co 

CHENANGO CO. 

Bainbridge, 

Columbus, , 

Coventry, 

German, , 

Greene, , 

Guilford, 

Linklean, 

Macdonough, 

New Berlin, 

Norwich, 

Otselic, 

Oxford, 

Pharsalia, 

Pitcher, 

Plymouth, 

Preston, 

Sherburne, 

Smithville, 



TOTAL. 



1,418 
1,894 
1,649 
1,428 
2,980 
1,141 

909 
2,242 
2,571 
1,725 

621 
1,288 
3,998 
3,340 

871 
1,087 
4,566 
2,136 
2,197 
1,883 
1,099 
2,078 
1,655 
3,199 



47, 975 



324 
561 
681 
965 
462 
827 
249 
369 
086 
145 
621 
179 
213 
562 
625 
117 
791 
762 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



444 
539 
450 
396 
749 
361 
233 
558 
391 
419 
183 
323 
940 
853 
261 
288 
890 
652 
596 
579 
270 
605 
514 
701 



12, 195 



2,743 

1,373 

1,518 

250 

725 

2,301 

1,195 

350 

2,199 

658 

1,467 

485 

230 

299 

301 

241 

1,902 

472 



344 



<2 2 

3H 



30 
27 
39 
67 

134 
30 
24 
44 

211 
44 
17 
42 

279 

117 
19 
26 

337 
90 

107 
56 
35 
64 
47 

202 



> £ 5 

Z o u 



2,1 



106 

4 



462 

153 

119 

8 

137 

437 

47 

34 

730 

184 

134 

119 

6 

33 

20 

14 

623 

43 



104 



O.T3 
"g § 
P ,„ O; 

- a ►< 
a> o 3 



49 



2 
6 
4 
7 
32 



4 

6 

27 



3 

7 

36 

16 

3 

11 

81 

15 

13 

9 

7 

6 

4 

33 



341 



63 
19 

25 



12 

46 

6 

2 

73 

34 

17 

22 

2 

7 

5 

5 

111 

1 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 



453 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



Smyrna, 

Total Chenango eo. 



CLINTON CO. 

Au Sable, 

Beekmantown, 

Black Brook 

Champlain, 

Chazy, 

Ellenburgh, 

Mooers, 

Peru, 

Pittsburgh, 

Saranac, 

Total Clinton co 



COLUMBIA CO. 
Hudson 5 First Ward,. . 
City. ( Second Ward, 

Total Hudson city.. 

Ancram, 

Austerlitz, 

Canaan, 

Chatham, 

Claverack, 

Clermont, 

Copake, 

Gallatin, 

Germantown, 

Ghent, 

Greenport, 

Hillsdale, 

Kinderhook 

Livingston, 

New Lebanon, 

Stockport, 

Stuyvesant, 

Taghkanic, 

Total Columbia co.. 



CORTLAND CO 

Cincinnatus, 

Cortandville,. ....... 

Freetown, 

Homer, 



TOTAL. 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



2,246 1,836 



40, 785 



3,222 

2,769 
1,064 
3,632 
3,584 
1,171 
1,703 
3,134 
6,416 
1,462 



28, 157 



2,854 
2,818 



5,672 
1,770 
2,091 
1,957 
3,662 
3,056 
1.231 
1,505 
1,544 
969 
2, 558 
1,161 
2,470 
3,512 
2,190 
2,536 
1,815 
1,779 
1,674 



43, 252 



1,301 

3,799 

950 

3,572 



20, 545 



349 
624 
65 
613 
691 
292 
383 
689 
737 
159 



4,602 



18 
409 
473 
425 
762 
561 
260 
360 
356 
167 
494 
233 
529 
435 
430 
548 
124 
265 
375 



7,224 



222 
843 
185 
745 



28 



458 



190 



120 
121 



241 

6 
21 
13 
45 
18 
11 
23 
11 

8 
11 

8 

22 
50 
10 
44 

9 
20 

5 



576 



23 



341 



3,644 



281 
44 
87 

139 

98 

3 

56 

102 

332 
93 



1,235 



228 
384 



612 

46 

63 

114 

261 

128 

25 

45 

37 

36 

58 

25 

102 

282 

87 

143 

195 

56 

32 



2,347 



90 
308 

29 
281 



P-tS 

■eg 

d o 



p.jj 



fc<2 



62 



51 



109 

7 



116 
*2 



226 



39 



489 



103 



10 

5 

2 

n 
9 



38 
3 



24 
42 



66 
2 
12 
11 
27 
16 
5 



13 

'29 



13 



225 



10 

31 

4 

20 



3 

10 

9 

17 
2 
3 
6 

19 



69 



12 
9 



1 
2 
4 
4 
2 
9 
2 
3 
11 
2 
3 
1 



85 



6 
15 

3 
11 



454 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



Marathon, 
Preble, . . . 

Scott, 

Solon, 
Truxton, . 
Virgil,.... 
Willet, 



Total Cortland co. 



TOTAL. 



1,053 
1,247 
1,332 
2,311 
3,658 
4,502 
872J 



24, 607 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



266 
340 
365 
539 
1,030 
1,295 
201 



16 



6,031 



51 






28 
44 
72 
60 
160 
146 
19 



1,237 



0) J, 

.S so 

> g « 

Zo 



Ig 

O.T3 

■°s 

5 e " 
rt 5 a> 



103 



n^j 



!s<2 



2 

2 

12 

14 

4 

79 



4 
1 
2 
6 
8 
7 
2 
2 
8 
5 
4 
4 
5 
16 
5 
4 
4 
6 



DELAWARE CO. 

Andes, 

Bovina, 

Colchester, 

Davenport, 

Delhi, 

Franklin, 

Hamden, 

Hancock, 

Harpersfield, 

Kortwright, 

Masonville, 

Meredith, 

Middletown, 

Roxbury, 

Sidney, 

Stamford, 

Tompkins, 

Walton, 



Total Delaware co.. 



DUTCHESS CO 

Amenia, 

Beekman, 

Clinton, 

Dover, 

Fishkill, 

Hyde Park, 

La Grange, 

Milan, 

Northeast, 

Pawlings, 

Pine Plains, 

Pleasant Valley, 

Poughkeepsie, 

Redhook, 

Rhinebeck 

Stanford 



2,176 
1,403 
1,567 
2,052 
2,554 
3,025 
1,469 
1,026 
1,708 
2,441 
1,420 
1,640 
2,608 
3,013 
1,732 
1, 681 
2,035 
1,846 



35, 396 



2,179 
1,400 
1,830 
2,000 
10,437 
2,364 
1,851 
1,725 
1, 385 
1,571 
1,334 
2,219 
10,006 
2,829 
2,659 
2,278 



476 
288 
323 
419 
399 
774 
310 
109 
387 
541 
324 
414 
508 
619 
477 
353 
316 
397 



7,434 173 1,415 



10 



54 

41 

51 

75 

146 

132 

59 

78 

76 

92 

32 

48 

114 

122 

46 

105 

78 

66 



11 


148 


1 


20 


4 


8 70 


1 


7 


3 


16 93 




7 


2 


10 


138 


1 


7 


5 


65 


1,513 


29 


40 


8 


12 


104 


15 


6 


5 


9 


106 




5 




6 


72 




6 


1 


7 


78 




4 


1 


8 


44 




6 


7 


14 


86 




10 


2 


12 


204 


1 


4 


5 


262 


1,388 


88 


98 


5 


34 '179 


19 


14 


3 


29' 199 


14 


15 


1 


14 


124 


, J 


7 


1 



148 



93 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 



455 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



TOTAL. 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



S ta o 
S""8 



2 o 



■a g 

G ,„ m 

M S | 

J« a 



»«S 



Union Vale, 
Washington. 



1,498 
2,833 



644 
1,372 



Total Dutchess co.. 



52, 398 



16,034 



ERIE CO. 

>; ( First Ward, 

•3 1 Second Ward , 

o \ Third Ward, 

(* I Fourth Ward, 

= t Fifth Ward, 

Total Buffalo city,. 

Alden, 

Amherst, 

Aurora, 

Black Rock, 

Boston, 

Brandt, 

Chictawaga, 

Clarence, 

Colden. 

Collins, 

Concord, 

Eden, 

Evans, 

Hamburgh 

Holland, 

Lancaster, 

Newstead 

Sardinia 

Tonawanda, 

Wales, 

Total Erie co.. 



3,531 
3, 400 
1,829 
5,483 
3,970 



18,213 
1,984 
2,451 
2, 908 
3,625 
1,745 
1,088 
1,137 
2,271 
1,088 
4,257 
3,021 
2,174 
1,807 
3,727 
1,242 
2,083 
2,653 
1,743 
1,261 
1,987 



60 
478 
427 
610 
294 
588 
345 
250 
565 
247 
1,419 
854 
436 
573 
933 
328 
477 
642 
632 
314 
550 



62, 465 



11,022 



78 
177 



540 



4,801 



169 



123 
247 
111 
91 
199 



346 
362 
149 
809 
185 



239 
31 
29 
32 
23 



771 
14 



12 



23 



1,851 
90 
97 

185 

298 
30 
7 
12 
94 
33 

130 
88 
66 
56 

197 
33 
79 

114 
55 
32 
75 



354 
3 



28 



893 



3,622 



426 



268 



56 
25 
64 

58 



211 

5 

6 

24 

17 

6 



9 

4 

14 

13 

10 

7 

15 

2 

3 

10 



376 



ESSEX CO. 



2,716 
2,212 
1,061 
1,681 
2,258 

730 
1,505 

455 
2,595 
74 
1,660 
Ticonderoga I 2,169 



Chesterfield, . . 
Crown Point, . 
Elizabethtown, 

Essex, 

Jay, 

Keene, 

Lewis, 

Minerva, 

Moriah, 

Newcomb, 
Schroon, 



453 
551 
220 
359 
492 
238 
366 
125 
440 
15 
442 
382J 



20 



317 

113 

66 

131 

197 

16 

94 

16 

284 

18 

128 

166 



17 



17 
7 
16 
16 
12 



4 
3 

17 



36 



4 
18 



456 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



Westport, 

Willsborough, 

Wilmington, 

Total Essex co. 



FRANKLIN CO. 

Bangbr, 

Belmont, 

Bombay, 

Brandon, 

Chateaugay, 

Constable, 

Dickinson, 

Duane, 

Fort Covington, 

Franklin, 

Malone, 

Moira, 

Westville, 



TOTAL. 



1,932 
1, 658 

928 



23,634 



Total Franklin co. 



FULTON CO. 

Bleeckcr, 

Broadalbin, 

Ephratah, 

Johnstown, 

Mayfield, 

Northampton, 

Oppenheim , 

Perth, 

Stratford, 

Total Fulton co.. 



GENESEE CO. 

Alabama, 

Alexander, 

Batayia, 

Bergen, 

Bethany, 

Byron, 

Darien, 

Elba, 

Le Roy, 

Pavilion,* 



1,239 

472 
1,446 

531 
2,824 
1,122 
1,005 

324 
2,094 

192 
3,229 

962 
1,028 



16.518 



346 
2,738 
2,009 
5,409 
2,615 
1,526 
2,169 
737 
500 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



478 
428 
235 



5,224 



226 
135 
244 
105 
720 
188 
177 

71 
287 

55 
682 
146 
180 



136 



10 



14 



.£6 cti 

.a k u 

I *J — _o 



& O'u 



1,789 



3,216 



18, 049 



1,798 
2,242 
4,219 
1,832 
2,286 
1,907 
2,406 
3,161 
4,323 
1,219 



138 
1,244 

780 
1,959 
1,430 

848 
1, 158 

153 

327 



8,037 



526 
566 
879 
267 
563 
195 
703 
843 
370 
133 



64 



99 



53 

6 

41 

7 

31 

36 

18 

16 

128 

8 

123 

23 

25 



147 



515 



27 

249 

140 

500 

149 

86 

91 

23 

16 



1,281 



65 
109 
289 

78 

96 
113 

88 
153 
288 

53 



v to 
£ *-• 

« = S 

« 2 2 

.-J to bo 



25 



132 



53 



SB 

o-8 



S9 



* Taken from the town of Covington on the division of the above county in 1841 ; the 
population &c. is estimated at one half of the number returned for Covington. 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 



457 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 

TOWNS. 



Pembroke, 
Stafford, . 



Total Genesee co. 



GREENE CO. 

Athens.. 

Cairo, 

Catskill, 

Coxsackie, 

Durham 

Greenville, 

Hunter, 

Lexington, 

New Baltimore, 

Prattsville, 

Windham, 

Total Greene co. 



HAMILTON CO. 

Arietta 

Gilman, 

Hope, 

Lake Pleasant, 

Long Lake, 

Morehouse, 

Wells, 

Total Hamilton co 



HERKIMER CO 

Columbia, , 

Danube, 

Fairfield, , 

Frankfort, 

German Flats, 

Herkimer, 

Litchfield, 

Little Falls, 

Manheim, 

Newport, ,...., 

Norway, , 

Ohio, 

Russia, 

Salisbury, 

Schuyler, , 

Starks, 

Warren, , 



TOTAL. 



1,970 
2,561 



29, 924 



388 
862 
339 
539 
815 
338 
019 
813 
306 
613 
-117 



30, 446 



209 
98 
711 
296 
59 
169 
365 

1,907 



2,129 
1,960 
1,836 
3,096 
3,245 
2,369 
1,672 
3,881 
2,095 
2,020 
1,046 
692 
2,298 
1,859 
1,798 
1,766 
2,003 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



584 
631 



6,260] 183 



333] 

622 

701 
524 
595 
594 
384 
753 
594 
346 
625 



6,071 



3 

19 

220 
78 
14 
41 

101 



510 



483 
399 

1,062 
582 
573 

1,122 
448 

1,027 
924 
965 
651 
422 

1,224 
837 
513 
402 
518 



5 
13 
13 
33 
31 
40 

4 

109 

10 

17 

10 

1 
18 
20 

3 
10 

7 



S ta 



111 

140 



1,583 



204 
146 
534 
375 
184 

84 
192 
113 

93 
169 
142 



2,236 



72 



72 
197 

69 
297 
391 
158 

83 
486 
139 
209 

43 

12 
172 
181 

38 
141 

96 



Mi & Si 

•5s » 
.Sfe» 

> £ V 

£S.£ 

Z O H 



71 



199 



c w o 

a> o fl 
i-3"3i'3i 



Ss 



10 

7 



173 



8 

11 

47 

16 

17 

12 

4 

6 

4 

7 

13 



145 



25 

16 

10 

23 

5 

48 

14 

13 

11 

4 

13 

20 

5 

5 

4 



458 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



Wilmnrt, . 
Windfield, 



Total Herkimer co., 



TOTAL. 



60 
1,652 



37, 477 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



47 
397 



12,569 



353 



82 



2,866 



— in S3 

,5sd 
Si* 



•Z.O 



O.S 



a «l w 

-iJ'm'Sb 



220 



JEFFERSON CO. 

Adams, 

Alexandria, 

Antwerp, 

Brownville, 

Champion, 

Clayton, 

Ellisburgh. 

Henderson, 

Houndsfield, 

LeRay, 

Lorraine. 

Lyme, 

Orleans, 

Pamelia, 

Philadelphia, 

Rodman, 

Rutland, 

Watertown, 

Wilna, 



Total Jefferson co. 



KINGS CO. 

( First Ward, 

Second Ward,. . 
Third Ward,... 
Fourth Ward,.. 
£<{ Fifth Ward, ... 
Sixth Ward, ... 
Seventh Ward,. 
Eighth Ward, . . 
Ninth Ward,... 



pq 



Total Brooklyn city. 

Bushwick, 

Flatbush, 

Flatlands, 

Gravesend, 

New Utrecht, 



Total Kings co. 



2,966 
3,475 
3,109 
3, 968 
2,206 
3,990 
5,349 
2,480 
4,146 
3,721 
1,699 
5,472 
3,001 
2,104 
1,888 
1,702 
2,090 
5,027 
2,591 



60, 984 



2,148 
5,447 
3,834 
6,827 
7,415 
4,043 
4,521 
944 
1,054 



36, 223 

1,295 

2,099 

810 

799 

1,283 

47,613 



750 
816 
737 
790 
509 
807 

1,338 
629 
684 
906 
441 

1,238 
610 
373 
492 
443 
539 
460 
414 



162 

93 

95 

32 

8 

195 

266 

116 

232 

107 

14 

145 

79 

38 

83 

15 

120 

422 

229 



12, 976 



467 



2, 451 178 



15 
76 
54 
181 
297 
211 
354 
193 
216 



1,597 
249 
533 
190 
198 
347 

3.234 



184 
269 
273 
411 
161 
220 
110 
32 
13 



177 
967 
362 
843 
1,031 
438 
669 
91 



1,673 

7 

35 

3 

7 

23 

1,770 



4,666 
92 
187 
32 
22 
43 

6,160 



51 

206 

52 

86 

779 

41 

49 

9 

7 



1,280 

6 

9 

60 

50 

29 

1,443 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 



459 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



TOTAL. 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



5 * 
.22 



•- 1 m rt 
..„ « El 

Sf •* =° 
.S? c £ 

> * a> 

Sg ™ 

£ o'S 



"a a 

o o> 

P.T3 

-og 

« 5 S 



u a, 
1" 

o > 



LEWIS CO. 

Denmark, 

Diana, 

Greig, 

Harrisburgh, 

Leyden, 

Lowville, 

Martinsburgh, , 

Pinckney, 

Turin, 

Watson, 

West Turin 



2,388 

883 

592 

850 

2,438 

2,047 

2,272 

907 

1,704 

1,707 

2,042 



Total Lewis co. 



17,830 



641 

228 
164 
280 
508 
490 
602 
284 
456 
513 
538 



18 



4,704 



102 



136 

16 

25 

8 

155 

166 

141 

19 

109 

55 

107 



937 



25 
11 



7 

1 

12 



74 



38 



LIVINGSTON CO. 

Avon, 

Caledonia, 

Conesus, 

Geneseo, 

Groveland 

Leicester, 

Lima, 

Livonia,. 



Mount Morris, 

Sparta, 

Springwater, . . 
York 



Total Livingston co. 



MADISON CO. 

Brookfield, 

Cazenovia, 

De Ruyter, 

Eaton, 

Fenner, 

Georgetown, 

Hamilton, 

Lebanon, 

Lenox, 

Madison, 

Nelson, 

Smithfield, 

Stockbridge, 

Sullivan, 

Total Madison co. 



2,999 
1,987 
1,654 
2,892 
2,000 
2,415 
2,176 
2,719 
4,576 
5,841 
2,832 
3,049 



35, 140 



3,695 
4,153 
1,799 
3,409 
1,997 
1,130 
3,738 
1,794 
5,44^ 
2,344 
2,100 
■1,699 
2,320 
4,390 

40, 008 



636 
526 
376 
598 
522 
669 
443 
613 
973 
986 
724 
793 



19 



52 



220 
90 
61 
193 
110 
140 
148 
191 
355 
532 
147 
221 



7,859 



137 



2,408 



961 
803 
414 
829 
581 
273 
696 
495 
,305 
635 
644 
362 
639 
994 



37 



51 



43 



143 

399 

135 

296 

62 

51 

315 

58 

297 

82 

77 

70 

95 

302 



9,631 



158 



2,382 



4S 



35 



19 

9 

3 

23 

6 

9 

21 

22 

38 

46 

8 

17 



221 



7 

34 

11 

29 

3 

1 

57 

6 

27 

6 

9 

12 

11 

16 



4 
1 
5 
5 
1 
4 
3 
9 
2 
11 
5 
2 



52 



16 
5 

15 

11 
1 

14 
6 
8 

11 
7 
4 

10 

11 



229 127 



460 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



TOTAL. 



Ho. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



a 2 



.s * o 



K <= 






MONROE CO. 

f 1st Ward, 

„ . , 2d Ward, 

Rochester | 3J WarJ ; 

Cliy - I 4th Ward, 
[5th Ward, 

Total Rochester city,. 

Brighton, 

Chili, 

Clarkson, 

Gates, 

Greece 

Henrietta, 

Irondequoit, , 

Mendon, 

Ogden, 

Parma, 

Penfield, 

Perrinton, 

Pittsford 

Riga, 

Rush, 

Sweden, 

Webster, 

Wheatland, 

Total Monroe co.. 



2,816 
4,685 
4,203 
3,832 
4,655 

20,191 
2,336 
2,174 
3,486 
1,728 
3,669 
2,085 
1,252 
3,435 
2,404 
2,652 
2,842 
2,513 
1,983 
1,984 
1,929 
3,133 
2,235 
2,871 



143 

73 

131 

85 
98 



478 
645 
445 
634 
714 



40 
36 
101 
37 
40 



236 
527 
480 
819 
332 
778 
613 
322 
664 
532 
568 
580 
611 
420 
473 
452 
558 
630 
446 



MONTGOMERY CO 

Amsterdam, 

Canajoharie, 

Charlestown, 

Florida, 

Glenn, 

Mohawk, 

Minden, 

Palatine, 

Root 

St. Johnsville 

Total Montgomery co 

~~ NIAGARA CO. 

Cambria, 

Hartland, 

Lewiston, 

Lockport, 

Newfane, 



64, 902 



5,333 
5,146 
2,103 
5,214 
3,678 
3,112 
3,507 
2,823 
2,979 
1,923 

35,818 



10,041 



2,099 
2,350 
2,533 
9,125 
2,372 



744 
771 
570 
908 
649 
535 
431 
643 
688 
277 



6,216 



1,722 

564 

1,404 

2,433 

460 



530 
6 
8 
7 
3 
18 
4 



2,916 
117 

93 
134 

61 
152 

81 

40 
248 
109 
120 
166 
114 

89 

80 
103 
188 

92 
261 



254 
18 



18 



21 



26 



745 



5,164 



153 



981 
338 
96 
1,020 
433 
413 
221 
122 
100 
224 



122 
31 
1 
56 
56 
4 
32 



411 



3,984 



315 



2 

4 

18 

190 

10 1 



69 

59 
117 
868 26 

61 1 4 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 



461 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



TOTAL. 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED DM 



S cd 



C--T3 



a g 



Niagara, 

Pendleton 

Porter, 

Royalton, 

Somerset, 

Wheatland, 

Wilson, 

Total Niagara co.. 



1,277 
1,098 
2,177 
3,549 
1,742 
1,057 
1,753 



534 
264 
396 
728 
431 
691 
389 



92 
17 
95 
176 
26 
30 
47 



31,132! 



10,016 



289 



1,657 



17 

13 

6 

3 

3 



78 



189 



27 



N.YORK CITY & CO 

First Ward, 

Second Ward , 

Third Ward, 

Fourth Ward, 

Fifth Werd 

Sixth Ward, 

Seventh Ward, . 

Eighth Ward, 

Ninth Ward , 

Tenth Ward, 

Eleventh Ward, 

Twelfth Ward, , 

Thirteenth Ward, 

Fourteenth Ward, 

Fifteenth Ward, , 

Sixteenth Ward,.-,. 

Seventeenth Ward, 



Total N. Y. city k. co 



ONEIDA CO. 

(First Ward, 
Second Ward,.. 
Third Ward,... 
Fourth Ward,.. 

Total Utica city, 

Annsville, 

Augusta, 

Boonville, 

Bridgewaler, 

Camden, 

Deerfield, 

Florence, 

Floyd, 

Kirkland, 

Lee, 

Marcy 



10,629 
6,394 
11,581 
15, 770 
19, 159 
17, 198 
22, 982 
29, 073 
24, 795 
29, 026 
17,052 
11,652 
18,517 
20, 235 
17,755 
22, 273 
18.619 



312,710 



1,738 
2,392 

3,781 

4,871 



10 



91 



2,488 



109 



2,773 



2, 782 


37 


1,765 


409 


2,175 


505 


5,519 


1,072 


1,418 


427 


2,331 


506 


3,120 


310 


1,259 


326 


1,742 


536 


2,984 


599 


2,936 


703 


1,799 


616 



1,609 

1,313 

1,344 

199 

28 

873 

1, 383 

961 

729 

408 

32 

199 

263 

333 

1,412 

200 

479 



703 
914 
2,438 
1,616 
2,811 
1,235 
2,969 
4,621 
2,945 
5,311 
3,876 
813 
2,718 
3,449 
2,390 
1,518 
3,033 



11,365 



43,390 



212 
2 
9 

23 
7 

12 
6 
2 
1 

19 
5 
6 



18 

31 

101 

103 



253 

54 

145 

332 

59 

132 

34 

25 

75 

321 

183 

66 



164 

200 

89 

999 

164 

208 

529 

179 

176 

221 

49 

27 

123 

133 

137 

46 

58 



94 
232 
293 
108 
160 

88 
145 
323 
187 
166 

25 

66 
107 
177 
503 

58 
197 



3,502 



2,929 



140 
9 

12 

19 
8 

14 
6 
5 
3 

32 
9 
2 



53 



3 
5 
9 
5 
9 
6 
6 
4 
8 
22 

ii 

2 



462 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



Marshall, 

New Hartford,. 

Paris, , 

Remsen, , 

Rome, 

Sangerfield, , 

Steuben, , 

Trenton, 

Vernon, 

Verona, 

Vienna, 

Western, 

Westmoreland, 

Whitestown, 

Total Oneida co 



TOTAL. 



2,251 
3,819 
2,844 
1,638 
5,680 
2,251 
1,993 
3,178 
3,043 
4,504 
2,530 
3,488 
3,105 
5,156 



85,310 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



550 
638 
669 
533 
949 
599 
734 
846 
680 
1,202 
553 
801 
817 
680 



16, 297 



675 






115 
786 
317 

61 
462 
196 

47 
217 
280 
235 
115 
277 
163 
1,279 



6,229 



S3 



III 



12 

19 
5 
1 

98 
5 
1 
4 

15 
191 

25 
6 

41 

65 



557 



H 

■aS 



enSE 



ONONDAGA CO. 

Camillus, 

Cicero, 

Clay, 

De Witt, 

Elbridge, 

Fabius, 

La Fayette, 

Lysander, 

Manlius, 

Marcellus, 

Onondaga, 

Otisco, 

Pompey, , 

Salina, 

Skaneateles, , 

Spaffiord, , 

Tulley, 

Van Buren, 

Total Onondaga co 



3,957 
2,464 
2,852 
2,802 
4,647 
2,562 
2,600 
4,306 
5,509 
2,726 
5,658 
1,906 
4,371 
11,013 
3,! 
1,873 
1,663 
3,021 



589 
463 
549 
684 
569 
567 
680 
810 
956 
513 

1,050 
550 

1,155 
532 
697 
458 
378 
541 



30 
11 
9 
21 
65 
16 
12 
23 

107 
16 
18 
11 
34 

251 

34 

7 

10 

16 



153 
169 
119 
166 
339 
136 
112 
264 
651 
198 
265 

83 

238 

1,256 

451 

67 
104 
159 



48 
112 
3 
6 
2 
3 
177 
1 



24 



67,911 



11,741 



681 



4,930 



528 



ONTARIO CO 

Bristol, 

Canadice, 

Canandaigua, 

East Bloomfield, . . . . 

Farmington, 

Gorham, 

Hopewell, 

Manchester, 

Naples, 



1,953 
1,341 
5,652 
1,986 
2,122 
2,779 
1,976 
2,912 
2,34a 1 



561 
378 
1,020 
577 
734 
656 
481 
643 
558 



41 
345 
113 

82 
114 

70 
158 
143 



18 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK 



463 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



Phelps, 

Richmond, 

Seneca, 

South Bristol, 

Victor, 

West Bloomfield, 

Total Ontario co. 



TOTAL. 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



ORANGE CO. 

Blooming Grove, 

Cornwall, 

Crawford, 

Deerpark, 

Goshen, 

Hamptonburgh, 

Minisink, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery, 

Mount Hope, 

Newburgh, 

New Windsor, 

Wallkill, 

Warwick, 

Total Orange co.. 



ORLEANS CO. 

Barre 

Carlton, 

Clarendon, 

Gaines, 

Kendall, 

Murray, 

Ridgeway, 

Shelby, 

Yates, 

Total Orleans co 

OSWEGO CO. 

Albion, 

Amboy, 

Boylston, 

Constantia, 

Granby, 

Hannibal, 

Hastings, 

Mexico 



5,563 
1,937 
7,073 
1,375 
2,393 
2,094 



43,501 



2,396 
3,925 
2,075 
1,607 
3, 889 
1,379 
5,093 
3,914 
4,100 
1,565 
8.933 
2, 482 
4,268 
5,113 



50, 739 



5,539 
2,275 
2,251 
2,268 
1,692 
2,675 
3,554 
2,643 
2,230 



25, 127 



1,503 
1,0"0 
481 
1,476 
2,385 
2,269 
1,983 
3,729l 



1,158 
520 

1,238 
344 
765 
504 



10,137 



569 

524 
1,274 

623 
1,793 

574 
2,939 

839 
1,082 

774 
1,061 

845 
2,347 
2,639 



17,883 



1,570 
690 
716 
609 
474 
712 
848 
651 
565 



6,835 



323 

243 
150 
253 
579 
648 
457 
755 



53 

20 

169 

7 

5 

25 






£S 



92% 



11 



360 
123 
511 
46 
145 
168 



438 2,507 



29 



20 



167 



238 



94 
293 
101 
118 
236 

30 
381 
209 
333 
119 
697 
119 
370 
263 



3,363 



281 
67 
60 
95 
31 
86 

269 
57 

100 



1,046 



111 

44 

3 

150 
29 
21 
50 

135 



95 



34 



68 



162 



16 



59 



18 



31 

13 

137 

2 

18 
12 



366 



3 

7 

8 
11 
51 

3 
21 

7 
16 

7 
43 

7 
22 
27 



233 



45 

4 
5 
8 
6 
18 
22 
6 



17 
7 

11 
9 

11 
4 



108 



122 



2 

2 

5 

10 



10 



45 



86 



13 

4 
1 
3 

4 

6 
1 



32 



464 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



New Haven, 

Orwell 

Oswego, 

Palermo, 

Parish, 

Redfield, 

Richland, 

Sandy Creek, 

Schroeppel, 

Scriba, 

Volney, 

West Monroe, , 

Williamstown, 

Total Oswesro co 



TOTAL. 



1,733 

80S 
4,665 
1,928 
1,543 

50 
4,050 
2,420 
2,098 
4,051 
3,155 

918 

842 



43, 619 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. IN 



425 
173 

448 
447 
285 
148 
774 
625 
400 
505 
578 
220 
169 



8,605 



87 



18 Kl 



37 
16 

222 

63 

38 

7 

328 
67 
85 

150 

219 
21 
35 



1,831 



.5 « « 

3l«i 



£ o'C 



291 



OTSEGO CO. 

Burlington, 

Butternuts, 

Cherry Valley, 

Decatur, 

Edmeston, 

Exeter, 

Hartwick, 

Laurens, 

Maryland 

Middlefield, 

Milford 

New Lisbon, 

Oneonta, 

Otego, 

Otsego, 

Pittsfield, 

Plainfield, 

Richfield, 

Springfield, 

Unadilla 

Westford, 

Worcester, 

Total Otsego co. 

PUTNAM CO. 

Oarmel, 

Kent 

Patterson, 

Phillipstown, 

Putnam Valley, 



2,154 
4,057 
3,923 
1,071 
1,907 
1,423 
2,490 
2,173 
2, 0S5 
3,319 
2,095 
1,909 
1,936 
1,919 
4,120 
1,395 
1,450 
1,680 
2, 382 
2,272 
1,478 
2,390 



555 
828 
934 
291 
563 
372 
617 
532 
472 
756 
442 
581 
370 
599 
838 
344 
438 
470 
1,311 
475 
369 
579 



138 

295 

213 

43 

87 

68 

169 

95 

101 

191 

76 

94 

122 

79 

526 

123 

72 

100 

166 

114 

69 

112 



49,628 



2,263 
1,830 
1,349 
3,814 
1,659 



12,736 



630 
505 
410 
550 
463 



228 3,053 



87 
57 
41 
559 
51 



CENSUS OF THE STATE' OF NEW-YORK. 



465 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



TOTAL. 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



3 a> 

"3H 






« s s 

o o d 



Southeast, 



1,910 



570 



13 



121 



Total Putnam co. 



12,825 



3,128 



QUEENS CO. 

Flushing, 

Hempstead. 

Jamaica, 

North Hempstead, . . . . 

Newtown, 

Oyster Bay ; 

Total Queens co 



4,124 
7,609 
3,781 
3,891 

5,054 
5,865 



739 
1,550 
666 
879 
918 
1,3S 



100 



916 



39 



207 
365 
2S2 
235 
217 
306 



27 



41 
16 
30 
12 
24 
20 



19 



30, 324 



RENSSELAER CO. 

( First Ward, 

Second Ward, 

Third Ward, 

Fourth Ward, 

Fifth Ward, , 

Sixth Ward, 

Seventh Ward, 

[Eighth Ward, 



3,234 

3, 778 
2,774 
3,557 

800 
1,326 
3, 037 

828 



Total Troy city, 

Berlin, 

Brunswick, 

Grafton, 

Greenbush, 

Hoosick, 

Lansingburgh, 

Nassau, 

Petersburgh, 

Pittstown, 

Sand Lake, 

Schaghticoke, 

Schodack, 

Stephentown, 



19,334 
1,794 
3,051 
2,019 
3,701 
3, 539 
3, 330 
3,236 
1,901 
3, 784 
4,303 
3,389 
4.125 
2; 753 



Total Rensselaer co.. 



RICHMOND CO. 

Castleton, 

Northfield, 

Southfield 

Westfield,' 

Total Richmond co. 
30 



6, 138 



263 



1,612 



137 

194 

192 

170 

2 

3 

71 

27 



261 
452 
301 
483 
133 
250 
326 
73 



202 



143 



35 

70 

59 

33 

2 



15 
4 



119 
421 
513 
369 
743 
657 
108 
732 
460 
705 
1,072 
491 
795 
655 



796 
10 
15 
27 
29 
18 
89 
22 
7 
8 
27 
16 
16 
13 



2,279 

53 

66 

30 

200 

264 

414 

278 

65 

218 

226 

453 

142 

99 



208 

"2 

1 

12 

"26 



218 

10 

4 

r 

13 
14 
11 
17 
11 
10 
18 
8 
6 
11 



16 

6 
3 
5 
4 
9 
8 
8 
6 
1 
5 
5 
4 



60,259 7,840 



1,093 



4,787 



271 



4, 275 
2, 745 
1,619 
2, 326 



192 
177 
226 
249 



10, 965 i 844 



186 

96 

58 

6 



503 

137 

120 

26 



139 
312 

124 
76 



346 



7S6 



651 



352 



64 
6 

15 
5 



90 



466 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



ROCKLAND CO. 

Clarkstown, 

Haverstraw 

Orangetown, 

Ramapo, 

Total Rockland co. 

SARATOGA~c6T 

Ballston, 

Charlton, 

Clifton Park, 

Corinth, 

Day, 

Edinburgh, 

Galway, 

Greenfield, 

Hadley, 

Half Moon, 

Malta, 

Milton, 

Moreau, 

Northumberland, .... 

Providence, 

Saratoga, 

Saratoga Springs, 

Stillwater, , 

Waterford, 

Wilton, 

Total Saratoga co.. 



TOTAL 



2,533 
3,449 
2,771 
3,22 



SCHENECTADY CO. 

£ /"First "Ward, 

3 - J Second Ward, . . . . 

8*n Third Ward, 

£ ° (.Fourth Ward,.... 

u 

m Total Schenectady city 

Duanesburgh, 

Glenville, 

Niskayuna, 

Princeton, 

Rotterdam, 

Total Schenectady co. 



11.975 



2,044 
1,933 
2,719 

1,365 

942 

1,458 

2,412 
2, 803 
865 
2,631 
1,457 
3,166 
1,576 
1,672 
1,507 
2,624 
3, 3S4 
2,733 
1,824 
1,438 



40, 553 



1,509 
1,55 

1,242 
2,476 



6,784 
3,357 
3, 06,* 
693 
1,201 
2,284 



17,387 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



727 
590 
421 

807 



2, 545 



378 
396 
472 
755 
522 
739 
467 
799 
508 
652 
332 
399 
632 
509 
273 
5S9 
386 
601 
131 
535 



100 



2 S 



163 
537 
267 

187 



1,154 



10,075 



76 

75 

116 

170 



437 
918 
853 
195 
286 
648 



3.33' 



249 



199 

12 

3 

5 



101 

58 

142 

79 

18 

72 

134 

218 

17 

152 

60 

244 

122 

91 

73 

232 

390 

171 

212 

52 



170 



■!« 






11 
13 
27 
13 



20 
4 

11 
5 



64 40 



■\ 
3 

12 
3 



2,638 



169 
216 
138 

374 



897 
95 
92 
31 
51 

114 



17 
7 
7 
5 
3 
3 
9 

11 



9 

A 

27 



7 
2 
U 
46 
15 
28 
3 



13 
8 
9 
1 
2 
9 

11 
9 
4 
1 
2 

14 
7 
3 
7 
2 



194 



57 



13 



223 1,280 



76 



217 111 



94 

74 

111 

83 



362 
23 
17 
4 
2 
9 



417 



20 
6 

15 
1 
1 
4 



47 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 



467 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 

SCHOHARIE CO. 

Blenheim, 

Broome, 

Carlisle, 

Cobleskill, 

Conesville, 

Fulton, 

Jelferson, 

Middleburg, 

Schoharie, 

Seward, 

Sharon, 

Summit, 

Total Schoharie co.. 

SENECA CO. 

Covert, 

Fayette, 

Junius, 

Lodi, 

Ovid, 

Romulus, 

Seneca Falls, 

Tyre, 

Varick, 

Waterloo, 

Total Seneca co.. 



STEUBEN CO. 

Addison, 

Bath, 

Bradford, 

Cameron, 

Campbell, 

Canisteo, 

Cat on. 

Conhoclon, 

Dansville, 

Erwin, 

Greenwood, 

Hornby, 

Hornellsville, 

Howard, 

Jasper, 

Lindley, 

Orange 

Painted Post, 



TOTAL. 



3, 



725 
404 

85Q 
583 
621 
117 
033 
843 
53 t 
088 
52( 
Oil 



32, 358 



1,563 
3,731 
1.594 
2. 236 
2,721 
2,235 
4,281 
1,506 
1,971 
3. 036 



24,874 



1,92( 

4,915 

1,547 

1,359 

852 

941 

797 

2, 96S 

2,725 

785 

1,13* 

1,048 

2,121 

3,247 

1,18 

638 
1,824 
1,674 



No. OF FEltfcONS EMPLOYED IN 



457 
444 
324 
629 
252 
382 
339 
652 
881 
371 
443 
342 



,516 



373 
749 
427 
519 
472 
637 
481 
456 
465 
229 



4,808 



516 
460 
284 
453 
169 
341 
242 
968 
660 
173 
384 
219 
645 
1, 189 
379 
195 
376 
270 



149 



« 12 



109 
88 
40 

112 
66 
27 
36 
76 

151 
26 
49 
29 



809 



112 
28 

126 
96 
18 

468 
50 
85 

186 



1,224 



79 

295 
64 
45 
51 
25 
21 

145 
81 
74 
40 
42 
93 

148 
30 
28 
71 

257 



104 
3 



149 



P-3 



c s 



16 

4 



12 
36 



91 



2 
2 
3 
9 
1 
4 
6 
12 
14 
4 
4 
4 

65 



11 
13 



35 
4 
8 

19 



94 



11 
33 



3 
15 
7 
5 
3 
9 
2ll 



21 



468 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEVV-YORK. 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



TOTAL. 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



§ a 



"Jig 

S «i ° 

«~* 

> g o> 

« o > 



o v 
c-a 
•a g 

S «, « 

i e ™ 
o o 3J 
J"S c 



= S 
1=1 Ji 



Prattsburgh 

Pultney, 

Reading, 

Troupsburgh, 

Tyrone, 

Urbana, 

Wayne. 

Wheeler, 

Woodhull. 

Total Steuben co.. 



2, 455 
1,784 
1,541 
1,17 
2, 122i 
1,8S4, 
1 , 3771 
1,294 
827 

46, 138 



759 
592 
341 
407 
401 
347 
294 
432 
277 



11,773 



12 

2 | 
9 

7 

7 



67 
76 
19 
114 
124 
6 

30 
29 



160 2,203 



119 



6 

4 

in 
1 

8 
8 
4 
1 
1 



11 

4 
3 
1 
6 

7 
2 
2 

2 



189 



100 



ST. LAWRENCE CO. 

Brasher, 

Canton, 

DeKalb, 

De Peyster, 

Edwards, 

Fowler, 

Gouvemeur, 

Hammond, 

Hermon 

Hopkinton, 

Lawrence, 

Lisbon, 

Louisville, 

Madrid, 

Massena, 

Morristown, 

Norfolk, 

Oswegatchie, 

Parishville, 

Pierrepont, 

Pitcairn, 

Potsdam, 

Rossie, 

Russell, 

Stockholm, 

Total St. Lawrence co 

"SUFFOLK CO. 

Brookhavcn, 

Easthampton, 

Huntington, 

Islip, i 

Riverhead, 

Shelter Island, 

Smithtown, 



2, IIS 
3,465 
1,531 
1,074 

956 
1,752 
2, 538 
1,845 
1,271 
1,147 
1,845 
3, 503 

693 
4,511 
2,726 
2,809 
1,723 
5,719 
2, 250 
1.430 

396 
4,473 
1,553 
1,373 
2,995 



56, 706 



7, 050 
2, 07f : 
6,562 
1,909 
2,449 
379 
1,93; 



3^1 
722 
398 
261 
231 
348 
526 
399 
310 
235 
379 
937 
363 

1,015 
56S 
592 
326 
760 
489 
359 
95 

1,261 
195 

676 



12, 190 



1,736 
549 

1,676 

478 

037 

87 

518 



4 

23 

12 

123 



238 



17 



80 

165 

38 

23 

37 

53 

77 

39 

31 

41 

60 

68 

42 

207 

83 

83 

101 

426 

77 

15 

8 

194 

105 

21 

67 



1!) 



2, 11 



385 

116 

454 

6: 

115 

8 

117 



110 



381 
106 
220 
130 
101 
28 
56 



5 

is 

r, 



17 



43 
7 



24 



191 



62 
7 

38 
7 

22 
1 

11 



1 
2 
2 
2 
5 
o 
2 
1 
2 
5 
4 
11 
6 

s 

9 
6 

4 



21 



117 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 



469 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



TOTAL. 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



Z>-a c 





(£ . 






03 


5 0J 














£ 


= H 


B 


g-o 






o 


S § 



Si* 

2; o'E 






Southampton. 
Southold, .... 



6, 205 
3. 90' 



1,233 
1 , 04o! 



110 
39 



294 
176 



436 

278 



28 
32 



Total Suffolk co. 



32,469 



7, 959 



376 1,727 1,736 



20S 



30 



SULLIVAN CO. 

Bethel, 

Cochecton, 

Fallsburgh, 

Forrestburgh, 

Liberty, 

Lumberland, 

Mamakating, 

Neyersiak 

Rockland 

Thompson, 



Total Sullivan co.. 



TIOGA CO. 

Barton, 

Berkshire, 

Candor, 

Newark, 

Nichols, 

Owego, 

Richford, 

Spencer, 

Tioga, 



Total Tioga co. 

TOMPKINS CO. 

Caroline, 

Danby, 

Dryden, 

Enfield, 

Groton 

Hector, 

Ithaca, 

Lansing 

Newfield, 

Ulysses, 



Total Tompkins co 

ULSTER CO. 

Esopus, 

Hurley, 



1,483 

622 
1,782 

433 
1,569 
1,205 
3,4iv 
1,631 

' 82<; 

2,610 



297 
132 
492 
60 
310 
144 
873 
600 
388 
755 



15 



31 

138 

73 

68 
103 
251 
119 

555| 

"217 



35 

138 

2 

1 

6 



14 
3 

25 
1 
5 

14 



6 
2 
9 

10 
4 

10 



15,62? 



3,851 



2, 324 

956 

3,370 

1,616 

1,986 
5, 340 
939 
1,532 
2, 464 



20, 527 



45 1 ; 

57( 
444 
34( 

618 

652 
65t 
672 
56^ 

971 



740 
292 
985 
445 
492 
1,316 
271 
537 
696 



5,774 



41C 
53 
1,08 

826 
744 
1,037 
427 
740 
760 
492 



93 1,110 



186 



135 

72 
153 

89 
105 
320 

51 

84 
130 



177 1,139: 



4 

5 

5 

2 

19 

18 

120 



37, 948 



1,930 

2, 201 J 



6,560 



290 
463 



203 



28 

m 



10 



95 

83 

240 
4 
220 
147 
449 
166 
112 
172| 



1,731 



89 
1661 



SO 



10 
8 

11 

46 
2 
9 

10 



45 



6 
7 

10 
3 
4 

15 
4 



103 



6 

9 
13 

6 
14 
11 
46 
14 

8 



10 

12 
3 

16 
4 
1 
4 
3 
6 



105 



35 



136 



64 



470 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



Kingston, . 

Marbletown, 

Marlborough , 

New Paltz, 

Olive, 

Plaltekill, 

Rochester, 

Saugerties, 

Shandaken, 

Shawangunk, 

Wawarsing, 

Woodstock, 

Total Ulster co 



TOTAL. 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



5, 824 

3,813 

2, 523 

5,40Si 

2,023 

2,125 

2,674 

6,216 

1,455 

3, 886 

4, 044 

1,691 



45, 822 



752 
873 
505 
144 
455 
524 
617 
861 
340 
908 
700 
342 



7,774 



159 

33 

17 

9 

3 

35 

15 

42 

2 

6 

70 

8 



343 



669 
284 
200 
289 

58 

72 
125 
675 

62 
188 
370 

83 



3,220 



138 
83 
22 
37 



87 

44 

3 

1 

131 



590 



£•3 

■= IS 



c-8 



41 
8 

14 

13 
3 

10 
5 

17 



13S 



WARREN CO. 

Athol 

Bolton, 

Caldwell, 

Chester, 

Hague, 

Horicon 

Johnsburgh, 

Luzerne, , 

Queensbmy, , . . . . 

Warrensburgh, 

Total Warren co.. . 

WASHINGTON CO. 

Argyle, 

Cambridge, , 

Dresden, 

Easton , 

Fort Ann, 

Fort Edward, 

Granville 

Greenwich, 

Hampton, 

Hartford, 

Hebron, 

Jackson, 

Kingsbury, 

Putnam, 

Salem, 

White Creek, 

Whitehall, 

Total Washington co 



1,210 

937 

693 

1,633 

610 

659 

1,139 

1,284 

3,789 

1,468 



197 
150 



202 



100 
167 
242 
347 

187 



13,422 



1,592 



86 



3,111 

2, 005 
679 
2,988 
3,559 
1,726 
3,846 
3,382 
972 
2,164 
2, 498 
1,730 
2,773 
784 
2, 855 
2,195 
3,813 



754 

667 

190 

937 

651 

275 

775 

80 

236 

672 

638 

554 

494 

248 

633 

610 

548 



15 

2 

2 

5 

38 

13 

31 

20 

2 

2 

22 

1 

25 

3 

33 

16 

100 



60 



14 
20 
64 
171 
58 



436 



68 
55 
15 
75 

244 
38 

217 

159 
52 
64 
88 
22 

153 
11 

156 
72 

296 



41,0801* 9,6S4' 330 1,785 



57 



12 



3 
143 



282 



11 



2 

4 

2 

20 



51 



3 

13 

5 

29 

19 

5 

6 

6 

2 

13 

2 

25 

9 

13 



172 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 



471 



NAMES OF CITIES AND 
TOWNS. 



WAYNE CO. 

Arcadia, 

Butler, 

Galen, 

Huron. 

Lyons, 

Rlacedon. 

Marion, 

Ontario, 

Palmyra, 

Rose, 

Savannah, 

Sodus, 

Walworth, 

Williamson, 

Wolcotl, 



TOTAL. 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



Total Wayne co.. , 



WESTCHESTER CO. 

Bedford, 

Cortland, 

Eastchester, 

Greenburgh, 

Harrison, 

Lewisborongh, 

Mamaroneck, 

Mount Pleasant, . 

New Castle, 

New Rochelle, 

North Castle, 

North Salem, 

Pelham, 

Poundridge, 

Rye, 

Scarsdale, 

Somers 

Westchester, 

White Plains, 

Yonkers. 

Yorktown, 

Total Westchester co 



WYOMING CO. 

Attica, 

Bennington, 

Castile, 

China, 



42,05? 



2,822 

5,592 

1,502 

3,361 

1,139 

1,619 

1,416 

7,30 

1,529 

1,816 

2, 058 

1,161 

789 
1,407 
1,803 

255 
2,082 
4,154 
1,087 
2,96* 
2,819 



48,686 



2,710 
2,368 
2, 833 
1,437 



749 

571 

831 

506 

590 

394 

334 

299 

462 

442 

43 

969 

317 

228 

434 



7,563 



545 
721 
259 
491 
256 
363 
249 
731 
385 
276 
362 
291 
125 
184 
256 
64 
512 
787 
176 
537 
727 



8,297 



445 
44' 
352 
271 



§ to 



48 



160 



16 



4 

37 

1 

1 

5 
62 



— w cs 

., ■-■ - 
c — * 



314 

49 
24 

43 
328 
12? 

84 
100 
301 

87 

40 
169 

83 

99 
139 



2^ 



2,203 



33 



175 
731 
124 
211 

17 
131 
105 
475 

78 
121 
159 

58 

43 
129 
139 
4 
101 
350 

64 
229 
139 



192 



104 

9 

22 

3 



2001 3,583 



23 



87 
.1 65 
4 119 
6 1 30 1 



347 



26 

5 
18 

2 
37 

7 
14 

3 
39 

5 



192 



12 

28 

2 

29 



4 
8 

40 
1 

37 
5 
6 
7 
4 

19 



27 
26 
26 
15 



294 



18 



472 



CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 



NAMES OF CITIES AND- 
TOWNS. 



Covington,* 

Gainesville, 

Java, , 

Middlebury, 

Orangeville, 

Perry, 

Sheldon, 

Warsaw, 

Wetherstield, 

Total Wyoming co 

YATES CO. 

Barrington, 

Benton, 

Italy, 

Jerusalem, 

Middlesex, 

Milo, 

Potter 

Starkey, 

Total Yates co., 



TOTAL. 



1,219 
2,367 
2,331 
2, 445 
1,949 
3,032 
2.353 
2,841 
1,72? 



29, 663 



1,868 

3,911 
1,634 
2,935 
1,439 
3,986 
2,245 
2,426 



20, 444 



No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 



134 
530 
457 
468 
432 
287 
463 
496 
370 



5,152 



390 
724 
297 
585 
251 
518 
282 
390 



3,437 



69 



21 



124 



53 
29 
28 
48 
23 
184 
23 
78 
25 



79! 



71 
322 

54 
137 

39 
434 
125 
193 



1,375 



13 



81 



a g 



St, 



91 



64 



20 



* This town was divided on the erection of Wyoming county in 1S41 ; the popula- 
tion, &c. is estimated at one-half the number returned, the other half is put down 
under the new town of Pavilion, Genesee county. 



POPULATION OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK, 

AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. 



In 1790. 


In 1800. 


In 1810. 


In 1820. 


In 1830. 


In 1840. 


340, 120 


586, 756 


959,049 


1,372,812 


1,918,608 


j 2,428,921 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES 

AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. 



In 1790. | In 1800. | In 1810. | In 1820. | In 1830. | In 1840 ^ 
3, 829, 82? j 5,305,925 | 7,239,814 | 9,638,131 p27866,020 | 17.068,666 



CENSUS OF THE UATTED STATES. 



473 



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474 STATISTICS, &c 

STATISTICS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 

General Statistics of the State of New- York, compiled from the 
United States Census of 1840. 



AGRICULTURE. 

Wheat, 

Barley, 

Oats, 

Rye, 

Buckwheat, 

Corn, 

Wool, 

Hops, ' 

Wax, 

Potatoes, 

Hay, 

Hemp and Flax, 

Tobacco, 

Silk Cocoons. 

Sugar, 

Wood, 

Products of the Dairy , ■ 

" Orchard, 

Family -made goods, 

Wine, 



Total value, • 

HORTICULTURE. 

Produce of market gardens, •• 

" nurseries and florists, • 

Total value,- 



PRODUCTS OF THE FOREST. 

Lumber produced, ■ 

Tar, pitch, turpentine, &c. 

Pot and Pearl Ashes, 

Skins and Furs, 

All other productions, 



Total value. 

FISHERIES. 

Smoked and dried fish, 

Pickled fish,- 

Sperm oil, 

Whale and fish oil, 

Whalebone, &c. 

Total value 

MINES. 

Cast Iron, 

Bar Iron, 

Lead, 

Other metals, 

Salt, 

Granite and other stone, 



Total value,- 



Total Production.. 



12,2S6,41S 

2, 520, 068 

20, 675, 847 

2,979,323 

2,387,366 

10,972,286 

9, 845, 295 

447, 250 

52, 795 

30, 123,614 

3,127,047 

1,130 

744 

1,735 

10,048,109 

3,059,923 



Bushels 



Pounds 



Bushels 
Tons 



Pounds 



Cords. 



6, 799 Gallons 



402 Barrels 
7,613 Tons. 



5 Qnt'ls. 

22,224 Bbls. 

400, 251 Gallons 
1,269,541 " 



29,088 Tons. 
53,693 " 

670,000 Pounds 



2,867,884 Bushels 



Average Aggregate 
price. value. 



$1 20 
68 
44 
65 
50 
75 
35 
12 
25 
2* 
10 00 

188 00 

06 

30 

06 

4 00 



2 00 
100 00 



2 00 

2 50 

95 

37 



30 00 

80 00 

03 



£14,743,702 

1,713,646 

9,097,373 

1,936,560 

1,143,942 

8,229,214 

3, 445, S53 

53,670 

13,199 

7, 530, 903 

31,270,470 

212, 440 

44 

520 

602, 886 

12,235,692 

10,496,021 

1,701,935 

4, 636, 547 

6,799 



$109,071,416 



499, 126 
75,980 



$575,106 



3,691,302 

804 

761,300 

15.656 

143, 332 



$4,812,294 



10 

55, 560 
380,238 
469,730 
344, 665 



, 250,203 



872, 640 

4, 295, 440 

20,100 

84,564 

716,971 

1,541,480 

$7,531,195 



STATISTICS, &c 



475 



Woollen, 
Cotton, ••■ 

Silk, 

Flax,- 



MANUFACTURES. 



Mixed, 



Tobacco, 

Machinery, 

Hardware, cutlery, &c.-- 

Cannon, 

Small arms, 

Precious metals, 

Various do. 

Granite, marble, &c. •••• 

Bricks and lime, 

Hats and caps, 

Straw bonnets, 

Sole leather, 

Upper " 

Other " 

Soap, 

Tallow candles, 

Sperm and wax candles,- 

Distilled liquors, 

Fermented do. 

Gunpowder, 

Drugs, paints, &c. 

Turpentine and varnish, 
Glass, 



Earthenware, &c. 

Sugar, 

Chocolate, 

Confectionary, 

Paper, playing cards, &c. 

Cordage, 

Musical instruments, 

Carriages and wagons, 

Flour, 

Produce of flour and other mills, 

Ships built, 

Furniture, 

All other manufactures, 



Total Production. 



Average 
price. 



112 

8,308 



1,252,890 Sides. 
827,993 " 



11,939,S34 Pounds. 
4,029,783 " 

353,000 " 

11,973,815 Gallons 

6,059,122 '' 

1,185,000 Pounds 



Aggregate 
value. 



1,861,385 Barrels 



60 00 
15 00 



4 50 
2 50 



3,537,337 

3, 640, 237 

2,415 

46, 429 

1,497,067 

831,670 

2,895,617 

1,566,974 

5,600 

124,620 

1,106,203 

2,456,792 

966,220 

1,198,527 

2,914,117 

160, 249 

5, 63S, 005 

2,069,9S2 

6, 232, 924 

596,991 

442,286 

123,550 

2, 993, 453 

1,211,S24 

142,200 

977,816 

431,467 

411,371 

159,000 

385, 000 

5,000 

386, 142 

762, 759 

792,910 

472,910 

2,364,461 

11,168,310 

16,953,280 

797,317 

1,971,776 

9,616,206 



$39,955,812 



RECAPITULATION. 



Agriculture, 

Horticulture, 

Products of the Forest, 

Fisheries, ■ 

Mines, 

Manufactures, 



Estimated value of Annual Productions,- 
LIVE STOCK. 



$109,071,416 

575, 106 

4,812,294 

1,250,203 

7,531,195 

89,955,812 

$213,196,026 



Horses and Mules, 

Neat Cattle, 

Sheep, 

Swine, 

Poultry of all kinds, estimated value,- 



474, 543 
1,911,244 
5,118,777 
1,900,065 



$1,153,413 



476 



AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 
LIVE STOCK, &c. 



COUNTIES. 



Albany, 

Allegany, •••• 

Kroome, 

Cattaraugus,- 
Chautauque, • 
Chenango, ••• 
Chemung, •••• 

Cayuga, 

Clinton, 

Cortland, •••• 
Columbia, ••• 
Delaware, •••• 
Dutchess, •••• 

Essex, 

Erie, 

Franklin, •••■ 

Fulton, 

Genesee, 

Greene, 

Hamilton, •••• 

Herkimer, 

Jefferson, 

Kings, 

Lewis, 

Livingston, ••• 

Madison, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery,- 

Niagara, 

New-York, 

Orange, 

Orleans, 

Otsego, i 

Oneida, • 

Ontario, 

Onondaga, •••• 

Oswego, 

Putnam, 

Queens, 

Rockland, 

Rensselaer, • •• 
Richmond, — 

Suffolk, 

Sullivan, 

Saratoga, 

Schoharie, • ••• 
St. Lawrence,. 

Steuben, 

Schenectady, • 

Seneca, 

Tompkins, — 

Tioga, 

Ulster, 

Westchester, •• 
Washington, •• 

Wayne 

Warren, 

Yates, 



9,937 
9,738 
4,110 
6,099 
11,306 
8, 329 
4,667 
13,276 
6,023 
6,734 
9,864 
8,073 
10,120 
5,224 
10, 848 
3,373 
4, 635 
17,032 
5,561 
322 
9,504 
17,629 
3,019 
3,931 
10,859 
9, 3SS 
16,873 
9,948 
7,604 
7,797 
9,245 
6,639 
12,331 
16,455 
11,928 
15,182 
9, 688 
2,062 
6,617 
2,658 
9,493 
912 
6,473 
2,513 
10, 394 
8,907 
11,088 
10, 379 
3,969 
11,544 
7,572 
4,120 
9,921 
6,295 
9,918 
11,242 
2,428 
6,067 



25, 784 
45, 864 
23, 646 
35, 566 
63,515 
64, 322 
21,406 
45,516 
21,013 
33, 739 
32, 699 
66, 982 
44, 247 
22,017 
39,734 
17, 800 
19,982 
55,498 
22, 495 
2,056 
55,437 
78, 694 
5,978 
31,130 
29,849 
42,191 
36, 335 
26, S06 
20,7 
3,395 
54, 799 
18,123 
66, 035 
92, 669 
34, 300 
46, 020 
36, 369 
14,971 
14,181 
6,695 
32, 174 
2,517 
22, 236 
18,057 
40,810 
37, 633 
61,455 
43, 476 
10,808 
21,222 
28,908 
21,576 
38,459 
26,131 
39,159 
33,298 
9,826 
16,989 



57,478 
129, 655 
60, 669 
66, 525 
136,315 
197,746 
37,976 
18S, 152 
55, 555 
99, 160 
123,063 
135,843 
215,950 
79, 835 
81,442 
39,024 
32, 525 
154,393 
39, 326 
3,263 
80,182 
165,390 
49 
36,665 
163,395 
204,616 
132,970 
36, 588 
40,531 
262 
50,218 
69, 563 
235,979 
177,070 
172,190 
159, 650 
63,842 
14,945 
26, 477 
17, 392 
134, 864 
136 
46,751 
19, 476 
96, 656 
71,258 
125,821 
148, 133 
18,094 
63, 824 
86, 526 
43,220 
60,940 
20, 043 
210,610 
100,986 
22,776 
86, 876 



W 



49,068 
30, 043 
12,880 
22, 533 
42, 224 
27,311 
18,110 
63, 153 
17,795 
19,043 
54,911 
27, 738 
65,777 
14,658 
37, 208 
12.213 
14,042 
48, 792 
19,357 
1,034 
33, 957 
60,618 
8,360 
18,076 
37, 856 
30, 757 
69, 399 
29, 108 
28, 344 
13,998 
47, 084 
27,933 
47, 637 
66,543 
46, 837 
61,733 
39, 233 
12,998 
21,518 
11,511 
27,916 
3,180 
20, 534 
10,047 
51,601 
31,865 
41,889 
34, 309 
13,063 
26,981 
23,772 
14,987 
46,228 
165,187 
27, 668 
44, 130 
9,053 
18,476 



"SE 






Total, 474,543 1,911,244 5,118,777 1,900,065 $1,163,413 10,49J, 02! 



$24,966 
14,160 
9,876 
10,365 
29,141 
9,749 
17,403 
22, 694 
12,006 
12,798 
29,606 
13,812 
42, 678 
9,430 
15, 825 
7,234 
8,052 
24, 535 
14, 320 
865 
18,915 
22, 655 
7,804 
5,293 
13,001 
12, 246 
26, 758 
15,165 
13,539 
2,069 
24, 636 
23, 082 
25,781 
37,709 
20, 477 
21,305 
17,580 
12,172 
62, 186 
49, 392 
30, 335 
8,001 
40, 191 
9,231 
34,121 
16,688 
12,510 
12,948 
11,151 
12,719 
10, 526 
9,279 
66, 495 
66,646 
25,178 
19,081 
7,129 
10, 215 



$125,343 
138,686 
60, 664 
97, 580 
267,220 
266, 394 
62, 648 
185,937 
SI, 439 
137,367 
201,666 
279,205 
643, 834 
94, 827 
108,661 
79, 290 
61,173 
173,801 
157,203 
11,976 
671,361 
407, 807 
246, 230 
137,177 
96,278 
194,670 
172,744 
120,236 
48,320 
22,400 
669,866 
95, 180 
383, 123 
837,391 
72, 629 
164,289 
133,992 
149, 232 
142,412 
12,927 
272,716 
26,606 
149,637 
105,891 
167,403 
86,808 
260,509 
105,689 
86, 069 
51,522 
100,804 
85,410 
233, 3S3 
356,997 
171,396 
136,893 
14,647 
75,116 



AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 
CEREAL GRAINS. 



•177 



COUNTIES. 



Albany, 

Allegany, •••• 

Broome, 

Cattaraugus,- 
Chautauque,- 
Chenango, •■• 
Chemung,---- 

Cayuga, 

Clinton, 

Cortland, •••• 
Columbia,"" 
Delaware,"" 
Dutchess, ■••• 

Essex, 

Erie, 

Franklin, •••• 

Fulton, 

Genesee, 

Greene, 

Hamilton, 

Herkimer,--- • 
Jefferson, ■-■• 

Kings, 

Lewis, 

Livingston, •• 

Madison, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery,- 

Niagara, 

New- York, ■•• 

Orange, 

Orleans, 

Otsego, 

Oneida, 

Ontario, 

Onondaga, ••• 

Oswego, 

Putnam, 

Queens, 

Rockland, •••• 
Rensselaer, •• 
Richmond,- •• 

Suffolk, 

Sullivan, 

Saratoga, •••• 
Schoharie, ••• 
St. Lawrence, 

Steuben, 

Schenectady,- 

Seneca, 

Tompkins, ••• 

Tioga, 

Ulster, 

Westchester,- 
Washington, • 

Wayne, 

Warren, 

Yates, 



21 
333 

66 
1-.'? 
314 

HO 
192 
57 9 

75 
lOfl 

28 

01 
171 

60 
207 

64 

25 
911 

17 
3 

SI 
406 

24 

95 
923 
200 
,074 

34 
451 



94 

7nl 

149 

338 

770 

655 

13s 

12 

97 

3 

21 

19 

105 

8 

72 

72 

279 

390 

13 

39s 

377 

107 

57 

35 

49 

571 

12 

352 



ZS 



653 
354 

26 
254 
353 
406 
203 
627 
145 
276 
1,107 
464 
1,360 
170 
424 

89 
245 
692 
309 

13 
680 
447 

72 
144 
305 
343 
523 
422 
215 
1 
417 
180 
693 
657 
462 
538 
215 

96 
343 

47 
819 

33 
258 
126 
496 
497 
334 
387 
216 
232 
288 
180 
223 
449 
448 
482 
103 
162 



Total, 12, 286, 418 2, 520, 068 20, 675, S47 2, 979, 32312, 287, 885 10, 972, 286 



145,941 
4,56' 



31 
1 
1 

26 

'f 

31 

3 

323 

12S 
175 
29 
5 
15 
33 



6 

3 

1 

35 

li">5 

35 

247 

8 

79 

66 

162 

129 

23 

13 

52 

5 

4 

4 

16s 

99 

136 

4 

17 



47' ; ! 



AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 
VARIOUS CROP?. 



COUNTIES. 



Albany, 

Allegany, 

Broome, 

Cattaraugus, • 
Chautauque, ■ 
Chenango, •••• 
Chemung, 

Cayuga, 

Clinton, 

Cortland, 

Columbia, •••• 
Delaware, •••• 

Dutchess, 

Essex, 

Erie, 

Franklin, 

Fulton, 

Genesee, 

Greene, 

Hamilton, •••• 
Herkimer, • •••■ 

Jefferson, 

King3, • 

Lewis, 

Livingston, ••• 

Madison, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery, • 

Niagara, 

New-York, ••- 

Orange, 

Orleans, 

Otsego, 

Oneida, 

Ontario, 

Onondaga, •••• 

Oswego, 

Putnam, 

Queens, 

Rockland, •••• 
Rensselaer, ••■ 
Richmond, ••• 

Suffolk, 

Sullivan, ■ 

Saratoga, 

Schoharie, 

St. Lawrence, 

Steuben, 

Schenectady, ■ 

Seneca, 

Tompkins,--- • 

Tioga, ■ 

Ulster, 

Westchester, • 
Washington,- • 

Wayne, 

Warren, 

Yates, 



Total, 



108, 677 
199, 180 

79, 365 
108, 179 
265, 938 
405, 155 

75,996 
335, 525 
108,968 
182,408 
242, 777 
235,032 
413,635 
162, 639 
122,200 

67,584 

61,583 
30S,012 

67, 366 

4,078 

168, 348 

366,705 

150 

69, 173 
309, 16.3 
365,964 
265, 363 

69, 600 

81,874 



108,876 
150,456 
451,064 
321,358 
365, 553 
316, 139 
136,739 

28, 868 

43,200 

7,132 

296,054 

172 

84, 008 

33,948 
217,201 
134,257 
236, 863 
240,551 

37,714 
170, 304 
163,485 

77,924 
117,390 

52,805 
407,616 
184,797 

45,721 
166,574 



373 
2,224 



1,050 
7,177 
6,774 
1,044 
2,615 
1,434 
181 
50 



25,021 

411 

4,440 



289 
2,906 



5,460 

637 

107, 280 

16,761 



10 



1,845 

1,533 

168,605 

38, 724 

14,523 

7,907 



2,600 

101 
1,834 

331 
5,767 

260 
3,560 

312 

29 

1,203 

2,100 

6,876 

623 



144 

239 

93 

2,000 



Oh 



1,388 

1,079 

294 

789| 

2,294, 

732 

1,331 

2,423 

872 

699 

377 

644 

128 

906 

510 

40 

454 

1,283 

730 



1,162 
911 



148 

2,298 

1,089 

967 

720 



2,282 
1,194 
2,941 
2,673 
789 
39 



155 

91 
620 
200 
63 
603 
796 

1,430 
486 
547 

1,856 
816 
820 
7S0 

1,307 

4,362 



395 

2,045 

809 

347 



640, 532 
583, 945 
303,812 
452, 353 
778,219 
772,671 
269, 233 
687, 305 
484, 325 
675, 506 
660,819 
779, 424 

694. 136 
470,235 
556, 382 
468, 706 
402, 954 
608, 288 
302,902 

45, 264 

850, 865 

1,345,818 

95, 805 

634,316 

348, 369 

676,649 

721,520 

559, 829 

288, 692 

18,585 

359, 563 

303,314 

1,293,109 

1,574,109 

395, 844 

800,317 

699. 137 
142, 584 
214,121 

48,117 
759, 346 
47,712 
170, 236 
236, 336 

1,019,632 
600, 396 

1,412,272 
680, 958 
240, 535 
199, 387 
339, 557 
368, 198 
264,698 
6^0, 920 
851,545 
612,701 
221,134 
170,318 



47, 362 
64, 733 
28,214 
48,762 
88,372 
103, 529 
28,481 
67,144 
35, 04S 
69, 562 
66, 213 
84,007 
85, 869 
42, 424 
65,016 
24, 929 
26, 372 
89, 176 

47. 048 
3,130 

96, 854 
115,895 
5,437 
43,254 
46, 884 
66,749 
52, 259i 
69,270; 
23, 061 
747 
75, 368 
33,010 
106,910 
178,266 
52, 904 
64,045 
47, 666 
21,897 
31,437 
20,917 
72, 026 
3,610 
42,991 
24, 678 
63,131 
53,612 
99,813 
69,999 
17, 742 

38. 049 
46,961 
34,050 
79, 239 
77,673 
83, 638 
38,428 
17,601 
27,668 



9,845,295 447,250152,795 30,123,6141 3,127,047 1,130 6-8 



22 5-6 
24 ]-S 

9 

6 
41 3-4 
105 

12 3-4 
26 1-2 

4 

13 1-4 



24 


1-2 


5 


1-2 


19 


1-2 


4 




14 


1-2 


16 




1 
16 




21 


1-3 


1 


1-4 


11 




10 




2 


3-4 


112 




4 




3 




5 




33 


3-4 


1 


1-4 


4 




3 


1-2 


1 




2 



91 1-4 
3 

3 1-4 
7 

30 

29 1-4 

25 3-4 

19 1-2 
60 3-4 

2 1-6 
1 

16 

32 

205 

4 1-4 

20 3-4 
3 

3 1-2 



AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 
VARIOUS CROPS. 



479 



COUNTIES. 



(£S 



<o % 

o"3 

to «,- 

« a. 



£S3 



Albany, 

Allegany, •••• 

Broome, 

Cattaraugus,- 
Chautauque,- 
Chenango, ■•• 
Chemung, •••• 

Cayuga, 

Clinton, 

Cortland, 

Columbia, •••• 
Delaware, ••• 
Dutchess, •••■ 

Essex, 

Erie, 

Franklin, •••• 

Fulton, 

Genesee, 

Greene, 

Hamilton,"*- 
Herkimer, ••• 

Jefferson, 

Kings, 

Lewis, 

Livingston, •• 

Madison, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery,- 

Niagara, 

New- York, ••• 

Orange ; 

Orleans, 

Otsego, 

Oneida, 

Ontario, 

Onondaga, ••■ 

Oswego, 

Putnam, 

Queens, 

Rockland,- ••• 
Rensselaer, •• 
Richmond, ••• 

Suffolk, 

Sullivan, 

Saratoga, ••• 
Schoharie, ••• 
St. Lawrence, 

Steuben, 

Schenectady, • 

Seneca, 

Tompkins, ••• 

Tioga, 

Ulster, 

Westchester, • 
Washington, 

Wayne, 

Warren. 

Yates, 



24,366 
567,735 

62,054 
553, 235 
839, 222 
344,018 

74, 296 
206, 545 
184,934 
429, 690 
839 
398,967 



113,357 
334,040 
227, 049 

80, 129 

530, 633 

150 

35,156 
311,138 
512,254 



124 

12 

396 



257, 476 
119,438 
215,619 
181,119 
51,691 
44,059 



150,786 
351,748 
286, 502 
183,273 
178, 520 
264, 980 
73 



60 

5 

31 

4 

100 



30, 548 



200 
10 



45,359 

20,910 

133,766 

848, 132 

341,948 

4,423 

25, 845 

88, 747 

116,760 

28,945 



14 

25 1-2 



4,246 
159,554 
43,821 
39, 384 



$33, 
11 

6 
13 
49 
17 
21 
48 
20. 

6^ 
30. 
13^ 
49: 
17 
24 



14 

69 
16 
19 

37 
103 

41 
78. 
40. 
35 
36 
17, 
3R 
26 
45. 
6 

28! 
12 
31 
17 
M 
29 
J 3 
27 
17 
13 
37 
204. 
24. 
41 



Total, • 



170 39,384 3,337 30, 

1,735 3-4 10,048, 109 1058,923 $ 1,701, 



(il 'J 
000 
746 
857 
S 1 
S3S 
730 
36a 
20S 
306 
SOI 
618 
041 
004 
971 
389 
925 
618 
636 
os: 

C46 
665 
308 
820 

t<;t 
572 
561 
507 
871 
800 
991 
767 
341 
606 
324 
333 
931 
122 
504 

s;o 

053 
148 

560 
004 
859 

629 
823 
S64 
171 
267 
839 
936 
309 
893 
554 
078 
583 
213 



3,230 

46 
105 



168 

2 

1,026 
5 
16 

60 

25 

1,600 

227 
10 



,935 6 799,$4,636,547 



M) 



